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Indian Rare Earths

2023-06-03T15:08:42Z

115.96.102.214:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = IREL (India) Limited
| logo = Indian Rare Earths Logo.svg
| logo_size = 100px
| image = Indian Rare Earths Limited at Kovilthottam in Kollam, Nov 2016.jpg
| image_caption = IRE centre in [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| former_name = Indian Rare Earths Limited
| type = [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public Sector Undertaking]]
| slogan =
| foundation = 18 August 1950<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barc.ernet.in/about/mmile.htm |title=Department of Atomic Energy: Milestones |publisher=Barc.ernet.in |access-date=10 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920002004/http://barc.ernet.in/about/mmile.htm |archive-date=20 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| location = Plot No.1207, Veer Savakar Marg, Prabhadevi, near Siddhi Vinayak temple
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = India
| key_people = D. Singh ([[Chairman]] & [[Managing director|MD]])
| industry = [[Mining]]
| products = [[Ilmenite]] [[Rutile]] [[Zircon]] [[Garnet]] [[Sillimanite]] [[Lanthanum carbonate]] [[Cerium(III) carbonate]] [[Neodymium]] [[Praseodymium]] [[Samarium]] [[Gadolinium]] [[Yttrium]] Ndpr Oxalate [[Thorium(IV) nitrate]] [[Trisodium phosphate]] Rare Earth Chloride
| revenue = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|816.63|c}} (2019) <ref name="Balance Sheet 2019">[https://irel.co.in/documents/20126/114997/IREL+AR+18-19+Webfile.pdf/d61cbaae-fddb-f274-a2af-c3596ebc3f96?t=1592994698374 "Balance Sheet 31.03.2019"].</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|200.64|c}} (2019)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2019"/>
| profit = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|117.51|c}} (2019)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2019"/>
| assets = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|1233.87|c}} (2019)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2019"/>
| equity = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|799.93|c}} (2019)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2019"/>
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| num_employees = 1377 (March 2019) <ref name="Balance Sheet 2019"/>
| homepage = {{url|irel.co.in}}
}}

'''IREL (India) Limited''' '''(Formally Indian Rare Earths Limited)''' is a [[Public Sector Undertaking|Public Sector Enterprise]] Mini-Ratna Category A, Schedule B Company, in India based in [[Mumbai]]. It was incorporated as a public limited company in 1950, jointly owned by the [[Government of India]] and Government of Travancore, Kochi with the primary intention of taking up commercial scale processing of [[Monazite]]. [[Government of India]] took control of IREL in 1963 under the administrative control of [[Department of Atomic Energy]] ([[Department of Atomic Energy|DAE]]). It was incorporated with the primary intention of taking up commercial scale processing of monazite sand at its first unit namely Rare Earths Division (RED), [[Aluva]], [[Kochi]] for the recovery of [[thorium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irel.gov.in/scripts/about_us.asp |title=About Us |publisher=Irel.gov.in |date=18 August 1950 |access-date=10 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903140542/http://irel.gov.in/scripts/about_us.asp |archive-date=3 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== list of units <ref>https://www.irel.co.in/ {{bare URL inline|date=May 2023}}</ref> ==

=== Rare Earths Division (RED) Aluva ===

This plant, the first unit of IREL, was made operational way back in 1952 for processing of monazite, whose capacity was subsequently increased by about 3 times.Rare Earths Division (RED), Udyogamandal, Aluva is located on the banks of river Periyar in Kerala at a distance of 12 kms from the port city of Kochi and 15 kms from Kochi International Airport.

In the year 2012, the plant was refurbished to process mixed Rare Earths chloride. It produces high pure individual rare earth compounds of [[Lanthanum]] and [[Cerium]] in Oxide/Carbonate form, and that of [[Neodymium]]-[[Praseodymium]], [[Samarium]], [[Gadolinium]] and [[Yttrium]] in Oxide/Oxalate form (with more than 99% Purity). RED also produces strategic material for the Department of Atomic Energy.<ref>https://www.irel.co.in/rare-earths-division-aluva {{bare URL inline|date=May 2023}}</ref>

