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Ganguly surname

2025-05-17T04:11:09Z

110.34.27.228:

{{Infobox surname
|name = Ganguly
|pronunciation =
|image =
|caption =
|meaning =
|region = [[Bengal]]
|origin = [[Bengali Hindu]]
|variant =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Ganguly''' ({{langx|bn|গাঙ্গুলী}}), also known as Ganguli, Ganguly, Gangulee, Gangoly or Gangopadhyay is a native [[Bengalis|Bengali]] surname that is used by [[Kulin Brahmin]] group of the [[Bengali Brahmins|Bengali Brahmin]] caste. The traditional Bengali version of this surname is ''Gangopadhyay(a)'' or ''Gônggopaddhae''.

== History ==
The Gangulys belong to the [[Kulin Brahmin]] class and are also classified as [[Rarh region|Rarhi]] class of [[Bengali Brahmin]] caste.<ref name="Bromley2">{{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Thomas J. |title=Krishna consciousness in the West |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8387-5144-2 |editor1-last=Bromley |editor1-first=David G. |pages=35–36 |chapter=The Social and Religious Background for Transmission of Gaudiya Vaisnavism to the West |editor2-last=Shinn |editor2-first=Larry D. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-EuD3M2QYoC&pg=PA35 |accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref> According to texts, King Adisura invited five Brahmins to settle in the region from [[Kannauj|Kanauj]] and designated them higher in social status.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Kumkum |date=2009 |title=The Cultures of History in Early Modern India: Persianization and Mughal Culture in Bengal |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/1960/chapter-abstract/141771671?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date= |website= |publisher=Oxford Scholarship Online |pages=63–65 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195698800.003.0003 |isbn=9780195698800}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Kumkum |date=2005 |title=The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, Volume 110, Issue 5 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/110/5/1454/75969 |journal=The American Historical Review |pages=1456–1457 |doi=10.1086/ahr.110.5.1454 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Multiple accounts of this legend exist; historians generally consider it to be nothing more than myth or folklore, lacking historical authenticity.<ref name="NKSenguptap25">{{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eYsAAAAMAAJ |title=History of the Bengali-Speaking People |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |year=2001 |isbn=81-7476-355-4 |page=25}}</ref> The tradition continues by saying that these incomers settled and each became the founder of a clan.<ref name="Bromley3">{{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Thomas J. |title=Krishna consciousness in the West |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8387-5144-2 |editor1-last=Bromley |editor1-first=David G. |pages=35–36 |chapter=The Social and Religious Background for Transmission of Gaudiya Vaisnavism to the West |editor2-last=Shinn |editor2-first=Larry D. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-EuD3M2QYoC&pg=PA35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719221253/https://books.google.com/books?id=F-EuD3M2QYoC&pg=PA35 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |url-status=live |accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref> The five Brahmin clans, which later became known as [[Mukherjee|Mukherjees]], [[Chatterjee|Chatterjees]], [[Banerjee|Banerjees]], Gangulys and [[Bhattacharjee|Bhattacharjees]], were each designated as ''Kulina'' ("superior") in order to differentiate them from the more established local Brahmins.<ref name="Bromley">{{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Thomas J. |title=Krishna consciousness in the West |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8387-5144-2 |editor1-last=Bromley |editor1-first=David G. |pages=35–36 |chapter=The Social and Religious Background for Transmission of Gaudiya Vaisnavism to the West |editor2-last=Shinn |editor2-first=Larry D. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-EuD3M2QYoC&pg=PA35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719221253/https://books.google.com/books?id=F-EuD3M2QYoC&pg=PA35 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |url-status=live |accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref>

==List of persons with the surname==

===Business===
* [[Ashok Sekhar Ganguly]], former chairman of Hindustan Lever
* [[Pablo Ganguli]], (born 1983), Indian cultural entrepreneur
===Academic===
*[[Enakshi Ganguly]], Indian children's rights activist
*[[Kadambini Ganguly]], one of the two Indian women doctors who was first South Asian female physician, trained in western medicine to graduate in South Asia
*[[Theotonius Amal Ganguly]] (1920–1977), Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Dhaka

===Politics===
* [[Bipin Behari Ganguli]] (1887-unknown), Indian freedom fighter
* [[Pratul Chandra Ganguli]], (1884–1957), Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary

===Sport===
* [[Bhaskar Ganguly]], Indian footballer
* [[Sourav Ganguly]] (born 1972), former Indian cricket captain and former BCCI President
* [[Santosh Ganguli|S K Ganguli]], cricket umpire
* [[Partho Ganguli]], International Badminton Player. Current National Selector for the sport of Badminton, India

===Chess===
* [[Surya Shekhar Ganguly]] (born 1983), Indian chess grandmaster

===Film and acting===
* [[Ganguly family]]
* [[Ashok Kumar Ganguly]] (1911–2001), Indian actor
* [[Chhaya Devi]] (1914-2001), Indian actress of Bengali and Hindi movies
* [[Jahar Ganguly]] (1904 – 1969), Indian film actor and theatre personality
* [[Kaushik Ganguly]] (born 1968), Indian film director, screenwriter and actor
* [[Churni Ganguly]], Indian actress of Bengali movies and TV serials
* [[Dhirendra Nath Ganguly]] (1893-1978), Bengali actor, director and entrepreneur
* [[Dimpy Ganguly]], Indian model and actress
* [[Jeet Ganguly]], Hindi and Bengali musical director, composer and singer
* [[Kaushik Ganguly]], Indian director, screenwriter and actor (Bengali cinema)
* [[Kishore Kumar Ganguly]] (1929-1987), Indian singer and actor
* [[Mouli Ganguly]], Indian television actor
* [[Pijush Ganguly]], Indian television actor (Bengali)
* [[Preeti Ganguly]], Indian actress
* [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] (born 1986), Indian actress
* [[Roopa Ganguly]] (born 1963), Indian actress
* [[Rupali Ganguly]] (born 1978), Indian actress
* [[Samir Ganguly]], Indian film director
* [[Subhashree Ganguly]] (born 1989), Indian actress
* [[Usha Ganguly]] (born 1945) theatre director

===Music===
* [[Sunil Ganguly (musician)|Sunil Ganguly]] (died 1999), Indian guitarist

===Writers and translators===
* [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]], Indian translator (''Mahabharata'' into English)
* [[Narayan Gangopadhyay]] (1918–1970), Bengali writer
* [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]] (1934-2012), Bengali writer


==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Pratyush |title=Homo Connubialis Brahmanicus: Marriage Relations Among Brahmins as Described in the Work "Brahmarshi Vansha Vistar" |publisher=Ergon |year=2025 |isbn=978-3-98740-189-3 |location=[[Baden-Baden]] |language=English}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Brahmin communities]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu surnames]]
[[Category:Kulin Brahmin surnames]]

Lalit Rai

2022-12-25T03:08:55Z

110.34.27.228:

{{Short description|Indian Army officer, recipient of Vir Chakra}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix= [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
|name= Lalit Rai
|honorific_suffix=[[Vir Chakra|VrC]]
|image= Lalit Rai.jpg
|caption= Col. Lalit Rai being decorated with [[Vir Chakra]] by [[President of India|President]] [[K R Narayanan]]
|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1956|8|24}}
|birth_place=[[Dehradun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] (now in [[Uttarakhand]], India)
|allegiance={{flag|India}}
|branch=[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
|rank= [[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|20px]] [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
|unit/Regiment= [[11 Gorkha Rifles]]
|commands=1/[[11 Gorkha Rifles]] <br /> 17 [[Rashtriya Rifles]]
|battles=[[Kargil War]]
|awards=[[File:Vir_Chakra_ribbon_bar.svg|20px]][[Vir Chakra]] <br /> [[File:Chief_of_Army_Staff_Commendation_Card_-_India.jpg|20px]] [[Awards and Decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Commendation Card|COAS Commendation Card]]
|relations=
|laterwork= Controller, Human Resources Development at Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd<br />Group President, Human Resources Development and Administration Panchshil Realty
}}

[[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] '''Lalit Rai''', [[VrC]] is a former [[Indian Army]] officer who was decorated for his brave actions during the [[Kargil War]] in 1999. As the [[commanding officer]] (CO) of the 1st battalion, [[11 Gorkha Rifles]], he was tasked with capturing the strategic heights of Khalubar in the [[Batalik]] sector during the Kargil War.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kargil from surprise to victory |last=Malik |first=V. P. |page=195 |year=2006 |publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers India]] |isbn=9788172236359 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Lalit Rai was born in Dehradun, Uttar Pradesh, India (now in Uttarakhand), on 24 August 1956 in a Nepali family. His father, Late Major T B Rai was also from the regiment of 11 GORKHA RIFLES. He did his schooling from [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] in Bangalore (Class of 1970-71). He did his Pre University Course from Sri Sathya Sai College of Arts and Science and graduated with a Bachelors of Science Degree from Government Arts and Science College, Bangalore University. He has a postgraduate degree in Management from Osmania University, Secunderabad, India and from Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA.
He represented and captained the Bangalore University Football team and also represented the Karnataka Junior National Team. He was selected for the Senior national Football camp. He represented the Bangalore University Athletics team in the Inter University games.

==Early military career==
Rai was commissioned into the 7th Battalion the 11 GORKHA RIFLES (7/11 GR). He served in all types of terrain and was selected for many Instructional and Staff appointments. As Adjutant of the prestigious Officers Training Academy, Chennai, he successfully inducted the first batch of Lady officers into the army viz the Women Special Entry Scheme [WSES (O)]. He took over command of 17 RASHTRIYA RIFLES (17 RR) in the thick of Counter Terrorist operations in Doda Dist of Jammu and Kashmir. He was still commanding 17 RR, when he was offered the command of 1/11 GORKHA RIFLES in war zone by Lt Gen JBS Yadava (the then Colonel of the Regiment). He accepted this offer and was moved to Batalik sector, Kargil district in May 1999, to take over command of 1/11 GORKHA RIFLES (1/11 GR).

==Kargil War==
The first unit deployed during [[Kargil War|Operation Vijay]] was 1/11 GR, who were specialists in high-altitude warfare. Rai took over as the [[Commanding Officer|CO]] after the battalion had been deployed to Batalik sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kargil-war-hero-recounts-tales-of-valour/386375/|title = Kargil War hero recounts tales of valour - Indian Express}}</ref> One of his platoons was led by Lt. [[Manoj Kumar Pandey|Manoj Pandey]] (later [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]).<ref>http://www.indianarmy.gov.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGalleryWithMenuWithTitle.aspx?MnId=NCvnix4zLfQhf90l3OuEBw%3d%3d&ParentID=1tHir3NYQjroCJ9AgypEwg%3d%3d</ref>

1/11 GR was tasked with the capture of Khalubar, a formidable ridge in the Batalik sector. During the advance, Indian troops were pinned down by effective and heavy volume of enemy fire. Realising the danger of getting day lighted in this vulnerable position, Rai ordered 5 Platoon to clear the interfering enemy positions while he himself led a handful of troops, available in front, to reach the top. The enemy, sensing the danger, counter-attacked these troops from three sides with 30-40 personnel. During this counterattack, Rai was injured in the knee. Despite his injury, he exhorted and encouraged his troops to fight courageously by setting a very high standard of bravery. He refused to be evacuated till such time the objective was captured.

This act boosted the morale of his troops who regrouped and captured the objective in one charge. This capture turned out to be the turning point in the battle of the Batalik sub-sector. This operation accounted for killing of 25 enemy soldiers and capture of large amount of arms and ammunition including a Stinger missile, air defence guns and important documents.<ref name="Vir Chakra Awardee - Col. Lalit Rai">{{cite web|title=Vir Chakra Awardee - Col. Lalit Rai|url=http://twdi.in/node/4374|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref>

For his inspirational leadership and conspicuous bravery of a very high order, he was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] on 15 August 1999, by the President of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/He-died-the-most-glorious-death/articleshow/709608.cms|title='He died the most glorious death' | Pune News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Bharat Rakshak - Undiluted Heroism - Col. Lalit Rai">{{cite web|title=Bharat Rakshak - Undiluted Heroism - Col. Lalit Rai|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1999/304-Undiluted-Heriosm.html|accessdate=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103172403/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1999/304-Undiluted-Heriosm.html|archive-date=3 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In the 2003 war film [[LOC Kargil]], Bollywood actor [[Sudesh Berry]] played the role of Col. Lalit Rai.<ref>{{Citation|title=LOC: Kargil|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0347416/|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref>

==Present life==
Col. Rai is presently the Managing Director of Arcanum Management Consulting LLP & ARION Exports both based at Pune. He is on the Company Board of Directors of a few companies and is Advisor & Consultant to some large size companies in India. He is a well established motivational speaker. He has been closely associated with major Indian corporates and continues to inspire and touch lives with his inspirational leadership and astute management insights in the Human Resources domain & Leadership aspects.
He delivered the 3rd Memorial Lecture<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOwRP31FMI4|title=Colonel Lalit Rai - 3rd General K.S. Thimayya Memorial Lecture|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> organised by the General K.S. Thimayya Memorial Trust.

