Karavali

2022-06-29T03:10:36Z

117.230.93.73:

{{redirect|Kanara|other uses|Canara (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karavali<ref name="CAN"/>
| other_name =
| image_skyline = Canara.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt = Karavali, Karnataka, India
| image_caption = Karavali (spotlighted in orange) occupies Karnataka's entire seaboard
| nickname =
| image_map = File:India Malabar Coast locator map.svg
| map_alt = Malabar coast shown in orange
| map_caption = Karavali forms the northern section of the [[Malabar coast]] (highlighted in orange) in south-western India<ref name="MC"/>
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]]{{ref|A}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = Largest city
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = '''Uttara Kannada:''' [[Karwar]]
'''Udupi:''' [[Udupi]]
'''Dakshina Kannada:''' [[Mangalore]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsil|Taluks]]
| parts = '''Uttara Kannada:''' [[Karwar]], [[Ankola]], [[Kumta]], [[Honnavar]], [[Bhatkal]], [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], [[Siddapura, Uttara Kannada|Siddapur]], [[Yellapur]], [[Mundgod]], [[Haliyal]], [[Joida]], [[Dandeli]], [[Banavasi]]

'''Udupi:''' [[Udupi]], [[Karkala taluk|Karkala]], [[Kundapur Taluk|Kundapur]], [[Baindur]], [[Brahmavar]], [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kaup]], [[Hebri]]

'''Dakshina Kannada:''' [[Mangalore taluk|Mangalore]], [[Moodabidri]], [[Bantwal taluk|Bantwal]], [[Belthangady taluk|Belthangady]], [[Sullia]], [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]], [[Kadaba]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 18,730
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Canarite
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
* [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] KA–31
*[[Karwar]] KA–30
* [[Honnavar]] KA–47
* [[Dandeli]] KA–65
* [[Udupi]] KA–20
* [[Mangalore]] KA–19
* [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] KA–21
* [[Surathkal]] KA–62
* [[Bantwal]] KA–70
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| coordinates =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Havigannada dialect|Havigannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Mangalore Kannada]], [[Kundagannada dialect|Kundagannada]], [[Arebhashe dialect|Arebhashe]], [[Koraga language|Koraga]], [[Beary language|Beary Bashe]],Dakhini
[[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1,040 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 87.03% (Highest in Karnataka)
| official_name = }}
'''Kàrāvàlī''', also known as '''Kanara''' or '''Canara''' in [[IndE|Indo-British English]], is the a historically significant stretch of land situated by the [[Malabar Coast|southwestern coast of India]], alongside the [[Arabian Sea]] in the present-day [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="CAN">
{{cite book
| editor-last = Arnold
| editor-first = Alison
| date = 2017
| title = The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent
| chapter = Coastal Karnataka
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh03DwAAQBAJ&q=Canara+region+Karnataka&pg=PT1523
| series = Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 9781351544382
| quote = Coastal Karnataka, formerly called the Canara Coast, is the part of Indias southwestern coastline north of Kerala and south of Goa. {{sic}}
}}
</ref> The region comprises three civil districts, namely: [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]], and [[Dakshina Kannada]].<ref name="KAR">
{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A1xHDwAAQBAJ
| title = Know Our Karnataka: A book for Competitive Exams
| chapter = Geography of Karnataka
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A1xHDwAAQBAJ&q=Canara+region+Karavali
| pages = 27–36
| last = K.
| first = Prakashnarayana
| year = 2018
| quote = Popularly known as Canara region or Karavali...
}}
</ref>

== Etymology ==
According to historian Severino da Silva, the ancient name for this region is ''Parashurama Srushti'' (creation of [[Parashurama]]).<ref name="hc74">{{harvnb|Silva|1958|p=74|Ref=hc}}</ref> According to him and [[Stephen Fuchs]], the name ''Canara'' is the invention of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], and [[English people|English]] people who visited the area for trade from the early sixteenth century onwards. The [[Bednore]] Dynasty, under whose rule this tract was at that time, was known to them as the Kannada Dynasty, i.e., the dynasty speaking the [[Kannada language]]. "Karāvalli", the Kannada word for 'coast', is the term used by [[Kannadiga|Kannada-speakers]] to refer to this region.<ref name="21§2" /> The letter 'd' being always pronounced like 'r' by the [[Europeans]], the district was named by them as 'Canara' (a corruption of the word "Kannada"). This name was retained by the [[East India Company|British]] after their occupation of the district in 1799, and has remained ever since. However, they also say that this issue is controversial.<ref name="21§2">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|pp=1§2|Ref=2}}</ref>

