IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

Bengal roofs

2025-10-17T23:07:18Z

129.81.255.94:

{{short description|Architectural style}}
[[File:Jhali of Hawa Mahal Jaipur details.jpg|thumb|[[Jali]] panels of [[Hawa Mahal]], [[Jaipur]]; topped with Bengal roofs]]
[[File:Ananta Basudeba Temple1.JPG|thumb|[[Bansberia]] – ''Ananta Basudeba-Temple'' (1679)]]
'''Bengal roofs''' are sloping dome-shaped roofs with drawn-down corners associated with late [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Rajput]] architecture of [[Northern India]]. It is believed that stone roofs of this type did not emerge until the 16th century and can be traced back to rural models with straw or reed roofs in the rainy regions of [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/wbtemps.htm|title=Kamat's Potpourri: Temples of West Bengal|website=www.kamat.com|access-date=2019-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911043616/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/wbtemps.htm|archive-date=2016-09-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Description==
Characteristic features of the Bengal roofs are the broad partial dome-like shape of the roof with runners down the corners. There are several common types of Bengal roofs: the ''do-chala'' type has only two hanging roof tips on each side of a roof divided in the middle by a ridge; in the rare ''[[char-chala]]'' type, the two roof halves are fused into one unit and have a dome-like shape; the double-storey ''[[at-chala]]'' type has eight roof corners, four on each level.<ref name="banglapedia">{{cite web
|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Architecture
|title=Architecture
|publisher=Banglapedia
|accessdate=6 September 2009
}}
</ref><ref name=aishee>{{citation |url=http://www.aishee.org/essays/classification.php |title=Classification of Terracotta Temples |author=Amit Guha |accessdate=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131235044/http://www.aishee.org/essays/classification.php |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
Such roof forms appeared for the first time in the 16th century on royal architecture of Rajputs and Mughals.<ref>Michell, 156</ref> Early examples are in the Bengali ruined city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], including the [[Mausoleum of Fateh Khan]], the son of a general of the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].

==Distribution==
Two of the first Mughal buildings with echoes of Bengal roof shapes are the two outbuildings of the private palace (''[[Khas Mahal (Red Fort)|Khas Mahal]]'') built by [[Shah Jahan]] around 1635 for two of his daughters in the [[Red Fort of Agra]]. A few decades later, his son Aurangzeb constructed the roof of the [[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|Pearl Mosque]] (''Moti Masjid'') in the [[Red Fort|Red Fort of Delhi]] in a similar manner.

However, it is especially notable in the architecture of the Rajput princes and merchants of [[Rajasthan]], especially the countless jaroka-the roofs of the 1799 [[Hawa Mahal|Palace of the Winds]] (''Hawa Mahal'') in [[Jaipur]], and the roofs of the houses of rich merchants (''havelis'') in [[Jaisalmer]], Mandawa and elsewhere. Some of the later memorial pavillons (''chattris''), built in the 18th and 19th centuries on the incineration sites of the Hindu princes of Jaisalmer and their family members, are also covered with such roofs. Similarly, since the 19th century, the builders of many Sikh temples have used this element as the coronation of their [[gurdwara]], especially [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] at the [[Golden Temple of Amritsar]].

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Khas Mahal (Agra Fort)-1.jpg|''Khas-Mahal'' in [[Rotes Fort of Agra|Red Fort of Agra]] (in 1635)
File:Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi Moti Masjid within the Palace.png|''Moti Masjid'' in [[Red Fort of Delhi]] (1659)
File:Deeg Palace.jpg|Palace in [[Deeg (India)|Deeg]], Rajasthan (in 1750)
File:Hamandir Sahib (Golden Temple).jpg|[[Amritsar]] – ''[[Harmandir Sahib]]'' (in 1830)
File:Salim Singh ki Haveli 04.jpg|[[Jaisalmer]] – ''Salim Singh ki Haveli'' (in 1880)
File:Bishnu temple at Garui in Paschim Bardhaman district 07.jpg|Stone Temple (14th Century), Garui, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal
File:Rasmancha - Bishnupur.jpg|Rasmancha (1600),[[Bishnupur, Bankura]], West Bengal
File:Antpur ChandiMandap.jpg|[[Antpur]] Chandimandap
</gallery>
{{Culture of Bengal}}