=== Orissa Sand Complex (OSCOM) and OSCOM - Rare Earth Extraction Plant(REEP)===

IREL commissioned its largest division called Orissa Sand Complex (OSCOM)<ref>{{cite web |author=DAE |url=http://www.dae.gov.in/ar2001/irel.htm |title=Indian Rare Earths Limited |publisher=Dae.gov.in |access-date=10 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915061434/http://www.dae.gov.in/ar2001/irel.htm |archive-date=15 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> at [[Chhatrapur]], [[Odisha, India|Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/21/stories/2010052151330300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106065843/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/21/stories/2010052151330300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Other States / Orissa News : Drinking water projects inaugurated in three villages |date=21 May 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissalinks.com/orissagrowth/topics/investments-and-investment-plans-in-orissa/central-public-sector/indian-rare-earths-ltd|title=___________ » Indian Rare Earths Ltd|access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> Today IREL operates these four units along with a corporate office in [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isis-online.org/publications/southasia/indianprocurement.pdf |title=In 1986x, Indian Rare Earth Ltd |access-date=10 July 2010}}</ref> and a unit located in [[Manavalakurichi]] of [[Kanyakumari district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irel.gov.in/scripts/about_us.asp|title=About Us|access-date=11 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903140542/http://irel.gov.in/scripts/about_us.asp|archive-date=3 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It produces/sells six heavy minerals namely [[ilmenite]], [[rutile]], [[zircon]], [[monazite]], [[sillimanite]], and [[garnet]] as well as various value added products.

From 1 May 2015 it started commercial operation of Monazite Processing Plant at Orissa to process 10000tpa monazite to produce 11220tpa of rare earth chloride, 13500 tri-sodium phosphate, 26tpa NGADU etc. Similarly High Pure Rare Earth facility also commenced operation to refine pure rare earth compounds. In 2013 [[Gopalpur port]] shipped 7,500 metric tonne of ilmenite from Orissa Sand Complex (OSCOM) to South Korea for the first time after IREL started the operation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/gopalpur-port-begins-operations/articleshow/20288883.cms | title=Gopalpur Port begins operations | newspaper=The Times of India | date=27 May 2013 }}</ref>Monazite deposit in Odisha contains rare earths like, [[Lanthanum]], [[Cerium]], [[Praseodymium]], [[Neodymium]] etc. It also contains [[Thorium]] which is a "prescribed substance", the list of which was revised in 2006 under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/countrys-only-monazite-processing-plant-goes-on-stream-115100900778_1.html</reF>

IREL has set up a ''Rare Earth Extraction plant (REEP)'' producing mixed Rare Earth chloride (MRCL) Tri-sodium phosphate etc, at its unit OSCOM Odisha. MRCL produced from the above plant is processed at IREL’s plant at Rare Earth Division (RED) in Aluva Kerala for producing separated High Pure Rare Earth (HPRE) Oxides/Compounds.Rare Earth processing unit having installed capacity of 11200 tpa mixed Rare Earth Chlorides was commissioned in the year 2015-16.<ref>https://www.irel.co.in/oscom-rare-earth-extraction-plant {{bare URL inline|date=May 2023}}</ref>

===Manavalakurichi unit (MK)===
IREL opened the division in 1963 after becoming a fully public sector undertaking under the administrative control of Department of Atomic Energy(DAE), Government of India,
IREL will carry out beach sand mining and extract heavy minerals at an area of 1,144.06 hectare in eight villages of Kanniyakumari district.It currently holds beach sand mining lease for an area of 178.06 hectare including 29.78 hectare in Midalam and Keezhmidalam,148.27 hectare in Manavalakurichi of Kanyakumari district.

IREL has a mineral manufacturing unit functioning in Manavalakurichi village near Colachel in Kanniyakumari for extracting ilmenite, zircon, rutile, monazite and sillimanite.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/may/22/centre-gives-nod-for-irel-to-mine-beach-sand-for-heavy-minerals-in-kanniyakumari-after-21-years-2456532.html | title=Centre gives nod for IREL to mine beach sand for heavy minerals in Kanniyakumari after 21 years }}</ref>Annual production capacity of MK mineral separation plant is 91,200 tonnes per annum (tpa) of Ilmenite and other associated minerals such as Rutile, Zircon and Garnet.<ref>https://www.irel.co.in/manavalakurichi-mineral-division {{bare URL inline|date=May 2023}}</ref>

===Chavara Mineral Division===

Chavara mineral separation plant is located 10 kms north of Kollam and 85 kms from Thiruvananthapuram the Capital of Kerala. It is about 135 kms from Kochi, the major port in Kerala. The nearest airport is at Thiruvananthapuram. The adjacent area of Chavara is blessed with one of the best mineral sand deposits in the country – the renowned “Q” Grade minerals.

