Deganga

2026-02-04T13:49:24Z

116.50.60.180:

{{Short description|Community development block in North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India}}
{{About|the community development block in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake village|Deganga, North 24 Parganas|2 its namesake assembly constituency|Deganga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Deganga
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Khana-Mihir Mound - Berachampa 2012-02-24 2346.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The mound of Khana-Mihir or Baraha-Mihir on Prithiba Road, Berachampa
| image_map = File:Deganga in North 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|41|36|N|88|40|41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 202.09
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total = 319,213
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 222,866 (79.65%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743423 (Beliaghata Bridge)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03216
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-23, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-24, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-25, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-26
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]], [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Deganga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deganga]], [[Haroa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haroa]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Deganga''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
The saga of the [[Vidyadhari River]], which flows through the Deganga area, has been part of local folklore since time immemorial. The river had formed a major navigation route for earlier civilisations. In the 3rd century BC, the nearby river port of [[Chandraketugarh]] was on the banks of this river. There still are tell-tale signs of that bygone era, and efforts are on near [[Berachampa]] to find more evidence of a lost civilization, possibly [[Maurya Empire|Meryan]]. The source of the river is located near [[Haringhata]] in Nadia. Later it winds down through the area before meeting the [[Raimangal River|Raimangal]] at the confluence of [[Sundarbans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=35751&usrsess=1 |title=Health of Vidyadhari a cause for concern |access-date=2007-09-07 |last=Chatterjee |first=Rajib |publisher=The Statesman, 31 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102706/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=35751&usrsess=1 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=162538&usrsess=1 |title=Potential tourist hubs remain in obscurity |access-date=2007-09-07 |publisher=The Statesman, 22 April 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103308/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=162538&usrsess=1 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Berachampa, with the CD Block offices, is located at {{coord|22|41|36|N|88|40|41|E}}.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://wikimapia.org/30366189/Deganga-Block-Development-Office | title= Deganga Block Development Office (Berachampa) | work= North 24 Parganas| publisher= Wikimapia | access-date = 14 March 2016}}</ref>

Deganga CD Block is bounded by [[Habra I]] CD Block in the north, [[Baduria (community development block)|Baduria]] and [[Basirhat I (community development block)|Basirhat I]] CD Blocks in the east, [[Haroa (community development block)|Haroa]] CD Block in the south and [[Barasat I]] and [[Barasat II]] CD Blocks in the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery# | title = North 24 Parganas District | work = Map Gallery – CD Blocks | publisher = North 24 Parganas district administration | access-date = 10 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309211214/http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery | archive-date = 9 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Deganga CD Block is part of the North Bidyadhari Plain, one of the three physiographic regions in the district located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. The area is full of marshes and salt water lakes. The [[Bidyadhari River|Bidyadhari]] has a long course through the central part of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> The [[Bidyadhari River|Bidyadhari]] forms the eastern boundary of Deganga CD Block with [[Barasat I]] and [[Barasat II]] CD Blocks.<ref name=censusmap>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Deganga CD Block map, Page 445 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

Deganga CD Block has an area of 202.09 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 13 [[gram panchayat]]s, 181 gram sansads (village councils), 108 [[mouza]]s and 108 inhabited villages, as per the District Statistical Handbook: North 24 Parganas. [[Deganga, North 24 Parganas#Police station|Deganga]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010–2011, Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Deulia]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

Deganga is an intermediate [[Panchayati Raj|panchayat]] (local self-government) under North 24 Parganas district. Village panchayats under it are – Amulia, Berachampa I & II, Chakla, Champatala, Chaurashi, Deganga I & II, Hadipur-Jikhra I & II, Kolsur, Nurnagar and Sohai-Shetpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = North Twentfour Parganas – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 April 2018}}</ref>