==Military awards and decorations==

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
|[[Image:Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Wound Medal-India.svg|105px]]
|
|-
|[[File:IND Operation Vijay star.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Vir Chakra]]
|colspan="2"|[[Wound Medal (India)|Wound Medal]]
|-
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Lalit}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:Rai people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vir Chakra]]

Durga Malla

2022-12-25T03:01:25Z

110.34.27.228:

{{short description|Indian freedom fighter}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh at the unveiling of the statue of Shaheed Durga Malla in New Delhi on December 17, 2004.jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh at the unveiling of the statue of Shaheed Durga Malla in New Delhi on December 17, 2004]]
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Dūrgā Malla
|mother = Parwati Devi
|image =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date ={{birth date|df=yes|1913|07|01}}
|birth_place = [[Dehradun]], India
|death_date = {{death date|df=yes|1944|08|25}}
|death_place = [[Delhi]], India
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]] {{IND}}
|known_for = Prominent Figure of [[Indian independence movement]] activism and reorganizing and Major in the [[Indian National Army]]
|education =
|occupation = Indian Freedom Fighter (Army)
|title = Major of [[Azad Hind]]<br> [[Indian National Army]]
|spouse = Sharda Devi Chhetri
}}

Major '''Dūrgā Malla''' (1 july 1913 - 25 August 1944) was the first [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha]] soldier from the [[Indian Gorkha]]s, [[Khas]] ethnic group in [[Indian National Army]] (INA) to sacrifice his life for the cause of [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Parliament honour for Netaji warrior |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021122/asp/siliguri/story_1404192.asp |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=22 November 2002 |access-date=2008-10-14 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Malla was born in July 1913 at [[Doiwala]] near [[Dehradun]], into a [[Khas]] [[Thakuri]]/[[Chhetri]] family of [[Indian Gorkha]]s. He was the eldest son of Nb Sub Ganga Malla. In 1930, when [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was leading the countrymen for independence through Dandi March, Malla was a student in class nine. Though he was young, he caught everybody's attention by his outbursts in public against the British. In 1931, when he was 18 years old, he moved to [[Dharamshala]] and got enrolled in 2/1 Gorkha Rifles. His patriotism brought him close to the [[Indian National Army]] of Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].

==Contribution==
In 1942, Malla joined INA. His devotion to duty coupled with other skills elevated him to the rank of a Major in INA and he was asked to work in the intelligence wing of the INA. When he was collecting information about the enemy camps, he was caught in action at [[Kohima]] on 27 March 1944. He was given death sentence by the Court of Trial at Red Fort, [[New Delhi]]. However, before the death sentence was finally executed, the authorities tried to coerce Major Durga Malla into admitting to sedition. His wife was brought to the prison cell but Malla did not succumb to the pressure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=TheDC News |date=2021-07-01 |title=REMEMBER THE BRAVEHEART: Major Durga Malla of INA on his Birth Anniversary |url=https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/remember-the-braveheart-major-durga-malla-of-ina-on-his-birth-anniversary/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=The Darjeeling Chronicle |language=en-GB}}</ref>
{{blockquote|"The sacrifice I am offering shall not go in vain. [[India]] will be free. I am confident. This is only a matter of time, Sharda! Don’t worry, crores of [[Hindi|Hindustanis]] are with you," Malla told his wife. Those were his last words to his wife.}}

Malla was married to Sharda Malla of Shyam Nagar, [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] in 1941. Just three days after marriage, Malla was recalled to his headquarters and directed to go abroad. He next met his wife only before his hanging at Delhi District Jail. In 1944, Major Durga Malla was sent to the [[gallows]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Sikkim, Perspectives and Vision |last=Chamling |first=Pawan |year=2003 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-140-5 |pages=353 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D15liv9RDloC&q=%22Durga+Malla%22&pg=PA353 |access-date=2008-10-14}}</ref>

==Memory==
[[File:Statue of Durga Malla at Garidhura 03.jpg|thumb|The statue of Durga Malla at Garidhura in Darjeeling district]]
To honour Malla, a statue donated by [[Bharatiya Gorkha Parisangh]], a national body of Indian Gorkhas, was unveiled at the Parliament House Complex by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in 2004. Vice President [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]], Lok Sabha Speaker [[Somnath Chatterjee]] and other dignitaries were present on the occasion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gorkhas Demand Separate State, Recognition in India |url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/gorkhas.demand.separate.state.recognition.in.india/8847-2.htm |work=[[Christian Today]] |date=25 December 2006 |access-date=2008-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526111630/http://www.christiantoday.com/article/gorkhas.demand.separate.state.recognition.in.india/8847-2.htm |archive-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 25 August, the day of his hanging is observed as Balidan Diwas, or Martyrs' Day, by Gorkhas across India. Another statue of Malla was founded at Garidhura village in [[Darjeeling district]].

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline|Category:Durga Malla}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malla, Durga}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Indian National Army personnel]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:Executed spies]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed in World War II]]

Begum Hazrat Mahal

2022-12-21T14:42:10Z

110.34.27.228:

{{Short description|Regent of Awadh, 1857–1858}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
|
| title = [[Begum]] of [[Nawab of Awadh]]
|birth_name = Muhammadi Khanum
| image = Begum hazrat mahal.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption = Begum Hazrat Mahal
| spouse = [[Nawab Wajid Ali Shah]]
| spouse-type = Husband
| consort = 
| birth_date = 1820{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
| birth_place = [[Faizabad]], [[Oudh State|Awadh]]
| death_date = 7 April 1879 (aged 59)
| death_place = [[Kathmandu]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/history/begum-hazrat-mahal.html | title=Begum Hazrat Mahal Biography, History and Facts| date=2018-02-03}}</ref>
}}

'''Begum Hazrat Mahal''' (c. 1820{{snd}}7 April 1879), also known as the [[Begum]] of [[Awadh]], was the second wife of [[Nawab of Awadh]] [[Wajid Ali Shah]], and the regent of Awadh in 1857–1858. She is known for the leading role she had in the rebellion against the British East India Company during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

After her husband had been exiled to Calcutta and the Indian Rebellion broke out, she made her son, Prince [[Birjis Qadr]], the ''Wali'' (ruler) of Awadh, with herself as regent during his minority. However, she was forced to abandon this role after a short reign.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=8 April 2014 |title=A link to Indian freedom movement in Nepal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/a-link-to-indian-freedom-movement-in-nepal/article5884467.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> By way of [[Hallaur]], she finally found asylum in [[Nepal]], where she died in 1879. Her role in the rebellion has given her a heroine status. (Young's inspired, called her "The Tigress"){{cn|date=November 2022}}

==Biography==

===Early life===

Begum Hazrat Mahal's name was Muhammedi Khanum, and she was born in Faizabad, Awadh, India. She was sold by her parents and became a courtesan by profession. She entered the royal [[Harem|harem]] as a ''khawasin'' after having been sold to Royal agents, where she was promoted to a ''pari'',<ref name="Michael Edwardes 1975 p. 104">Michael Edwardes (1975) ''Red Year''. London: Sphere Books; p. 104</ref> and was known as Mahek Pari.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