== See also ==
* [[Architecture of Bengal]]
* [[Bengal temple architecture]]
* [[Architecture of Bangladesh]]
* [[Indo-Islamic Architecture]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Harle, J. C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent''. (Pelican History of Art.) 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Michell, George, (1977) ''The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms'', 1977, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-53230-1}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.kamit.jp/04_jaisalmer/xban_eng.htm ''In Dorf Gulisa, West Bengal – photo'']
* [https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fath_Khan%E2%80%99s_Tomb ''Fath-Khan-Mausoleum in Gaur – photo + Infos''] (English)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202132857/http://aishee.org/monographs/medinipur/malancha/malancha.html ''Dakshineshwar Kali Temple – photo + Infos''] (English)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191534/http://www.aishee.org/essays/essay_at_chala.html ''Bengali Temples in at-chala-Types – photo + Infos''] (English)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170426105852/http://templenet.com/encbeng1.html ''Temples in West-Bengal – photo + List''] (English)

[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Bengali architecture]]

Aminidivi

2025-09-13T12:27:50Z

129.81.255.94:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aminidivi അമിനിദ്വീപ്
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Amindivi Islands
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Island group|Island subgroup]]
{{Location map
|India3
|lon_dir=E
|lat_dir=N
|lat_deg=11|lat_min=33
|lon_deg=72|lon_min=09
|width=250
|float=right
|mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg
|marksize=20
}}
| map_alt = India3
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Lakshadweep]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lakshadweep]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.26
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = LD
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:MV Amindivi 001.JPG|thumb|265px|M.V. ''Amindivi'', a passenger ship of the Lakshadweep Islands administration named after the island subgroup]]
The '''Aminidivi Islands''' ({{IPA|ml|ɐminid̪βʷiːbɨ̆|lang}}) are one of the three [[island]] subgroups in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]], [[India]]. It is the northern group of the Lakshadweep, separated from the [[Laccadive Islands]] subgroup roughly by the [[11th parallel north]].<ref>GEBCO Gazetteer of undersea feature names</ref> The total land area of the group is 9.26 km2.

Formerly the Union Territory was known as '''Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands''',<ref>[http://global.britannica.com/place/Lakshadweep Lakshadweep | union territory, India | Britannica]</ref> a name that was changed to '''Lakshadweep''' by an act of Parliament in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sschelp.in/chsl/questions/AB2015/q192.html |title=The name of the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi islands |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223080801/http://sschelp.in/chsl/questions/AB2015/q192.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The Aminidivi group forms a [[taluka]] or subdivision.<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/lakshadweep/tehsil.html Lakshadweep Tehsil Map - Maps of India]</ref> The islands of [[Amini Island|Amini]], [[Kiltan]], [[Chetlat]], [[Kadmat]] and [[Bitra]] are inhabited. The population numbered 18,876 at the 2001 [[census]] and [[Islam]] is the main religion of the islanders.<ref>[http://www.webindia123.com/territories/lakshadweep/land/islands.htm Web123India]</ref>

Aminidivi has the highest recorded rainfall in India in a 24-hour period, at 1,168 mm on 2004-05-06.