==Social turmoil==
===2010 anti-Hindu riots===
{{Main|2010 Deganga riots}}
The 2010 Deganga riots began on 6 September when a [[Muslim]] mob resorted to [[arson]] and [[violence]] on the [[Hindu]] localities of Deganga, Kartikpur and Beliaghata under the Deganga police station area. The violence began late in the evening and continued throughout the night into the next morning. The [[West Bengal Police|district police]], [[Rapid Action Force]] all failed to stop the [[mob violence]], [[Central Reserve Police Force]] was finally deployed.<ref name="toi1">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Communal-clash-near-Bangla-border-Army-deployed/articleshow/6516123.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093628/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-08/india/28230267_1_communal-clash-indo-bangla-deganga |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Communal clash near Bangla border, Central Reserve Police Force deployed |date=8 September 2010 |access-date=11 September 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref name="toi2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Army-out-after-Deganga-rioting/articleshow/6516493.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103132107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-08/kolkata/28268373_1_deganga-army-personnel-senior-army-official |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Central Reserve Police Force out after Deganga rioting |date=8 September 2010 |access-date=11 September 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref name="express1">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Curfew-in-Bengal-district--Army-called-in/678774 |title=Curfew in Bengal district, Army called in |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=8 September 2010 |access-date=11 September 2010 |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref name="hindu1">{{cite news |first=Raktima |last=Bose |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/08/stories/2010090859680100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910005112/http://hindu.com/2010/09/08/stories/2010090859680100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2010 |title=Youth killed in group clash |date=8 September 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 September 2010 }}</ref> The Central Reserve Police Force staged a flag march on the Taki Road, while [[Islamist]] violence continued unabated in the interior villages off the Taki Road, till Wednesday in spite of army presence and promulgation of prohibitory orders under section 144 of the [[Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India)|CrPC]]. The violence finally calmed down on 9 September after Several of Hindu business establishments and residences were looted, destroyed and burnt, dozens of Hindus were severely injured several Hindu temples were desecrated and vandalized.

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Deganga CD Block had a total population of 319,213, of which 309,550 were rural and 9,663 were urban. There were 163,154 (51%) males and 156,059 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 39,415. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 39,027 (12.23%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 2,560 (0.80%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 March 2015}}</ref>

Deganga (village) had a population of 3,377 as per 2011 census.<ref name=census2011/>

In the 2001 census, Deganaga [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] had a population of 276,049 out of which 141,545 were males and 134,504 were females.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |title=Census of India 2001, Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table – 4 |access-date=2010-10-25 |work=North Twenty Four Parganas District (11) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

There is only one [[census town]] in Deganga CD Block (2011 census figure in brackets): [[Deulia]] (9,633).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages in Deganga CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Fazilpur (4,084), Sohai (4,858), Biswanathpur (4,585), Kaliani (5,525), Chyandana (7,188), Khejurdanga (4,370), Belgachhia (4,026), Subrnapur (6,380), Parpatna (6,558), Uttar Kalsur (9,051), Dakshin Kalsur (6,731), Basudebpur (4,580), Matikumra (4,651), Amulia (4,443), Alipur (7,801), Kaukepara (8,707), Nandipara Kuchemora (4,936), Jadabpur (6,390), Chandpur (8,780), Keadanga (4,682), Hadipur Churijhara (9,971), Jhikra (4,315) and Abjan Nagar (5,544).<ref name=census2011/>

North 24 Parganas district is densely populated, mainly because of the influx of [[East Bengali refugees|refugees from East Pakistan]] (later Bangladesh). With a density of population of 2,182 per km2 in 1971, it was 3rd in terms of density per km2 in West Bengal after Kolkata and Howrah, and 20th in India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Intro P 6| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to the District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas, "High density is also explained partly by the rapid growth of urbanization in the district. In 1991, the percentage of urban population in the district has been 51.23."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=200
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971–1981,1981–1991,1991–2001,2001–2011
|y1 = 0,0,18.10,15.93
|y2 = 31.4,31.7,22.7,12.0
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.84,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Deganga CD Block
|y2Title=North 24 Parganas district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}

