IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

Flag of Macedonia

2022-10-08T03:31:42Z

172.70.162.145:

'''Flag of Macedonia''' may refer to several different flags used in the historic region of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]]. All consist of a yellow sun on a solid-color background. Two bore the [[Vergina Sun]] until 1995 when under Greek pressure the Republic's flag replaced the Vergina Sun with its current sun.

*[[Flag of Macedonia (Greece)]], a region of Greece immediately south of the Republic of North Macedonia, roughly comprising the southern part of the region
*[[Flag of North Macedonia]], a sovereign state in southeastern Europe, roughly comprising the northern part of the region
*
*

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|width=160
|File:Flag of Greek Macedonia.svg|Flag of Greek Macedonia (adopted since 1993)
|File:Flag of Macedonia.svg|Flag of North Macedonia (adopted since 1995)
|File:Flag of North Macedonia (1992–1995).svg|Flag of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) from 1992 to 1995
|File:Flag IMARO.svg|Proposed flag of [[Independent Macedonia (1944)|Independent Macedonia]] in 1944.
|title=}}

==See also==
*[[Coat of arms of North Macedonia]]
*[[List of North Macedonian flags]]
*[[Vergina Star]], the seal of Greek Macedonia

{{set index}}

[[Category:Flags of Greece|Macedonia]]
[[Category:Flags of North Macedonia|Macedonia]]
[[Category:History of Macedonia (Greece)]]
[[Category:State symbols of Macedonia]]

Gentiana verna

2022-10-08T02:36:58Z

172.70.162.145:

{{short description|Species of flowering plant in the gentian family Gentianaceae}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Gentiana verna (1).JPG
| genus = Gentiana
| species = verna
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''''Gentiana verna''''', the '''spring gentian''', is a species of flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae, and one of its smallest members, normally only growing to a height of a few centimetres.

The short stem supports up to three opposing pairs of elliptical or lanceolate leaves. The conspicuous vivid blue (sometimes purplish-red or rarely white)<ref name="Pardoe">{{cite book|last=Pardoe|first=H. S.|title=Mountain Plants of the British Isles|year=1995|publisher=National Museum of Wales|pages=24|isbn=978-0-7200-0423-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRHwm1F15S0C&pg=PA24}}</ref> flowers are 1–2 cm in diameter, with a deeply five-lobed [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]]; they are produced in late spring to early summer.<ref name="Pardoe" /> The flowers attract butterflies and bees (particularly bumblebees) for [[pollination]]. Ants are responsible for the spreading of its seeds.

==Distribution==
[[File:Gentiana verna.jpg|thumb]]
''G. verna'' is one of the most widespread gentians, found on sunny [[alpine meadow]]s throughout Eurasia, from Ireland to Russia. It is common in central and southeastern Europe, such as in low mountain ranges like the [[Jura mountains|Jura]] and [[Balkans]], and up to an altitude of {{cvt|2600|m}}. It is also to be found in mountainous regions ranging from the [[High Atlas]] of Morocco to the mountains of Turkey, Iraq and Iran. In northern Europe, it is very rare, confined to [[Teesdale]] in northern England and a handful of locations in western [[Ireland]].<ref name="Pardoe"/> It tends to thrive on dry meadows with [[chalk]]y soil; it is also known to grow in [[silicate|silicaceous]] soils. Its scarcity has led to protection in a number of European countries as an [[endangered species]].

==Symbolism==
It is the [[County flowers of the United Kingdom|county flower]] of [[Durham, England|Durham]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>Plantlife website [http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/county_flowers/ ''County Flowers page''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430170312/http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/county_flowers/ |date=2015-04-30 }}</ref> It was first found in Britain by the botanist [[John Harriman (botanist)|John Harriman]].<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Harriman, John|volume=24}}</ref>

A drawing of ''Gentiana verna'' by [[Holly Somerville]] is the logo for the botany department in Trinity College Dublin.<ref name="TCD Botany Blog">{{cite web|title=plant sciences at Trinity College Dublin|url=http://botanytcd.blogspot.ie/|website=blogspot.ie|accessdate=12 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604042009/http://botanytcd.blogspot.ie/|archive-date=4 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Gentiana verna'' appeared on the design of a Great Britain stamp, issued in 1964 to mark the 10th [[International Botanical Congress]] held in [[Edinburgh]].