The Chavara mines contain as high as 40% heavy minerals extending over a stretch of 23 kms in the coastal belt of Neendakara and Kayamkulam, The deposits is quite rich with Ilmenite, Rutile, Zircon, Sillimanite and is unique with weathered variety having 60% TiO2 Ilmenite.

The plant has a capacity to produce 2,35,900 tpa of Ilmenite and associated minerals such as Rutile, Zircon and Sillimanite. It has a facility to produce Zirflor in sizes (-300 and -200) in the zircon opacifier plant.The plant operates on an advanced modular design with state of the art equipments in mineral separation and has a well - equipped Quality Control Lab for quality assurance. It is certified for ISO 9001:2008, 14001:2004 and 18001:2007.

===Rare Earth Permanent Magnet (REPM), Vizag===

IREL has setup a plant producing Rare Earth Permanent Magnet (REPM) at Visakhapatnam based on Indigenous Technology.The proposed REPM production facilities shall be of strategic importance to the Nation and under the Make in India initiative the upcoming [[Samarium–cobalt magnet|samarium-cobalt permanent magnet]] plant in Visakhapatnam will be setup<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/a-rare-earths-roadmap-for-india-seeking-atma-nirbharta-in-indian-technology-10270901.html | title=A rare earths roadmap for India: Seeking atma nirbharta in Indian technology | date=9 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>https://www.irel.co.in/repm {{bare URL inline|date=May 2023}}</ref>

On 11th May 2023, PM Narendra Modi dedicates the ‘Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Plant, Visakhapatnam’ to the nation hence India will join select group of nations with capacity to produce Rare Earth Permanent Magnets.<ref>https://psuwatch.com/newsupdates/pm-modi-inaugurates-rare-earth-permanent-magnet-plant-vishakhapatnam</ref> The plant was built by Engineering Projects(India) Ltd.(EPIL). <ref>https://bidassist.com/all-tenders/engineering-projects-india-limited/detail-f777bda0-2712-4591-b8fd-61b0080d5736/amp</ref>

The plant has an annual capacity of 3,000 kg and overall cost is 197 crore.The Facility has been established based on indigenous technology developed by [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] and [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory|DMRL]] and using indigenous rare earth [[Samarium]] resources.<ref>https://psuwatch.com/newsupdates/pm-modi-dedicates-rare-earth-permanent-magnet-plant-at-barc</ref>

===IRERC, Kollam===

Corporate Research Centre is located at Kollam, Kerala and carries out research in the field of value-added products from processed Minerals, undertakes consultancy projects on mineral separation and flow-sheet development, carrying out mineral analysis and caters to the needs of internal and external customers. It is engaged in various R&D activities such as processing of Monazite by alternate route, processing of nano rare earth materials and other value addition on minerals with the ultimate objective of commercialization. The Research centre also coordinates the research activities of RED, Aluva and Technical Services Division at OSCOM, Chatrapur, Orissa. This Research Centre was earlier known as Mineral Research and Development Centre since 1991 and later renamed as Indian Rare Earths Research Centre from July 2003. This Centre is also certified with ISO 9001.<ref>https://www.irel.co.in/irerc</ref>

With the objective of promoting Industrial scale R&D that would be beneficial to its overall program in terms of nuclear and related materials. IREL (India) Limited Technology Development Council (IRELTDC) was constituted in 2006 by the Secretary, DAE with members from BARC, IGCAR, CSIR and other leading Institutions.

The Research Centre is equipped with various equipments and instruments like magnetic, gravity, electrostatic separators, floatation cells, grinding mills, vacuum filters, mixer settlers, ion exchange columns, particle size analyzer, XRD/XRF, thermal analyzer, ICP atomic absorption spectrometers, UV spectrometers, petrological microscopes, etc. for various analytical and research purposes.