==Geography==
Aminidivi consists of [[atoll]]s with islands, three [[reef]]s or atolls with only unvegetated [[sand cay]]s above the [[Ordinary high water mark|high water mark]], and four submerged [[bank (topography)|banks]].<ref>Prakash Chauhan & Shailesh Nayak, ''Detection of submerged reef banks in the Lakshadweep Sea using IRS-P4 OCM satellite data''</ref> In addition, there is the island that gives its name to the group, [[Amini Island|Amini]], which is located at {{coord|11|06|N|72|45|E|}} at the northwestern end of [[Pitti Bank]], a largely sunken atoll.
{| class="wikitable"
![[Atoll]]/[[Reef]]/[[Bank (topography)|Bank]] (''alternate name'')!!type!!Land Area (km2)!![[Lagoon]] Area<ref>{{cite web |title=Report on Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan UT of Lakshadweep, Kerala |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Kerala/Lakshadweep_fina.pdf#page=14 |publisher=Central Ground Water Board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519060208/http://cgwb.gov.in/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Kerala/Lakshadweep_fina.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2023 |page=14 |url-status=live}}</ref> km2!!No. of islets!!Pop. [[Census]] 2001!![[Geographic coordinate system|Location]]
|-
| colspan=9 align=center bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| '''Amindivi Islands'''
|- style="background: #CCF;"
|[[Cora Divh]]||bank|| align=right|-|| align=right|339.45||align=right|-||align=right|-||{{coord|13|42|N|72|11|E|name=Cora Divh}}
|- style="background: #CCF;"
|[[Sesostris Bank]]||bank|| align=right|-|| align=right|388.53||align=right|-||align=right|-||{{coord|13|08|N|72|00|E|name=Sesostris Bank}}
|- style="background: #CCF;"
|[[Bassas de Pedro]] (''Munyal Par'', ''Padua Bank'')||bank|| align=right|-|| align=right|2474.33||align=right|-||align=right|-||{{coord|13|07|N|72|25|E|name=Bassas de Pedro}}
|- style="background: #FFC;"
| [[Cherbaniani Reef]] (''Beleapani Reef'')||reef||align=right|0.01|| align=right|172.59||align=right|2|| align=right|-||{{coord|12|18|N|71|53|E|name=Cherbaniani Reef}}
|- style="background: #FFC;"
| [[Byramgore Reef]] (''Chereapani'')||reef||align=right|0.01|| align=right|57.46||align=right|1|| align=right|-||{{coord|11|54|N|71|49|E|name=Byramgore Reef}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Chetlat Island]]||atoll|| align=right|1.14|| align=right|1.60||align=right|1|| align=right|2289||{{coord|11|42|N|72|42|E|name=Chetlat Island}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Bitra|Bitrā Island]]||atoll|| align=right|0.10|| align=right|45.61||align=right|2|| align=right|264||{{coord|11|33|N|72|09|E|name=Bitrā Island}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Kiltan|Kiltān Island]]||atoll|| align=right|2.20|| align=right|1.76||align=right|1|| align=right|3664||{{coord|11|29|N|73|00|E|name=Kiltān Island}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Kadmat Island]] (''Cardamom'')||atoll|| align=right|3.20|| align=right|37.50||align=right|1|| align=right|5319||{{coord|11|14|N|72|47|E|name=Kadmat Island}}
|- style="background: #CCF;"
|[[Elikalpeni Bank]]||bank|| align=right|-|| align=right|95.91||align=right|-||align=right|-||{{coord|11|12|N|73|58|E|name=Elikalpeni Bank}}
|- style="background: #FFC;"
| [[Perumal Par]]||reef||align=right|0.01|| align=right|83.02||align=right|1|| align=right|-||{{coord|11|10|N|72|04|E|name=Perumal Par}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Amini, India|Amini Island]] 1)||atoll|| align=right|2.59|| align=right|155.09 1)||align=right|1|| align=right|7340||{{coord|11|06|N|72|45|E|name=Amini Island}}
|-
|}

