Malkauns

2021-07-21T13:05:09Z

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{{For|the psychedelic rock band |Malkauns (band)}}
{{Infobox raga
| name = Malkauns
| image_name = Malkosa Raga.jpg
| image_alt =
| thaat = [[Bhairavi (thaat)|Bhairavi]]
| type = Audava
| time = Late night, 12–3
| season =
| arohana = ''.ni.'' Sa ''ga'' Ma ''dha'' ''ni'' *Sa*
| avarohana = {{ubl|Sa ''ni'' ''dha'' Ma ''ga'' Ma ''ga'' Sa|Sa ''ni dha'' Ma ''ga'' Sa}}
| vadi =
| samavadi =
| pakad =
| chalan =
| synonym = {{ubl|Malkosh|Malkaush}}
| equivalent = [[Hindolam]]
| related = [[Chandrakauns]]
| Prakrati=Gambhir}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music infobox}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}
'''Malkauns''' is a [[raga]] in [[Indian classical music]]. It is one of the oldest ragas of Indian classical music.<ref name="Danielou" /> The equivalent raga in [[Carnatic music]] is called [[Hindolam]], not to be confused with the Hindustani [[Hindol]].

According to Indian classical vocalist [[Pandit Jasraj]], Malkauns is a raga that is "sung during small hours of the morning, just after midnight." He further adds that the raga has a soothing and intoxicating effect.<ref name="TOI_DifferentKinds">{{cite news
| title = Indian classical music: Different kinds of ragas
| newspaper = The Times of India
| date = 29 September 2016
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indian-classical-music-different-kinds-of-ragas/articleshow/54540966.cms?from=mdr
| access-date = 10 May 2021
}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name ''Malkaush'' is derived from the combination of ''Mal'' and ''Kaushik'', which means he who wears serpents like garlands – the god Shiva. However, the ''Malav-Kaushik'' mentioned in classical texts does not appear to be the same as the ''Malkauns'' performed today.<ref>{{Cite book
| author = Bagchee, Sandeep
| title = Nād: Understanding Rāga Music
| year = 1998
| publisher = BPI (India) PVT Ltd
| isbn = 81-86982-07-8
| pages = 300
}}</ref> The raga is believed to have been created by goddess [[Parvati]] to calm lord [[Shiva]], when he was outraged and refused to calm down after [[Tandav]] in rage of [[Sati (Goddess)|Sati]]'s sacrifice.<ref name="TOI_DifferentKinds" />

In ''[[Jainism]]'', it is also stated that the Raga Malkauns is used by the [[Tirthankara|''Tirthankaras'']] with the [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit|''Ardhamāgadhi'']] Language when they are giving ''[[Deshna]]'' (Lectures) in the ''[[Samavasarana]]''.

Malkaush belongs to Shaivait musical school; in fact most pentatonic ragas belong to Shaivait musical school.<ref name="Danielou" />
{{Quote box
| quote = His mace running with blood, garlanded with skulls of heroes, Malkaush surrounded by braves and bravest of the brave!
| source =Shiv ttva ratnakara, 6, 8, 67<ref name="Danielou">{{cite book
| title = The Rāgas of northern Indian music
| last = Daniélou
| first = Alain
| publisher = Barrie and Rockliff, London
| year = 1968
| isbn = 0-214-15689-3
| pages = 324–324
}}</ref>
| width =24%
| align =right
}}

== Arohana and Avarohana ==
Malkauns belongs to the [[Bhairavi (thaat)|Bhairavi]] [[thaat]]. Its [[swara|notes]] are Sa, komal Ga, shuddh Ma, komal Dha, and komal Ni. In Western classical notation, its notes can be denoted as: tonic, minor third, perfect fourth, minor sixth and minor seventh. In raga Malkauns, Rishabh (Re – second) and Pancham (Pa – perfect fifth) are completely omitted. Its jaati is audav-audav (five-five, that is, pentatonic).<ref name="The Musical quarterly 1985 p. 160">{{cite book
| title = The Musical quarterly
| series = The Musical quarterly
| issue = vb. 71
| year = 1985
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ9RAQAAIAAJ
| access-date = 26 May 2021
| page = 160
| quote = They are set to one of the most widely performed ragas in North India, the pentatonic midnight raga Malkauns. The most important notes of Malkauns are Sa (the tonic) and Ma (the fourth). Both the gats and the tihais "cadence" on one of ...
}}</ref>

