Indonesia

2023-04-28T13:53:12Z

103.155.198.87:

{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{infobox country
|conventional_long_name = {{nativename|id|Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia|The Unitary Country of Republic of Indonesia}}
|common_name= Indonesia
|image_flag = Flag of Indonesia.svg
|image_coat = National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg
|symbol_type = National Emblem
|image_map = Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg
|map_caption = 
|national_motto = ''[[Bhinneka Tunggal Ika]]''{{Spaces|2}} Unity in Diversity '''[[Ideology|National ideology]]:''' [[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]]<ref>{{Cite book | url = http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/86.htm|chapter= Pancasila | publisher = US Library of Congress | title = Indonesia | edition = Country Studies}}</ref><ref name = "Vickers">{{Cite book | last = Vickers |first = Adrian |title = A History of Modern Indonesia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-521-54262-6}}</ref>{{rp |117}}
|national_anthem = <center>[[File:Indonesiaraya.ogg|The national anthem of Indonesia]]</center> 
''[[Indonesia Raya]]'' "Great Indonesia"
|official_languages = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (national and official language)
|recognized_languages = Over 700 native languages and international languages ([[English language|English]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], etc.)
|capital = [[Jakarta]]
|largest_city = [[Jakarta]]
|demonym = [[Indonesians|Indonesian]]
|ethnic_groups = Javanese 40.6% Sundanese 15% Madurese 3.3% Minangkabau 2.7% Betawi 2.4% Bugis 2.4% Banten 2% Banjar 1.7% other 29.9%
|ethnic_groups_year = 2000
|coordinates = {{Coord|6|10.5|S|106|49.7|E|type:city}}
|government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[Constitutional republic|constitutional]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of Indonesia|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Joko Widodo]]
|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Indonesia|Vice President]]
|leader_name2 = [[Ma'ruf Amin]]
|leader_title3 = [[List of Speakers of the People's Representative Council|House Speaker]]
|leader_name3 = [[Puan Maharani]]
|leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia|Chief Justice]]
|leader_name4 = [[Muhammad Syarifuddin]]
|legislature = [[People's Consultative Assembly]]
|upper_house = [[Regional Representative Council]]
|lower_house = [[People's Representative Council]]
|area_rank = 15th
|area_km2 = 1,919,440
|area_sq_mi = 735,355 
|area_label = [[Land area|Land]]
|area_label2 = [[Water area|Water (%)]]
|area_data2 = 4.85
|population_estimate = 237,424,363
|population_estimate_rank = 4th
|population_estimate_year = 2011
|population_census = 237,424,363<ref name="imf2"/>
|population_census_year = 2011
|population_density_km2 = 123.76
|population_density_sq_mi = 323.05
|population_density_rank = 84th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2011
|GDP_PPP = $1.126 trillion<ref name = "imf2">{{cite web | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=536&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=63&pr.y=4|title=Indonesia| publisher = International Monetary Fund | accessdate = 26 October 2011}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank = 15th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,744<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 122nd
|GDP_nominal_year = 2011
|GDP_nominal = $834.331 billion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_rank = 17th
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,514<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 107th
|HDI_year = 2011
|HDI = 0.617
|HDI_change = increase
|HDI_ref = <ref name="UN">{{cite web| title=Human Development Report 2011| accessdate=2 November 2011| year=2011| url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html| archive-date=5 November 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105044427/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html| url-status=dead}}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 124th
|Gini = 36.8
|Gini_year = 1999
|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = from the [[Netherlands]]
|established_event2 = [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|Declared]]
|established_date2 = 17 August 1945
|established_event3 = [[Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference|Acknowledged]]
|established_date3 = 27 December 1949
|currency = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rupiah]]
|currency_code = IDR
|time_zone = various
|utc_offset = +7 to +9
|drives_on = Left 
|cctld = [[.id]]
|calling_code = [[+62]]
}}
'''Indonesia''', ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɪ|n|d|ə|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|z|i|ə|,_|-|ʃ|ə}}){{refn|{{OxfordDictionaries.com|Indonesia}}}}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Indonesia}}}} officially the '''Republic of Indonesia''', ({{lang-id|Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia|The Unitary Country of Republic Indonesia}}; {{lang|id|Republik Indonesia|Republic of Indonesia}}; {{lang|id|Nusantara}}) is a nation in [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]]. As the biggest [[archipelago]] country in the world, Indonesia has 18,108 [[island|islands]]. The most important islands of Indonesia are [[Java]], [[Bali]], [[Borneo|Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]], and [[Sumatra]]. The capital of Indonesia is [[Jakarta]], on the island of Java, but there are plans to change it to [[Nusantara (city)|Nusantara]].<ref name="capital">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/18/indonesia-names-new-capital-nusantara-replacing-sinking-city-of-jakarta |title=Indonesia names new capital Nusantara, replacing sinking Jakarta |lang=en-GB |date=2022-01-17 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref> The current president is [[Joko Widodo]]. Modern Indonesia began on the 17th of August 1945. At 10 o'clock on that Friday morning, Sukarno read Indonesia's Declaration of Independence. Indonesia's Independence Day is a national holiday.

