https://indianpedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=1.23.250.206IndianPedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-02T03:05:23ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=2023_Titan_submersible_incident&diff=3853202023 Titan submersible incident2023-06-23T04:39:32Z<p>1.23.250.206: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|2023 submersible incident in the Atlantic}}<br />
{{italic title|string=Titan}}<br />
{{Current||recent event|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Canadian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox event<br />
| title = 2023 ''Titan'' submersible incident<br />
| image = 2023 Titan submersible incident map.svg<br />
| caption = <br />
| caption = Topographic map displaying the route of the MV ''Polar Prince'' that transported the ''Titan'' submersible to the location of the wreck of ''[[Titanic]]''.<br />
| date = 18 June 2023<br />
| time = <br />
| duration = <br />
| location = North Atlantic Ocean, near the [[Wreck of the Titanic|wreck of the ''Titanic'']]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|41|43|32|N|49|56|49|W|scale:5000000|display=title,inline}}<br />
| cause = Failure of the pressure hull resulting in an [[Implosion (mechanical process)|implosion]]<ref name="CG-press-conf-June-22">{{cite news |title=Watch Coast Guard press conference live: Officials give updates on missing Titanic sub |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/06/22/coast-guard-press-conference-titanic-sub/70345483007/ |work=USA TODAY |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622193619/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/06/22/coast-guard-press-conference-titanic-sub/70345483007/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| participants = [[OceanGate]]<br />
| outcome = Submersible destroyed by [[Implosion (mechanical process)|implosion]]<ref name="CG-press-conf-June-22">{{cite news |title=Watch Coast Guard press conference live: Officials give updates on missing Titanic sub |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/06/22/coast-guard-press-conference-titanic-sub/70345483007/ |work=USA TODAY |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622193619/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/06/22/coast-guard-press-conference-titanic-sub/70345483007/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| reported deaths = 5 (no survivors)<br>[[Shahzada Dawood]]<br>[[Suleman Dawood]]<br>[[Hamish Harding]]<br> [[Paul-Henri Nargeolet]]<br>[[Stockton Rush]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
On 18 June 2023, ''Titan'', a [[submersible]] operated by [[OceanGate]], disappeared in [[international waters]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]], approximately {{Convert|400|nmi|km}} off the coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], Canada.<ref name="Kelly NPR22">{{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Mary Louise |author-link=Mary Louise Kelly |last2=Acovino |first2=Vincent |last3=Ermyas |first3=Tinbete |date=20 June 2023 |title=A former passenger details what it's like inside the missing Titan submersible |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/06/20/1183273102/titan-missing-sub-titanic-rescue-oceangate |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621065713/https://www.npr.org/2023/06/20/1183273102/titan-missing-sub-titanic-rescue-oceangate |archive-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> The submersible, carrying five people, was part of a tourist expedition to observe the [[Wreck of the Titanic|wreckage of the ''Titanic<!--See MOS:SPECIFICLINK-->'']]. Communication with ''Titan'' was lost 1 hour and 45 minutes into its dive to the wreck site. Authorities were alerted when it failed to resurface at the scheduled time later that day.<ref name="BBC122">{{Cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Gareth |last2=Gozzi |first2=Laura |date=19 June 2023 |title=Titanic tourist submersible goes missing with search under way |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65953872 |url-status=live |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619134256/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65953872 |archive-date=19 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="CNN-June2022">{{Cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Yeung |first2=Jessie |last3=Renton |first3=Adam |last4=Said-Moorhouse |first4=Lauren |last5=Upright |first5=Ed |last6=Hayes |first6=Mike |last7=Hammond |first7=Elise |last8=Powell |first8=Tori B. |last9=Vera |first9=Amir |date=20 June 2023 |title=June 20, 2023 Missing Titanic sub search news |language=en |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/americas/live-news/titanic-submersible-missing-search-06-20-23/h_f4c131b43fc359a67e3c2a5abc39e3ae |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
After a search lasting nearly 80 hours, a [[remotely operated underwater vehicle]] (ROV) discovered a debris field containing parts of the ''Titan'', approximately {{Convert|488|m|feet}} from the bow of the ''Titanic''. This finding was based on the [[U.S. Navy]]'s declassified [[sonar]] detection of an implosion on that day, suggesting that the [[Pressure hull|pressure vessel]] had imploded shortly after ''Titan'' began its descent, resulting in the instant death of all on board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |title=Titanic sub live updates: Crew of Titan sub believed to be dead, says vessel operator |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-us-canada-65967464 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622094614/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-us-canada-65967464 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patil |first=Anushka |date=22 June 2023 |title=The debris found today was "consistent with catastrophic loss of the pressure chamber" in the submersible, Mauger said. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/22/us/titanic-missing-submarine/6194ed81-28d7-53dc-8946-c39b3c4a5488 |access-date=22 June 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":182">{{Cite news |last1=Kesling |first1=Ben |last2=Youssef |first2=Nancy A. |last3=Lubold |first3=Gordon |last4=Paris |first4=Costas |date=2023-06-22 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Top Secret U.S. Navy System Heard Titan Implosion Days Ago |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-navy-detected-titan-sub-implosion-days-ago-6844cb12 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214739/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-navy-detected-titan-sub-implosion-days-ago-6844cb12 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><br />
<br />
Prior to the incident, concerns had been raised about the safety of the vessel. However, OceanGate executives had refused to seek certification for the ''Titan'', arguing that excessive safety protocols hindered innovation.<ref name=":62">{{Cite news |last1=Bogel-Burroughs |first1=Nicholas |last2=Gross |first2=Jenny |last3=Betts |first3=Anna |date=20 June 2023 |title=OceanGate Was Warned of Potential for 'Catastrophic' Problems With Titanic Mission |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/20/us/oceangate-titanic-missing-submersible.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621005432/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/20/us/oceangate-titanic-missing-submersible.html |archive-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> The search and rescue operation was conducted by an international team led by the [[United States Coast Guard]], United States Navy, and [[Canadian Coast Guard]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=Unified Command established for missing submersible from Polar Prince |url=https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/3433572/unified-command-established-for-missing-submersible-from-polar-prince/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621015357/https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/3433572/unified-command-established-for-missing-submersible-from-polar-prince/ |archive-date=21 June 2023 |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=[[United States Coast Guard]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Support was provided by aircraft from the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] and [[Air National Guard|United States Air National Guard]], a [[Royal Canadian Navy]] ship, as well as several commercial and research vessels and ROVs.<ref name=":32">{{cite news |last1=Petri |first1=Alexandra E. |last2=Lin |first2=Summer |date=19 June 2023 |title=Titanic tourist submersible carrying 5 disappears on trip to see wreck in North Atlantic |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-06-19/titanic-missing-submarine-tourist-tour-north-atlantic-wreck |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619210325/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-06-19/titanic-missing-submarine-tourist-tour-north-atlantic-wreck |archive-date=19 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite news |last1=Liebermann |first1=Oren |last2=Britzky |first2=Haley |date=20 June 2023 |title=US military moving military and commercial assets to help submersible search efforts |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/americas/live-news/titanic-submersible-missing-search-06-20-23/h_986e7fa7d849e30d0b1b92c7e8114947 |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="CBC2">{{Cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Ryan |date=20 June 2023 |title=U.S. air force aircraft land in St. John's with gear to aid in search for missing submersible |language=en-GB |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/titanic-submersible-titan-missing-day-3-1.6881595 |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
=== OceanGate ===<br />
{{Main article|OceanGate}}<br />
OceanGate is a private company founded by [[Stockton Rush]] and [[Guillermo Söhnlein]] in 2009. Since 2010, it has transported paying customers in commercial submersibles off the coast of California, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="Smithsonian" /> The company was based in [[Everett, Washington]], U.S.<ref>{{cite news |last=Podsada |first=Janice |date=December 19, 2021 |title=For $250K, this Everett company will take you to the Titanic |url=https://www.heraldnet.com/business/for-250k-this-everett-company-will-take-you-to-the-titanic/ |work=The Everett Herald |accessdate=June 22, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
Rush realized that visiting shipwreck sites was a way to get media attention, and in 2016 the company transported customers to a shipwreck for the first time, utilizing their submersible ''Cyclops 1'' to visit the ''[[SS Andrea Doria|Andrea Doria]]'' wreck site. In 2019, Rush told [[Smithsonian (magazine)|''Smithsonian'' magazine]] "There's only one wreck that everyone knows{{nbsp}}[...] If you ask people to name something underwater, it's going to be sharks, whales, ''Titanic''."<ref name="Smithsonian" /><br />
<br />
=== ''Titanic'' ===<br />
{{main|Wreck of the Titanic|l1=Wreck of the ''Titanic''}}<br />