[[Arohana]] : ''.ni.'' Sa ''ga'' Ma ''dha'' ''ni'' *Sa*

[[Avarohana]] : *Sa* ''ni'' ''dha'' Ma ''ga'' Ma ''ga'' Sa OR *Sa* ''ni dha'' Ma ''ga'' Sa

The 'Ga' used is actually Ga-Sadharan (the rough minor third), 316-cent above Sa<ref>Gosvami(1957) p. 236 f.</ref>

== Vadi and Samavadi ==
The [[Vadi (Hindustani classical music)|vadi]] swara is Madhyam (Ma) while the [[Samavadi]] swara is Shadaj (Sa).

== Pakad or Chalan ==
[[Pakad]] : ga ma dha ma ga ma ga sa

== Other characteristics ==
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Malkos Raga.jpg|thumb|180px|A [[Ragamala paintings|Ragamala]] series painting based on Malkauns Raga, c. 1735]]
Malkauns is a serious, meditative raga, and is developed mostly in the lower octave (mandra saptak) and in a slow tempo (vilambit laya). Ornaments such as meend, gamak and andolan are used rather than 'lighter' ornaments such as [[murki]] and khatka. Komal Ni is generally considered the starting note (graha swara), and the notes komal Ga and komal Dha are performed with vibrato (andolit). All five swaras can function as pausing notes.

The komal Ni in Malkauns is different from the komal Ni in Bhimpalasi.

The best time for this raga is late night. The effect of the raga is soothing and intoxicating.

== Related ragas ==
Some related ragas are [[Chandrakauns]], Bageshri-Ang Chandrakauns, [[Nandkauns]], [[Sampoorna Malkauns]], [[Pancham Malkauns]], [[Kausi Kanada]], [[Madhukauns]], [[Jogkauns]], [[Nirmalkauns]] and [[Tulsikauns]].

== Film songs ==
'Man Tarpat Hari Darshan Ko Aaj' (film [[Baiju Bawra (1952 film)|Baiju Bawra]], performed by [[Mohammad Rafi]]), 'Aadha Hai Chandrama Raat Aadhi' (film Navrang, performed by [[Mahendra Kapoor]] and [[Asha Bhosle]]), 'Chham Chham Ghunghroo Bole' (film Kaajal, performed by [[Asha Bhosle]]), 'Ankhiyan Sang Ankhiyaan Laagi Aaj' (film Bada Aadmi), 'Balma Maane Na' (film Opera House) and 'Rang raliyaan karat sautan sang' (film Birbal My Brother), 'Gori tera gaon bada pyara' (film Chitchor, performed by [[K.J. Yesudas]]), 'Ek Ladki Thi' (film Love You Hamesha, performed by [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]) are a few Hindi film compositions based on Malkauns.
'Rajasekhara' in the film 'Anarkali' in Tamil and Telugu is a composition based on this in South India. "Ohm Namashivaya" and "Margazhi Poove" songs in Tamil by Illayaraja and AR Rahman from Salangai Oli and May Madham respectively,""Neenu Neene" song from the movie Gadibidi Ganda, "Ra Ra" song in the movie Apthamitra in Kannada are also the best examples.