==Climate==

{{Weather box
| location = Aminidivi (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 36.7
| Feb record high C = 35.7
| Mar record high C = 37.2
| Apr record high C = 37.7
| May record high C = 37.5
| Jun record high C = 36.2
| Jul record high C = 33.3
| Aug record high C = 34.4
| Sep record high C = 33.9
| Oct record high C = 36.4
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 35.1
| year record high C = 37.7
| Jan record low C = 18.9
| Feb record low C = 19.4
| Mar record low C = 20.0
| Apr record low C = 20.0
| May record low C = 16.6
| Jun record low C = 21.1
| Jul record low C = 21.0
| Aug record low C = 20.9
| Sep record low C = 21.3
| Oct record low C = 19.7
| Nov record low C = 18.3
| Dec record low C = 18.9
| year record low C = 18.3
|Jan high C = 32.2
|Feb high C = 32.8
|Mar high C = 33.3
|Apr high C = 34.0
|May high C = 33.6
|Jun high C = 30.7
|Jul high C = 29.8
|Aug high C = 29.8
|Sep high C = 30.4
|Oct high C = 30.9
|Nov high C = 31.8
|Dec high C = 32.0
| year high C = 31.8
|Jan low C = 23.9
|Feb low C = 24.5
|Mar low C = 25.5
|Apr low C = 26.7
|May low C = 26.9
|Jun low C = 25.7
|Jul low C = 25.3
|Aug low C = 25.3
|Sep low C = 25.2
|Oct low C = 25.0
|Nov low C = 24.7
|Dec low C = 24.0
| year low C = 25.2
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 16.3
| Feb rain mm = 2.2
| Mar rain mm = 1.8
| Apr rain mm = 15.5
| May rain mm = 132.6
| Jun rain mm = 360.6
| Jul rain mm = 348.8
| Aug rain mm = 237.3
| Sep rain mm = 176.8
| Oct rain mm = 170.1
| Nov rain mm = 92.0
| Dec rain mm = 55.9
| year rain mm = 1610.1
| Jan rain days = 0.6
| Feb rain days = 0.1
| Mar rain days = 0.2
| Apr rain days = 1.1
| May rain days = 5.7
| Jun rain days = 16.6
| Jul rain days = 17.1
| Aug rain days = 13.2
| Sep rain days = 10.8
| Oct rain days = 9.4
| Nov rain days = 5.2
| Dec rain days = 2.6
| year rain days = 82.7
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 68
| Feb humidity = 68
| Mar humidity = 68
| Apr humidity = 69
| May humidity = 73
| Jun humidity = 84
| Jul humidity = 86
| Aug humidity = 85
| Sep humidity = 81
| Oct humidity = 79
| Nov humidity = 76
| Dec humidity = 71
|year humidity = 76
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Aminidivi Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 7 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M113
| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

==History==
The islands were inhabited from ancient times by people of nearby [[Kerala]] to which were added later people of [[Arab]] descent. [[Vasco da Gama]] visited these islands around 1498. In the mid 16th century all the inhabited islands of the Lakshadweep were conferred as ''[[jagir]]'' on the ruling family of the [[Cannanore Kingdom]] (Arakkal Kingdom) by the [[Chirakkal Royal Family|Chirakkal]] or Kolattiri Raja in order to grant protection from the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]].<ref>[http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/william-wilson-hunter/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-8-tnu/page-46-the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-volume-8-tnu.shtml The imperial gazetteer of India (Volume 8)]</ref>

In the latter quarter of the 18th century the islands of the Amindivi group of the Lakshadweep revolted owing to the rigours of the enforcement of the monopoly of [[coir]] rope trade.<ref>William Logan, ''Malabar Manual'', p. CCLXXIX</ref> Following the uprising, the northern islands put themselves under the rule of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in 1784, then ruled by [[Tippu Sultan]]. The southern group of the [[Cannanore Islands]], however, remained loyal to the Arakkal Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|last=Logan|first=William|title=Malabar Manual|orig-year=1887|year=2004|publisher=Asian Education Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-206-0446-6|pages=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&q=Palghat&pg=PA2}}</ref>

In 1792, as a consequence of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and the defeat of Tippu Sultan, the Amindivi Islands came under the [[East India Company]] rule following the treaty of [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Srirangapatna]]. The Amindivi subgroup was then attached to the [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod taluk]] of [[South Canara]] in the [[Madras Presidency]] of the [[British Raj]] in 1799,<ref name="ml1951">{{cite book
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf
}}</ref><ref>''[[Times of India]]'', dated 2005-07-25</ref><ref>[http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/L/LAC/laccadives.html 1902 Encyclopedia - Laccadives (also known as: Laccadive Islands; Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands; Lakshadweep)]</ref> hence they also became known as the South Kanara Islands.<ref>R. H. Ellis, ''A Short Account of the Laccadive Islands and Minicoy''. Government Press, Madras. 1924. p. 61</ref>

==Bibliography==
*R. H. Ellis, ''A Short Account of the Laccadive Islands and Minicoy''. Government Press, [[Madras]], 1924
*K.P. Ittaman, ''Amini Islanders: Social Structure and Change'', Abhinav Publications, [[Delhi]], 1976, ASIN B0060D0XK8

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/stream/LaccadiveIslandsAndMinicoy/Laccadive%20Islands%20and%20Minicoy_djvu.txt Full text of "Laccadive Islands And Minicoy"]
{{Lakshadweep}}
{{authority control}}
{{GeoGroup}}

[[Category:Landforms of Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of India]]