She became a ''Begum'' after being accepted as a royal concubine of the King of Awadh,<ref>[[Christopher Hibbert]] (1980) ''The Great Mutiny'', Harmondsworth: Penguin; p. 371</ref> the last Tajdaar-e-Awadh, [[Wajid Ali Shah]]; became his junior wife<ref>Saul David (2002) ''The Indian Mutiny'', Viking; p. 185</ref> and the title 'Hazrat Mahal' was bestowed on her after the birth of their son, [[Birjis Qadr]]. In 1856, the British annexed Awadh, and Wajid Ali Shah was exiled to [[Calcutta]]. Begum Hazrat Mahal remained in Lucknow with her son<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/history/begum-hazrat-mahal.html |title=Begum Hazrat Mahal |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Begum Hazrat Mahal: The Revolutionary Queen of Awadh |website=Indian Culture Portal |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Indira Gandhi National Open University |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/stories/begum-hazrat-mahal-revolutionary-queen-awadh |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> and soon took charge of the affairs of the rebel state of [[Awadh]] as it entered armed struggle with the British East India Company.<ref>{{cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers |volume=37 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |date=March 1959 |last=Sharma |first=Vinod Chandra |pages=56–57 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/uttar-pradesh-district-gazetteers-lucknow-vol-xxxvii |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>

===Indian Rebellion of 1857===

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Begum Hazrat Mahal's band of supporters rebelled against the forces of the British under the leadership of Raja Jalal Singh; they seized control of [[Lucknow]], and she took power as the guardian of her minor son, Prince Birjis Qadr, whom she had declared as the ruler (''Wali'') of Awadh.<ref name="Michael Edwardes 1975 p. 104" /> As regent, she automatically came to have a leadership role in the rebellion against the British.

One of the principal complaints of Begum Hazrat Mahal was that the [[English East India Company]] had casually demolished [[Temple]]s and mosques just to make way for roads.<ref name="Dalrymple">William Dalrymple ''The Last Mughal; the fall of a dynasty: Delhi, 1857'', Viking Penguin, 2006, p. 69</ref> In a proclamation issued during the final days of the revolt, she mocked the British claim to allow freedom of worship:<ref name="Dalrymple"/>
{{blockquote|text=To eat pigs and drink wine, to bite greased cartridges and to mix pig's fat with sweetmeats, to destroy Hindu and Mussalman temples on the pretense of making roads, to build churches, to send clergymen into the streets to preach the Christian religion, to institute English schools, and pay people a monthly stipend for learning the English sciences, while the places of worship of Hindus and Mussalmans are to this day entirely neglected; with all this, how can people believe that religion will not be interfered with?<ref name="Dalrymple"/>|sign=|source=}}

Hazrat Mahal worked in association with [[Nana Sahib|Nana Saheb]], but later joined the Maulavi of [[Faizabad]] in the attack on [[Shahjahanpur]]. When the forces under the command of the British [[Capture of Lucknow|re-captured Lucknow]] and most of Oudh, she was forced to retreat.

===Later life===

Ultimately, she had to retreat to [[Nepal]], where she was initially refused asylum by the Rana prime minister [[Jang Bahadur]],<ref>Hibbert (1980); pp. 374–375</ref> but was later allowed to stay.<ref>Hibbert (1980); pp. 386–387</ref>

She died there in 1879 and was buried in a nameless grave in the grounds of [[Kathmandu]]'s Jama Masjid.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishna|first=Sharmila|title=Far from the madding crowd she lies, forlorn & forgotten|url=http://oudh.tripod.com/bhm/bhmfar.htm|access-date=3 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express|The Indian Express - LUCKNOW]]|date=11 June 2002}}</ref>

After her death, on the occasion of the jubilee of Queen Victoria (1887), the British Government pardoned [[Birjis Qadr]] and he was allowed to return home.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harcourt|first1=E.S|title=Lucknow the Last Phase of an Oriental Culture|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563375-7|page=76|edition=seventh}}</ref>

==Memorials==

Begum Hazrat Mahal's tomb is located in the central part of Kathmandu near Jama Masjid, Ghantaghar, not far away from the famous Darbar Marg. It is looked after by the Jama Masjid Central Committee.<ref name=":0" />

On 15 August 1962, Mahal was honoured at the Old Victoria Park in [[Hazratganj]], Lucknow for her role in the Great Revolt.<ref name="milligazette1">{{cite news|title=Little known, little remembered: Begum Hazrat Mahal|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/14143-little-known-little-remembered-begum-hazrat-mahal|access-date=14 September 2016|work=milligazette.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ruggles |first1=D. Fairchild |author-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles |title=Woman's Eye, Woman's Hand: Making Art and Architecture in Modern India|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=9789383074785|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUqoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Yecurī|first1=Sītārāma|title=The great revolt, a left appraisal|publisher=People's Democracy|isbn=9788190621809|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k30MAQAAMAAJ|year=2008}}</ref> Along with the renaming of the park, a marble memorial was constructed, which includes a marble tablet with four round brass plaques bearing the Coat of Arms of the Awadh royal family. The park has been used for [[Ramlila]]s and bonfires during [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]], as well as Lucknow Mahotsava (Lucknow Exposition).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/travel/the-famous-memorial-of-begum-hazrat-mahal-in-lucknow |title=Begum Hazrat Mahal in Lucknow | My India |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |date= 2013-08-27|access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=a scholarly or news source for recent history would be better|date=May 2015}}

On 10 May 1984, the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative stamp in honour of Mahal. The first day cover was designed by C.R. Pakrashi, and the cancellation was done by Alka Sharma. 15,00,000 stamps were issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Currency/Paisa/Alpha/B/BEGUM%20HAZRAT%20MAHAL |title=Begum Hazrat Mahal |publisher=Indianpost.com |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="milligazette1"/>

The [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]] has started the Begum Hazrat Mahal National Scholarship for Meritorious Girls belonging to minority communities in [[India]]. This scholarship is implemented through the [[Maulana Azad]] Education Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jobs-careers/begum-hazrat-mahal-national-scholarship/483656.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601144816/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jobs-careers/begum-hazrat-mahal-national-scholarship/483656.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2018-06-01 | title=Begum Hazrat Mahal National Scholarship| date=18 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=158165 | title=Schemes for Minority Women}}</ref>{{clear}}

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180px" heights="130px">
File: Hazrat Mahal's Tomb in Kathmandu.jpg|The tomb of Begum Hazrat Mahal near Jama Masjid in Kathmandu
File: Begum Hazrat Mahal Park Lucknow.jpg|Memorial of Begum Hazrat Mahal in Begum Hazrat Mahal Park, [[Lucknow]].
File:Victoria Memorial - Begum Hazrat Mahal Park.jpg|A view of Begum Hazrat Mahal Park
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/begum-hazrat-mahal.html Begum Hazrat Mahal Biography]
* [http://oudh.tripod.com/1857/begum.htm 1857 – India's Struggle for Freedom – Begum Hazrat Mahal]
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070510/1857/main4.htm People took charge in Awadh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120808112814/http://pd.cpim.org/2007/1014/10142007_1857.htm LUCKNOW IN 1857–58: THE EPIC SIEGE]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725025549/http://www.nehru-centre.org/newsletters/2007/newsletternovember2007.pdf The 1857 Uprising in the History of Freedom Struggle]
* [http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15062001/25.htm Miserable condition of the grave of a warrior lady]
* [https://books.google.ae/books?isbn=8182054729 Freedom fighters of India]