Writer and botanist [[Stevan Jakovljević]] eulogized the flower in its Latin name at the end of his trilogy ''Srpska trilogija'' which writes of the [[Serbian campaign of World War I|Serbian soldiers]] who died during the [[Battle of Kaymakchalan|Battle of Kajmakčalan]] and the [[Macedonian front]] during [[World War I]] (the flower grows on the soldiers' graves in the mountains of [[Kajmakčalan]]).

The flower is associated with the Alps, and gave its name to the trans-Alpine ''[[Blauer Enzian]]'' ("Blue Gentian") express train between Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.floraqueen.fr/blog/les-plus-jolies-fleurs-damour/ |title= Buy flowers online }} Saturday, 24 August 2019</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gentiana verna|position=left}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q159389}}

[[Category:Gentiana|verna]]
[[Category:Alpine flora]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:National symbols of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Flora of North Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Pyrenees]]
[[Category:Flora of the Alps]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Croatian checkerboard

2022-10-08T00:33:46Z

172.70.162.145:

[[File:Escutcheon in the Seal of the Kingdom of Croatia 1527.svg|thumb|right|Escutcheon in the Seal of the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]]]]
The '''Croatian checkerboard''' or '''chequy''' ([[Croatian language|Croatian]]: ''šahovnica'' {{IPA-sh|ʃaxǒːʋnit͡sa|}})<ref>{{cite web|title=šahovnica - Hrvatski jezični portal - Znanje|url=http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=d1lvXBE%253D|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> is the national symbol of [[Croatia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=GRBOVI I DRESOVI EURA Kako je šahovnica postala simbol Hrvatske|url=http://www.index.hr/tema/euro-2016/grbovi-i-dresovi-eura-kako-je-%C5%A1ahovnica-postala-simbol-hrvatske-i-%C5%A1to-crkva-ima-s-tim-899188|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723192817/http://www.index.hr/tema/euro-2016/grbovi-i-dresovi-eura-kako-je-%C5%A1ahovnica-postala-simbol-hrvatske-i-%C5%A1to-crkva-ima-s-tim-899188|archive-date=23 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the main shield of the [[Coat of arms of Croatia|Croatian coat of arms]]. On top of the main shield is the crown with five smaller shields, each representing a region of Croatia. The squares in the ''šahovnica'' are always arranged the right way, colored red and white. Historically, the order varied.

==Origin==
[[File:POL księstwo jaworskie COA.svg|thumb|left|125px|Coat of arms used by Duchy of Jawor since 1368, ruled by the [[Piast dynasty]] of [[Silesia]]n regions.]]
There is a legend, probably from the 19th century, which talks about how the Croatian [[Stephen Držislav of Croatia|king Držislav]], captured by the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]], played a [[chess]] match. His opponent was Doge [[Pietro II Orseolo]]. He won and became free, and in some versions of the story he also got power over the [[Dalmatia]]n cities. Then he put the [[chessboard]] in his [[coat of arms]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Legenda o nastanku hrvatskog grba - mojapovijest.com|url=http://www.mojapovijest.com/legenda-o-nastanku-hrvatskog-grba/|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Legende o hrvatskom grbu - Povijest.hr|url=http://povijest.hr/drustvo/kultura/legende-o-hrvatskom-grbu/|access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

It first came into use in Croatian coat of arms around year 1495, as depicted on a temple hall located in [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]]. There is likelyhood that it has been borrowed by the [[House of Habsburg]] (who ruled the [[Hungary|Hungarian]]-[[Croatia]]n throne at the time) from other [[West Slavs|West Slavic]] coats of arms, as the silver-red colored pattern was popular among the 12–14th century [[Szlachcic|Polish]] and [[Moravia|Czech]] noble families. The cheque pattern in [[Europe]]an [[heraldry]] was likely inspired by the board game of [[chess]].

It is considered as the [[national symbols|national symbol]] of Croatia, and is prominently displayed at [[sporting event]]s. As such, the pattern in these colors remains associated mostly with the nation of Croatia.