Indonesia is the fourth most populated country in the world with 238,452,952 people (2004 est.).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/915223/indonesia-population-based-on-study-of-bps/|title=Total population in Indonesia 2010-2030 based on study of BPS|publisher= Statista website|accessdate= 25 Feb 2022}}</ref> Half of the [[population]] lives in Java, There are 111 people per km{{sup|2}}. The land area is {{convert|1904000|km2}}, or slightly smaller than [[Mexico]]. The official national [[language]] of Indonesia is [[Indonesian language|Bahasa Indonesia]], but 749 native languages are also spoken in different parts of Indonesia, and widely native languages spoken in Indonesia include [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Balinese language|Balinese]], and [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]. Indonesia's neighbors are [[Australia]] to the south, [[Singapore]] to the northwest, and [[Philippines]] to the northeast. Other nearby countries are [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Malaysia]], and [[East Timor]] which share land borders with Indonesia.

Indonesia has the most [[active volcano]]es of any country in the world. It is also close to [[Fault (geology)|fault lines]] so there are many [[earthquake]]s and [[tsunami]]s.

Most people in Indonesia follow [[Islam]], but Indonesia is not an Islamic country by law. Indonesia has the largest [[Muslim]] population on earth. Other religions Indonesians follow include [[Christianity]] ([[Protestanism]] and [[Catholicism]]), [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Confucianism]].

== History ==
=== Pre World War II ===
Indonesia has a written history as far back as the 7th century and a much longer [[oral history]]. Before the colonial Dutch came in the 1596, much of what is now Indonesia was many different kingdoms. Often they were fighting each other.

Indonesia was [[colonized]] by the [[Netherlands]] in the 17th century and renamed the [[Dutch East Indies]]. During this time, the Dutch captured thousands of [[Malagasy people]] from [[Madagascar]] and forced them to work on [[pepper]] [[Plantation|plantations]] in their colonies as [[Slavery|slaves]].<ref>{{cite speech|title=Memories of Madagascar|first=Wendy |last=Wilson-Fall|event=[[Howard University|HU]] Palaver Series|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-Pg_qGpuws}}</ref> The Dutch treated the islands like their property until [[World War II]].

During [[World War II]], the [[Japan]]ese drove out the Dutch and took control of Indonesia. After Japan surrendered in the war, Indonesia claimed its [[independence]] on the 17th of August 1945. The proclamation was read by [[Sukarno]] in Jakarta. Sukarno later became Indonesia's first President.
[[File:LocationIndonesia.svg|250px|thumb|left|Indonesia]]

British troops came into Indonesia to restore peace and to rescue Europeans who had been prisoners of the Japanese. The British troops also had the job of shipping home 300,000 Japanese troops. The Indonesian Republicans fought the British troops, because it was expected that the British would give Indonesia back to the Dutch. The Indonesian Republicans killed many of the Japanese prisoners, before they could be sent home. They also began killing people from [[Minority group|minority groups]] who might be against the new Republic. Many European and Indonesian European people were killed. Many Chinese business people and other minority groups were killed or made homeless. In Java there were many thousands of homeless people.