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Lucknow}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahal, Begum Hazrat}}
[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Women in 19th-century warfare]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian rebels]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:1820 births]]
[[Category:Indian queen consorts]]
[[Category:History of Awadh]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Women from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Burials in Nepal]]
[[Category:Indian slaves]]
[[Category:Slave concubines]]

Gopastami

2022-11-01T16:40:59Z

110.34.27.228:

←{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Gopashtami
| type = Hindu
| image =
| caption =
| longtype = Religious, cultural
| observedby =
| significance =
| date =
| date2017 =
| date2018 =
| relatedto =
| frequency = Annual
| image_size = 200px
| celebrations =
}}
[[File:Gopashtami Gau Pooja.jpg|thumb|Worshipping a cow]]
'''Gopashtami''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Gopāṣṭamī) is a festival that is dedicated to [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] and cows.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ph.D |first=Lavanya Vemsani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&q=Radha+vallabh&pg=PP1 |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |date=2016-06-13 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-61069-211-3 |location=United States of America |pages=9–10 |language=en}}</ref> It is the coming-of-age celebration when Krishna's father, [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]] Maharaja, gave Krishna the responsibility for taking care of the cows of [[Vrindavan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/the-splainer-what-makes-the-cow-sacred-to-hindus/2015/11/05/acdde3e2-840c-11e5-8bd2-680fff868306_story.html|title=The 'Splainer: What makes the cow sacred to Hindus?|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>

== Significance ==
Nanda Maharaj is the father of Lord Sri Krishna. Those days children were given the charge to take care of the calves. Both Lord Krishna and [[Balarama]] having passed their fifth year, cowherd men conferred and agreed to give those boys who had passed their fifth year charge of the cows in the pasturing ground. Nanda Maharaj decided to organise a ceremony for Lord Krishna and Balarama while going for cow grazing for the first time in NANDGAON. [[Radha]], Lord Krishna's divine consort, wanted to graze cows but was denied of being a girl. So, she disguised herself in a boy because of her resemblance to Subala-sakha, She put on his dhoti and garments and joined Lord Krishna for cow herding along with her companions for funs. The festival is celebrated on the eighth day in the bright half of Karthik month.{{cn|date=June 2020}}

== Celebrations ==
Go-puja is done on this day. Devotees visit the gosala, bathe and clean the cows and the gosala. Cows are decorated with cloth and jewellery before offering special ritual by the devotees. Special fodders are fed for good health and special drive is organized for its preservation. On this day, Sri Krishna puja and cow Puja is performed along with pradakshina to acquire blessing for a good and happier life. Devotees also pay special respect to cows for its utilities in daily life. Cows provide milk that helps in fulfilling the nutritional requirement of the people like a mother. This is why cows are held sacred and worshipped in Hindu religion as a mother. The glories of the cow and her protection are discussed by senior devotees. All of them feed the cows and take part in a feast near the gosala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.northeastindia24.com/guwahati-three-daylong-gopastami-mela-concludes/|title=Guwahati; three daylong Gopastami Mela concludes|date=2017-10-29|work=NorthEast India24.com|access-date=2018-07-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Krishna|Sri Krishna]]
*[[Balarama]]
*[[Diwali]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Krishna]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]

Diwakar Bhatt

2022-04-01T02:54:15Z

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{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''Diwakar Bhatt''' is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand and he is currently serving as Central President of regional party [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]] aka UKD. Bhatt was a member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Devprayag (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Devprayag constituency]] in [[Tehri Garhwal district]]. He is one of the founding members of UKD.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ukd-expels-cabinet-minister-diwakar-bhatt-from-party/story-oHJL2gcoNC8A9Z2ROViw7L.html UKD expels cabinet minister Diwakar Bhatt from party]</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/utk07/candidate.php?candidate_id=115 My Neta]</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/politics/diwakar-bhatt-joins-bjp/321852.html Diwakar Bhatt joins BJP]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Diwakar}}
[[Category:People from Tehri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand Kranti Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Glossary of Indian culture

2022-03-17T15:19:14Z

110.34.27.228:

{{Short description|Indian cultural summary}}
Here is a list of glossary of Culture of India in alphabetical order:

==A==
*'''[[Akaal bodhan]]''': worship of Devi Durga in the month of Ashwin.
*'''[[Akshaya Tritiya]]''': Hindu and Jain, third Tithi (Lunar day) of Bright Half (Shukla Paksha) of Vaishakha. Occasion to buy gold.
*'''[[Ambubachi Mela]]''': Mela celebrated in [[Kamakhya Temple]] in [[Guwahati]] in the assamese month Ahaar (monsoon season). It celebrates the yearly menstruation course of goddess Kamakhya.
*'''[[Anant Chaturdashi]]''': fourteenth day (Chaturdashi) of the bright fortnight (Shukla paksha) of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapad]] month. It is also the last day of the Hindu festival of [[Ganeshotsav]].
*'''[[Aoling]]''': a festival in [[Nagaland]] celebrated by the [[Konyak Naga|Konyaks]] tribes in April
*'''[[Ayudha Puja]]''': part of the [[Navratri]] festival. Weapons and tools are worshipped on this day.

==B==
*'''Bada Osha''': a festival celebrated at the Dhabaleswar temple (of Lord Mahadeva) situated on an island in the river Mahanadi.
*'''[[Bali Jatra]]''': Celebrated in [[Cuttack]] at Gadagadia Ghata of the Mahanadi river, to mark the day when ancient [[Sadhaba]]s (Odia mariners) would set sail to distant lands of Bali, as well as Java, Sumatra, Borneo (all in Indonesia), and Sri Lanka for trade and cultural expansion. They sailed in large vessels called [[Boita]]s.
*'''[[Bandi Chhor Divas]]''': a Sikh festival which occurs during the month of Ashvin in the Indian lunisolar calendar, around the new moon day (Amavasya). It celebrates the release from prison of the Sixth Guru, [[Guru Hargobind]], and 52 other princes with him, in October 1619.
*'''[[Bathukamma]]''' is a spring festival celebrated by the Hindu women of Telangana region. It is celebrated for nine days during Durga Navratri. On this occasion people make Bathukamma, a beautiful conical flower stack.
*'''Behdeinkhlam''': Most important and colourful festival of [[Jaintias]] held at [[Jowai]].
* '''[[Bhagoria Festival]]''': celebrated by the tribal people (Bhils and Bhilalas) of an Indian state [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Amusing tribal festival in which young boys and girls are allowed to elope after choosing their partners.
*'''Bhaonas''': a folk theatre in Assam
*'''[[Bhau-beej]]''': Hindu festival in the second day of the bright fortnight or Shukla Paksha of the Hindu month of Kartika. On this day, sisters pray for their brothers to have long and happy lives by performing the Tika ceremony, and brothers make gifts to their sisters.
*'''[[Bhumchu]]''': Buddhist festival celebrated to predict the future. In this water stored in a vase is opened during the festival by the lamas who inspect the water level. If it is filled to the brim, the following year will be filled with bloodshed. If it is empty, famine will follow, and if it is half-filled, a prosperous year will follow.
*'''[[Bihu]]''': celebrated in the state of [[Assam]] in India in mid-April. It marks the first day of Hindu Solar calendar. It is a time of celebrations as Spring arrives and there is happiness all around. It also marks the advent of seeding time.
*'''[[Bishu (festival)|Bishu]]''': a festival in [[Nagaland]] celebrated by the [[Kacharis]] tribes in January.
*'''[[Bonalu]]''': a Hindu festival of the Goddess of power, Mahakali. Special poojas are performed for [[Yellamma]] on the first and last day of the festival.
*'''Boori-boot''': festival celebrated by Hill Miris in Nagaland