The annual safety audit of all the operating units is carried out every year with the objective of improving the overall safety standards and increasing safety awareness among the employees. The Audit Committee, consisting of External experts, Heads of safety from all the units and the Head of the Corporate Safety, recommends for the CMD’s Shield in various categories; Safety, Housekeeping, Environment & Energy.

==R & D==

IREL Technology Development Council (IRELTDC) is formed with an objective of promoting industrial scale R&D that would be beneficial to the overall programme of DAE in both strategic and non-strategic fields utilizing mineral & value-added products of IREL. Council invites funds and monitors R&D project proposals from CSIR, IITs, State & Central laboratories, for large scale application & exploitation on the areas of technology of mutual interest.

===list of completed R&D projects<ref>https://www.irel.co.in/documents/20126/253901/NEW++COMPLETED+22072020-converted+%281%29.pdf {{bare URL PDF|date=May 2023}}</ref>===

# Augmentation of PREE solvent extraction test facility at RED.
# Pilot-scale production for nanosize rare earth phosphates and development of potential industrial application areas.
# Design and development of environmentally secure rare earth based colorants.
# Inflight processing of metallised ilmenite in a DC plasma furnace for continuous production of titania-rich slag and pig iron.
# Development of cerium oxide based nano materials for applications as Chemical-Mechanical Planarisation/Polishing (CMP) slurry.
# Recovery of heavy rare earths from phosphoric acid using phosphorus-based commercial extractants and their mixtures.
# Synthesis and properties of electrodeposited nickel/ceria nanocomposite coatings.
# Catalysis by nano Crystalline Ceria Modifies with Transition Metals.
# Design and scale-up of Annular Centrifugal Extractor (ACE).
# Processing of monazite through sulphuric acid for the recovery of rare earths, thorium and uranium.
# Preparation of mullite and zirconia toughened mullite from sillimanite.
# Study of suitability of magnetic separators as replacement for air tables for recovery of monazite.
# Versatile nano zirconia production facility at IREL, OSCOM.
# High-field composite varistors based on rare earth oxides.
# Smart magneto rheological elastomers based on rare earth Magnets.
# Production of nano titania from ilmenite and setup a pilot plant to process 1 ton/batch.
# Production of environmentally secure rare earth oxide brown pigment for surface coating applications.
# Optimization of processing parameters to produce high aspect ratio synthetic wollastonite.
# Improving recovery of heavy minerals at IREL plants using spiral separators.
# Suitability of rare earth drum magnetic separator to increase plant efficiency at IREL, Chavara.

===list of ongoing R&D projects<ref>https://www.irel.co.in/documents/20126/253901/ONGOING+NEW+22072020-converted.pdf/9e4ca634-a7ac-d7cd-08aa-5f54ab723feb?t=1595372139978</ref>===

#Design, Fabrication and Installation of 10 ton Batch Reactor and Its Associated Systems for Monazite Digestion with Sulphuric Acid.
#Pilot Plant Production and Value Addition to Fully/Partially stabilized zirconia suitable for different advanced technology applications.
#Development of self cleaning coatings on glass using TiO2 Nano particles developed at IREL.
#Processing of NIR reflective CeO2 nanoparticles for energy saving glaze coatings and cool textiles.
#Sinterability and product development based on zirconia to be supplied by IREL.
#Treatment of Wastewater containing primary amines using novel approach of combined hydrodynamic cavitation and oxidation processes.
#Extraction of Neodymium metal By Molten Salt Electrolytic Process.
#Flow sheet for production of 99.99 % Gadolinium oxide and 99.99% Europium oxide from Gadolinium concentrate by solvent extraction.
#Eco-friendly Natural Dyeing of Cotton and Silk using Rare Earths Metal Salts as Mordants.

