Ali Musliyar

2021-09-01T14:48:44Z

117.202.80.131:

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{{Disputed|date=June 2020}}
{{POV|date=June 2020}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{Infobox person
|name = Āli Musliyār
|image = File:Ali_Musliyar.jpg
|alt = Āli Musliyār
|caption = Āli Musliyār in 1922, at Coimbatore Central Jail
|birth_name = Erikkunnan Pālattu Mūlayil Āli
|birth_date = 1861
|birth_place = Nellikuth desom, [[Eranad taluk|Eranād taluk]], [[Malabar district]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date = 17 February 1922 
|death_place = [[Coimbatore]] Central Jail, [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /><small>(now in [[Tamil Nadu]], India)</small>
|death_cause = Execution by [[hanging]]
|nationality = [[British Raj|British India]]n
| organization =
|criminal_charge=
|criminal_penalty= [[Capital punishment|Death]]
|criminal_status = Executed
| movement = [[Khilafat Movement]]<ref name="CWood164"/>
}}
'''Āli Musliyār''' (born '''Erikkunnan Pālattu Mūlayil Āli'''; 1861–1922) was one of the leaders of the [[Malabar Rebellion]].<ref>{{cite book|title=EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorld Volume 6|url=https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/06.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonLewPel.etc.UndPatIUA.v6.Mah-Mid.Leid.EJBrill.1990.1991.#page/n481/mode/1up|page=460|year=1988|quote=Contemporary evaluation within India tends to the view that the Malabar Rebellion was a war of liberation, and in 1971 the Kerala Government granted the remaining active participants in the revolt the accolade of Ayagi,Freedom Fighter}}</ref>
Musliyār was a [[Masjid al-Haram]] educated Islamic scholar who served as the Imam of Tirurangadi Masjid from 1907 until his eventual execution at [[Coimbatore]] Prison for leading the Malabar Rebellion. He was an active orator of the [[Khilafat Movement]].<ref name="MR45">{{cite web|title=The Mapilla Rebellion : 1921-1922|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023929700#page/n54/mode/1up |page=45|accessdate=2019-11-14}}</ref><ref name="CWood164">{{cite book |last1=Conrad Wood |title=The Moplah Rebellion And Its Genesis |publisher=People's Publishing House |page=164 |url=https://archive.org/details/moplahrebellioni00conr/page/164/mode/1up? |accessdate=27 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="IC0507">{{cite book |title=DICTIONARY OF MARTYRS INDIA’S FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1857-1947) Volume 5 |date=2018 |publisher=MINISTRY OF CULTURE, GOVERNMENT OF IDNIA AND INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH |page=7 |url=https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_5_06_03_2019.pdf#page=22 |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822215007/http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_5_06_03_2019.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2021}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Āli Musliyar was born in Nellikkunattu desom, [[Eranad taluk]], [[Malabar district]] to Kunhimoitīn Molla and Kōtakkal Āmina. Kōtakkal Āmina was a member of the famous Maqdoom family of [[Ponnani]], known for their religious scholarship.<ref>''Histories of the Non-Co-operation and Khilafat Movements'', PC Bamford, Deep Publications, 1925</ref> Musliyar's grandfather, Mūsa, was one of several "Malappuram Martyrs". Ali Musliyar began his education studying the [[Quran|Qur'an]], [[Tajwid|tajwīd]] and the [[Malayalam|Malayālam]] language with Kakkadammal Kunnukammu Molla. He was sent to [[Ponnani]] Darse for further studies in religion and philosophy, under the tutelage of [[Zainuddin Makhdoom I|Sheikh Zainuddin Maqdum I (Akhir)]], which he successfully completed after 10 years.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

He then went to Haram, [[Makah|Makkah]] (Mecca) for further education. Throughout this period, he was guided by several famous scholars, including Sayyid Ahmed Sahni Dahlan, Shiekh Muhammed Hisbullahi Makki, and Sayyid Husain Habshi. After spending seven years in Mecca, he went on to serve as the Chief Qasi in [[Kavaratti]], [[Laccadive Islands]].

== Musliyar in Malabar ==
In 1894, after learning of the slaying of his brother and several other family members, Musliyar returned to Malabar. He discovered that many of his relations and fellow students were lost during an 1896 riot. In 1907 he was appointed as the Chief Musliyar of the mosque at Tirurangadi, Eranad taluk.

