Air-to-surface missile

2022-05-19T13:12:02Z

152.57.211.253:

{{Short description|Missile designed to be launched from aircraft}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2014}}
[[File:AGM-65 Maverick2.jpg|thumb|300px|A pilot inspects an [[AGM-65 Maverick]] missile on his [[A-10 Thunderbolt II]].]]
[[File:Missile MBDA Brimstone.jpg|thumb|right|The [[RAF]]'s [[Brimstone missile]] is a [[fire and forget]] [[anti-tank missile]].]]
[[File:Taurus ILA2006.JPG|thumb|right|A [[KEPD 350|Taurus KEPD 350]] cruise missile of the German [[German Air Force|Luftwaffe]].]]

An '''air-to-surface missile''' ('''ASM''') or '''air-to-ground missile''' ('''AGM''') is a [[missile]] designed to be launched from [[military aircraft]] at targets on land or sea. There are also unpowered guided [[glide bomb]]s not considered missiles. The two most common propulsion systems for air-to-surface missiles are [[rocket motor]]s, usually with shorter range, and slower, longer-range [[jet engine]]s. Some [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-designed air-to-surface missiles are powered by [[ramjet]]s, giving them both long range and high speed.

[[Missile guidance|Guidance for air-to-surface missiles]] is typically via [[laser guidance]], [[infrared homing|infrared guidance]], [[optical guidance]] or via [[satellite guidance]] signals. The type of guidance depends on the type of target. Ships, for example, may be detected via [[passive radar]] or [[active radar homing]], less effective against multiple, small, fast-moving land targets.

There is some cross-over between air-to-surface missiles and [[surface-to-surface missile]]s. For example, there was an air-launched version of the [[Tomahawk (missile)|Tomahawk missile]], superseded by the [[AGM-86 ALCM]]. Other missiles used in both roles include the [[Penguin (missile)|Penguin]] and [[AGM-84 Harpoon]] [[anti-ship missile]]s. Many air-to-surface missiles can be used against both ships and land targets, although some must be modified to perform a different role; for example, the [[AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile]] is a land-attack version of the Harpoon.

A major advantage of air-to-surface missiles for ground attack by aircraft is the [[standoff distance]] they provide: missiles can be launched from a distance without coming within range of the target's air defences. Most air-to-surface missiles are [[fire-and-forget]] from a standoff distance, allowing the attacker to withdraw without approaching further after launch. Some missiles (typically [[cruise missile]]s or anti-ship missiles) have long enough range to be launched over the horizon, finding the target autonomously.

Sub-categories of air-to-surface missiles include:
*air-launched [[anti-tank guided missile]]s (typically launched from [[helicopter]]s)
*air-launched [[cruise missile]]s
*air-launched [[anti-ship missile]]s
*[[anti-radiation missile]]s

Typically, the higher and faster the launching aircraft is flying, the longer the reach of a particular missile is. For long-range missiles this difference can be relatively small, but short-range missiles (like the [[AGM-65 Maverick]]) have a much longer range when launched at altitude.

There have been examples of [[air-launched ballistic missile]]s ([[Air Launched ICBM]], [[GAM-87 Skybolt]]), but they are rare. Sometimes air-to-surface missiles are divided into the categories of ''tactical'' and ''strategic''. Typically missiles with chemical explosive or small nuclear warheads are classed as tactical, and large nuclear warheads as strategic.

==List of air-to-surface missiles==

===Argentina===
*[[Martin Pescador MP-1000|MP-1000 Martín Pescador]]
*[[AS-25K]]

===Brazil===
* [[MAR-1]] Anti-radiation missile
* [[FOG-MPM]] Fiber Optics Guided Multiple Purpose Missile.
* [[AVTM-300]] Cruise missile.