The ''[[Titanic]]'' was a British [[ocean liner]] that sank in the North Atlantic on 15 April 1912, after [[Sinking of the Titanic|colliding with an iceberg]]. In 1985, [[Wreck of the Titanic|the wreckage]] was discovered on the ocean floor around {{Convert|400|nmi}} from the coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].<ref name="SkyNews1">{{Cite news |date=19 June 2023 |title=Submersible used to take tourists to see Titanic wreck goes missing in Atlantic Ocean |url=https://news.sky.com/story/commercial-submarine-goes-missing-near-titanic-wreck-in-atlantic-ocean-12905471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619144602/https://news.sky.com/story/commercial-submarine-goes-missing-near-titanic-wreck-in-atlantic-ocean-12905471 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=19 June 2023 |publisher=[[Sky News]] |language=en}}</ref> The wreck lies at a depth of about {{convert|3810|m|ft fathom|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ax |first1=Joseph |last2=O'Brien |first2=Brendan |date=21 June 2023 |title=Crews searching for Titanic submersible detect sounds – US Coast Guard |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/titanic-tourist-submersible-missing-third-day-with-five-aboard-2023-06-20/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620122935/https://www.reuters.com/world/titanic-tourist-submersible-missing-third-day-with-five-aboard-2023-06-20/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== ''Titan'' submersible ===<br />
{{main|OceanGate#Titan{{!}}OceanGate §&nbsp;''Titan''}}<br />
[[File:Cyclops 1 Submersible.jpg|thumb|OceanGate's ''Cyclops 1'', the predecessor of the ''Titan''. The ''Titan'' had a 380 mm (15 inch) window.]]<br />
''[[Titan (submersible)|Titan]]'' was a five-person submersible vessel operated by [[OceanGate, Inc.]] The {{Convert|6.7|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}}, {{cvt|10432|kg|sigfig=3}} vessel was constructed from [[carbon fibre]] and [[titanium]].<ref name="TitanSub">{{Cite web |title=Titan Submersible |url=https://oceangate.com/our-subs/titan-submersible.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619233914/https://oceangate.com/our-subs/titan-submersible.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=19 June 2023 |publisher=[[OceanGate]]}}</ref> The entire pressure vessel consisted of two titanium hemispheres, two matching titanium interface rings, and the {{cvt|142|cm}} internal diameter, {{convert|2.4|m|ft|-long|adj=mid}} carbon fibre-wound cylinder.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gorgan|first1=Elena|date=20 June 2023 |title=Tourist Submarine Titan Goes Missing on Its Way to the Titanic Wreck |website=autoevolution.com |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/tourist-submarine-titan-goes-missing-on-its-way-to-the-titanic-wreck-216772.html |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621003338/https://www.autoevolution.com/news/tourist-submarine-titan-goes-missing-on-its-way-to-the-titanic-wreck-216772.html |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the titanium hemispherical end caps was fitted with a {{cvt|380|mm|in|-diameter|adj=mid}} acrylic window.<ref name="CW-2017">{{cite news |author=Sloan, Jeff |date=10 May 2017 |title=Composite submersibles: Under pressure in deep, deep waters |work=Composites World |url=http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/composite-submersibles-under-pressure-in-deep-deep-waters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804224656/http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/composite-submersibles-under-pressure-in-deep-deep-waters |archive-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> In 2020, Rush stated that the hull had been downgraded to a depth rating of {{cvt|3000|m|ft}} after demonstrating signs of [[Fatigue (material)|cyclic fatigue]]. In 2020 and 2021, the ''Titan'' was rebuilt.<ref name=":10" /><ref name="GeekWire">{{cite news |last1=Boyle |first1=Alan |title=OceanGate gets its Titan sub ready to begin expedition to Titanic shipwreck |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2021/oceangate-gets-titan-sub-ready-begin-expedition-titanic-shipwreck/ |publisher=GeekWire |date=28 May 2021 |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621083203/https://www.geekwire.com/2021/oceangate-gets-titan-sub-ready-begin-expedition-titanic-shipwreck/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
''Titan''{{'s}} steering controls consisted of a [[Logitech]] [[List of Logitech products#Gamepads|F710]] wireless [[game controller]] with modified [[Analog stick|analogue sticks]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Tassi |first=Paul |date=20 June 2023 |title=The Missing Titanic Submarine Was Using A $30 Video Game Controller |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/paultassi/2023/06/20/the-missing-titanic-submarine-was-using-a-30-video-game-controller/ |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gault |first=Matthew |date=20 June 2023 |title=Why Did the Missing Titanic Sub Use a $40 Video Game Controller? |work=[[Vice (magazine)|VICE]] |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/bvjjqq/why-did-the-missing-titanic-sub-use-a-dollar40-video-game-controller |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620174337/https://www.vice.com/en/article/bvjjqq/why-did-the-missing-titanic-sub-use-a-dollar40-video-game-controller |archive-date=20 June 2023 |quote=Gamepads are so good at controlling things, that the U.S. military frequently uses them.}}</ref><ref name="KotakuF710">{{cite news |last=Gach |first=Ethan |date=20 June 2023 |title=Why The Missing Titanic Tourist Sub Has Everyone Talking About A Cheap Old Gaming Controller |work=[[Kotaku]] |url=https://kotaku.com/titanic-submarine-missing-logitech-controller-oceangate-1850555699 |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620150822/https://kotaku.com/titanic-submarine-missing-logitech-controller-oceangate-1850555699 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |quote=The Titan was shown to be operated with a Logitech G Wireless Gamepad F710 at times in the past}}</ref> It would move at up to {{convert|3|knot|lk=in}} using four electric thrusters, arrayed two horizontal and two vertical.<ref name="Titan-spec-sheet">{{cite web |title=Titan 5-Person Submersible {{!}} 4,000 meters |url=https://oceangate.com/pdf/oceangate-titan-specs-lr.pdf |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=[[OceanGate]] |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622095039/https://oceangate.com/pdf/oceangate-titan-specs-lr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
OceanGate claimed on its website as of 2023 that ''Titan'' was "designed and engineered by OceanGate Inc. in collaboration [with] experts from [[NASA]], [[Boeing]], and the [[University of Washington]]" (UW). A {{frac|3}}-scale model of the ''Cyclops 2'' pressure vessel was built and tested at the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) at UW; the model was able to sustain a pressure of {{cvt|4285|psi|MPa atm}}, corresponding to a depth of approximately {{cvt|3000|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apl.uw.edu/project/projects/oceangate/pdfs/oceangate_script_01.pdf |title=Cyclops Next Gen: New Hull Design and Testing |publisher=Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington |access-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622135743/https://apl.uw.edu/project/projects/oceangate/pdfs/oceangate_script_01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> After the disappearance of the ''Titan'' in 2023, UW claimed the APL had no involvement in "design, engineering, or testing of the ''Titan'' submersible." A Boeing spokesperson also claimed Boeing "was not a partner on the ''Titan'' and did not design or build it." A NASA spokesperson said that NASA's [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] had a [[Space Act Agreement]] with OceanGate, but "did not conduct testing and manufacturing via its workforce or facilities".<ref name="denied involvement">{{cite news |last1=Mayor |first1=Grace |title=Boeing and University of Washington deny OceanGate's claim that they helped design the lost Titan sub |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/boeing-university-of-washington-deny-helping-design-oceangate-titan-submersible-2023-6 |access-date=22 June 2023 |work=Business Insider |date=22 June 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to OceanGate, the vessel contained monitoring systems to continuously monitor the strength of the [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]].<ref name="TitanSub" /> The vessel had life support for five crew members for 96 hours.<ref name="TitanSub" /> There was no on-board navigation system; the support ship, which monitored the position of ''Titan'' relative to its target, sent text messages to ''Titan'' providing distances and directions.<ref name="Pogue-22">{{cite news |author=Pogue, David |author-link=David Pogue |date=27 November 2022 |title=Titanic: Visiting the most famous shipwreck in the world |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/titanic-visiting-the-most-famous-shipwreck-in-the-world/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620021629/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/titanic-visiting-the-most-famous-shipwreck-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to OceanGate, the ''Titan'' had seven backup systems intended to return the vessel to surface in case of emergency, including [[ballast]]s that could be dropped, a balloon, and thrusters. Some of the backup systems were designed to work even if all aboard the submersible were unconscious; there were sandbags held by hooks that dissolved after a certain number of hours in the water to release the sandbags, ideally letting the vessel float to the surface.<ref name="Kelly NPR">{{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Mary Louise |author-link=Mary Louise Kelly |last2=Acovino |first2=Vincent |last3=Ermyas |first3=Tinbete |date=20 June 2023 |title=A former passenger details what it's like inside the missing Titan submersible |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/06/20/1183273102/titan-missing-sub-titanic-rescue-oceangate |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621065713/https://www.npr.org/2023/06/20/1183273102/titan-missing-sub-titanic-rescue-oceangate |archive-date=21 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="CNBC 21 JUNE">{{cite news |title=U.S. Coast Guard to bring more ships, vessels to search for lost Titanic tourist submersible |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/21/canadian-aircraft-detects-underwater-noises-in-search-for-sub-near-titanic.html |publisher=CNBC |date=21 June 2023 |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621074237/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/21/canadian-aircraft-detects-underwater-noises-in-search-for-sub-near-titanic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An OceanGate investor explained that if the vessel did not automatically ascend after the elapsed time, those inside the vessel could help release the ballast either by tilting the ship back and forth to dislodge it or by utilizing a pneumatic pump to loosen the weights.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tucker |first=Emma |date=22 June 2023 |title=What it's like inside the Titanic-touring submersible that went missing with 5 people on board |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/21/us/inside-missing-titan-submersible-titanic-tour/index.html |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Expeditions to the ''Titanic'' ===<br />
The ''Titan'' made its first dive to the ''Titanic'' in July 2021.<ref name="First dive">{{cite news |last1=Boyle |first1=Alan |title=OceanGate sub makes first dive to Titanic wreck site and captures photos of debris |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2021/oceangate-sub-makes-first-dive-titanic-wreck-site-captures-photos-debris/ |publisher=GeekWire |date=13 July 2021 |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619162436/https://www.geekwire.com/2021/oceangate-sub-makes-first-dive-titanic-wreck-site-captures-photos-debris/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It made additional dives in 2022 and 2023.<ref name='CBS Video' /><br />