In 1946, the Dutch came back. When the British left in 1947, there were 55,000 Dutch soldiers in Indonesia. The Dutch action was called "Operatie Product" or "Politionele Acties". The Indonesian Republicans fought the Dutch until 1949. But the Indonesian Republicans were badly organised and often fought among themselves. As the Dutch forced the Republican soldiers out of different areas, they moved in more troops until there were 100,000 Dutch troops. The Dutch refused to obey the [[United Nations]] who said they should stop the fighting in Indonesia. The United States of America organised for meetings between Dutch and Indonesian leaders. The Dutch finally agreed to recognise Indonesia's independence in November 1949.

Because of the fighting and the bad organisation, it took a long time for the country to become peaceful, and for the [[economy]] to get better. Many Indonesian soldiers had died, between 45,000 and 100,000. Also, a very large number of [[civilian|civilians]], Indonesians, Europeans and Chinese, had died; perhaps as many as 200,000.

==Provinces==
[[File:Indonesia, administrative divisions - en - monochrome.svg|left|450px|thumb|Provinces of Indonesia]]
Indonesia has 34 provinces. Five of them have special status. Each province has its own [[legislature]] and [[governor]]. The provinces are divided into regencies (''[[Regencies of Indonesia|kabupaten]]'') and cities (''[[Cities of Indonesia|kota]]''). These are further divided into districts (''[[Subdistricts of Indonesia|kecamatan]]''), and again into village groupings (either ''desa'' or ''kelurahan'').
{{clear}}

'''Indonesian provinces and their capitals – listed by region'''
 (Indonesian name in parentheses if different from English)
 <nowiki>*</nowiki> are provinces with Special Status
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
'''[[Sumatra]]'''
* [[Aceh]]* – [[Banda Aceh]]
* [[North Sumatra]] (''Sumatera Utara'') – [[Medan]]
* [[West Sumatra]] (''Sumatera Barat'') – [[Padang, Indonesia|Padang]]
* [[Riau]] – [[Pekanbaru]]
* [[Riau Islands]] (''Kepulauan Riau'') – [[Tanjung Pinang]]
* [[Jambi]] – [[Jambi (city)]]
* [[South Sumatra]] (''Sumatera Selatan'') – [[Palembang]]
* [[Bangka-Belitung]] (''Kepulauan Bangka-Belitung'') – [[Pangkal Pinang]]
* [[Bengkulu]] – [[Bengkulu (city)]]
* [[Lampung]] – [[Bandar Lampung]]
'''[[Java]]'''
* [[Jakarta|Special Capital Territory of Jakarta]]* (''Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta'')  – Jakarta
* [[Banten]] – [[Serang]]
* [[West Java]] (''Jawa Barat'') – [[Bandung]]
* [[Central Java]] (''Jawa Tengah'') – [[Semarang]]
* [[Yogyakarta Special Region]]* (''Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta'') – [[Yogyakarta (city)]]
* [[East Java]] (''Jawa Timur'') – [[Surabaya]]
'''[[Lesser Sunda Islands]]'''
* [[Bali]] – [[Denpasar]]
* [[West Nusa Tenggara]] (''Nusa Tenggara Barat'') – [[Mataram (city)|Mataram]]
* [[East Nusa Tenggara]] (''Nusa Tenggara Timur'') – [[Kupang]]
{{Col-break}}