The decadal growth of population in Deganga CD Block in 2001–2011 was 15.93%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1–35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001–2011, Page 52 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Deganga CD Block in 1991–2001 was 18.10%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = North 24 Parganas 2010–2011; Table 2.4A: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 1991; Table 2.4B: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 2001 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The decadal growth rate of population in North 24 Parganas district was as follows: 47.9% in 1951–61, 34.5% in 1961–71, 31.4% in 1971–81, 31.7% in 1981–91, 22.7% in 1991–2001 and 12.0% in 2001–11.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 45 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001–11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 April 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 17.84% in 1991–2001, 24.73% in 1981–1991 and 23.17% in 1971–1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border. It is freely used by [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]], terrorists, smugglers, criminals. et al.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension | title = Laskar helped fan Basirhat tension| first = Abhinandan|last= Mishra | date = 8 July 2017| publisher = Sunday Guardian, 8 July 2017 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/infiltrating-porous-bangladesh-india-border-150323140511893.html | title = Infiltrating porous Bangladesh-India border| publisher = Al Jazeera | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-date = 14 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180814071604/https://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Deganga CD Block was 222,866 (79.65% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 118,553 (82.84% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 104,313 (76.32% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 6.52%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of North 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Deganga CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|70.92}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|28.79}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.29}}
}}

In the 2011 census Muslims numbered 226,397 and formed 70.92% of the population in Deganaga CD Block. Hindus numbered 91,893 and formed 28.79% of the population. Others numbered 923 and formed 0.29% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In 1981 Muslims numbered 109,691 and formed 63.53% of the population and Hindus numbered 62,898 and formed 36.40% of the population. In 1991 Muslims numbered 159,109 and formed 67.65% of the population and Hindus numbered 74,819 and formed 31.96% of the population in Deganga CD Block. (In 1981 and 1991 census was conducted as per jurisdiction of the police station). In 2001, Muslims numbered 191,408 (69.51%) and Hindus 83,505 (30.33%).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | title = Block Level Statistics of North 24 Parganas District | work = Handbook 2004 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160720152245/http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | archive-date = 20 July 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{{See also|North 24 Parganas: minority concentrated district}}

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.86% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural Poverty==
14.29% of households in Deganga CD Block lived [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2001, against an average of 29.28% in North 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Deganga CD Block'''
|value1 = 20.81
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 35.72
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 5.47
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 38.00
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Deganga CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 23,253 and formed 20.81% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 39,917 and formed 35.72%, household industry workers numbered 6,107 and formed 5.47% and other workers numbered 42,458 and formed 38.00%. Total workers numbered 111,735 and formed 35.00% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 207,478 and formed 65.00% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 93, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011; Page 84, Table 30: Number and Percentage of Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-workers by sex in sub-districts, 2011| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2011}}</ref>

In more than 30 percent of the villages in North 24 Parganas, agriculture or household industry is no longer the major source of livelihood for the main workers there. The CD Blocks in the district can be classified as belonging to three categories: border areas, Sundarbans area and other rural areas. The percentage of other workers in the other rural areas category is considerably higher than those in the border areas and Sundarbans area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 27–28| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 107 inhabited villages in Deganga CD Block, as per the District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas. 100% villages have power supply. 106 villages (99.07%) have drinking water supply. 18 villages (16.82%) have post offices. 107 villages (100%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 38 villages (35.51%) have a pucca approach road and 35 villages (32.71%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 13 villages (12.15%) have agricultural credit societies and 12 villages (11.21 ) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nort 24 Parganas district, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 103–104, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The North 24 Parganas district [[Human Development Report]] opines that in spite of agricultural productivity in North 24 Parganas district being rather impressive 81.84% of rural population suffered from shortage of food. With a high urbanisation of 54.3% in 2001, the land use pattern in the district is changing quite fast and the area under cultivation is declining. However, agriculture is still the major source of livelihood in the rural areas of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 66, 195| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

