Manipravalam

2021-09-29T13:45:41Z

106.216.129.22:

'''Manipravalam''' ([[Malayalam script|Malayalam]]: ''Maṇipravāḷam'', മണിപ്രവാളം, [[Grantha script|Grantha]]: 𑌮𑌣𑌿𑌪𑍍𑌰𑌵𑌾𑌳𑌂) is a [[macaronic language]] found in some manuscripts of [[South India]]. It is a hybrid language, typically written in the [[Grantha script]], which combines [[Sanskrit]] lexicon and [[Tamil language]] morpho-syntax.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Giovanni Ciotti|author2=Hang Lin|title=Tracing Manuscripts in Time and Space through Paratexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ezCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|year=2016|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-047901-0|pages=62–63}}</ref><ref name="New York, Springer">{{cite book|last1= Blackburn |first1=Stuart|title=Print, folklore, and nationalism in colonial South India|year=2006|pages=29|publisher=New York, Springer|quote=After about AD 1500, translations from Sanskrit did appear, and unassimilated words began to flood literary Malayalam; eventually a hybrid idiom (''manipravalam'') mixing Sanskrit and Tamil words, and Sanskrit words with Tamil inflections, was devised}}</ref><ref name="India, 1965 pp. 35-37">The Illustrated weekly of India, (1965). Volume 86. Bennett, Coleman & Co., Ltd. pp. 35-37</ref> According to language scholars Giovanni Ciotti and Marco Franceschini, the blending of Tamil and Sanskrit is evidenced in manuscripts and their colophons over a long period of time, and this ultimately may have contributed to the emergence of Manipravalam.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Giovanni Ciotti|author2=Hang Lin|title=Tracing Manuscripts in Time and Space through Paratexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ezCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|year=2016|publisher=Walter De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-047901-0|pages=62–68}}</ref> However the 14th century [[Sanskrit]] work ''Lilatilakam'' states that Manipravalam is a combination of Tamil and Sanskrit.<ref name="ahshbwdiuahqwdu">{{Cite book|last=T. K. Krishna Menon|title=A Primer of Malayalam Literature|year=1990|url=https://archive.org/details/primerofmalayala00tkkr |page=9}}</ref> Generally it is agreed that it was a combination of [[Tamil language|Tamil ]] with [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="ahshbwdiuahqwdu"/>

''Mani-pravalam'' literally means 'diamond-coral',<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=maNi&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3|title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit|website=spokensanskrit.org|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> and it likely played a role in the growth of the [[Malayalam literature]] and [[Malayalam script]]. The Kerala scholars distinguished Manipravalam from ''Pattu'', the former being significantly influenced by Sanskrit and the latter predominantly [[Malayalam|''Kerala Bhasha'']].<ref name="PollockPollock2003">{{cite book|author1=Sheldon Pollock|author2=Arvind Raghunathan|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC |date=19 May 2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|pages=449, 455–472}}</ref> Manipravalam has been used for poetry manuscripts that combine Tamil and Sanskrit, as well as South Indian works on eroticism. The 14th-century ''[[Lilatilakam]]'' text states Manipravalam to be a ''Bhashya'' (language) where "Tamil and Sanskrit should combine together like ruby and coral, without the least trace of any discord".<ref name="PollockPollock2003"/><ref>Ke Rāmacandr̲an Nāyar (1971). ''Early Manipravalam: a study.'' Anjali. Foreign Language Study. pp. 78</ref>

==Effect on the history of the Malayalam script==
It is suggested that the advent of the Manipravalam style, where letters of the [[Grantha script]] coexisted with the traditional [[Vatteluttu]] letters, made it easier for people in Kerala to accept a Grantha-based script ''Ārya eḻuttŭ'', and paved the way for the introduction of the new writing system.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Alphabets|publisher=Government of Kerala|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/language%20&%20literature/alphabets.htm|access-date=2009-10-31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109222758/http://www.kerala.gov.in/language%20%26%20literature/alphabets.htm|archive-date=2009-11-09}}</ref> Eventually ''Vaṭṭeḻuttŭ'' was almost completely supplanted by the modern [[Malayalam script]].

==See also==
*[[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Further reading ===
*''Malayalam - From God's Own Country'', Bhasha Ind

[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Malayalam script]]
[[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Formal languages used for Indian scriptures]]

Kadirur

2021-09-17T10:53:53Z

106.216.129.22:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kadirur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|46|0|N|75|31|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| established_title = 
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| founder =
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| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12.3
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 31,087
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], Eglish
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = http://panchayat.lsgkerala.gov.in/kadirurpanchayat/
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kadirur''' is a [[census town]] within the Thalassery Taluk of [[Kannur District]] in the State of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Kadirur is located about {{cvt|8|km}} from the [[Thalassery]] Township on the Tellicherry-Mysore road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Kadirur had a population of 31,087. Males constitute 44.8% of the population and females 55.2%. Kadirur [[census town]] has an area of {{cvt|12.3|sqkm}} with 6817 families residing in it. Average sex ratio was 1232 higher than state average of 1084. Kadirur had an average literacy rate of 97.7%, higher than the state average of 94%: male literacy stands at 98.5%, and female literacy was 97%. In Kadirur, 9.7% of the population was under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kannur |publisher=Directorateof Census Operations,Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=204,205 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Schools in Kadirur==
<ul>
<li> [[GVHSS Kadirur (Goverment VHSS Kadirur)|Govt.VHSS Kadirur]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=schoolist|url=http://dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=13|access-date=2021-01-30|website=dhsekerala.gov.in}}</ref> </li>

<li> [[Tharuvanatheru UP school Kadirur|Tharuvanatheru UP school]], Kadirur</li>

<li> [[Gvhss chundangapoil|Govt VHSS Chundangapoil]]</li>

<li> Mappila Govt. UP school, 5th Mile, Kadirur</li><li> Kadirur West LP School, Kadirur
</li><li> Kadirur East LP School, Kadirur
</li>
</ul>

==Transportation==
The [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] commonly referred to as NH-66 passes through [[Thalassery]] town. [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. The nearest railway station is [[Thalassery]] on Mangalore-[[Palakkad]] line.
Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at [[Kannur Airport|Kannur]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]]. Both of them are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern countries. The major road passing through kadirur is the [[State Highway 30 (Kerala)|State Highway 30 (SH 30)]] aka Thalassery - coorg road.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Villages near Thalassery]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kannur district]]

{{Kannur-geo-stub}}

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Manipravalam

Kadirur