== History ==

Since antiquity, much of the Canara coast (now spelled as 'Kanara') occupied a culturally distinct area known as [[Tulu Nadu]].<ref>
{{cite news
| title = This city has six names in six languages, and the official one Mangaluru, is the least popular
| date = 6 November 2014
| work = [[The News Minute]]
| url = https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnatakas/326
| access-date = 15 September 2019
}}
</ref> Historically, Tulu Nadu lay between the [[Gangavalli River]] in the north and the [[Payaswini|Chandragiri River]] in the south.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Bhatt
| first = P. Gururaja
| date = 1969
| title = Antiquities of South Kanara
| publisher = Prabhakara Press
| page = 2
}}
</ref> Currently, Tulu Nadu consists of the Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka, and the [[Kasaragod taluk]]a of [[Kerala]].<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/tulu-nadu.php
| title = Tulu Nadu Region
| website = keralatourism.org
|publisher= [[Government of Kerala]]
| access-date = 15 September 2018
}}
</ref> The Uttara Kannada district in general is considered to be the southernmost part of the [[Konkan]] coast.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Charlesworth
| first = Neil
| date = 2001
| title = Peasants and Imperial Rule: Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency 1850–1935
| volume = 32
| series = Cambridge South Asian Studies
| edition = revised
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press|CUP]]
| page = [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=jIbRhV00p6AC&q=Karwar+Kanara+Konkani#v=onepage&q=Karwar%20North%20Kanara%20Konkani&f=true 60]
| isbn = 9780521526401
}}
</ref> Specifically, the littoral region north of the Gangavalli River is traditionally included in the Konkan.<ref>''Memorandum on Maharashtra-Mysore border dispute to the Commission on Maharashtra-Mysore-Kerala boundary disputes''. 1967. [[Government of Maharashtra]]. p. 59.</ref>

The Portuguese occupied Kanara from 1498–1763. During this period, the geographical extent of Canara stretched from the southern banks of the [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali River]] in Karwar in the north to the northern banks of the Chandragiri River in [[Kasaragod]] in the south.<ref name="gkp"/>

In 1799, after the conclusion of the [[Fourth Mysore War]], the [[British empire|British]] took over the region and established the Canara district of the [[Madras Presidency]]. The district was bifurcated into the North and South Canara districts in 1859.<ref name=":0" /> The North Canara (also sometimes cited as 'North Kanara') district was transferred to the [[Bombay Presidency]] whereas the [[South Canara]] (also sometimes referred as 'South Kanara') district remained under the jurisdiction of the [[Madras Presidency]]. South Canara encompassed the undivided territory of the contemporary [[Udupi district|Udupi]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] districts.<ref name=":0">
{{cite web
| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10057/8/08_chapter%203.pdf
| publisher = Shodhganga
| title = Chapter 3 – Profile of the Study Area: Coastal Karnataka
| access-date = 15 September 2019
}}
</ref>

After India's independence in 1947, the [[Bombay Presidency]] was reconstituted as the [[Bombay State]]. Following the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], the southern portion of [[Bombay State]] was added to [[Mysore State]], which was renamed [[Karnataka]] in 1972. Kasaragod was included in Kerala.<ref name=":1" /> Subsequently, North and South Canara were renamed Uttara Kannada and Dakshina Kannada respectively. In 1997, Udupi district was carved out of the bigger Dakshina Kannada district.<ref name=":1">
{{cite book
| last = Bhat
| first = N. Shyam
| title = South Kanara, 1799–1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response
| publisher = Mittal Publications
| year = 1998
| isbn = 9788170995869
}}
</ref>

== Geography ==
The Kanara region forms the coast of [[Karnataka]] situated on the south-western portion of [[South India|Peninsular India]].<ref name="ICA">{{cite encyclopedia
| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Deccan#ref487185
| title = India: Coastal areas
| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]
| date = 16 October 2019
| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]
| quote = From Goa south to Cape Comorin (the southernmost tip of India) is the Malabar coastal plain...
| access-date = 19 October 2019
}}
</ref> Coastal Karnataka forms the northern segment of the [[Malabar coast]].<ref name="MC">
{{cite encyclopedia
| editor-last = Goldberg
| editor-first = Maren
| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]
| title = Malabar Coast
| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Malabar-Coast
| access-date = 19 September 2019
| quote = Malabar Coast...the southern part of India’s western coast, approximately from the state of Goa southward...
| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]
}}
</ref> Kanara constitutes an area of about 10,000 square kilometres (4,000 square miles).<ref name="KAN">
{{cite encyclopedia
| editor-last = Pletcher
| editor-first = Kenneth
| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]
| title = Kanara
| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Kanara
| access-date = 19 September 2019
| quote = Kanara, region along the Malabar Coast of the Arabian Sea, western Karnataka state, India.
| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]
}}
</ref> It is bounded by [[Konkan]] to the north, the [[Western Ghats]] to the east, the [[Kerala]] [[Plain]]s to the south, and the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west.<ref name="KC">
{{cite encyclopedia
| editor-last = Pletcher
| editor-first = Kenneth
| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]
| title = Karnataka Coast
| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Karnataka-Coast#accordion-article-history
| access-date = 19 September 2019
| quote = Karnataka Coast, coastal lowlands in western Karnataka state, southwestern India... it is bounded by Konkan to the north... The region forms a transitional zone between Maharashtra (north) and Kerala (south) states.
| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]
}}
</ref> It stretches from north to south for about 225 kilometres (140 miles) and has a maximum width of about 64 kilometres (40 miles) in the south.<ref name="KSI">
{{cite encyclopedia
| last = Ghori
| first = G.K.
| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Karnataka-state-India
| title = Karnataka
| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]
| date = 18 September 2019
| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]
| quote = The coastal plain represents a northward continuation of the Malabar Coast...
| access-date = 19 October 2019
}}
</ref>