==Tamil Film Songs==
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#CD853F" |Song
!style="background:#CD853F" |Movie
!style="background:#CD853F" |Year
!style="background:#CD853F" |Composer
!style="background:#CD853F" |Singer
|-
|Azhaikathey
|[[Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam]]
|1957
|rowspan="2"|[[P. Adinarayana Rao]]
|[[P. Suseela]]
|-
|Kangalum Kavi Paadudhe
|[[Adutha Veettu Penn]]
|1960
|[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
|Ennai Vittu Odipoga Mudiyumaa
|rowspan="2" |[[Kumudham]]
|rowspan="2" |1961
|rowspan="4"|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[P. Suseela]]
|-
|Maamaa Maamaa Maamaa
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[ K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
|Iravukku Aayiram
|[[Kulamagal Radhai]]
|1963
|[[P. Suseela]]
|-
|Pachchai Maa Malaipol Meni
|[[Thirumal Perumai]]
|1968
|rowspan=2|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Or Aayiram Parvaiyile
|[[Vallavanukku Vallavan]]
|1965
|[[Vedha]](Credits only)
|-
|Nilavukku Enmel Ennadi Kobam
|[[Policekaran Magal]]
|1962
|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|[[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
|Malaro Nilavo
|Raga Bandhangal
|
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
|[[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
|Ramanukku Mannan Mudi
|Pathu Matha Pantham
|
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[P. Bhanumathi]]
|-
|Maname Muruganin
|[[Motor Sundaram Pillai]]
|1966
|rowspan=3|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi]]
|-
|Iyarkai Ennum
|[[Shanti Nilayam]]
|1969
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen
|[[Avalukendru Oru Manam]]
|1971
|rowspan=2|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Om Namashivaya
|[[Salangai Oli]]
|1983
|rowspan="15"|[[Ilayaraja]]
|-
|Sri Devi En Vazhvil
|[[Ilamai Kolam]]
|1980
|[[K.J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Darisanam Kidaikatha
|[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]
|1981
|rowspan=3|[[Ilayaraja]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Naan Thedum Sevanthi
|[[Dharma Pathini (1986 film)|Dharma Pathini]]
|1986
|-
|Yentha Jenmam
|Ezhumalayan Magimai
|
|-
|Ragavane Ramana
|[[Ilamai Kaalangal]]
|1983
|[[P Susheela]], [[K.S. Chitra]] (Debut in Tamil)
|-
|Unnal Mudiyum Thambi
|[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]
|1988
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Kanna Unai Thedugiren
|[[Unakkaagave Vaazhgiren]]
|1986
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Thendral Thaan
|[[Keladi Kanmani]]
|1990
|[[K.J. Yesudas]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Hey Raja
|[[Jallikattu (1987 film)]]
|1987
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|Ooradungum Saamathile
|Pudhupatti Ponnuthaayi
|
|[[Uma Ramanan]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|En Veettu Jannal
|[[Raman Abdullah]]
|1997
|Arunmozhi, [[Bhavatharini]]
|-
|Oh Janani
|[[Pudhiya Raagam]]
|rowspan=3|1991
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|Nilave Nee Vara Vendum
|[[Ennarukil Nee Irunthal]]
|[[Illayaraja]]
|-
| Vazhatha Pennin Manam
| [[Thanga Thamaraigal]]
| [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Panja Swarangal
|Puthiya Sangamam
|
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[P Susheela]]
|-
|Marghazhi Poove
|[[May Maadham]]
|1994
|rowspan="5"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Shobha Shankar
|-
|Yakkai Thiri
|[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]
|2004
|A.R.Rahman, [[Pop Shalini]], [[Tanvi Shah]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
|-
|Irumbile
|[[Enthiran]]
|2010
|[[A. R. Rahman]], Kash n' Krissy
|-
|Magudi Magudi
|[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]
|2013
|[[Aaryan Dinesh Kanagaratnam|Aryan Dinesh]], [[Chinmayee]], [[Tanvi Shah]]
|-
|Innisai Alapadaiye
|[[Varalaru]]
|2006
|[[Naresh Iyer]], [[Mahathi]]
|-
|Kumudam Pol
|[[Moovendhar]]
|1998
|rowspan=2|[[Sirpy]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|Katradikkum Neram
|[[Vivasaayi Magan]]
|1997
|rowspan=3|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Thevaram Paadatha
|Partha Parvayil
|
|M. M. A. Iniyavan
|-
|Sirumalli Poove
|[[Jallikattu Kaalai]]
|1994
|rowspan="3"|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|Un Marbile Vizhi Moodi
|[[Ninaithen Vandhai]]
|1998
|[[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Paadavandha Poonguyile
|Oyilattam
|
|rowspan=2|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Va Va Endhan
|[[Cheran Pandiyan]]
|1991
|rowspan=2|[[Soundaryan]]
|-
|Aathi Vadayile
|[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]
|1994
|[[K. J. Yesudas]],Asha Latha
|-
|Sangeetha Vanil
|[[Chinna Poove Mella Pesu]]
|1987
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Ithazhodu Ithal Serum
|[[Mannukkul Vairam]]
|1986
|rowspan="2"|[[Devendran]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Thendraliley Mithanthu
|Puthiya Thendral
|
|rowspan=2|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Siragulla Nilave Vaa
|[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]
|2003
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|Chinna Chinna Megam
|[[Devaraagam]]
|1996
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|Santhanam Theychachi
|[[Manikkam]]
|1996
|[[Karthik Raja]]
|[[Bhavatharini]]
|-
|Chandira Mandalathai
|[[Nilaave Vaa]]
|1998
|rowspan=3|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[S. P. Charan]]
|-
|Kavidhai Iravu
|[[Sullan]]
|rowspan=2|2004
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
| Aazhakkadalu
| [[Thendral (film)|Thendral]]
| [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
|Sollathan Ninaikiren
|[[Priyamaina Neeku|Kadhal Sugamanathu]]
|2001
|Shiva Sankar
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]](sad version), [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Uyirile
|[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu (2006 film)|Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]
|2006
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|Vatta Vatta
|[[Thennavan]]
|2003
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Unni Menon]], [[Padmalatha]]
|-
|Kalavani
|[[Kodiveeran]]
|2017
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|V. V. Prasanna,Soundarya
|-
|Othaiyadi Pathayila
|[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]
|2018
|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
|Kadai Kannaaley
|[[Bhoomi (2021 film)|Bhoomi]]
|2021
|[[D. Imman]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], Varun Parandhaman
|}