<br />
Each dive typically had a pilot, three paying passengers, and a guide on board.<ref name="BBC1">{{Cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Gareth |last2=Gozzi |first2=Laura |date=19 June 2023 |title=Titanic tourist submersible goes missing with search under way |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65953872 |url-status=live |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619134256/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65953872 |archive-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> Once these people were inside the submersible, the hatch would be bolted shut and could only be reopened from the outside.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=20 June 2023 |title='Tiny sub, big ocean': Why the Titanic submersible search is so challenging |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/06/20/1183152712/titanic-submarine-missing-search |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620134727/https://www.npr.org/2023/06/20/1183152712/titanic-submarine-missing-search |url-status=live }}</ref> The descent from the surface to the ''Titanic'' typically took two hours,<ref name="SkyNews2">{{Cite news |date=19 June 2023 |title=What we know about the passengers on board missing Titanic submersible |url=https://news.sky.com/story/what-we-know-about-the-passengers-on-board-missing-titanic-submersible-12905596 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619223319/https://news.sky.com/story/what-we-know-about-the-passengers-on-board-missing-titanic-submersible-12905596 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=[[Sky News]] |language=en}}</ref> with the full dive taking approximately eight hours.<ref name="BBC1" /> Throughout the journey, the submersible was expected to emit a safety [[Active sonar|ping]] every 15 minutes to be monitored by the above-water crew.<ref name="SkyNews1" /> The vessel and surface crew were also able to communicate via short text messages.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Whittle |first1=Patrick |last2=Ramer |first2=Holly |date=20 June 2023 |title=In race against clock, expanding fleet of ships searches for submersible lost near Titanic wreck |url=https://apnews.com/article/titanic-wreckage-missing-submersible-9f0e66fc1df5d9f1e8d262dc7ce0135e |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621005800/https://apnews.com/article/titanic-wreckage-missing-submersible-9f0e66fc1df5d9f1e8d262dc7ce0135e |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Customers who travelled to the ''Titanic'' with OceanGate, referred to as "mission specialists" by the company,<ref name="CNN1">{{Cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Yeung |first2=Jessie |last3=Renton |first3=Adam |last4=Said-Moorhouse |first4=Lauren |last5=Upright |first5=Ed |date=20 June 2023 |title=The Titanic wreckage lies around 12,500 feet below sea level. Here's a look at the path to see it |url=https://www.cnn.com/americas/live-news/titanic-submersible-missing-search-06-20-23/h_e60116abdf9035120a8f19eea9d8fffc |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> spent {{Currency|250,000|USD}} to be involved in the eight-day expedition.<ref name="BBC1" /><ref name="SkyNews3">{{Cite news |last=Enokido-Lineham |first=Olive |date=19 June 2023 |title=UK billionaire Hamish Harding on board missing Titanic submersible, family confirms |publisher=[[Sky News]] |url=https://news.sky.com/story/uk-billionaire-hamish-harding-on-board-missing-titanic-submersible-family-confirms-12905616 |url-status=live |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620041549/https://news.sky.com/story/uk-billionaire-hamish-harding-on-board-missing-titanic-submersible-family-confirms-12905616 |archive-date=20 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-22 |title=Missing Titan submarine: How much does the search and rescue mission cost and who's paying for it? |url=https://en.as.com/latest_news/missing-titan-submarine-how-much-does-the-search-and-rescue-mission-cost-and-whos-paying-for-it-n/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Diario AS |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
OceanGate intended to conduct multiple expeditions to the ''Titanic'' in 2023, but because of poor weather in Newfoundland the company had only launched a single expedition in 2023.<ref name="BBC1" /><ref name="SkyNews2" /><br />
<br />
== Safety and concerns ==<br />
=== Safety ===<br />
Because the ''Titan'' operated in [[international waters]], it was not subject to any safety regulations. The vessel was not certified as seaworthy by any regulatory agency or third-party organization.<ref name="Insider Porter">{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Tom |title=The missing Titanic sub fell outside safety rules by operating in international waters beyond the law, experts say |url=https://www.insider.com/titanic-sub-avoided-safety-rules-by-diving-in-international-waters-experts-2023-6 |publisher=Insider |date=21 June 2023}}</ref> Reporter [[David Pogue]], who completed the expedition in 2022 as part of a ''[[CBS News Sunday Morning]]'' feature,<ref name="cbspogue">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/titanic-visiting-the-most-famous-shipwreck-in-the-world/|title=Titanic: Visiting the most famous shipwreck in the world|last=Pogue|first=David|date=27 November 2022|work=[[CBS Sunday Morning]]|publisher=[[CBS News]]|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620021629/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/titanic-visiting-the-most-famous-shipwreck-in-the-world/|url-status=live}}</ref> stated that all passengers who enter the ''Titan'' sign a waiver confirming their knowledge that it is an "experimental" vessel "that has not been approved or certified by any regulatory body, and could result in physical injury, disability, emotional trauma or death."<ref name="BBC2">{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Jessica |date=19 June 2023 |title=What we know about the search for the Oceangate submersible |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65934887 |url-status=dead |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619230915/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65934887 |archive-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> Television producer [[Mike Reiss]], who has also completed the expedition, noted that the waiver "mention[s] death three times on page one."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baker |first=Sinéad |title=Former passenger on Titan submersible says you have to sign a waiver that mentions death 3 times on the first page: 'So it's never far from your mind' |url=https://www.insider.com/titanic-submersible-former-passenger-waiver-page-1-death-3-times-2023-6 |access-date=20 June 2023 |work=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Logitech F710.jpg| thumb | right | alt= A picture of Logitech F710, the game controller used aboard the ''Titan'' |A [[Logitech]] F710 wireless game controller. A modified version was used to steer the ''Titan''.]]A 2019 article published in ''Smithsonian'' magazine referred to Rush as a "daredevil inventor".<ref name="Smithsonian">{{Cite web |last1=Perrottet |first1=Tony |date=June 2019 |title=A Deep Dive Into the Plans to Take Tourists to the 'Titanic' |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/worlds-first-deep-diving-submarine-plans-tourists-see-titanic-180972179/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530030943/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/worlds-first-deep-diving-submarine-plans-tourists-see-titanic-180972179/ |archive-date=30 May 2019 |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |language=en}}</ref> In the article, Rush is described as having said the U.S. Passenger Vessel Safety Act of 1993 "needlessly prioritized passenger safety over commercial innovation".<ref name="Smithsonian" /><ref>{{cite web |title=H.R.1159 – Passenger Vessel Safety Act of 1993 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/1159/text |website=United States Congress |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106130049/http://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/1159/text |url-status=live }}</ref> In a 2022 interview, Rush told ''CBS News,'' "At some point, safety just is pure waste. I mean, if you just want to be safe, don't get out of bed. Don't get in your car. Don't do anything."<ref name="CBS podcast">{{Cite podcast |url=https://unsungscience.com/news/back-to-titanic-part-1/ |title=Back to Titanic Part 1 |website=Unsung Science |publisher=[[CBS News]] |host=[[David Pogue]] |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
Oceangate claimed that Titan was the only manned submersible that used RTM, "an integrated real-time health monitoring system". The proprietary system employed acoustic sensors and strain gauges at the pressure boundary to analyze the effects of increasing pressure as the [[watercraft]] dived deeper into the ocean and to monitor the hull's integrity in real time. This supposedly would function to give early warning of problems and allow enough time to abort the descent and return to the surface.<ref name="OceanGate2022">{{cite web |author1=OceanGate Staff |title=Titan 5-Person Submersible {{!}} 4,000 Meters |url=https://oceangate.com/our-subs/titan-submersible.html |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619175419/https:/oceangate.com/our-subs/titan-submersible.html |archive-date=19 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Broad |first1=William J. |date=22 June 2023 |title=The director and deep-sea explorer James Cameron points to flaws in the Titan submersible's design. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/22/science/james-cameron-titanic-submersible.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Prior concerns===<br />
In 2018, OceanGate's director of marine operations, David Lochridge, composed a report documenting safety concerns he had about the ''Titan''. In court documents, Lochridge said that he had urged the company to have the ''Titan'' assessed and certified by an agency, but OceanGate had declined to do so, citing an unwillingness to pay.<ref name=":6" /> He also said that the transparent viewport on its forward end was only certified to reach a depth of {{cvt|1,300|m}}, only a third of the depth required to reach the ''Titanic''.<ref name=":0" /> Lochridge was also concerned that OceanGate would not perform [[nondestructive testing]] on the vessel's hull before undertaking manned dives, and alleged that he was "repeatedly told that no scan of the hull or Bond Line could be done to check for [[delamination]]s, [[porosity]] and [[Void (composites)|voids]] of sufficient adhesion of the glue being used due to the thickness of the hull".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Mark |date=20 June 2023 |title=A whistleblower raised safety concerns about OceanGate's submersible in 2018. Then he was fired. |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/06/20/a-whistleblower-raised-safety-concerns-about-oceangates-submersible-in-2018-then-he-was-fired/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |language=en-US |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621011359/https://techcrunch.com/2023/06/20/a-whistleblower-raised-safety-concerns-about-oceangates-submersible-in-2018-then-he-was-fired/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Answer to Complaint – #7 in OceanGate Inc v. Lochridge (W.D. Wash., 2:18-cv-01083) – CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7506826/7/oceangate-inc-v-lochridge/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
