Limonia acidissima

2021-07-02T18:38:29Z

142.167.11.224:

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Wood-apple tree.JPG
| image_caption = In Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
| genus = Limonia (plant)
| parent_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| species = acidissima
| authority = L.
| display_parents = 3
| synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Schinus limonia'' <small>L.</small>
*''Ferronia elephantum'' <small>Corrêa</small>
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-50172365
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|accessdate=1 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Arguments for ''Limonia acidissima'' L. (Rutaceae) and against Its Rejection as a ''nomen ambiguum'' |journal=Taxon |authors=B. C. Stone, D. H. Nicolson |date=November 1978 |jstor=1219924 |volume=27 |issue=5/6 |pages=551–552|doi=10.2307/1219924 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Limonia acidissima''''' is the only species within the [[monotypic]] [[genus]] '''''Limonia'''''. Common names for the species in [[English language|English]] include '''wood-apple''' and '''elephant-apple'''.<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | 22253 | ''Limonia acidissima'' | accessdate = 2016-04-03 }}</ref>

==Description==
''Limonia acidissima'' is a large tree growing to {{convert|9|m|ft}} tall, with rough, spiny bark. The [[leaf|leaves]] are pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets, each leaflet 25–35 mm long and 10–20 mm broad, with a [[citrus]]-scent when crushed. The flowers are white and have five petals. The [[fruit]] is a [[berry (botany)|berry]] 5–9 cm diameter, and may be sweet or sour. It has a very hard rind which can be difficult to crack open, it appears greenish-brown in colour from outside and contains sticky brown pulp and small white seeds. The fruit looks similar in appearance to the [[Aegle marmelos|Bael]] fruit ''(Aegle marmelos)''. It contains considerable amount of protein, carbohydrate, iron, fat, calcium, Vit-B & C etc. 100 g of ripe fruit pulp contains up to 49 KCal.
{|
|- valign="top"
|[[File:Limonia acidissima of Salem.jpg|thumb|Woodapple fruit]]
|[[File:wood-apple dec2007.jpg|thumb|Opened woodapple fruit]]
|[[File:Woodapple juice 14.jpg|thumb|240px|A glass of woodapple juice]]
|}

==Taxonomy==
A number of other species formerly included in the genus are now treated in the related genera ''[[Atalantia]]'', ''[[Citropsis]]'', ''[[Citrus]]'', ''[[Glycosmis]]'', ''[[Luvunga]]'', ''[[Murraya]]'', ''[[Microcitrus]]'', ''[[Micromelum]]'', ''[[Naringi]]'', ''[[Pamburus]]'', ''[[Pleiospermium]]'', ''[[Severinia (plant)|Severinia]]'', ''[[Skimmia]]'', ''[[Swinglea]]'', and ''[[Triphasia]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=John H. Wiersema |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6846 |title=Species in GRIN for genus |publisher=Ars-grin.gov |date=2005-02-22 |accessdate=2011-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001102153408/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6846 |archive-date=2000-11-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Distribution==
''Limonia acidissima'' is native to India (including the [[Andaman Islands]]), Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.<ref name=POWO>{{cite web | title = ''Limonia acidissima'' L. | work = [[Plants of the World Online]] | publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] | url = http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:774113-1 |accessdate=2018-03-25}}</ref><ref name=FloraVitiensis>{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Albert C. | date = 1985 | title = Flora Vitiensis nova : a new Flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only) | volume = 3 | pages = 526–527 | publisher = Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden | location = Lawaii, Hawaii | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30325307#page/538 | via = [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]], digitized by [[Smithsonian Libraries]] | accessdate = 2018-03-25}}</ref> The species has also been introduced to [[Indochina]] and [[Malesia]].<ref name=FloraVitiensis/><ref name=POWO/>

==Uses==
{{refimprove section|date=June 2019}}
The fruit is used to make a fruit juice with [[astringent]] properties and jams. Ripe fruit can be used as pickle (mashed with green chili pepper, sugar and salt only).<ref>{{cite web|author=Jaya Surya Kumari Manthena and K. Mythili |url=https://www.academia.edu/11934371 |title=Development of wood apple pickle |publisher=Int. J. Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2014 |date=2004 |accessdate=2019-06-09}}</ref> Another species of this fruits are considered auspicious to be offered to [[Shiva]] and [[Ganesha]] in pujas. A majority of Hindu temples will have a sacred tree within its compound and is known as the [[Sthala Vriksha]].

In Myanmar, the wood is used to make the distinctive local face cream [[thanaka]].<ref name=kollner>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y42DMkS3ZXUC&pg=PA18&sig=l3ITfdkn7kHn2COMm08PqzO3PDk|last1=Köllner|first1=Helmut|last2=Bruns|first2=Axel |title=Myanmar (Burma)|year=1998|publisher=Hunter Publishing |ISBN=9783886184156|pages=18|accessdate=2021-05-08}}</ref>

== Nutrition ==
{{nutritionalvalue
| name=Woodapple, raw ([[Daily Value]])
| water=64.2 g
| kJ=518.816
| protein=7.1 g
| fat=3.7 g
| carbs=18.1 g
| fiber=5 g
| sugars=0 g
| mineral=1.9 g
| iron_mg=6
| phosphorous_mg=110
| manganese_mg=18
| magnecium_mg=41
| chromium_mg=21
| calcium_mg=130
| zinc_mg=10
| vitC_mg=3
| carotene_mg=61
| thiamin_mg=0.04
| riboflavin_mg=17
| niacin_mg=8
| source=1
| note=[http://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/fruit-wood-apple-495071272=Calories in Fruit Wood Apple]
values are for edible portion
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Limonia acidissima}}
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/wood-apple.html Purdue-hort_edu: The Wood Apple]
*[http://iu.ff.cuni.cz/pandanus/database/details.php?id=712&enc=utf&sort=ka&display=20&lat=&skt=&pkt=&hin=&ben=&tam=&mal=&eng=on&start=340 Pandanus Database - ''Limonia'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q935616}}

[[Category:Aurantioideae]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Citrus]]
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of the Andaman Islands]]
[[Category:Trees of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]
[[Category:Trees in Buddhism]]

IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

Limonia acidissima