== Compositions of Hindustani Classical Music ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No
!Bandish Type
!Bandish Initial Bol
!Composer Author
!Taal
|-
|1
|Dhrupad
|Aadi Brahma Aadi Naad
आदि ब्रह्म आदि नाद<ref>{{Cite book|last=Māthura|first=Nītā.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769743702|title=Śāstrīya saṅgīta ke sūrya : Ācārya (Paṃ.) Gokulotsava Jī Mahārāja : saṅgīta sevā, śāstra cintana evaṃ bandiśoṃ kā saṅkalana|date=2011|publisher=Rādhā Pablikeśansa|isbn=81-7487-765-7|edition=1. saṃskaraṇa|location=Naī Dillī|oclc=769743702}}</ref>
|[[Gokulotsavji Maharaj|Acharya Pt Gokulotsavji Maharaj]]
|ChouTaal
|}

== Important recordings ==
* [[Ustad Amir Khan|Amir Khan]], Ragas Hansadhwani and Malkauns, [[HMV]] [[LP record|LP (long-playing record)]], EMI-EASD1357
* [[Mekaal Hasan Band]]'s Maalkauns from the album Andholan is also based on this.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://chandrakantha.com/raga_raag/film_song_raga/malkauns.shtml Film Songs in Rag Malkauns]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180716084729/http://oceanofragas.com/ocean_htmlpages/Malkouns.html More details about raga Malkouns]

== Literature ==
* {{Citation
| last = Gosvami
| first = O.
| title = The Story Of Indian Music
| publisher = Asia Publishing House
| place = Bombay
| year = 1957
}}

{{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}

[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]

IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

Malkauns