https://indianpedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=105.69.116.188IndianPedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-30T17:11:40ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Children_of_Muhammad&diff=432351Children of Muhammad2023-10-01T13:57:52Z<p>105.69.116.188: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Children of the Islamic prophet Muhammad}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Muhammad's children<br />
| image = <br />
| native_name = {{lang|ar|أولاد محمد}}<br />
| children = {{aligned table|style=line-height:120%;|leftright=y|row1header=y|nowrap1=y|nowrap2=y<br />
| Children of Muhammad | Birth–Death<br />
| [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Qasim]] |598–601<br />
| [[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]] |599–629<br />
| [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]] |601–624<br />
| [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] |603–630<br />
| [[Fatimah bint Muhammad|Fatimah]] |605/15–632<br />
| [[Abd Allah ibn Muhammad|Abd Allah]] |611–615<br />
| [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibrahim]] |630–632<br />
<br />
<br />
}}<br />
| family = [[Ahl al-Bayt]]<br>([[Banu Hashim]])<br />
}} <br />
<br />
The '''children of Muhammad''' include the three sons and four daughters of the [[Islam|Islamic]] [[prophet]] [[Muhammad]].{{sfn|Haykal|1933|pp=76, 77}} The common view is that all were born to Muhammad's first wife [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]], except one son, named [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibrahim]], who was born to [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]].{{sfn|Gwynne|2013}}{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=17}} Most [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]], however, hold that [[Fatimah|Fatima]] was the only biological daughter of Muhammad.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}}{{sfn|Akbar|2006|p=75}} Muhammad also had a foster son, [[Zayd ibn Harithah]].{{sfn|Hazleton|2013|pp=67, 68}}{{sfn|Freedman|McClymond|2000|p=497}}<br />
<br />
==Sunni view ==<br />
In chronological order, most [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] sources list Muhammad's children as<br />
*[[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Qasim]] (598–601)<br />
*[[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]] (599–629)<br />
*[[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]] (601–624)<br />
*[[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] (603–630)<br />
*[[Fatimah|Fatima]] (605–632){{sfn|Buehler|2014}} <br />
*[[Abd Allah ibn Muhammad|Abd Allah]] (611–615)<br />
*[[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibrahim]] (630–632)<br />
<br />
==Shia view==<br />
A number of Shia sources argue that [[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]], [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]], and [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] were adopted by Muhammad after the death of their mother, Hala, a sister of Khadija.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} According to [[Hassan Abbas (scholar)|Abbas]], most Shia Muslims hold that Fatima was Muhammad's only biological daughter,{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}} whereas Fedele limits this belief to [[Twelver Shi'ism]].{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} Hyder reports that this belief is prevalent among the Shias of [[South Asia]].{{sfn|Akbar|2006|p=75}}<br />
<br />
==Descendants==<br />
Muhammad's sons all died in childhood.{{sfn|Hughes|1885|p=869}}{{sfn|Freedman|McClymond|2000|p=497}} Their early deaths, according to Freedman and McClymond, was detrimental to a hereditary-based system of succession to Muhammad.{{sfn|Freedman|McClymond|2000|p=497}} Alternatively, after the past prophets, writes [[Wilferd Madelung|Madelung]], their descendants became the spiritual and material heirs to them in the [[Quran]], a matter that is settled therein by divine selection and not by the faithful.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=9, 17}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=14-16}} <br />
<br />
Muhammad's daughters reached adulthood but they all died relatively young.{{sfn|Freedman|McClymond|2000|p=497}} [[Fatima]] married [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]] and [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] married [[Uthman]] one after another, and Zainab married [[Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi'|Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi]]. Umm Kulthum remained childless whereas Ruqayya gave birth to a boy [[Abd Allah ibn Uthman|Abd Allah]], who died at the age of six.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=364}}{{sfn|Q. Ahmed|2011|p=50}} Zaynab gave birth to a son [[Ali ibn Abi al-As|Ali]] (who also died in childhood) and a daughter [[Umamah bint Abi al-As|Umama]], whom Ali ibn Abi Talib married after Fatima's death.{{sfn|Haylamaz|2007|p=83}} Fatima gave birth to two boys, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], and it is through her that [[Family tree of Muhammad|Muhammad's progeny]] has spread throughout the [[Muslims|Muslim]] world.{{sfn|Buehler|2014}} The descendants of Fatima are given the honorific titles [[Sayyid|{{transl|ar|sayyid}}]] ({{lit|lord, sir}}) or [[Sharif|{{transl|ar|sharif}}]] ({{lit|noble}}), and are respected in the Muslim community.{{sfn|Buehler|2014}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Morimoto|2012|p=2}} Muhammad's attitude and treatment towards his children, enshrined in the [[hadith]] literature, is viewed by Muslims as an exemplar to be imitated.{{sfn|Yust|2006|p=72}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Muhammad's wives]]<br />