===China===

*[[C-101]]
*[[C-601]]
*[[C-602]]
*[[C-611]]
*[[C-701]]
*[[C-704]]
*[[C-705]]
*[[C-801]]
*[[C-802]]
*[[C-805]]
*[[Changfeng (missile)]] (Chang Feng 1)
*[[Changfeng (missile)]] (Chang Feng 2)
*[[DH-10]]
*[[FL series (missile)]]
*[[TL-10#FL-8|FL-8]]
*[[FL-9 (missile)|FL-9]]
*[[C-701#FL-10|FL-10]]
*[[FL-7]]
*[[HJ-8]]
*[[HJ-9]]
*[[HJ-10]]
*[[HJ-73]]
*[[Hongniao#HN-1|HN-1]]
*[[HN-3]]
*[[HN-2]]
*[[HY-2|HY series]]
*[[KD1 (missile)]]
*[[KD2 (missile)]]
*[[KD-63]]
*[[C-802#KD-88|KD-88]]
*[[LMD-002 (missile)]]
*[[LMD-003 (missile)]]
*[[Sky Arrow (missile)]]
*[[Sky Arrow 90]]
*[[SY series (missile)]]
*[[TBI (missile)]]
*[[TL-6]]
*[[TL-10]]
*[[YJ-12]]
*[[YJ-22]]
*[[YJ-62]]
*[[YJ-63]]
*[[YJ-82]]
*[[YJ-83]]
*[[YJ-91]]
*[[ZD1 (missile)]]

===France===
*[[SS.11|AS.11]]
*[[SS.12/AS.12|AS.12]]
*[[AS.15TT]]
*[[AS-20|AS.20]]
*[[AS-30|AS.30]]
*[[AS-30|AS.30 TCA]]
*[[AS-30|AS.30 Laser]]
*[[Martel (missile)|AS.37 Martel]]
*[[ARMAT]]
*[[HOT (missile)|HOT]]
*[[Exocet]]
*[[Mistral (missile)|Mistral]]
*[[Storm Shadow|SCALP EG]]
*[[PARS 3 LR|TRIGAT LR]]
*[[Apache (missile)|Apache]]
*[[Air-Sol Moyenne Portée|ASMP]]
*[[Air-Sol Moyenne Portée|ASMP-A]]
*[[Armement Air-Sol Modulaire|AASM]]
*[[Missile Moyenne Portée|MLP]]
*[[Sea Venom (missile)|ANL]]

===Germany===
*[[KEPD 350|Taurus KEPD 350]]
*[[ARMIGER]]
*[[PARS 3 LR]]
*[[HOT (missile)]]
*[[AS.34 Kormoran]]
*[[RBS-15]] (in cooperation with Sweden)

===Greece===
*HSC-1 Makedon

===India===
* [[BrahMos]]
* [[Nag (missile)|HeliNa (Dhruvastra)]]
* [[Nag (missile)|SANT]]
* [[Rudram-1]]
* [[NASM-SR]]

===Israel===
*[[Popeye (missile)]]
*[[Nimrod (missile)]]
*[[Luz (missile)]]

===Iran===
*[[Ghased 3]]
*[[Zoobin]]
*[[Bina missile|Bina]]
*[[Sadid-1]]
*[[Fajr-4]]
*[[Sattar 1]]
*[[Sattar 2]]
*[[Sattar 3]]
*[[Sattar 4]]
*[[Ghaem]]

===Norway===
*[[Penguin missile]]
*[[Naval Strike Missile]]

===Pakistan===
*[[Baktar-Shikan|Baktar-Shikan Air Launched variant]]
*[[H-2 SOW]]
*[[H-4 SOW]]
*[[Ra'ad]]
*[[Ra'ad-II]]
*[[Barq]]
*[[Takbir bomb|Takbir]]
*[[Global Industrial Defence Solutions|GIDS REK]]
*[[Air Weapons Complex|HAFR-1]]
*[[Air Weapons Complex|HAFR-2]]
*[[Air Weapons Complex|RPB-1]]

===South Africa===
*Denel [[ZT3 Ingwe]] laser guided anti-tank guided missile
*Denel [[Mokopa]] air-to-ground missile
*Kentron [[TORGOS]] air launched sub-sonic cruise missile (development cancelled)
*Denel [[Small Guided Missile]] (in development)

===Sweden===
*[[Rb 05]]
*[[RBS 15]]