{{clear left}}

==Gallery==
<gallery perrow=9>
Croatian chequey.jpg|The Croatian chequy on a church in [[Baška]]
Croatian_Coat_of_Arms_1495.JPG|The first known Croatian chequy as shown in [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]] (1495).
Croatian coa 1527.png|The coat of arms of Croatia, used in 1527 as part of a seal on the [[Cetingrad Charter]].
Wappen_K%C3%B6nigreich_Croatien_%26_Slavonien.png|Coat of arms of the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]] (1525-1868).
Wappen_K%C3%B6nigreich_Croatien.jpg|Coat of arms of the Croatian [[Crown land]] (until 1868)
Coa Croatia Country History (with crown) (1868-1918).svg|Coat of arms of the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] (1868–1918).
Coa Hungary Country History Mid (1867).svg|Coat of arms of [[Transleithania]] (1868-1915).
Domoljubna značka 1914.jpg|[[Patriotism|Patriotic]] badge from 1914
Coat of Arms of the Banate of Croatia.svg|[[Banovina of Croatia]] (1939–1943).
Greater coat of arms of the Banate of Croatia.svg|Banovina of Croatia greater version (1939–1943).
Coat of arms of the Independent State of Croatia.svg|[[Independent State of Croatia]] (1941–1945).
Coat of Arms of Socialist Republic of Croatia.svg|[[Socialist Republic of Croatia]] (1947–1990).
Coat of arms of Croatia (white chequy).svg|Early coat of arms of the [[Republic of Croatia]] (1990).
Croatia COA heater.svg|Coat of arms of [[Croatia proper]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Croatian culture]]
[[Category:State symbols of Croatia| ]]
[[Category:Heraldry]]
[[Category:Coats of arms]]
[[Category:History of Croatia]]
[[Category:Chess]]
[[Category:National symbols]]

Camassia scilloides

2022-10-07T19:49:29Z

172.70.162.145:

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|taxon = Camassia scilloides
|image = Camassia scilloides Ozarks.jpg
|status = G4 | status_system = TNC
|authority = ([[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]) [[Cory.]]
| synonyms = ''Camassia esculenta'' <br><small>(Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob.(nom. illeg.) </small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref>Rhodora 10: 31 (1908)</ref>|
}}

'''''Camassia scilloides''''' is a [[Perennial plant|perennial]] herb known commonly as '''Atlantic camas''', '''wild hyacinth''',<ref name=ns>[http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Camassia+scilloides ''Camassia scilloides''.] NatureServe. 2012.</ref> and '''eastern camas'''.<ref name=fna>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101518 ''Camassia scilloides''.] Flora of North America.</ref> It is native to the eastern half of North America, including [[Ontario]] and the eastern United States.<ref name=fna/>

== Description ==
The species produces [[inflorescence]]s up to half a meter tall from a [[bulb]] {{Convert|1–3|cm}} wide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Elias|first=Thomas S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244766414|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods|last2=Dykeman|first2=Peter A.|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing|Sterling]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9|location=New York|pages=65|oclc=244766414|orig-year=1982}}</ref> It has a few leaves, each up to {{Convert|20–60|cm|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=":0" /> The flowers have light blue or whitish [[tepal]]s and yellow [[stamen|anthers]]. The green or brown capsule is up to a centimeter long<ref name="fna" /> and divided into three parts.<ref name=":0" />

== Uses ==
[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American groups]] used the bulbs for food, eating them raw, baked, roasted, boiled, or dried.<ref name="mich">[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Camassia+scilloides ''Camassia scilloides''.] Native American Ethnobotany. University of Michigan, Dearborn.</ref> They can be used in place of potatoes, but could possibly be confused for poisonous [[deathcamas]].<ref name=":0" />

== Taxonomy ==
The superseded name ''Camassia esculenta'' (Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob., (''nom. illeg''.)<ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=301839 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: ''Camassia esculenta'' (Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob.]</ref> should not be confused with ''Camassia esculenta'' (Nutt.) Lindl., a superseded name for ''[[Camassia quamash]]'' ''subsp. quamash''.<ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=301838 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: ''Camassia esculenta'' (Nutt.) Lindl.]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Camassia scilloides}}
*[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=casc5 ''Camassia scilloides''.] USDA PLANTS
*Jalava, J. V. 2013. [http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@species/documents/document/stdprod_099160.pdf Recovery Strategy for the Wild Hyacinth (''Camassia scilloides'') in Ontario.] Ontario Recovery Strategy Series. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5025007}}
{{-}}