==C==
*'''Chaand Raat Hindi''': a Hindi, Urdu locution used in Pakistan and India for the eve of the Muslim festival of Eid ul-Fitr; it can also mean a night with a full moon.
* '''[[Ningol Chakouba|Chakouba]] ''': The biggest festival of [[Manipur]], to strengthen the bond of love between married ladies and their paternal families.
*'''Chapchar Kut''': a festival of Mizoram. Celebrated after the [[Jhum]] operation.
*'''[[Cheraw (dance)|Cheraw]]''': A Mizo folk dance performed with [[bamboo]].
*'''[[Cheti Chand]]''': An important festival celebrated as New Year's Day by Sindhi people of Pakistan and India. According to the Hindu calendar, it is the second day of the month chaitra.
*'''[[Chhath]]''': An ancient Hindu festival dedicated to the Hindu Sun God, Surya. The Chhath Puja is performed in order to thank Surya for sustaining life on earth and to request the granting of certain wishes.
*'''[[Sajibu Cheiraoba|Cheiraoba]]''': celebrated as New Year's Day in [[Manipur]].
*'''[[Chotrul Duchen]]''': One of the four Buddhist festivals commemorating four events in the life of the Buddha, according to Tibetan traditions. Chötrul Düchen closely follows Losar, the Tibetan New Year.

==D==
*'''[[Danda nata]]''': One of the important dance festivals organized in different parts of South Orissa, particularly in the [[Ganjam District]]. Held in the month of [[Chaitra]].
*'''[[Kartik Poornima|Deva Devali]]''': A Jain festival, which takes place during the month of Kartik around the full moon day (Purnima). This usually falls in October/November. The festival celebrates the enlightenment of Lord [[Mahavira]], the last of the Jain Tirthankar.
*'''[[Dhanu Jatra]]''': A famous festival celebrated in Bargarh of Koshal region or Western Orissa. It is about the episode of Krishna and Balaram's visit to Mathura to witness the ceremony of 'Bow' organised by their mama Kansa or Kamsa.
*'''[[Dol Purnima]]''': In Bengal and Orissa, Holi is celebrated as Dol Purnima.
*'''[[Dree Festival|Dree]]''': An agricultural rite observed by the Apatanis in Arunachal Pradesh. It involves the sacrifice of fowls, eggs and animals to the Gods - Tamu, Metii and Danyi Pilo(Sun and Moon God). The purpose of the festival is to appease these Gods so that famine could be avoided.
*'''[[Drupka Teshi]]''': a Buddhist festival celebrated to observe Buddha's first preaching of the "Noble Truths" at the deer park in Sarnath.
*'''[[Durga Puja]]''': An annual Hindu festival in South Asia that celebrates worship of the Hindu goddess Durga. It refers to all the six days observed as Mahalaya, Shashthi, Maha Saptami, Maha Ashtami, Maha Navami and Vijayadashami.
*'''[[Dussehara]]''': A ten-day festival celebrated in September or October by the northern states of India to mark the victory of Lord Ram over the evil demon-king Ravana. Ramlila, which is the re-enactment of the Ramayana, is staged in various cities, towns and villages. On the tenth day of the festival, the effigies of Ravana, his brother Kumbhakaran and son Meghnath are burned to portray the triumph of good over evil.
==E==
*'''[[Ekadashi]]''': The eleventh lunar day (Tithi) of the shukla (bright) or krishna (dark) paksha (fortnight) of every lunar month in the Hindu calendar (Panchang). In [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]] it is considered a spiritually beneficial day.
* '''[[Emoinu|Emoinu Iratpa]]''': The festival of lights celebrated in [[Manipur]], dedicated to [[Manipur]]i Goddess [[Emoinu]], the goddess of [[Wealth]] and [[Prosperity]].

==G==
*'''[[Gaan Ngai]]''': A festival of the [[Zeliangrong]] [[Naga people|Nagas]] in Assam, Manipur and Nagaland.
*'''[[Ganesh Chaturthi]]''': Hindu festival celebrated on the rebirth of Lord [[Ganesha]], the son of Shiva and Parvati.
*'''[[Ganesh Jayanti]]''': Hindu festival celebrated on the birth day of Ganesha.
*'''[[Gangaur]]''': a festival in Rajasthan, celebrated in the honour of Goddess Gauri.
*'''[[Gudhi Padwa]]''': the Marathi name for Chaitra Shukla Pratipada. It is celebrated on the first day of the Chaitra month to mark the beginning of the New year.
*'''[[Guru Nanak Gurpurab]]''': One of the most sacred festivals in Sikhism, Guru Nanak Dev Ji's Prakash Utsav, marks the birth anniversary of the first [[Sikh]] Guru, [[Guru Nanak]].
*'''[[Guru Purnima]]''': a festival traditionally celebrated by Hindus and Buddhists, marked by ritualistic veneration of the Guru, Guru Puja.
==H==
*'''[[Haldi Kumkum]]''': a social gathering (popular in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Goa) in which married women exchange haldi (turmeric) and kumkum (vermilion powder), as a symbol of their married status and wishing for their husbands' long lives.
*'''[[Hanuman Jayanti]]''': celebrated to commemorate the birth of Hanuman, the Vanara god, widely venerated throughout India on the 15th day of the Shukla Paksha, during the month of Chaitra.
* '''[[Heikru Hidongba|Heeyang Taanaba]]''': The boat racing religious sports of [[Manipur]].
* '''[[Heikru Hidongba]]''': The boat racing religious festival of [[Manipur]], celebrated by the followers of [[Sanamahism]].
*'''[[Hornbill Festival]]''': Festival of Festivals' of Naga Tribes, celebrated in Nagaland in the first week of December.