He became a Khilafat leader,<ref name="OPS8">{{cite book |last1=Salahudheen, O P |title=Anti_European struggle by the mappilas of Malabar 1498_1921 AD |page=8 |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/52423/8/08_introduction.pdf#page=9 |accessdate=10 November 2019}}</ref> on the introduction of the Khilafat movement, was installed as Khilafat King on 22 August 1921 at the Jamat Mosque and issued edicts proclaiming his assumption, of office and directing that in future market fees, ferry and toll revenue belong to the Khilafat Government.

He posed as a great leader of the people.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Khilafat and non-co-operation meetings were held regularly under Ali Musaliar, and "these constant preachings, combined with the resolution passed in the All-India Khilafat Conference at Karachi last July, led the Moplahs to believe that the end of [[British Raj|British rule in India]] was near. Ali Musaliar and his lieutenants were making secret preparations for active and direct hostility against the colonial government.<ref name="IM3">{{cite book |last1=Muhammed Rafeeq, T |title=Development of Islamic movement in Kerala in modern times |location=Abstract |page=3 |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/52387/2/02_abstract.pdf#page=3 |accessdate=14 November 2019}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2020}}{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2020}} Khilafat volunteers were recruited and made to swear on the Holy Koran that they would be ready to die for the cause of the Khilafat. Ali Musaliar also made his volunteer corps parade throughout the locality, armed and in their uniforms, and such demonstrations added to the strength of this mischievous movement." (Public Prosecutor's speech, West Coast Spectator, 6 October 1920).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Moplah Rebellion, 1921|last=Gopalan Nair|first=Diwan Bahadur|publisher=Norman Printing Bureau|year=1926|location=https://archive.org/stream/MoplahRebellion1921/Moplah%20rebellion,%201921_djvu.txt|pages=Many}}</ref>

The beginnings of the future Khilafat army were in the 'making, and, at an anti-non-co-operation Meeting held at Ponnani on 24 July to counteract the effects of the Khilafat agitation, Ali Musaliar, "turned up with his volunteer force of about 50 to 100 volunteers armed with big Khilafat knives and clad in Khilafat uniform, marching under a red flag, with shouts of Allah-Ho-Akbar. The volunteers rushed the Police in the bazaar." (Judgement in Case No. 7/21).<ref name=":0" />

The agrarian discontent, but it would appear that there was some trouble – what it was, it is not possible to say – between the Pookotur Moplahs and the Manager Tirumulpad of the Pookotur Estate. This lack of cordiality was aggravated by the police search instituted at the instance of the Manager, and V. Mohammad exploited the Khilafat movement and the fractious temper of his co-religionists to wreak vengeance. and in this jungly, remote and fanatical hamlet of Pookotur, the civil administration practically ceased to function from 2 August 1921.<ref name=":0" />

The revolt of 1921–22 began following the police attempt to arrest three leaders, of which Ali Musaliar was one, on 20 August 1921. Rumours were spread by Moplahs that the colonial government troops had destroyed the Mampuram Mosque, and the Moplah gangs were brought out in huge numbers, estimated to be between 15,000 and 30,000. This led to large scale massacre of [[British Indian Army|colonial troops]],{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} rich Hindu landlords and severe damage to the colonial government infrastructure including buildings, rail bridges, roads etc. throughout South Malabar.<ref name="ReferenceA">Spencer C. Tucker ''Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern Warfare: A New Era of Modern Warfare'' ABC-CLIO, 2013</ref>

Hindu blacksmiths of the locality were intimidated into making swords and knives, a good many of these out of carpenters' saws.<ref name=":0" />

Although the colonial troops were quick to take the upper hand in many towns, a number of rebels initiated guerilla operations, forcing the colonial government to deploy additional military units and introduce "aggressive" patrolling. The revolt came to an end in February 1922. Ali Musliyar was among a dozen leaders who were tried and sentenced to death. He was subsequently hanged at the Coimbatore Prison on 17 February 1922.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Ali Musliyar}}
; NY Times reports on the rebellion
* [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/08/28/98722560.pdf Military Occupy Riot area in India – Published: 28 August 1921, The New York Times]
* [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/09/04/109821285.pdf Moplahs a menace for several years Published: 4 September 1921, The New York Times]
* [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/22/103572143.pdf 64 out of 100 Moplah prisoners suffocated in a closed car on Train in India – 22 Nov 1921, The New York Times]
* [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/09/14/98733207.pdf More Moplah disorders – Published: 14 September 1921, The New York Times]
* [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/09/02/107025228.pdf Ambush British in India – 2 September 1921, The New York Times]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musliyar, Ali}}
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Mappilas]]
[[Category:Indian rebels]]
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]

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Ali Musliyar