[[Category:Agavoideae]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bretagne]]
[[Category:Flora of North America]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1818]]

{{Asparagaceae-stub}}

Alnus glutinosa

2022-10-07T19:44:42Z

172.70.162.145:

{{short description|Species of flowering plant in the birch family Betulaceae}}
{{good article}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = 20120904Alnus glutinosa01.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name = IUCN>{{cite iucn|author= Participants of the FFI|author2= IUCN SSC Central Asian regional tree Red Listing workshop, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (11–13 July 2006)|year= 2007|url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/63517/0|title= ''Alnus glutinosa''|access-date= 8 October 2014}}</ref>
|genus = Alnus
|parent = Alnus subg. Alnus
|species = glutinosa
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]]<ref name=IPNI_Ag/>
|range_map = Alnus glutinosa range.svg
|range_map_caption = Distribution map
|synonyms=
{{Specieslist
|Alnus glutinosa ''var.'' vulgaris|Spach, nom. inval.
|Alnus vulgaris|Hill, nom. inval.
|Betula alnus ''var.'' glutinosa|L.
|Betula glutinosa|(L.) Lam.
}}
|synonyms_ref=<ref name="WCSP_6364">{{Cite web |title=''Alnus glutinosa''|work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=6364 |access-date=2014-08-31}}</ref>
}}

'''''Alnus glutinosa''''', the '''common alder''', '''black alder''', '''European alder''', '''European black alder''', or just '''alder''', is a [[species]] of [[tree]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Betulaceae]], [[native plant|native]] to most of Europe, southwest Asia and northern Africa. It thrives in wet locations where its association with the bacterium ''[[Frankia alni]]'' enables it to grow in poor quality soils. It is a medium-sized, short-lived tree growing to a height of up to 30 metres (98 feet). It has short-stalked rounded leaves and separate male and female flowers in the form of [[catkin]]s. The small, rounded fruits are cone-like and the seeds are dispersed by wind and water.

The common alder provides food and shelter for wildlife, with a number of insects, lichens and fungi being completely dependent on the tree. It is a [[pioneer species]], colonising vacant land and forming [[mixed forest]]s as other trees appear in its wake. Eventually common alder dies out of woodlands because the seedlings need more light than is available on the [[forest floor]]. Its more usual habitat is [[forest edge]]s, swamps and riverside corridors. The timber has been used in underwater foundations and for manufacture of paper and fibreboard, for smoking foods, for joinery, turnery and carving. Products of the tree have been used in [[ethnobotany]], providing [[folk remedies]] for various ailments, and research has shown that extracts of the seeds are active against pathogenic bacteria.

==Description==

''A. glutinosa'' is a tree that thrives in moist soils, and grows under favourable circumstances to a height of {{convert|20|to|30|m|abbr=off}} and exceptionally up to {{convert|37|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mluv.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/lbm1.c.189715.de |title=Spitzenbäume |publisher=Land [[Brandenburg]] |access-date=2009-01-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172157/http://www.mluv.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/lbm1.c.189715.de |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> Young trees have an upright habit of growth with a main axial stem but older trees develop an arched crown with crooked branches. The base of the trunk produces [[adventitious roots]] which grow down to the soil and may appear to be propping the trunk up. The bark of young trees is smooth, glossy and greenish-brown while in older trees it is dark grey and fissured. The branches are smooth and somewhat sticky, being scattered with resinous warts. The buds are purplish-brown and have short stalks. Both male and female catkins form in the autumn and remain dormant during the winter.<ref name=Vedel>{{cite book |title=Trees and Bushes in Woods and Hedgerows |last1=Vedel |first1=Helge |last2=Lange |first2=Johan |year=1960 |publisher=Methuen |isbn=978-0-416-61780-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/treesbushesinwoo0000vede/page/143 143–145] |url=https://archive.org/details/treesbushesinwoo0000vede/page/143 }}</ref>