OceanGate said that Lochridge, who was not an engineer, had refused to accept safety approvals from OceanGate's engineering team, and that the company's evaluation of the ''Titan'' hull was stronger than any kind of third-party evaluation Lochridge thought necessary.<ref name=":6" /> OceanGate sued Lochridge for allegedly breaching his confidentiality contract and making fraudulent statements. Lochridge countersued, stating that he had been wrongfully terminated as a whistleblower for bringing up concerns about the ''Titan''{{'s}} ability to operate safely. The two parties settled a few months later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complaint – #1, Att. #1 in OceanGate Inc v. Lochridge (W.D. Wash., 2:18-cv-01083) – CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7506826/1/1/oceangate-inc-v-lochridge/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last1=Strauss |first1=Daniel |last2=Varkiani |first2=Adrienne Mahsa |last3=Aronoff |first3=Kate |last4=Otten |first4=Tori |last5=Shephard |first5=Alex |last6=Otten |first6=Tori |last7=Otten |first7=Tori |last8=Otten |first8=Tori |last9=Shephard |first9=Alex |date=1 November 2022 |title=Missing Titanic Sub Once Faced Massive Lawsuit Over Depths It Could Safely Travel To |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |url=https://newrepublic.com/post/173802/missing-titanic-sub-faced-lawsuit-depths-safely-travel-oceangate |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620205818/https://newrepublic.com/post/173802/missing-titanic-sub-faced-lawsuit-depths-safely-travel-oceangate |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Order Dismissing Case – #14 in OceanGate Inc v. Lochridge (W.D. Wash., 2:18-cv-01083) – CourtListener.com |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7506826/14/oceangate-inc-v-lochridge/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=CourtListener |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
Later in 2018, the [[Marine Technology Society]] wrote a letter to Rush expressing "unanimous concern regarding the development of 'TITAN' and the planned ''Titanic'' Expedition", indicating that the "current experimental approach [...] could result in negative outcomes (from minor to catastrophic) that would have serious consequences for everyone in the industry".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2018 |title=Letter to OceanGate |url=https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/marine-technology-society-committee-2018-letter-to-ocean-gate/eddb63615a7b3764/full.pdf |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=[[Marine Technology Society]] |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620215242/https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/marine-technology-society-committee-2018-letter-to-ocean-gate/eddb63615a7b3764/full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A signatory of the letter later told ''[[The New York Times]]'' that Rush had called him after reading it to tell him that he believed industry standards were stifling innovation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last1=Bogel-Burroughs |first1=Nicholas |last2=Gross |first2=Jenny |last3=Betts |first3=Anna |date=20 June 2023 |title=OceanGate Was Warned of Potential for 'Catastrophic' Problems With Titanic Mission |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/20/us/oceangate-titanic-missing-submersible.html |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621005432/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/20/us/oceangate-titanic-missing-submersible.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Earlier incidents===<br />
{{external media<br />
| float = right<br />
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29co_Hksk6o ''CBS Sunday Morning'' / David Pogue report on OceanGate, broadcast November 27, 2022] (YouTube)<br />
}}<br />
The ''Titan'' had made three previous expeditions to the ''Titanic'' wreck site, the first of which was in July 2021.<ref name=":1" /> In 2022, reporter [[David Pogue]] was onboard the surface ship when ''Titan'' became lost and could not locate the ''Titanic'' during a dive.<ref name='CBS Video'>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29co_Hksk6o&t=447s |title=A visit to RMS Titanic |date=12 December 2022 |type=Videotape |language=English |publisher=[[CBS News Sunday Morning]] |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-21 |title=UPDATED: 3 Ships Join in Search for Missing Submersible Titan, 2018 Lawsuit Alleged Flaws in Craft's Design |url=https://news.usni.org/2023/06/21/3-ships-join-in-search-for-missing-submersible-titan-2018-lawsuit-alleged-flaws-in-crafts-design |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=USNI News |language=en-US |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621191549/https://news.usni.org/2023/06/21/3-ships-join-in-search-for-missing-submersible-titan-2018-lawsuit-alleged-flaws-in-crafts-design |url-status=live }}</ref> Pogue's December 2022 report for ''[[CBS News Sunday Morning]]'', which questioned ''Titan''{{'s}} safety, [[Viral phenomenon|went viral]] on social media after the submersible lost contact with its support ship in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanter |first=Jake |date=20 June 2023 |title=CBS Story On OceanGate's Missing Titanic Sub Goes Viral After Reporter David Pogue Got Jitters Over Its "Jerry-Rigged" Design |url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/cbs-oceangate-titanic-submarine-viral-david-pogue-safety-concerns-1235420540/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> In the report, Pogue commented to Rush that "it seems like this submersible has some elements of [[MacGyver in popular culture|MacGyvery]] jerry-rigged-ness". He noted that a $30 Logitech F710 [[Bluetooth]] game controller with modified [[Joystick|control sticks]] is used to steer and [[Pitch (ship motion)|pitch]] the submersible, and that construction pipes were used as [[ballast]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=20 June 2023 |title=Submarine missing near Titanic used a US$30 Logitech gamepad for steering |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2023/06/submarine-missing-near-titanic-used-a-30-logitech-gamepad-for-steering/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |language=en-us |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620194949/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2023/06/submarine-missing-near-titanic-used-a-30-logitech-gamepad-for-steering/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In a 2022 dive to the ''Titanic'', one of the thrusters on the ''Titan'' was accidentally installed backwards and the submersible started spinning in circles when trying to move forward near the sea floor. As documented by the [[BBC]] documentary ''Take Me to Titanic'', the issue was bypassed by steering while holding the game controller sideways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Take Me to Titanic - Part Two |work=The Travel Show |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001d7b6 |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=BBC |at=00:07:40 |language=en-GB |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111171804/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001d7b6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2022 |title=The Return - Take Me To Titanic (Season 1, Episode 2) |url=https://tv.apple.com/us/episode/the-return/umc.cmc.50aslo62qnd058bu6foebeq66?showId=umc.cmc.7aj3bytq25u0s32re5tgfxb98 |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=Apple TV |at=00:07:40 |language=en-US}}</ref> According to November 2022 court filings, OceanGate reported that in a 2022 dive the submersible suffered from battery issues and as a result had to be manually attached to a lifting platform, causing damage to external components.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The company that sent a tourist submersible to the Titanic wreck has faced safety questions before |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2023/06/20/missing-titan-submersible-safety |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=[[WBUR-FM]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Finley |first=Ben |last2=Ramer |first2=Holly |date=19 June 2023 |title=Deep-sea craft carrying 5 people to Titanic wreckage reported missing, search underway |language=en |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/titanic-wreckage-missing-submersible-62fadef7a55af0022e3dc75df862a5c1 |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619191319/https://apnews.com/article/titanic-wreckage-missing-submersible-62fadef7a55af0022e3dc75df862a5c1 |archive-date=19 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Incident ==<br />
=== Timeline of events ===<br />
[[File:Lunenburg Fishing Boat Yards 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|{{MV|Polar Prince}} (seen here in 2018) transported ''Titan'' and the expedition's crew to the dive site above the wreck of the ''Titanic''.]]<br />
On 16 June 2023, the expedition to the ''Titanic'' departed from [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], Newfoundland, aboard the research and expedition ship {{MV|Polar Prince}}. The ship arrived at the dive site on 17 June, and the dive operation began the following day on Sunday, 18 June at 09:30 in the morning. [[Newfoundland Time Zone|Newfoundland Daylight Time]] (NDT; [[UTC−02:30]]) (12:00 UTC).<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=Titanic sub timeline: when did it go missing and key events in search |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/missing-titanic-sub-when-it-vanished-race-find-it-2023-06-21/ |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622001050/https://www.reuters.com/world/missing-titanic-sub-when-it-vanished-race-find-it-2023-06-21/ |archive-date=22 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=Titan submersible: timeline of missing vessel's voyage |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/21/titanic-sub-timeline-titan-submersible-missing-vessel |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621145516/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/21/titanic-sub-timeline-titan-submersible-missing-vessel |url-status=live }}</ref> For the first hour and a half of the descent, the ''Titan'' communicated with the ''Polar Prince'' every 15 minutes, but communication stopped after a recorded communication at 11:15.<ref name=":7" /> The vessel was expected to resurface at 16:30.<ref name=":7" /> At 19:10 the U.S. Coast Guard was notified of the missing vessel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Winsor |first=Morgan |date=June 22, 2023 |title=A timeline of the missing Titanic tourist submersible |language=en |publisher=[[ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/missing-titanic-tourist-submersible-timeline/story?id=100265183 |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621101011/https://abcnews.go.com/International/missing-titanic-tourist-submersible-timeline/story?id=100265183 |archive-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> The submersible had up to 96 hours of breathable air supply for its five passengers when it set out,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=Titanic tourist submersible live updates: Rescuers race against time |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/titanic-missing-submersible-live-updates-rcna90103 |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621002241/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/titanic-missing-submersible-live-updates-rcna90103 |url-status=live }}</ref> which would have expired on the morning of 22 June 2023 if the submersible had been intact.<ref name="Insider">{{Cite news |last1=Vlamis |first1=Kelsey |last2=Lee |first2=Lloyd |last3=Baker |first3=Sinéad |date=22 June 2023 |title=Missing Titanic Sub Has Likely Usecd All Its Oxygen, Prospects Bleak |language=en |website=Insider |url=https://www.insider.com/titan-sub-likely-used-96-hours-oxygen-prospects-bleak-2023-6 |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date=22 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