==Finance==

IREL records highest-ever sales turnover and PBT in FY 2021-22.According to the company, it has achieved its highest ever sales turnover and profit before tax (PBT) since its inception. The sales turnover and PBT stood at a whopping Rs 1462.05 crore, while the PBT stood at about Rs 700.00 crore, which surpassed the previous year record by 53.3 percent and 68.6 percent respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://psuwatch.com/national-news/irel-records-highest-ever-sales-turnover-and-pbt-in-fy-2021-22 | title=IREL records highest-ever sales turnover and PBT in FY 2021-22 }}</ref>

IREL declared and paid dividend of Rs.166.67 Crores out of the profit for the financial year 2021-22.The total income of the company was Rs. 1536.30 crore.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.psuconnect.in/news/irel-pays-dividend-of-rs-167-cr-for-the-year-2021-22/34762/ | title=IREL pays dividend of Rs. 166.67 Cr for the year 2021-22 }}</ref>

==Collaboration==
IREL extracts the rare earth metal and rare earth alloy using the refining technique based on laboratory scale process developed by [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] and [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory|DMRL]].<ref>https://psuwatch.com/newsupdates/pm-modi-dedicates-rare-earth-permanent-magnet-plant-at-barc</ref>

IREL (India) Limited renewed its agreement with M/s. [[Toyota Tsusho|Toyotsu Rare Earths (India) Pvt. Ltd.]] for creating a critical minerals supply chain.<ref>https://www.gatewayhouse.in/partnering-with-japan-for-critical-minerals-supply/</ref><ref>https://www.psuconnect.in/news/irel-india-renewed-its-agreement/31246/</ref> Toyotsu Rare Earths (India) Pvt. Ltd. remarkets the rare earth oxides or carbonates like Lanthanum Oxide(LA2O3), Cerium Oxide(CEO2), Praseodymium Oxide(PR6O11), Neodymium Oxide(ND2O3), Praseodymium-Neodymium Oxide((PRND)2O3) and Cerium Carbonate (CE2(CO3)3) from IREL.

Reduction-Diffusion Technique is a process used by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) for the production of enriched uranium.IREL uses the same process for thorium and other radio active metals.<ref>https://psuwatch.com/newsupdates/pm-modi-inaugurates-rare-earth-permanent-magnet-plant-vishakhapatnam</ref><ref>https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Volumes/boms/002/03/0161-0165.pdf</ref>

==Controversies==

The Competition Commission has ordered a detailed probe against state-owned IREL for alleged abuse of its '''dominant position''' in supplying and pricing of beach sand ilmenite in the country.The order has been passed on a complaint filed by Tamil Nadu-based Beach Mineral Producers Association (informant) which alleged that the company was indulging in unfair pricing beach sand ilmenite, among other issues.
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/business/story/competition-commission-orders-probe-against-state-owned-irel-for-alleged-unfair-biz-practices-350344-2022-10-19 | title=Competition Commission orders probe against state-owned IREL for alleged unfair biz practices | date=19 October 2022 }}</ref>

== Upcoming Projects<ref>https://www.irel.co.in/projects-under-implementation {{bare URL inline|date=May 2023}}</ref>==

===Ambadongar Rare Earth Project===

New carbonatite deposit in Gujarat. Technical feasibility and economic viability studies undertaken.

===IREL-IDCOL Ltd ===

Setting up of new mining and mineral separation plant for winning beach sand mineral deposits in Puri District of Odisha.

===Private Freight Terminal (PFT)- OSCOM ===

Conversion of IRELs Private railway siding to Private Freight Terminal

===Capacity expansion of OSCOM plant===

Increase in capacity from 2.8 to 6.2 lakh tpa of Ilmenite and associated minerals.
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sarkarinaukrieasyalert.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/IREL-logo.png IREL(INDIA) LIMITED LOGO]

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Rare earth companies]]
[[Category:Mining companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1950]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1950]]
[[Category:Metal companies of India]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in Bombay State]]

Bokaro Steel Plant

2023-06-03T13:43:12Z

115.96.102.214:

{{multiple issues|
{{COI|date=June 2015}}
{{more footnotes|date=June 2015}}
{{primary sources|date=June 2015}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Bokaro Steel Plant
| logo =
| logo_size = 250px
| image = Bokaro_Steel_Plant_.jpg
| image_caption = Bokaro Steel Plant from Cooling Pond
| image_size = 300px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|500228}}|{{NSE|SAIL}}|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50 Constituent]]}}
| founded = 1964
| founder = [[Government of India]] (Chairman)
| location = [[Bokaro]], India
| type = [[Government-owned corporation|public sector enterprise]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Sheshagiri Rao MVS, Jayant Acharya
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE019A01038}}
| industry = [[Steel]]
| products = Steel, flat steel products, long steel products, [[Wire|wire products]], plates, Hot Rolled Steel, Cold Rolled Steel
| subsid =
| parent = [[SAIL]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{profit}}{{INRConvert|6387|c}} (2023)<ref name="Financials">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/bsl-tops-sails-profit-charts-in-2021-22-fy/articleshow/91775623.cms|title=Bokaro: BSL tops SAIL’s profit charts in 2021-22 FY |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees = 11,000 (2021)<ref name="Financials"/>
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.sail.in/}}
}}

'''Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL)''' is located in the [[Bokaro district]] of [[Jharkhand]]. It is the fourth integrated public sector steel plant in [[India]] built with [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] help.

[[File:Steel Plant, Bokaro Steel City.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|Bokaro Steel Plant from train]]
==History==
Bokaro Steel project in the late 1950s, as political elites in several other states of India made the case for building a steel plant in Bokaro rather than in Bihar.The factors other than natural endowment were involved in the decision — after all, rich deposits could be found in various locations throughout the country. As several scholars have noted, certain non-economic imperatives related to the project of post-colonial nation-building played a significant role.

The achievement of Self-Sufficiency is a long process, and even as PM Jawaharlal Nehru worked towards that goal, the nation was drawn into closer involvement with the Soviet Union. In September 1964, the Soviets confirmed their readiness to assist in the construction of the huge Bokaro Steel Plant
<ref>https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001100130127-2.pdf</ref>

The Soviet Union has traditionally managed to secure generous returns on its aid program in India. The prestigious firm of M. N. Dastur and Company was actively associated with the early planning of the project and had the competence to assess critically the proposed Soviet designs, however, muscled out by the Soviet negotiators from the final aid contract to the chagrin of an articulate and aroused public opinion cutting across most political parties
<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Bokaro_Steel_Plant.html?id=bqG0AAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y</ref>

It was incorporated as a limited company in 1964.<ref name="Sengupta1979">{{cite book|author=Nirmal Sengupta|title=Destitutes and Development: A Study of the Bauri Community in the Bokaro Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQXAoHucmMkC&pg=PA25|year=1979|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|pages=25–|id=GGKEY:73SPC2220UQ}}</ref> It was later merged with the public sector company called [[Steel Authority of India Limited|Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)]].<ref>[http://www.sail.co.in/ Steel Authority Of India Limited]</ref>
It houses 5 blast furnaces presently among which the first one was begun on 2nd October 1972.<ref>https://www.ftd.travel/bokaro-steel-plant-attraction-bokaro-steel-city</ref>

==Production==
Currently it houses five blast furnaces with a total capacity to produce 5.8 MT of liquid steel.<ref>{{cite web |title=BOKARO STEEL PLANT - PRODUCT BASKET |url=https://sail.co.in/bokaro-steel-plant/products}}</ref> The plant is undergoing a mass modernisation drive after which its output capacity is expected to cross 10 MT.

The new features added in modernization of SMS-II include two twin-strand slab casters along with a Steel Refining Unit during 1990s. The Steel Refining Unit was inaugurated on 19th September, 1997 and the Continuous Casting Machine on 25th April, 1998. The modernisation of the Hot Strip Mill saw addition of new features like high pressure de-scalers, work roll bending, hydraulic automatic gauge control, quick work roll change, laminar cooling etc. New walking beam reheating furnaces are replacing the less efficient pusher type furnaces. A new hydraulic coiler has been added and two of the existing ones revamped.<ref>https://www.indianetzone.com/45/bokaro_steel_plant.htm</ref> Initially, about 64 moujas (a mouja may have several village units) had been acquired for the plant. Of the total land acquired, only 7,765 ha was used to set up the steel plant. The rest has been given by SAIL to the private parties without government’s approval.

The plant's yearly profit stood at {{INRConvert|11.2|b}} for the [[financial year]] 2003–04 and has increased every year since then reaching to 84.26 billion INR in the financial year 2007–08.