===Turkey===
*[[Roketsan Cirit|Cirit]]
*[[UMTAS]]
*[[MAM (Smart Micro Munition)]]
**[[MAM (Smart Micro Munition)|MAM-C]]
**[[MAM (Smart Micro Munition)|MAM-L]]
**[[MAM (Smart Micro Munition)|MAM-T]]
*[[SOM (missile)| SOM (Air-Launched Cruise Missile)]]
*Akbaba [[Anti-radiation missile]] (Currently in development)
*[[TUBITAK-SAGE|TUBITAK-SAGE KUZGUN (Modern Modular Mutual Cost-effective Munition)]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-17|title=Kuzgun Modular Joint Ammunition Developed by TÜBİTAK SAGE Displayed|url=https://www.raillynews.com/2020/09/The-raven-modular-ammunition-developed-by-the-tubitak-sage-displayed/|access-date=2021-08-17|website=RayHaber {{!}} RaillyNews|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-17|title=KUZGUN Modular Munition Family at IDEF 2021.|url=https://www.savunmatr.com/savunma-sanayii/kuzgun-gudumlu-moduler-muhimmat-ailesi-idefte-sergileniyor-h13769.html|access-date=2021-08-17|language=tr}}</ref>
**KUZGUN-TJ: Torbojet-powered variant.
**KUZGUN-SS: Gliding variant.
**KUZGUN-KY: Solid fuel rocket-powered variant.
**BOZOK: Mini version of KUZGUN, specifically designed for UAVs.

===UK===
*[[Blue Steel missile]]
*[[Brimstone missile]]
*[[Green Cheese missile]] (canceled in 1956)
*[[ALARM]]
*[[Storm Shadow]]
*[[BAe Sea Eagle]]
*[[GAM-87 Skybolt]] ([[air-launched ballistic missile]]; canceled)
*[[Lightweight Multirole Missile]]
*[[SPEAR 3]]

===United States===
*[[AGM-12 Bullpup]] (no longer in service)
*[[AGM-22]] (project ceased in 1980s, still in limited use)
*[[AGM-28 Hound Dog]] (no longer in service)
*[[AGM-45 Shrike]] (no longer in service)
*[[AGM-53 Condor]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-62 Walleye]] (no longer in service)
*[[AGM-63]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-64 Hornet]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-65 Maverick]] (in service)
*[[AGM-69 SRAM]] (no longer in service)
*[[AGM-76 Falcon]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-78 Standard ARM]] (no longer in service)
*[[AGM-79 Blue Eye]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-80 Viper]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-83 Bulldog]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-84 Harpoon]] (in service)
*[[AGM-86 ALCM]] (in service)
*[[AGM-87 Focus]] (no longer in service)
*[[AGM-88 HARM]] (in service)
*[[AGM-112]] (reserved when program renamed [[GBU-15]])
*[[AGM-114 Hellfire]] (in service)
*[[AGM-119 Penguin]] (in service)
*[[AGM-122 Sidearm]] (no longer in service)
*[[AGM-123 Skipper]] (out of service/no longer in service)
*[[AGM-124 Wasp]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-129 ACM]] (no longer in service)
*[[AGM-130]]
*[[AGM-131 SRAM II]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-136 Tacit Rainbow]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-137 TSSAM]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-142 Have Nap]] (in service)
*[[AGM-153]] (project cancelled)
*[[JSOW|AGM-154 JSOW]] (in service)
*[[AGM-158 JASSM]] (in service)
*[[AGM-159 JASSM]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-169 Joint Common Missile]] (project cancelled)
*[[AGM-176 Griffin]] (in service)
*[[AGM-X]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usaf-reveals-slimmed-down-sacm-air-to-air-missile-co-422413/ |title=USAF reveals slimmed-down SACM air-to-air missile concept |publisher=Flightglobal.com |date=2016-02-25 |access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/57493/raytheon-selected-to-deliver-next-generation-tactical-air-to-air-missile-solutions |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901102806/http://www.janes.com/article/57493/raytheon-selected-to-deliver-next-generation-tactical-air-to-air-missile-solutions |archive-date=2016-09-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2016/01/21/Raytheon-to-research-tactical-missile-capabilities/7671453398070/|title=Raytheon to research tactical missile capabilities}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidedefense.com/inside-air-force/textron-explores-capabilities-next-generation-gbu-x-munition|title=Textron explores capabilities for next-generation GBU-X munition|date=19 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cordmaster.com/small-advanced-capabilities-missile/|title=Small Advanced Capabilities Missile - Cord Master Engineering|date=29 February 2016}}</ref> (in development)
*[[Small Advanced Capabilities Missile (SACM)]] (in development)
*[[Bold Orion]] (prototype)
*[[GAM-87 Skybolt]] ([[air-launched ballistic missile]]; project cancelled)
*[[High Virgo]] (prototype)
*[[Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept]] (in development)
*[[AGM-179 JAGM]] (in development)
*[[AGM-183A ARRW]] (in development)
*[[LRSO]] (in development)