A U.S. Navy [[Submarine detection system|acoustic detection system designed to locate military submarines]] detected an [[acoustic signature]] consistent with an implosion hours after ''Titan'' submerged.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last1=Kesling |first1=Ben |last2=Youssef |first2=Nancy A. |last3=Lubold |first3=Gordon |last4=Paris |first4=Costas |date=2023-06-22 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Top Secret U.S. Navy System Heard Titan Implosion Days Ago |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-navy-detected-titan-sub-implosion-days-ago-6844cb12 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622214739/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-navy-detected-titan-sub-implosion-days-ago-6844cb12 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> This was discovered after the submersible was reported missing, which caused the Navy to review its acoustic data from that time period. The Navy passed the information to the Coast Guard.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-22 |title=US navy detected likely implosion of Titan submersible hours after it began its mission |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/jun/22/titanic-sub-live-updates-search-titan-missing-submarine-submersible-rescue-us-coast-guard-latest-news |access-date=22 June 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |via=[[AP News]] |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622045846/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/jun/22/titanic-sub-live-updates-search-titan-missing-submarine-submersible-rescue-us-coast-guard-latest-news |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Passengers ==<br />
* [[Stockton Rush]], an American submersible pilot and businessman. He was the chief executive and founding member of [[OceanGate]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2023 |title=Who is on the missing Titanic sub? |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/whos-board-missing-titanic-sub-2023-06-20/ |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620130931/https://www.reuters.com/world/whos-board-missing-titanic-sub-2023-06-20/ |archive-date=20 June 2023}}</ref><br />
* [[Shahzada Dawood]], a Pakistani-British<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kottasová |first=Ivana |date=20 June 2023 |title=Billionaire explorer and a prominent Pakistani father and son duo are on board the missing sub |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/20/world/hamish-harding-titanic-tourist-sub-intl/index.html |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621224222/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/20/world/hamish-harding-titanic-tourist-sub-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> businessman (of the [[Dawood Hercules Corporation]]), and trustee at the [[SETI Institute]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 June 2023 |title=Rescue teams race to find five people missing on Titanic sub |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-65953941 |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619211642/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-65953941 |archive-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> He was one of the wealthiest people in Pakistan.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2023 |title=Know Shahzada Dawood, one of Pakistan's richest men, who is aboard missing Titanic submersible with his son: Here's everything about him |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/know-shahzada-dawood-one-of-pakistans-richest-men-who-is-aboard-missing-titanic-submersible-with-his-son-heres-everything-about-him/3137046/ |access-date=22 June 2023 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Suleman Dawood]], the 19-year-old son of Shahzada Dawood, a student at the [[University of Strathclyde]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rutherford |first=Nichola |date=22 June 2023 |title=Teen on stricken Titanic sub is Strathclyde University student |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-65984821 |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622160911/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-65984821 |archive-date=22 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="BBC2" /><br />
* [[Hamish Harding]], a British businessman, aviator, and space tourist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Finley |first=Ben |last2=Ramer |first2=Holly |date=June 20, 2023 |title=UK billionaire on lost submersible vessel holds 3 Guinness World Records and was 'looking forward to conducting research' at Titanic site |url=https://fortune.com/2023/06/20/who-is-hamish-harding-british-uk-billionaire-titanic-vessel-lost/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621131409/https://fortune.com/2023/06/20/who-is-hamish-harding-british-uk-billionaire-titanic-vessel-lost/ |archive-date=21 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SkyNews3" /> He had previously descended into the [[Mariana Trench]], broken the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for a [[circumnavigation of the Earth]], and [[Space tourism|flew into space]] in 2022 on [[Blue Origin NS-21]].<br />
* [[Paul-Henri Nargeolet]], a former [[French Navy]] commander, diver, submersible pilot, member of the [[IFREMER|French Institute for Research and Exploitation of the Sea]] (IFREMER),<ref name="SkyNews2" /><ref name="SkyNews3" /> and director of underwater research for E/M Group and RMS Titanic, Inc.,<ref name="Guardian2">{{Cite news |last1=Helmore |first1=Edward |last2=Cecco |first2=Leyland |date=20 June 2023 |title=Titanic tourist submarine: desperate search for craft missing with five onboard |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jun/19/titanic-tourist-submarine-missing-north-atlantic |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619231757/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jun/19/titanic-tourist-submarine-missing-north-atlantic |archive-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> which owns [[Marine salvage|salvage right]]s to the wreckage site.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hopper |first=Tristin |date=19 June 2023 |title=The (incredibly expensive) Titanic tourism industry that just lost a submarine |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/titanic-submarine-lost-oceangate-expeditions |access-date=20 June 2023 |work=[[National Post]]}}</ref> Nargeolet led more than 35 expeditions to the wreck,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Breeden |first=Aurelien |date=2023-06-20 |title=Paul-Henri Nargeolet Has Made More Than 35 Titanic Site Trips |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/20/us/nargeolet-titanic-submarine.html |access-date=2023-06-22 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622195417/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/20/us/nargeolet-titanic-submarine.html |url-status=live }}</ref> supervised the recovery of thousands of artifacts, and was "widely considered the leading authority on the wreck site" according to ''The Guardian''.<ref name="Guardian2" /><br />
<br />
== Search and rescue operations ==<br />
The [[United States Coast Guard]], [[United States Navy]], and [[Canadian Coast Guard]] led the search and rescue efforts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=Unified Command established for missing submersible from Polar Prince |url=https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/3433572/unified-command-established-for-missing-submersible-from-polar-prince/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=[[United States Coast Guard]] |language=en-US |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621015357/https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/3433572/unified-command-established-for-missing-submersible-from-polar-prince/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Aircraft from the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] and [[Air National Guard|United States Air National Guard]], a [[Royal Canadian Navy]] ship, and several commercial and research ships and [[remotely operated underwater vehicle]] (ROVs) also assisted in the search.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name="CBC">{{Cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Ryan |date=20 June 2023 |title=U.S. air force aircraft land in St. John's with gear to aid in search for missing submersible |language=en-GB |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/titanic-submersible-titan-missing-day-3-1.6881595 |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> The search involved both a surface search and an underwater [[sonar]] search.<ref name="BBC2" /> As of 22 June, the agencies are continuing efforts to map debris and understand what happened.<ref name=":17" /><br />
<br />
=== Timeline of operations ===<br />
All dates are in [[Newfoundland Time Zone|Newfoundland Daylight Time]] (NDT; [[UTC−02:30]]) unless otherwise noted.<br />
<br />
====19 June====<br />
[[File:Coast Guard holds press briefing for missing submersible 900 miles east of Cape Cod.webm|thumb|Rear Admiral John Mauger delivers a press briefing in Boston on 19 June 2023]]<br />
[[File:Deep Energy, IMO 9481154 at the Tweede Werkhaven, Port of Rotterdam pic2.JPG|thumb|alt=Photo of the Deep Energy ship|''Deep Energy'' (pictured in the Netherlands, 2015) arrived with two ROVs on 20 June]]<br />
[[File:Coast Guard HC-130 and L’Atalante searching for Titan.jpg|thumb|U.S. Coast Guard HC-130 flying over ''L'Atalante'' on 21 June]]<br />
<br />