The [[leaves]] of the common alder are short-stalked, rounded, up to {{convert|10|cm|0|abbr=off}} long with a slightly wedge-shaped base and a wavy, serrated margin. They have a glossy dark green upper surface and paler green underside with rusty-brown hairs in the angles of the veins. As with some other trees growing near water, the common alder keeps its leaves longer than do trees in drier situations, and the leaves remain green late into the autumn. As the Latin name ''glutinosa'' implies, the buds and young leaves are sticky with a [[resin]]ous gum.<ref name=Vedel/><ref name=tfl>{{Cite web |url=http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/forest/species/alder.html |title=Trees for Life Species Profile: ''Alnus glutinosa'' |access-date=2008-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013742/http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/forest/species/alder.html |archive-date=2014-03-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=flora>[https://archive.today/20070621080912/http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=1770 Flora of NW Europe: ''Alnus glutinosa'']</ref>

The species is [[monoecious]] and the flowers are wind-pollinated; the slender cylindrical male catkins are pendulous, reddish in colour and {{convert|5|to|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} long; the female flowers are upright, broad and green, with short stalks. During the autumn they become dark brown to black in colour, hard, somewhat woody, and superficially similar to small [[conifer]] cones. They last through the winter and the small winged seeds are mostly scattered the following spring. The seeds are flattened reddish-brown nuts edged with webbing filled with pockets of air. This enables them to float for about a month which allows the seed to disperse widely.<ref name=Vedel/><ref name=tfl/><ref name=flora/>

Unlike some other species of tree, common alders do not produce shade leaves. The respiration rate of shaded foliage is the same as well-lit leaves but the rate of [[Assimilation (biology)|assimilation]] is lower. This means that as a tree in woodland grows taller, the lower branches die and soon decay, leaving a small [[Crown (botany)|crown]] and unbranched trunk.<ref name=Claessens/>

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Alnus glutinosa R0015198.JPG|Bark
|Alnus glutinosa R0015202.JPG|Buds
|20120904Alnus glutinosa14.jpg|Foliage
|Alkottar.jpg|Male inflorescence (left) and mature cone-like flowers (right)
|Alnus glutinosa MHNT.BOT.2004.0.10a.jpg|[[Infrutescence]] and [[achene]]s
}}

==Taxonomy==

''A. glutinosa'' was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753, as one of two varieties of alder (the other being ''[[Alnus incana]]''), which he regarded as a single species ''Betula alnus''.<ref name=IPNI_Bag/> In 1785, [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] treated it as a full species under the name ''Betula glutinosa''.<ref name=IPNI_Bg/> Its present scientific name is due to [[Joseph Gaertner]], who in 1791 accepted the separation of alders from [[birch]]es, and transferred the species to ''Alnus''.<ref name=IPNI_Ag/> The epithet ''glutinosa'' means "sticky", referring particularly to the young shoots.<ref name=Coom94/>

Within the genus ''Alnus'', the common alder is placed in subgenus ''Alnus'' as part of a closely related group of species including the grey alder, ''A. incana'',<ref name=Chen04/> with which it hybridizes to form the hybrid ''A. ''× ''hybrida''.<ref name=Stac10/> Both species are [[diploid]]. In 2017, populations formerly considered to be ''A. glutinosa'' were found to be separate, [[polyploid]] species: ''[[Alnus lusitanica|A. lusitanica]]'', which is native to the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and Morocco, and ''[[Alnus rohlenae|A. rohlenae]]'', which is native to the western part of the [[Balkan Peninsula]].<ref name=Vit>{{cite journal|doi=10.12705/663.4|title=Two new polyploid species closely related to ''Alnus glutinosa'' in Europe and North Africa – an analysis based on morphometry, karyology, flow cytometry and microsatellites|year=2017|last1=Vít|first1=Petr|last2=Douda|first2=Jan|last3=Krak|first3=Karol|last4=Havrdová|first4=Alena|last5=Mandák|first5=Bohumil|journal=Taxon|volume=66|issue=3|pages=567–583}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==