==Products==
Bokaro Steel Plant is designed to produce a wide range of products:
# Hot rolled coils
# Hot rolled plates
# Hot rolled sheets
# Cold rolled coils (CRM)
# Cold rolled sheets
# Tin mill black plates
# Galvanised plain and corrugated sheets
# Oxygen gas
# Hydrogen gas
# Coke oven byproducts

==Financials==
In fiscal 2020-21, BSL also registered a massive increase of around 68% in exports by exporting 332818 Tonnes of steel to several countries including China. This also includes export of 12436 tonnes of steel in the European market with CE mark certification, a first for BSL<ref>https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/bokaro-steel-plant-drives-sail---s-performance-in-2020-21.html</ref>

Bokaro Steel Plant has set records in every field during the last financial year 2022 - 23 and has achieved the highest ever production of all products.<ref>https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/bokaro-steel-plant-creates-record-of-production-in-history-of-50-years--amarendu-prakash.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|author=Sutinder Bhatia|title=Bokaro steel plant: some economic aspects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjUgAAAAIAAJ|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-540-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Padma Desai|title=The Bokaro steel plant: a study of Soviet economic assistance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ryc0AAAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=North-Holland Pub. Co.|isbn=978-0-444-10388-8}}
{{commons category|Bokaro Steel Plant}}
{{Steel industry of India}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1964 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Steel plants of India]]
[[Category:Steel Authority of India]]
[[Category:Bokaro district]]
[[Category:Companies based in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1964]]
[[Category:Economy of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Soviet foreign aid]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1964]]

Hiranandani Group

2023-06-03T09:33:18Z

115.96.102.214:

{{short description|Indian real estate company}}
{{distinguish|House of Hiranandani Group}}'''Hiranandani Group''' was established in 1978 by [[Niranjan Hiranandani]] and [[Surendra Hiranandani]] and is based in Mumbai, India. The group is one of the largest real estate developers in India with projects across Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2002-11-23|title=Hiranandani Group: Developing A New Profile|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/hiranandani-group-developing-a-new-profile/64824/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Niranjan Hiranandani|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/niranjan-hiranandani/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pratap|first=Rashmi|date=18 July 2019|title=Niranjan Hiranandani announces son Darshan as successor to his real estate empire|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/top-story/niranjan-hiranandani-announces-son-darshan-as-successor-to-his-real-estate-empire/story/365654.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Business Today}}</ref> The group has diversified into health, education, energy and hospitality. In July 2020 the group launched the world's second largest data center, Yotta NM1 in its Integrated Yotta Data Center Park, under the subsidiary Yotta Infrastructure, in [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lall|first=Pavan|date=2020-07-07|title=Hiranandani Group opens giant data centre in Mumbai to tap digital economy|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hiranandani-group-opens-giant-data-centre-in-mumbai-to-tap-digital-economy-120070701183_1.html|access-date=2020-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahaskar|first=Abhijit|date=2020-07-07|title=Yotta inaugurates large data centre with 7,000 racks at Panvel|url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/yotta-inaugurates-large-data-centre-with-7-000-racks-at-panvel-11594114596681.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ANI|title=World's 2nd largest data centre inaugurated in Mumbai: Ravi Shankar Prasad|url=http://businessworld.in/article/World-s-2nd-Largest-Data-Centre-Inaugurated-In-Mumbai-Ravi-Shankar-Prasad/07-07-2020-295075|access-date=2020-07-09|website=BW Businessworld|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chawla|first=Vishal|date=2020-07-07|title=Yotta Infrastructure Inaugurates India’s Largest Data Center Facility|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/yotta-infrastructure-inaugurates-indias-largest-data-center-facility/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Analytics India Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Projects ==
* [[Hiranandani Gardens, Mumbai]]
* [[Hiranandani Estate]]
* [[Hiranandani Foundation Schools]]
** [[Hiranandani Foundation School, Powai]]
** [[Hiranandani Foundation School, Thane]]
* [[Hiranandani Upscale School]]
* [[Dr. L. H. Hiranandani College of Pharmacy]]
* [[Hiranandani Loftline, Hyderabad]]
* [[H-Energy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Real estate companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Real estate companies established in 1978]]