Crews from the Northeast Sector of the United States Coast Guard, based in [[Boston]], launched search missions {{convert|900|nmi|km}} from the shore of [[Cape Cod|Cape Cod, Massachusetts]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite tweet |user=USCGNortheast |author-link=U.S. Coast Guard |number=1670842498317533207 |title=A @USCG C-130 crew is searching for an overdue Canadian research submarine approximately 900 miles off #CapeCod. |date=19 June 2023 |access-date=19 June 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=19 June 2023 |title=Coast Guard to hold press briefing for missing submersible 900 miles east of Cape Cod |url=https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/3431840/coast-guard-to-hold-press-briefing-for-missing-submersible-900-miles-east-of-ca |access-date=19 June 2023 |publisher=[[United States Coast Guard]] |language=en-US |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620045937/https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/3431840/coast-guard-to-hold-press-briefing-for-missing-submersible-900-miles-east-of-ca/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax]] reported that a Royal Canadian Air Force [[Lockheed CP-140 Aurora]] aircraft and [[CCGS Kopit Hopson 1752|CCGS ''Kopit Hopson 1752'']] were participating in the search in response to a request for assistance by the Maritime Rescue Coordination Center in Boston made on 18 June at 21:43 (00:13&nbsp;UTC).<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Petri |first1=Alexandra E. |last2=Lin |first2=Summer |date=19 June 2023 |title=Titanic tourist submersible carrying 5 disappears on trip to see wreck in North Atlantic |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-06-19/titanic-missing-submarine-tourist-tour-north-atlantic-wreck |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619210325/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-06-19/titanic-missing-submarine-tourist-tour-north-atlantic-wreck |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite tweet|number=1670908769478352897|user=hfxjrcc|title=JRCC Halifax has tasked one Royal Canadian Air Force Aurora aircraft out of 14 Wing Greenwood in Nova Scotia for aerial search, and Canadian Coast Guard Vessel Kopit Hopson 1752 will also be assisting MRCC Boston with a surface search for the submersible.|author=Halifax JRCC CCCOS|date=19 June 2023|access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> The search on 19 June involved three [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] aircraft, two from the United States and one from Canada;<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |last1=Da Silva |first1=Chantal |last2=McCausland |first2=Phil |date=20 June 2023 |title=Behind the U.S. Coast Guard's search |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/titanic-missing-submersible-live-updates-rcna90103 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621002241/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/titanic-missing-submersible-live-updates-rcna90103 |url-status=live }}</ref> a [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8 Poseidon]] aircraft from the United States, and [[sonobuoy]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Andrew-Gee |first1=Eric |last2=Cook |first2=Dustin |date=19 June 2023 |title=Missing Titanic submersible prompts search operation off the coast of Newfoundland |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-titanic-expedition-submersible-missing/ |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> Search and rescue was hampered by low visibility weather conditions, which cleared the next day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2023 |title=Visibility for aerial search has improved today, Coast Guard official says |url=https://www.cnn.com/americas/live-news/titanic-submersible-missing-search-06-20-23/h_fbe5f0d94e1ac2466821e449e02b4269 |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The U.S. Coast Guard indicated that the search and rescue mission was difficult because of the remote location, weather, darkness, sea conditions, and water temperature.<ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite news |last1=Gross |first1=Jenny |last2=Bubola |first2=Emma |last3=Jiménez |first3=Jesus |date=19 June 2023 |title=Missing Submersible: Vessel Disappears During Dive to the Titanic Wreck Site |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/19/us/titanic-missing-sub-tourist-tour |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620011427/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/19/us/titanic-missing-sub-tourist-tour |archive-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> Rear Admiral John Mauger stated that they were "deploying all available assets".<ref name="SkyNews3" /> While many submersibles are equipped with an [[Underwater locator beacon|acoustic beacon]] which emits sounds that can be detected underwater by rescuers, it is unknown if the Titan had such a device.<ref name="NYTimes" /><br />
<br />
Neither the U.S. nor Canada has underwater vessels capable of easily assisting in the search and rescue missions.<ref name="NYTimes" /> The U.S. Navy has one [[deep-submergence rescue vehicle]], although the vessel cannot reach the depths at the search site. The Navy also has ROVs, but these vessels would take days to reach the disaster site.<ref name="NYTimes" /><br />
<br />
====20 June====<br />
The [[pipe-laying ship]] ''Deep Energy'', operated by [[TechnipFMC]], arrived on site on 20 June 2023, with two ROVs and other equipment suited to the seabed depths in the area.<ref name="CBC" /> As of 10:45&nbsp;(13:15&nbsp;UTC), the U.S. Coast Guard had searched {{Convert|10,000|sqmi|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1671144862022868994 |user=USCGNortheast |title=#Update A Canadian Aircraft P3 Aurora has arrived on scene to conduct sonar searches. The R/V Polar Prince and R/V Deep Energy are continuing their surface searches. Total search area completed as of this morning is 10,000 SQ miles. #Titanic |author-link=U.S. Coast Guard |date=20 June 2023 |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> An Air National Guard C-130 also joined in the search and rescue mission, with plans for two more to join by the end of the day.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last1=Liebermann |first1=Oren |last2=Britzky |first2=Haley |date=20 June 2023 |title=US military moving military and commercial assets to help submersible search efforts |url=https://www.cnn.com/americas/live-news/titanic-submersible-missing-search-06-20-23/h_986e7fa7d849e30d0b1b92c7e8114947 |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to an internal American government memo, a Canadian CP-140 Aurora's sonar picked up underwater noises while searching for the submersible.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bogel-Burroughs |first1=Nicholas |last2=Jiménez |first2=Jesus |last3=Ives |first3=Mike |date=21 June 2023 |title=Missing Titanic Submersible: 'We Need to Have Hope': More Ships Join Search |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/21/us/titanic-missing-submarine |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622020232/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/21/us/titanic-missing-submarine |url-status=live }}</ref> The U.S. Coast Guard officially acknowledged the sounds early the following morning, but reported that early investigations had not yielded results.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last1=Salahieh |first1=Nouran |last2=Levenson |first2=Eric |last3=Alvarez |first3=Priscilla |last4=Sanchez |first4=Ray |date=20 June 2023 |title=Banging sounds heard during Titan search, according to internal US government memo |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/20/us/titanic-shipwreck-vessel-missing-tuesday/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621031812/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/20/us/titanic-shipwreck-vessel-missing-tuesday/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2023 |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> Rear Admiral John Mauger of the U.S. Coast Guard said the source of the noise was unknown and may have come from the many metal objects at the site of the wreck.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chao-Fong |first1=Léonie |last2=Henley |first2=Jon |date=21 June 2023 |title=Titanic sub live updates: source of 'banging noises' still unknown, says US Coast Guard, as search continues |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/jun/21/titanic-sub-live-updates-search-us-coast-guard-submarine-submersible |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> A Canadian CP-140 Aurora plane had previously spotted a "white rectangular object" floating on the surface. A ship sent to find and identify the object was diverted to help find the source of the noise.<ref>{{cite news |last=Salahieh |first=Nouran |last2=Levenson |first2=Eric |last3=Alvarez |first3=Priscilla |last4=Sanchez |first4=Ray |date=21 June 2023 |title=Banging sounds heard during Titan search, according to internal US government memo |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/20/us/titanic-shipwreck-vessel-missing-tuesday/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621031812/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/20/us/titanic-shipwreck-vessel-missing-tuesday/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> The noises were later described by the U.S. Coast Guard as being apparently unrelated to the missing vessel.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=22 June 2023 |title=Main takeaways from today's press conference |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-65967464 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-gb |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622004421/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-65967464 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== 21 June ====<br />
CCGS ''John Cabot'' arrived in the morning of 21 June, bringing additional sonar capabilities to the search effort. Commercial vessels ''Skandi Vinland'' and ''Atlantic Merlin'' also arrived that day, as did a Coast Guard C-130 crew.<ref name=":9">{{Cite press release |date=21 June 2023 |title=Joint search continues for missing submersible, Titan |url=https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/3435166/joint-search-continues-for-missing-submersible-titan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622003122/https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/3435166/joint-search-continues-for-missing-submersible-titan/ |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=[[United States Coast Guard]] }}</ref> As of approximately 15:00&nbsp;(17:30&nbsp;UTC), five air and water vehicles were actively searching for the ''Titan'', and another five were expected to arrive in the next 24–48 hours.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=Here's the team that is assisting in the search efforts for the missing sub |url=https://www.cnn.com/americas/live-news/titanic-missing-sub-oceangate-06-21-23/h_ffb20f063cebab92cd8e082b367964b1 |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> Search and rescue assets included two ROVs, one CP-140 Aurora aircraft, and the C-130 aircraft.<ref name=":02" /><br />
<br />
The U.S. Navy's Flyaway Deep Ocean Salvage System (FADOSS), a ship lift system designed to lift large and heavy objects from the deep sea, arrived in St. John's, though no ships were available to carry the system to the wreck site.<ref name="CNN12">{{Cite news |last1=Britzky |first1=Haley |last2=Liebermann |first2=Oren |date=20 June 2023 |title=US Navy sending experts and deep ocean salvage system to aid in submersible search |url=https://www.cnn.com/americas/live-news/titanic-submersible-missing-search-06-20-23/h_8137a5b4ac0c5e22622456fce3ed4f6b |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=Navy salvage system is in St. John's and preparing for mobilization, Navy official says |url=https://www.cnn.com/americas/live-news/titanic-missing-sub-oceangate-06-21-23/h_21e88c04fe3c16bba7e309f721b0b16c |access-date=21 June 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> Officials estimated it would take around 24 hours to weld the FADOSS system to the deck of a carrier ship before it could set sail to the search and rescue operation.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
Despite rising concerns about depletion of air supplies on the ''Titan'' if it were intact, a U.S. Coast Guard spokesperson stated at a press conference that "This is a search and rescue mission 100%", rather than a wreckage recovery mission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=Coast Guard says operation to find missing submersible is "100%" still a search and rescue mission |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/americas/live-news/titanic-missing-sub-oceangate-06-21-23/h_1c8922c29f9e204c44f8b7c1889fe38e |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
====22 June====<br />