===USSR/Russian Federation===
*[[RS-82 rocket|R-82]]
*[[S-5 rocket|S-5]]
*[[S-8 rocket|S-8]]
*[[S-13 rocket|S-13]]
*[[S-24 rocket|S-24]]
*[[S-25 rocket|S-25]]
*[[Kh-15]]
*[[Kh-20]]
*[[Kh-22]] ({{lang-ru|[[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х]]-22}}; AS-4 'Kitchen')
*[[Kh-23 Grom|Kh-23/Kh-66 'Grom']] ([[Russian language|Russian]]: ''[[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х]]-23 Гром'' 'Thunder'; [[NATO reporting name|NATO]]: 'AS-7 Kerry')
*[[Kh-25]] (AS-10 'Karen')
*[[Kh-29]] (AS-14 'Kedge')
*[[Kh-31]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/august-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/4306-next-gen-kh-32-ant-ship-cruise-missile-tests-drawing-to-a-close-in-russia.html|title=Next Gen Kh-32 ant-ship cruise missile tests drawing to a close in Russia}}</ref> (AS-17 'Krypton')
*[[Kh-32]] (AS-4 'Krypton')
*[[Kh-38]]
*[[Kh-45]]
*[[Kh-59]] (AS-13 'Kingbolt')
*[[Kh-90]] (AS-X-19 'Koala')
*[[KS-1 Komet]] (AS-1 'Kennel')
*[[K-10S]] (AS-2 'Kipper')
*[[Kh-20]] (AS-3 'Kangaroo')
*[[Kh-22]] (AS-4 'Kitchen')
*[[KSR-2]] (AS-5 'Kelt')
*[[KSR-5]] (AS-6 'Kingfish')
*[[Kh-23 Grom]] (AS-7 'Kerry')
*[[9K114 Shturm]] (AT-6 Spiral)
*[[Kh-28]] (AS-9 'Kyle')
*[[Kh-25]] (AS-10 'Karen')
*[[Kh-58]] (AS-11 'Kilter')
*[[Kh-25]] (AS-12 'Kegler')
*[[Kh-59]] (AS-13 'Kingbolt')
*[[Kh-29]] (AS-14 'Kedge')
*[[Kh-47M2 Kinzhal]]
*[[Kh-55]] (AS-15 'Kent')
*[[Kh-15]] (AS-16 'Kickback')
*[[Kh-31]] (AS-17 'Krypton')
*[[AS-18 Kazoo]] (H-59M ''Ovod-M'')
*[[Kh-80]] (AS-19 'Koala')
*[[Kh-35]] (AS-20 'Kayak')
*[[Hermes (missile)|Hermes-A]]

==See also==
* [[Surface-to-air missile]]
* [[Laser-guided bomb]]
* [[Anti-tank guided missile]]
* [[Anti-ship missile]]
* [[Cruise missile]]
* [[Anti-radiation missile]]
* [[Anti-surface warfare]]
* [[Air-to-ground weaponry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130612042159/http://www.cassidian.com/en_US/web/guest/products EADS - Cassidian division - Products]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130615032734/http://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/products/guided-missiles.html DIEHL Defence: Guided Missiles]
* [http://www.imi-israel.com/home/doc.aspx?mCatID=66596 Israel Military Industries Ltd. - Air-to-Ground Ammunition]
* [http://www.kongsberg.com/ Kongsberg Gruppen]
* [http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/jassm.html Lockheed Martin - JASSM]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130426072127/http://www.mbda-systems.com/solutions.php MBDA missile systems - solutions]
* [http://www.nti.org/facilities/55/ NTI.org - HiWING Mechanical & Electrical Technology Corporation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101206133128/http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/brimstone.cfm Royal Air Force - Long Range Air-to-Surface weapons - Brimstone]
* [http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/agm65/ Raytheon Company - AGM-65 Maverick missile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603065248/http://www.saabgroup.com/en/Air/Weapon_Systems/?tab=84 SAAB Group - Weapon systems]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130823063538/http://www.taurus-systems.de/tsg/index.php TAURUS Systems GmbH]

{{Missile types}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|ASM}}
{{Russian and Soviet Aircraft Ordnance}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Air-To-Surface Missile}}
[[Category:Missile types]]
[[Category:Air-to-surface missiles]]

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Air-to-surface missile