==K==
*'''[[Kali Puja]]''': dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali, celebrated on the new moon day of the Hindu month Ashwin in Bengal.
*'''[[Kanya puja]]''': a Hindu holiday celebrated on the eighth and ninth day of Navaratri. Nine young girls representing the nine forms of Goddess Durga are worshiped
*'''[[Kartik Poornima]]''': a Hindu holy day celebrated on the full moon day or the fifteenth lunar day of Kartik.
*'''[[Karva Chauth]]''': on this day Hindu and some Sikh women in North India fast from sunrise to moonrise for the safety and longevity of their husbands.
*'''[[Krishna Janmashtami]]''': annual commemoration of the birth of Krishna, the eighth avatar of Vishnu.
*'''[[Kshamavani]]''': a day of forgiving and seeking forgiveness for the followers of Jainism.
*'''[[Kumbh Mela]]''': a mass Hindu pilgrimage in which Hindus gather at the Ganges, where bathing for purification from sin is considered especially efficacious. It takes place every twelve years at Allahabad
==L==
*'''[[Lai Haraoba]]''': a Manipuri festival, and is associated with Meiteis, celebrated to please traditional deities.
*'''[[Lakshmi puja]]''': a Hindu ritual performed during Diwali, the festival of lights. According to tradition people would put small oil lamps outside their homes on Diwali and hope Lakshmi will come to bless them.
*'''[[Lhabab Duchen]]''': one of the four Buddhist festivals commemorating four events in the life of the Buddha, according to Tibetan traditions.
*'''[[Lohri]]''': an extremely popular festival celebrated by the Punjabis. This agricultural winter festival is celebrated throughout Punjab and in parts of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Jammu.
*'''[[Losar]]''': festival celebrated by Monpas in Nagaland
*'''[[Lui-Ngai-Ni]]''': A Naga seed sowing festival in spring in Manipur.
==M==
*'''[[Magh Bihu]]''': a harvest festival celebrated in Assam, India, which marks the end of harvesting season in the month of Maagha
*'''[[Maha Shivratri]]''': a Hindu festival celebrated every year in reverence of Lord Shiva.
*'''[[Mahavir Jayanti]]''': the most important religious holiday in Jainism. It celebrates the birth of Mahavira, the last Tirthankara.
*'''[[Makar Sankranti]]''': marks the transition of the Sun into Makara rashi (Capricorn) on its celestial path. Traditionally, this has been one of many harvest days in India.
*'''[[Makara Jyothi]]''': worshiped as a part of ritual in Sabarimala Temple on Makara Sankranti every year. Devout Hindus believe that the jyothi is a celestial phenomenon and its sighting is auspicious and brings good luck and blessings.
*'''[[Mattu Pongal]]''': Celebration of the cattle, particularly cows and bulls that play a vital role by working hard to help the farmers to raise crops on their fields on the day following the Pongal festival.
*'''[[Mera Houchongba]]''': A traditional festival celebrating the bond between the hills and the valley people of Manipur. It is held in October.
*'''[[Mim Kut]]''': a festival in [[Mizoram]] celebrated by the [[Mizos]] in September
*'''[[Moatsu]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Ao people|Aos]] in the first week of May.
*'''[[Mongmong]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Sangtams]] in September
*'''[[Mopin]]''': festival of the Adis, mainly of the [[Galo people|Gallong]] community of the [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It is a celebration of the harvesting season.
*'''[[Muharram]]''': is the first month of the Islamic calendar. It is one of the four sacred months of the year in which fighting is prohibited.

==N==
*'''[[Nag Panchami]]''': also Nagula Chaviti, is a festival during which religious Hindus in some parts of India worship live Nāgas (cobras) or images of them. It is celebrated on the fifth day after Amavasya of the month of Shraavana.
*'''[[Navratri]]''': means ''nine nights'', a festival dedicated to the worship of a Hindu deity Shakti.
*'''[[Navreh]]''': the lunar new year which is celebrated in [[Kashmir]]. This coincides with the first day of the Chaitra (spring) Navratras. This day finds mention in [[Rajtarangini]] and Nilamat Purana of Kashmir.
*'''[[Ningol Chakouba]]''': a festival in [[Manipur]] which involves the married women going to their parent's house.
*'''Nongkrem dance''': A five-day-long religious festival of Khasis held at Smit village.
*'''[[Nuakhai]]''': An agricultural festival mainly observed by people of western Orissa in India. It is observed to welcome the new rice of the season.
*'''[[Nyokum]]''': a festival celebrated by the Nyishi people of Arunachal Pradesh.
*'''[[Nyaknylum]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Changs]] in July
==P==
* '''[[Panthoibi Iratpa]]''' : The greatest religious festival dedicated to [[Manipur]]i Goddess [[Panthoibi]], celebrated in [[Manipur]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]].
*'''[[Pattachitra]]''': a form of traditional painting in Orissa.
*'''Pawl Kut''': a harvest festival of Mizoram.
*'''[[Raja Parba]]''': also called Mithuna Sankranti is a four-day-long festival in Orissa and the second day signifies beginning of the solar month of Mithuna from, which the season of rains starts.
*'''Reh''': festival celebrated by Idu-Mishmis in Nagaland
*'''[[Paryushana]]''': one of the two most important festivals for the Jains, the other being Diwali.
*'''[[Pitru Paksha]]''': a 16–lunar day period when Hindus pay homage to their ancestors (Pitrs), especially through food offerings.
*'''[[Pola (festival)|Pola]]''': a bull-worshipping festival celebrated by farmers in Maharashtra.
*'''[[Puthandu]]''': also called Chithirai Tiru-naal, is the celebration of the first day of the Tamil new year in mid-April.

==R==
*'''[[Radhashtami]]''' : Annual Hindu festival celebrating the birth anniversary of Goddess [[Radha]].
*'''[[Raksha Bandhan]]''': celebrates the relationship between brothers, cousins and sisters. The central ceremony involves the tying of a [[wikt:rakhi|rakhi]] (sacred thread) by a sister on her brother's wrist.
*'''[[Ram Navami]]''': Hindu festival, celebrating the birth of Lord Rama to King Dasharatha and Queen Kausalya of Ayodhya.
*'''[[Ratha Saptami]]''': a Hindu festival that falls on the seventh day (Saptami) in the bright half (Shukla Paksha) of the Hindu month Maagha. It is symbolic of the change of season to spring and the start of the harvesting season.
*'''[[Ratha Yatra]]''': a huge Hindu festival associated with Lord Jagannath held at Puri in the state of Orissa, India.