'''[[Kalimantan]]'''
* [[West Kalimantan]] (''Kalimantan Barat'') – [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak]]
* [[Central Kalimantan]] (''Kalimantan Tengah'') – [[Palangkaraya]]
* [[South Kalimantan]] (''Kalimantan Selatan'') – [[Banjarmasin]]
* [[East Kalimantan]] (''Kalimantan Timur'') – [[Tenggarong Seberang]]
*[[North Kalimantan]] ("Kalimantan Utara") –[[Tanjung Selor]]
'''[[Sulawesi]]'''
* [[North Sulawesi]] (''Sulawesi Utara'') – [[Manado]]
* [[Gorontalo (province)|Gorontalo]] – [[Gorontalo (city)]]
* [[Central Sulawesi]] (''Sulawesi Tengah'') – [[Palu]]
* [[West Sulawesi]] (''Sulawesi Barat'') – [[Mamuju (city)|Mamuju]]
* [[South Sulawesi]] (''Sulawesi Selatan'') – [[Makassar]]
* [[South East Sulawesi]] (''Sulawesi Tenggara'') – [[Kendari]]
'''[[Maluku Islands]]'''
* [[Maluku (Indonesian province)|Maluku]] – [[Ambon, Maluku|Ambon]]
* [[North Maluku]] (''Maluku Utara'') – [[Sofifi]]
'''[[Western New Guinea]]'''
* [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]* (''Papua Barat'') – [[Manokwari]]
* [[Papua (province)|Papua]]* – [[Jayapura]]
{{Col-end}}

== People and culture ==
There are people of many different cultural groups living in Indonesia, has more than 700 ethnic groups. It is affected by [[India]]ns, [[China|Chinese people]], [[Arab]]s, [[Malays]] and [[Europe]]ans. The [[Javan hawk-eagle]] is the national bird.

== Album ==
<gallery widths="120" heights="120px" perrow="auto" style="border: 5px solid #a86; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); border-radius: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em;">
File:Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg|National Museum of Indonesia in [[Central Jakarta]]
File:Monumen nasional jakarta.jpg|[[National Monument (Indonesia)|The National Monument]]
File:Jakarta Skyline Part 2.jpg|[[Wisma 46]], Indonesia's tallest office building, in the middle of Jakarta skyscraper.
File:Central Jakarta.JPG|Jalan Thamrin, the main avenue in Central Jakarta
File:Gambir Station Platform.jpg|A train at [[Gambir]] station in [[Central Jakarta]]
File:BungKarno-indonoob.JPG|The [[Bung Karno Stadium]] is capable of hosting more than 80,000 spectators
File:Indonesia 2002 CIA map.png|Map of Indonesia
File:Indonesia provinces english.png|Provinces of Indonesia
File:Jalan malioboro - Jogjakarta.JPG|Malioboro, the most famous street in Yogyakarta city
Image:transjogja.jpg|Trans Jogja Bus. A bus rapid transit system in Yogyakarta city
File:SOTO FOOD.jpg|A selection of [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian food]], including ''Soto Ayam'' (chicken soup), ''sate kerang'' ([[satay|shellfish kebabs]]), ''telor pindang'' (preserved eggs), ''perkedel'' (fritter), and ''es teh manis'' (sweet iced tea)
File:Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the GPOI.jpg|An Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the U.N.'s Global Peacekeeping Operation Initiative
Image:Panser side left.JPG|Pindad Panser "Anoa" shown during Indo Defense and Aerospace Expo 2008
|Indonesian Naval vessels
Image:AURI B-25.jpg|B-25 Mitchell bombers of the AURI in the 1950s
Image:Jmnei.jpg|A [[Javanese people|Javanese]] engineer closes one of the gun bay doors on a Dutch [[Brewster Buffalo|Buffalo]], January 1942.
|[[Mazda6]] used by the Jakarta Metro Highway Patrol (''Ditlantas Polda Metro Jaya'') as a patrol car
|[[Mitsubishi Lancer]] used by Vital Object Protection of Indonesian National Police
File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_201-05_060327_4217_kta.jpg|GE U20C in Indonesia, #CC201-05
File:Diesel_locomotive.JPG|GE U20C "Full-Width Cabin" in Indonesia, #CC203-22
File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_204-06_060403_2512_mri.jpg|GE U20C full computer control locomotive in Indonesia, #CC204-06
</gallery>

==References==
{{sisterlinks|Indonesia|voy=Indonesia}}
{{reflist}}

{{asia}}
{{ASEAN}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1949 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Indonesia| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]

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Indonesia