*[[Companions of the Prophet]]<br />
*[[Islam and children]]<br />
*[[Sayyid]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
{{refbegin|2}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Abbas|first=Hassan|title=The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780300252057|pages=}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Madelung|first=Wilferd|title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=0-521-64696-0|author-link=Wilferd Madelung}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Jafri|first=S.H.M|url=https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up|title=Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam|publisher=Longman|year=1979|location=London}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Hazleton|first=Lesley|url=https://archive.org/details/firstmuslimstory0000hazl_o5n7/|title=The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad|publisher=Atlantic Books Ltd|year=2013|isbn=9781782392316}}<br />
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=FATIMA (d. 632) |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor1-first=Coeli |pages=182–7 |isbn=9781610691772 |editor2-last=Walker |editor2-first=Adam Hani |author-last=Buehler |author-first=Arthur F.}}<br />
* {{Cite encyclopedia|editor-last=de-Gaia|editor-first=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jt91DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA56|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2018|isbn=9781440848506|title=FATIMA (605/15-632 CE)|page=56|author-last=Fedele|author-first=Valentina}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis |last=Khetia |first=Vinay |title=Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources |date=2013 |publisher=Concordia University |url=https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/976817/ |page=}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Haykal|first1=Muḥammad Ḥusayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Islamic Book Trust|year=1933|isbn=9789839154177|editor=al-Fārūqī, Ismaʻīl Rājī|editor-link=Ismail al-Faruqi|edition=1994 revision of 1976 English translation|pages=76, 77|author1-link=Mohammed Hussein Heikal}}<br />
* {{cite book|author1=Gwynne|first=Paul|title=Buddha, Jesus and Muhammad: A Comparative Study|date=2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118465493|quote=}}<br />
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/17|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=9780195148909|editor1-last=Smith|editor1-first=Bonnie G.|url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Freedman|first1=David Noel|url=https://archive.org/details/riversofparadise0000unse/mode/2up|title=The Rivers of Paradise: Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad as Religious Founders|last2=McClymond|first2=Michael|publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]|year=2000|isbn=9780802829573}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2006|isbn=9780742544635|editor1-last=Yust|editor1-first=Karen-Marie}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim societies: The living links to the prophet|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2012|isbn=9780415519175|editor1-last=Morimoto|editor1-first=Kazuo|edition=Illustrated}}<br />
*{{cite book|author=Hughes|first=Thomas Patrick|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.85089|title=Dictionary of Islam|publisher=[[W. H. Allen & Co.|W. H. Allen]]|year=1885}}<br />
*{{cite book|author1=Ibn Warraq|title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad|date=2000|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=9781573927871|page=|author1-link=Ibn Warraq}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Q. Ahmed|first1=Asad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1dwdBDDjcUC&q=The+Hijazi+elite+sa%27d+waqqas+descendants|title=The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies|date=2011|publisher=Occasional Publications UPR|isbn=978-1900934138|edition=Illustrated|language=English|access-date=7 December 2021}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Haylamaz|first1=Resit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egP1Mk_NFcoC|title=Khadija: The First Muslim and the Wife of the Prophet Muhammad|date=2007|publisher=Tughra Books|year=2007|isbn=9781597841214|language=English}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Akbar|first=Syed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opBkfYKBOjsC|title=Reliving Karbala : Martyrdom in South Asian Memory: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780199706624|location=United States}}<br />
*{{cite thesis |author-last= |author-first= |title=The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought |publisher=Princeton University |last=Soufi |first=Denise Louise |date=1997 |degree=PhD |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304390529|id= {{ProQuest|304390529}}}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite web|author1=M. J. Kister|author-link=M. J. Kister|title=THE SONS OF KHADIJA|url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf|access-date=22 February 2015}}<br />
{{Muhammad footer}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Children of Muhammad| ]]<br />
[[Category:Quraysh]]<br />
[[Category:Banu Hashim]]<br />
[[Category:6th-century Arab people]]<br />
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mecca]]<br />
[[Category:Medina]]</div>105.69.116.188