==S==
*'''[[Sammakka Saralamma Jatara]]''': a tribal festival of honouring the goddesses celebrated in the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh. The Jatra starts from Medaram.
*'''[[Samvatsari]]''': the last day of [[Paryushana]] —the eight or ten day festival of Jainism. It is the holiest day of the Jain calendar.
*'''[[Sanamahism]]''': The worship of [[Lainingthou Sanamahi|Sanamahi]], the Creator aspect of [[Atingkok Maru Sidaba|Sidaba Mapu]], the trinity God of the [[Meitei people]]. One of the oldest sects of [[South Asia]]. It originated in [[Manipur]], [[India]] and is mainly practiced by the Meitei, [[Kabui]], [[Zeliangrong]] and other communities. [[Atingkok Maru Sidaba|Atiya Shidaba]], [[Pakhangba|Apanba]] and [[Lainingthou Sanamahi|Asheeba]] are the three manifestations or incarnations of [[God]] as the [[Creator deity|creator]], the preserver and the annihilator of this [[universe]] respectively.
* '''[[Sangai festival]]''': The festival of [[Manipur]], to promote the [[tourism potential]] and [[cultural heritage]] of the state.
*'''[[Sanjhi]]''': the art of hand cutting (or stencil cutting) designs on paper, is typical art of Mathura in Uttar Pradesh.
*'''[[Sanjhi puja]]''': mainly celebrated by the unmarried girls in rural Punjab and Haryana in the month of October. An image of Mother Goddess is made of mud or dung and worshipped.
*'''[[Sekrenyi]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Angami Naga|Angamis]] in February.
*'''Shad Sukmynsiem''': festival of [[Khasi people|Khasi]] held in April.
*'''[[Shigmo]]''': a Hindu spring festival celebrated in the Indian state of [[Goa]].
* '''[[Shirui Lily Festival]]''': The festival of [[Manipur]], to promote the beauty of [[Siroy Lily]], in [[Sirohi National Park]].
*'''Si-Donyi''': festival celebrated by Tagins in Arunachal Pradesh
*'''Solung''': festival celebrated by Adi tribals in Arunachal Pradesh

==T==
*'''[[Teej]]''': a fasting festival for Hindu women. It is mainly celebrated in Haryana and Bihar.
*'''[[Tendong Lho Rumfaat]]''': means Prayer of the Tendong Mountain, is a festival of the Lepcha people of north-east India.
*'''[[Thai Pongal]]''': celebrated by Tamilians. Coincides with Makara Sankranthi celebrated throughout India as the winter harvest.
*'''[[Tokhu Emong]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Lothas]] in November. This festival is associated with the harvesting of crops.
*'''[[Tsukhenyie]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Chakhesangs]] in January.
*'''[[Tuluni]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Sumis]] in July.

==U==
*'''[[Ugadi]]''': the New Year's Day for the people of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
* '''[[Lai Haraoba|Umang Lai Haraoba]]''': The Religious dance and music festival dedicated to the forest deities of [[Manipur]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]], performed by the followers of [[Sanamahism]].
*'''[[Uposatha]]''': the Buddhist day of observance. The Buddha taught that the Uposatha day is for "the cleansing of the defiled mind," resulting in inner calm and joy.

==V==
*'''[[Vasant Panchami]]''': a Hindu festival worshipping Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge, music and art. It is celebrated every year on the fifth day of Magh.
*'''[[Vesak]]''': a holy day observed traditionally by Buddhists.
==W==
*'''Wangala''': a harvest festival celebrated by the [[Garo people|Garo]] tribe, who live in [[Meghalaya]] and [[Assam]] in honour of Saljong (Sungod).

==Y==
*'''[[Yaosang]]''': a festival celebrated in spring season starting from the full moon day of lamda (March) for six whole days by the people of [[Manipur]]. [[Thabal chongba]] is performed. People play with colours.
*'''[[Yemshe]]''': a festival in Nagaland celebrated by the [[Pochuris]] in October.
==Z==
*'''[[Zagor (festival)|Zagor]]''': mainly celebrated by Catholics in Siolim, in Bardez taluka of Goa. It is a festival highlighted by dance, drama and music.

==See also==
* [[Public holidays in India]]
* [[List of Indian folk dances]]
* [[Indian literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian culture|*]]
[[Category:Wikipedia glossaries|Indian Culture]]
[[Category:Indian culture-related lists]]

Forbesganj Airport

2022-01-14T19:10:40Z

110.34.27.228:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{for|other places with same/similar name|Forbesganj (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Forbesganj Airport
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r = {{small|फारबिसगंज हवाई अड्डा}}
| image =
| IATA = 
| ICAO = 
| type = Public
| owner =
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served =
| location = [[Forbesganj]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 204.4
| elevation-m = 62
| coordinates = {{coord|26|17|48.5|N|087|17|2.52|E|region:IN-BR_type:airport|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_caption = Airport in India
| pushpin_label = '''Forbesganj Airport'''
| pushpin_label_position = top
| website =
| r1-number = 09/27
| r1-length-f =
| r1-length-m =
| r1-surface = Unpaved
| footnotes =
}}

'''Forbesganj Airport''' is a non operational airport located at [[Araria District]] in the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]] maintained by the [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]].

==History==
Historically Forbesganj had a functional military airport between 1934 to 1942 (active during [[World War II]]) and again during the 1962 war with [[China]]. On 10 June 1973 a Royal Nepal Airlines [[1973 Nepal plane hijack|DHC-6 Twin Otter Plane]] was hijacked en route to [[Kathmandu]] from [[Biratnagar]]. This airport has now fallen into disrepair and is not operational.

== Transport ==
The nearest active airport to Forbesganj is [[Biratnagar]] (Nepal). Closest domestic airports are [[Darbhanga Airport]] in [[Darbhanga]], [[Bihar]] and [[Bagdogra Airport]] in [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]], both about 160 km away. [[Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport]] in the Bihar state's capital city [[Patna]] is approximately 300 km. away. From [[Bagdogra Airport]] it takes 3–4 hours to reach the city by road.

== Specifications ==
The [[airport]] has been built on a 53 acres land area, located 5 km from the city.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=AAI Jogbani Airport|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/node/92477|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ltd|first=rome2rio Pty|title=How to get to Jogbani from 5 nearby airports|url=https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Nearby-Airports/Jogbani|access-date=2020-07-25|website=Rome2rio|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012005148/http://www.rome2rio.com/s/Nearby-Airports/Jogbani|archive-date=2013-10-12|url-status=live}}</ref>

The airport is located at an [[elevation]] of 193 feet (59 m) above [[Sea level|mean sea level]]. It has one [[Runway|paved runway]] designated 09/27 oriented by measures of dimension 5000 ft x 500 ft with asphalt surface.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jogbani Airport - IndiaAirport.com|url=http://indiaairport.com/states/bihar/jogbani_airport.htm|access-date=2020-07-25|website=indiaairport.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121084032/http://indiaairport.com/states/bihar/jogbani_airport.htm|archive-date=2020-01-21|url-status=live}}</ref>

The airport was declared non operational by the [[Airports Authority of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-30|title=AAI spent Rs 4 crore in 2018-19 to maintain 26 non-operational airports'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-aai-spent-rs-4-crore-in-2018-19-to-maintain-26-non-operational-airports-2766592|access-date=2020-07-25|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701163729/https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-aai-spent-rs-4-crore-in-2018-19-to-maintain-26-non-operational-airports-2766592|archive-date=2019-07-01|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Araria district]]
[[Category:Defunct airfields in India]]
[[Category:Airports in Bihar]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]