From 1977 on wards major [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7–9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32–33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2010–11, persons engaged in agriculture in Deganga CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 2,113 (3.39%), patta (document) holders 5,399 (8.67%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3,965 (6.37%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 25,590 (41.10%) and agricultural labourers 25,202 (40.47%).<ref name=handbook2010-2011>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010–2011, Tables 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 (arranged in order of use) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Deganga CD Block had no fertiliser depots, no seed stores and no [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2010–11.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010–11, Deganga CD Block produced 21,270 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 8,622 hectares, 30,470 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 8,827 hectares, 1,172 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 450 hectares, 3,146 tonnes of wheat from 1,184 hectares, 118,845 tonnes of jute from 5,068 hectares and 63,363 tonnes of potatoes from 1,398 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010–11, the total area irrigated in Degnaga CD Block was 249 hectares, out of which 212 hectares were irrigated by deep tube well and 37 hectares by shallow tube well.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Pisciculture===
In 2010–11, the net area under effective pisciculture in Deganga CD Block was 1,636.18 hectares. 30,088 persons were engaged in the profession. Approximate annual production was 49,085.4 quintals.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Banking===
In 2010–11, Deganga CD Block had offices of 10 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

==Transport==
[[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|SH 2]] passes through this CD Block.<ref name=censusmap/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 29 April 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2010–11, Deganga CD Block had 167 primary schools with 17,737 students, 3 middle schools with 470 students, 9 high schools with 8,429 students and 15 higher secondary schools with 22,806 students. Deganga CD Block had 1 general college with 3,241 students, 1 professional/ technical institution with 567 students and 439 institutions for special and non-formal education with 25,696 students.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

As per the 2011 census, in Deganga CD Block, amongst the 107 inhabited villages, 1 village did not have a school, 63 villages had more than 1 primary school, 53 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 30 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, North Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 717, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 28 April 2018}}</ref>

[[Chandraketugarh Sahidullah Smriti Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Berachampa]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cssmberachampa.org/# | title = Chandraketugarh | publisher = CSSM|access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/ChandraketugarhSahidullahSmritiMahavidyalaya/ChandraketugarhSahidullahSmritiMahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Chandraketugarh Sahidullah Smriti Mahavidyalaya | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 8 May 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2011, Deganga CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], with total 15 beds and 5 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 37 family welfare subcentres. 222 patients were treated indoors and 28,019 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

Biswanathpur Rural Hospital at [[Deganga, North 24 Parganas|Deganga]] with 30 beds functions as the main medical facility in Deganga CD Block. There are |primary health centres at Ajinagar (Hadipur-Jhikra PHC with 6 beds), Chakla (Raypur Chakla PHC with 10 beds), Deganga (Kolsur PHC with 10 beds) and Kartickpur (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 May 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Deganga is one of the areas where groundwater is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study ) | access-date = 2007-08-24 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002938/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | archive-date = 27 September 2007 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In Kolsur in Deganga area, Pal Trockner's arsenic removal technology was used at an expenditure of over Rs 30 million. Experts feel that the entire expenditure has gone waste.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-26/delhi/27147157_1_arsenic-contamination-ganga-meghna-brahmaputra-gmb-plains| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120418230740/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-26/delhi/27147157_1_arsenic-contamination-ganga-meghna-brahmaputra-gmb-plains| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2012-04-18| title = Use surface water. Stop digging |access-date = 2007-08-24 | last = Surojit | first = Mahalanobis | work = [[The Times of India]]| date=2004-09-26}}</ref> Aqua Welfare Society, a non government organization (NGO), has been providing arsenic safe water to the local through rain water harvesting. They are providing the water through modified dugwells, the water which is treated with chlorine regularly. AWS has organised several interactive workshops including one on water at Kolsur High School, on 26 November 2006. The participants were informed that by 2009 the state government had planned to provide water through pipelines that would either be treated river water or water from the third aquifer (deep tubewell) that is arsenic free. However, it was also mentioned that the remote villages where it would be difficult to provide the pipelines the villagers would need to use alternate sources for their drinking water.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://projectwellusa.org/whatsnew/Alochona26Nov06.pdf
|title = Report on the workshop 'Jawl Somporkay Alochana' held on 26th November, 2006 at Kolsur High School
|access-date = 2007-09-07
|publisher = Aqua Welfare Society
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225615/http://projectwellusa.org/whatsnew/Alochona26Nov06.pdf
|archive-date = 27 September 2007
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in North 24 Parganas district]]

IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

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