== Civil administration ==

Contemporary Kanara extends from the village of [[Majali, Karnataka|Majali]] in the north to the village of [[Talapady, D.K.|Talapady]] in the south.<ref name="gkp">
{{cite book
| last = Shastry
| first = Bhagamandala Seetharama
| title = Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498–1763
| issue = 8
| series = [[Xavier Centre of Historical Research|XCHR]] studies series
| volume = 8
| editor-last = Borges
| editor-first = Charles J.
| publisher = Concept Publishing Company
| year = 2000
| isbn = 9788170228486
}}
</ref> The three districts in the region: [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]], and [[Dakshina Kannada]] have their capitals in [[Karwar]], [[Udupi]], and [[Mangalore]] respectively.<ref name="CK">
{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9U4e01FnRywC&q=Karwar+Uttara+Kannada+Udupi+Udupi+district+Mangalore+Dakshina+Kannada
| title = Coastal Karnataka Calling!!! Tourism and the Coastal Investors Meet – December 2003
| year = 2003
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9U4e01FnRywC&q=Profile+of+Coastal+Karnataka | chapter = Profile of Coastal Karnataka
| pages = 2–4
| quote = Coastal Karnataka consists of three districts - ''Uttara Kannada, Udupi and Dakshina Kannada''. [''sic'']
}}
</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Konkan]]
** [[Karwar]], [[Uttara Kannada]]
* [[South Canara]] (erstwhile district)
* [[Sunquerim, Karnataka]]
* [[Tulu Nadu]]
** [[Udupi]], [[Udupi district]]
** [[Mangalore]], [[Dakshina Kannada]]
** [[Kasaragod]], [[Kasaragod district]]

== Notes ==
{{note|KKN|A}} Konkan is now held to include all the land which lies between the Western Ghats and the Indian Ocean, from the latitude of Daman on the north to that of Terekhol, on the Goa frontier, on the south.<ref name="KON">
{{cite book
| last = Nairne
| first = Alexander Kyd
| title = History of the Konkan
| page = [https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nzPCcILP-XwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Konkan&ots=gBfxJLWqCG&sig=an4VtLysWU985DkfsFop28lSxm8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Konkan%20Daman%20Terekhol&f=false ix]
| publisher = Asian Educational Services
| date = 1988
| isbn = 9788120602755
}}
</ref> Although most sources generally assign Kanara (Karavali) to the Malabar Coast,<ref name="KAN"/> some other sources consider it to be a subterritory of the Konkan Coast.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Turley
| first1 = Jeffrey Scott
| last2 = Souza
| first2 = George Bryan
| title = The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shāh ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain
| series = European Expansion and Indigenous Response
| pages = [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wuEzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&dq=Karavali+Konkan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1rpewzqjlAhV86nMBHZTBA70Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Karavali%20Konkan&f=false 163, 222]
| date = 2017
| publisher = BRILL
| isbn = 9789004346321
| quote = The coastline of the Karnataka region was called Konkan (present-day Karavali) and runs from Thane... to Mangalore. Kanara (Canara or Canera...) is a subregion of Karnataka that forms the southern part of the Konkan coast...
}}
</ref> Consequently, this segment is thought to overlap the Konkan and Malabar Coast continuum;<ref name="KC"/> and usually corresponds to the southernmost and northernmost stretches of these locales respectively.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Banerjee
| first = Lalit Kumar
| page = [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_0oQAQAAMAAJ&q=dakshina+kannada+konkan&dq=dakshina+kannada+konkan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX65qQ7KjlAhVw6XMBHQu9CdAQ6AEIXTAJ 6]
| title = Diversity of coastal plant communities in India
| date = 2002
| publisher = ENVIS & EMCBTAP-Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests
| quote = The South of the river Narmada to Mangalore is known as Konkan coast...
}}
</ref><ref name="KSI"/>

== Citations ==
{{reflist|3}}

== References ==
* {{cite book
|last1 = Silva
|first1 = Severine
|last2 = Fuchs
|first2 = Stephen
|publisher = Asian Folklore Studies, [[Nanzan University]], [[Japan]]
|title = The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara
|year = 1965
|series = 2
|ref = 2
|volume = 24
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Silva
|first=Severine
|publisher=Star of Kanara Press
|title=History of Christianity in Canara
|year=1961
|location=[[Kumta|Coompta]], North Canara
|ref=hc
|volume=I}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
|editor-last= Michell
|editor-first= George
|date= 2012
|title= Kanara, a Land Apart: The Artistic Heritage of Coastal Karnataka
|edition= Illustrated
|publisher= Marg Foundation
|isbn= 9788192110639
}}

==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Kanara}}
* [http://www.yakshagana.com/ Yakshagana]

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada|People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:People from Udupi|People from Udupi]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district|People from Dakshina Kannada]]
[[Category:Regions of Karnataka]]

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