[[File:Coast Guard holds press briefing about discovery of debris belonging to the 21-ft submersible, Titan (DOD 109724174).webm|thumb|Rear Admiral John Mauger delivers a press briefing in Boston on 22 June]]<br />
An ''Odysseus{{Nbsp}}6k'' ROV from Canadian-flagged offshore [[Tugboat|tug]] MV ''Horizon Arctic'' reached the sea floor and began its search for the missing submersible.<ref name=":14">{{Cite tweet |user=USCGNortheast |author-link=U.S. Coast Guard |number=1671834476303794176 |title=The Canadian vessel Horizon Arctic has deployed an ROV that has reached the sea floor and began its search for the missing sub. |date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HORIZON ARCTIC, Offshore Tug/Supply Ship - Details and current position - IMO 9732838 - VesselFinder |url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/details/9732838 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=www.vesselfinder.com |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523083547/https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/details/9732838 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news |date=22 June 2023 |title=What we know about the Horizon Arctic ROV |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-us-canada-65967464 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622094614/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-us-canada-65967464 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French RV ''L'Atalante'' also deployed its ROV {{ill|Victor&nbsp;6000|fr||de|italic=yes}}, which can reach depths of up to {{cvt|6000|m|ft}} and transmit images to the surface.<ref name=":15">{{Cite tweet |user=USCGNortheast |author-link=U.S. Coast Guard |number=1671843166373265408 |title=The French vessel L'Atalante has just deployed their ROV. |date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
At 13:18 [[Newfoundland Time Zone|NDT]] (15:48 UTC) the U.S. Coast Guard's Northeast Sector announced that a debris field had been found near the wreck of the ''Titanic''.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Whittle |first1=Patrick |last2=Ramer |first2=Holly |date=22 June 2023 |title=The U.S. Coast Guard says debris field has been found near the Titanic during search for submersible |url=https://apnews.com/article/missing-titanic-submersible-updates-6255308420cb542fab287224c3e9b1c1 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622074713/https://apnews.com/article/missing-titanic-submersible-updates-6255308420cb542fab287224c3e9b1c1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1671907901542211584|user=USCGNortheast|title=A debris field was discovered within the search area by an ROV near the Titanic. Experts within the unified command are evaluating the information. 1/2 |author-link=U.S. Coast Guard |date=22 June 2023|access-date=22 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sephton |first=Connor |date=22 June 2023 |title='Debris field' discovered within search area near Titanic, US Coast Guard says |publisher=[[Sky News]] |url=https://news.sky.com/story/debris-field-discovered-within-search-area-near-titanic-us-coast-guard-says-12906735 |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622155529/https://news.sky.com/story/debris-field-discovered-within-search-area-near-titanic-us-coast-guard-says-12906735 |archive-date=22 June 2023}}</ref> The debris, located by the ''Horizon Arctic''{{'s}} ''Odysseus{{Nbsp}}6k'' remotely operated vehicle five hours into its search, was later confirmed to be part of the submersible.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last1=Salahieh |first1=Nouran |last2=Cohen |first2=Gabe |last3=Levenson |first3=Eric |date=22 June 2023 |title=Located debris has been assessed to be from the external body of the missing submersible, according to memo reviewed by CNN |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/22/us/submersible-titanic-oceangate-search-thursday/index.html |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622070006/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/22/us/submersible-titanic-oceangate-search-thursday/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At an afternoon press conference, the U.S. Coast Guard confirmed the loss of the submersible due to the pressure chamber imploding, and stated that pieces of the ''Titan'' had been found on the sea floor approximately {{Cvt|488|m|ft|sigfig=2}} from the bow of the ''Titanic''.<ref name="CG-press-conf-June-22"/> The Coast Guard stated that they suspect the implosion of the pressure vessel likely occurred while the craft was traversing the [[water column]], and that the implosion probably occurred prior to any rescue operations commencing, because the highly sensitive [[sonobuoy]]s did not pick up any acoustic signal indicative of an implosion throughout their deployment.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US Coast Guard confirms Titan sub loss |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-65992579 |access-date=2023-06-22 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622192920/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-65992579 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rear Admiral Mauger said, however, he did not have an answer on whether the bodies of the five men on board were likely to be recovered.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last=Debusmann |first=Bernd Jr |date=2023-06-22 |title=All five people on missing Titan sub are dead - Coast Guard |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65993579 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622192611/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65993579 |archive-date=22 June 2023}}</ref> OceanGate issued a statement regarding the deaths of the people aboard.<ref name=":23" /><br />
<br />
=== Debris ===<br />
The debris that has been located and confirmed as belonging to the ''Titan'' submersible consists of the [[nose cone]] (not part of the pressure vessel) as well as the forward and aft end bell — both part of the pressure vessel intended to protect the crew from the ocean environment. According to the U.S. Coast Guard, the debris field is concentrated in two areas, with the aft end bell lying separate from the front end bell and the nose cone.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US Navy details what Titan debris was found |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-65993550 |access-date=2023-06-22 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622201441/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-65993550 |url-status=live }}</ref> The debris is around {{cvt|500|m|ft}} from the bow of the ''Titanic''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Shawn J. |last2=Loehrke |first2=Janet |last3=Padilla |first3=Ramon |title=Debris field confirmed to be missing Titanic submarine. This is where it was finally found |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/graphics/2023/06/22/debris-titanic-confirmed-missing-sub-maps-graphics-explain-titan-submarine-submersible/70347673007/ |access-date=June 22, 2023 |work=USA Today |date=June 22, 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622210838/https://www.usatoday.com/story/graphics/2023/06/22/debris-titanic-confirmed-missing-sub-maps-graphics-explain-titan-submarine-submersible/70347673007/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Assets involved ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"<br />
|+Assets involved, sorted by arrival date and country<br />
!Country<br />
!Asset<br />
!Status<br />
!Arrival date<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|Canada<br />
|{{MV|Polar Prince}} (research vessel that brought the ''Titan'' to the ''Titanic'' wreck location)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|17 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":03" /><br />
|-<br />
|Canada<br />
|[[Lockheed CP-140 Aurora|CP-140 Aurora]] ([[Royal Canadian Air Force]] aircraft)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|19 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":13" /><br />
|-<br />
|Canada<br />
|[[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] ([[Royal Canadian Air Force]] aircraft)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|19 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":03" /><br />
|-<br />
|Canada<br />
|''[[CCGS Kopit Hopson 1752|Kopit Hopson 1752]]'' ([[Canadian Coast Guard]] ship)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|19 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":13" /><br />
|-<br />
|United States<br />
|[[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8 Poseidon]] ([[US Navy|U.S. Navy]] aircraft with undersea search capabilities)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|19 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Andrew-Gee |first1=Eric |last2=Cook |first2=Dustin |date=19 June 2023 |title=Missing Titanic submersible prompts search operation off the coast of Newfoundland |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-titanic-expedition-submersible-missing/ |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|United States<br />
|[[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] ([[United States Coast Guard]] aircraft)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|19 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":03" /><br />
|-<br />
|United States<br />
|[[Lockheed HC-130|HC-130J Combat King II]] ([[Air National Guard]] [[106th Rescue Wing]] aircraft)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|19 June}}<br />
|<ref name="106rqw">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=New York Air National Guard assisting in search for missing Titanic submersible |url=https://abc7ny.com/titanic-submersible-coast-guard-search-new-york-air-national/13406795/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622071058/https://abc7ny.com/titanic-submersible-coast-guard-search-new-york-air-national/13406795/ |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|United Kingdom<br />
|MV ''Deep Energy'' ([[pipe-laying ship]] with two ROVs and other deepsea equipment, operated by [[TechnipFMC]])<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|20 June}}<br />
|<ref name="CBC" /><br />
|-<br />
|United States<br />
|[[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] (three [[Air National Guard]] aircraft)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|20 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
|Canada<br />
|''Atlantic Merlin'' (commercial vessel)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|21 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":9" /><br />
|-<br />
|Canada<br />
|''John Cabot'' ([[Canadian Coast Guard]] ship with sonar capabilities)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|21 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":9" /><br />
|-<br />
|Canada<br />
|''Skandi Vinland'' (commercial vessel with ROV)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|21 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":9" /><br />
|-<br />
|United States<br />
|[[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] ([[United States Coast Guard]] aircraft)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|21 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":9" /><br />
|-<br />
|United States<br />
|Flyaway Deep Ocean Salvage System (FADOSS) ([[United States Navy]] ship lift system)<br />
|Arrived in St. John's<br />
|{{Date table sorting|21 June}}<br />
|<ref name="CNN12" /><ref name=":8" /><br />
|-<br />
|Canada<br />
|''Horizon Arctic'' (ship with ''Odysseus&nbsp;6k'' ROV capable of reaching ''Titanic'' depths)<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|22 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":16" /><br />
|-<br />
|France<br />
|{{ill|French ship Atalante (1989)|lt=L'Atalante|fr|L'Atalante (1989)|de|L'Atalante (Schiff)|el|L'Atalante|italic=yes}} (research vessel with {{ill|Victor&nbsp;6000|fr||de|italic=yes}}, a ROV that can reach depths of up to {{cvt|6000|m|ft}} and transmit images to the surface, operated by [[Ifremer]])<br />
|Arrived<br />
|{{Date table sorting|22 June}}<br />
|<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Titanic sub live updates: Search for missing submersible enters decisive phase |language=en-gb |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-us-canada-65967464 |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622094614/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-us-canada-65967464 |archive-date=22 June 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Canada<br />
|[[CCGS Ann Harvey|''Ann Harvey'']] ([[Canadian Coast Guard]] ship)<br />
|En route<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":9" /><br />
|-<br />
|Canada<br />
|[[HMCS Glace Bay (MM 701)|HMCS ''Glace Bay'']] ([[Royal Canadian Navy]] patrol ship carrying medical personnel and a mobile [[Diving chamber|decompression chamber]])<br />
|En route<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":9" /><br />
|-<br />
|Canada<br />
|[[CCGS Terry Fox|''Terry Fox'']] ([[Canadian Coast Guard]] ship)<br />
|En route<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":9" /><br />
|-<br />
|United Kingdom<br />
|Magellan ROV<br />
|En route<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":9" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reactions==<br />
Discussing the scale of the search and rescue response, Sean Leet, co-founder and chair of Horizon, the company that owns the [[CCGS Sir Humphrey Gilbert|''Polar Prince'',]] said, "I've been in the marine industry since a very young age and seen a lot of different situations, and I've never seen equipment of that nature move that quickly{{Nbsp}}[...] The response from the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Military, folks at the airport, the people here, various companies who were involved in the mobilization of that equipment{{Nbsp}}[...] it was done flawlessly."<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title="We have to hold out hope," Horizon Maritime Services representative says |language=en |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/americas/live-news/titanic-missing-sub-oceangate-06-21-23/h_066556f5b8f2dbb67d2dc69ff730364a |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
The scale of the search and rescue efforts and media coverage compared to the [[2023 Messenia migrant boat disaster]] on 14 June has sparked criticism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Da Silva |first=Chantal |date=21 June 2023 |title=A tale of two disasters: Missing Titanic sub captivates the world days after deadly migrant shipwreck |language=en |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/syria-migrants-boat-sinking-titanic-submersive-missing-rcna90336 |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621230710/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/syria-migrants-boat-sinking-titanic-submersive-missing-rcna90336 |archive-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> Ishaan Tharoor of the ''[[Washington Post]]'' noted that Pakistani internet users compared and contrasted the Pakistani victims in both incidents.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/21/titanic-submersible-greece-migrant-ship-pakistan/|title=In missing submersible and migrant disaster, a tale of two Pakistans|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=2023-06-21|accessdate=2023-06-22|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621151715/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/21/titanic-submersible-greece-migrant-ship-pakistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> The search likely cost millions of dollars of public funds.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Butera |first1=Isabelle |title=As Titan sub stirs global interest, many draw attention to hundreds of migrants missing at sea |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2023/06/22/titan-sub-greece-migrant-boat-responses-disproportionate/70345837007/ |access-date=June 22, 2023 |work=USA Today |date=June 22, 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622175312/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2023/06/22/titan-sub-greece-migrant-boat-responses-disproportionate/70345837007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Messenia disaster involved a fishing boat carrying an estimated 400 to 750 migrants, with nearly 100 people confirmed dead,<ref name="CNN">{{cite news |last1=Haq |first1=Sana Noor |last2=Labropoulou |first2=Elinda |date=16 June 2023 |title=Relatives searching for loved ones after Greek migrant boat disaster, as hundreds more feared dead |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/15/europe/migrant-boat-sinking-greece-cause-intl/ |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617062119/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/15/europe/migrant-boat-sinking-greece-cause-intl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> another 100 rescued,<ref name="NBCNews">{{cite news |date=15 June 2023 |title=Greece finds no more survivors of migrant boat disaster with hundreds missing |work=[[NBC News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publication-place=Kalamata, Greece |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/greece-finds-no-survivors-migrant-boat-disaster-hundreds-missing-rcna89440 |url-status=live |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615100751/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/greece-finds-no-survivors-migrant-boat-disaster-hundreds-missing-rcna89440 |archive-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> and several hundred more still missing.<ref name="AlJazeera2023-06-22">{{cite news |date=22 June 2023 |title=At least 209 Pakistanis among victims of Greece boat wreck |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/6/22/at-least-209-pakistanis-among-victims-of-greece-boat-wreck |access-date=22 June 2023}}</ref> Search and rescue efforts for the Messenia disaster were conducted by the [[Hellenic Coast Guard]] and military.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news |last1=Kitsantonis |first1=Niki |last2=Engelbrecht |first2=Cora |date=14 June 2023 |title=At Least 79 Die as Boat Carrying Migrants Sinks Near Greece |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/14/world/europe/greece-migrants-boat-sank.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614115108/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/14/world/europe/greece-migrants-boat-sank.html |archive-date=14 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
Azmeh Dawood, sister of Shahzada Dawood and aunt of Suleman Dawood, has stated that her nephew was "terrified" to join the expedition and only agreed to go in order to please his father. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arkin |first=Daniel |date=2023-06-22 |title=19-year-old Titan passenger was ‘terrified' before trip, his aunt says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/titanic-submersible-shahwood-suleman-family-tragedy-rcna90678 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to David Scott-Beddard, CEO of the ''Titanic'' exhibition company White Star Memories Ltd who was speaking before the submersible's fate was known, the possibility of conducting future research at the ''Titanic'' wreck has decreased due to the disappearance of the ''Titan'' submersible.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2023 |title=Future research at the Titanic wreck is unlikely after the Titan went missing, expert says |url=https://www.cnn.com/americas/live-news/titanic-missing-sub-oceangate-06-22-23/h_e94f36d3bf556d59eb257a9eebcd2a5c |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The submersible's disappearance, build, and the search and rescue efforts were widely discussed on social media as the story developed, and inspired [[internet memes]], some of which ridiculed the incident and parties involved.<ref name="nbc-news" /> The memes were criticized for perceived insensitivity by various individuals.<ref name="nbc-news">{{Cite web |last=Hamedy |first=Saba |date=2023-06-22 |title=Search for Titanic submersible unleashes 'eat the rich' sentiment online |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/titanic-submersible-memes-social-media-anti-billionaire-sentiment-rcna90520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622233357/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/titanic-submersible-memes-social-media-anti-billionaire-sentiment-rcna90520 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Courtney-Guy |first=Sam |date=2023-06-22 |title=Fury over 'sick' memes about missing Titanic submarine |url=https://metro.co.uk/2023/06/22/social-media-users-slam-jokesters-poking-fun-at-missing-titan-five-18995630/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Metro |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622202159/https://metro.co.uk/2023/06/22/social-media-users-slam-jokesters-poking-fun-at-missing-titan-five-18995630/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[James Cameron]], who directed the 1997 film ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' and has visited the wreck, said he was "struck by the similarity" between the submersible's implosion and the events that led to the ''Titanic'' disaster.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapero |first=Julia |date=2023-06-22 |title=Director James Cameron 'struck' by similarities between Titan implosion, Titanic sinking |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/4063382-director-james-cameron-struck-by-similarities-between-titan-implosion-titanic-sinking/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=The Hill |language=en-US |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622213031/https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/4063382-director-james-cameron-struck-by-similarities-between-titan-implosion-titanic-sinking/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cameron criticized Rush for constructing the ''Titan'' with carbon-fibre composites, saying that they have "no strength in compression", which occurs when an undersea vehicle descends deeper into the abyss and undergoes tremendous increases in water pressure.<ref name="Broad2023" /><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[List of inventors killed by their own invention]]<br />
* [[List of submarine incidents since 2000]]<br />
* {{annotated link|Rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman}}, the deepest search rescue in history<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* {{Commons category inline|2023 Titan submersible incident|2023 ''Titan'' submersible incident}}<br />
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{{2023 shipwrecks}}<br />
{{RMS Titanic}}<br />
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[[Category:2023 in Newfoundland and Labrador]]<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
[[Category:Disasters in the Atlantic Ocean]]<br />
[[Category:June 2023 events in Canada]]<br />
[[Category:2023 disasters in Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 2023]]<br />
[[Category:Maritime incidents in Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Submarine accidents]]<br />
[[Category:Ships lost with all hands]]<br />
[[Category:RMS Titanic|2023 incident]]<br />
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