The common alder is native to almost the whole of continental Europe (except for both the extreme north and south) as well as the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]]. In Asia its range includes [[Turkey]], [[Iran]] and [[Kazakhstan]], and in Africa it is found in [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]]. It is [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] in the [[Azores]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Alnus&SPECIES_XREF=glutinosa&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= |title=''Alnus glutinosa'' |work=Flora Europaea |publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh |access-date=2014-08-09}}</ref> It has been introduced, either by accident or by intent, to [[Canada]], the [[United States]], [[Chile]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name=GISD/> Its natural habitat is in moist ground near rivers, ponds and lakes but it can also grow in drier locations and sometimes occurs in mixed woodland and on forest edges. It tolerates a range of soil types and grows best at a [[Soil pH|pH]] of between 5.5 and 7.2. Because of its association with the [[nitrogen-fixing]] bacterium ''[[Frankia alni]]'', it can grow in nutrient-poor soils where few other trees thrive.<ref name=GISD/>

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Briesetal bei Briese.JPG|Alder carr in Germany
|Unterspreewald-Gross-Wasserburger-Spree-01.jpg|Trees in winter, Germany
|Black alder in spring.JPG|Black alder in [[Ås, Akershus|Ås]], Norway
|Alnus glutinosa, Munkholmen.jpg|Black alder defies harsh conditions in the Swedish archipelago
|20120904Alnus glutinosa16.jpg|September foliage in [[Reilingen]]
}}

==Ecology==
[[File:Alder nodules2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|Nodules on the roots caused by ''[[Frankia alni]]'']]
[[File:Eriophyes inangulis N on upper surface.JPG|thumb|Galls on the leaves caused by the mite ''[[Eriophyes inangulis]]'']]
[[File:Taphrina amentorum gall.JPG|thumb|Alder tongue gall (''[[Taphrina alni]]'')]]

The common alder is most noted for its [[symbiotic]] relationship with the bacterium ''[[Frankia alni]]'', which forms nodules on the tree's [[root]]s. This bacterium absorbs [[nitrogen]] from the air and fixes it in a form available to the tree. In return, the bacterium receives carbon products produced by the tree through [[photosynthesis]]. This relationship, which improves the [[Fertility (soil)|fertility]] of the soil, has established the common alder as an important [[pioneer species]] in [[ecological succession]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Schwencke, J. |author2=Caru, M. |year=2001 |title=Advances in actinorhizal symbiosis: Host plant-''Frankia'' interactions, biology, and application in arid land reclamation: A review |journal=Arid Land Research and Management |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=285–327 |doi=10.1080/153249801753127615 |s2cid=84165205 }}</ref>

The common alder is susceptible to ''[[Phytophthora alni]]'', a recently evolved species of [[oomycete]] plant pathogen probably of hybrid origin. This is the causal agent of phytophthora disease of alder which is causing extensive mortality of the trees in some parts of Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/PDF/fcin6.pdf/$FILE/fcin6.pdf |title=Phytophthora Disease of Alder |access-date=2008-10-13 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014613/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/PDF/fcin6.pdf/$FILE/fcin6.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The symptoms of this infection include the death of roots and of patches of bark, dark spots near the base of the trunk, yellowing of leaves and in subsequent years, the death of branches and sometimes the whole tree.<ref name=GISD>{{cite web |url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1669&fr=1 |title=''Alnus glutinosa'' (tree) |date=2010-08-27 |work=Global Invasive Species Database |publisher=IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group |access-date=2014-08-04 |archive-date=2014-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811204037/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1669&fr=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Taphrina alni]]'' is a fungal [[plant pathogen]] that causes alder tongue gall, a chemically induced distortion of female catkins. The gall develops on the maturing fruits and produces spores which are carried by the wind to other trees. This gall is believed to be harmless to the tree.<ref>Ellis, Hewett A. (2001). ''Cecidology''. Vol.16, No.1. p. 24.</ref> Another, also harmless, gall is caused by a midge, ''[[Eriophyes inangulis]]'', which sucks [[sap]] from the leaves forming [[Cutaneous condition#Pustule|pustules]].<ref name=TfL/>

The common alder is important to wildlife all year round and the seeds are a useful winter food for birds. Deer, sheep, hares and rabbits feed on the tree and it provides shelter for livestock in winter.<ref name=GISD/> It shades the water of rivers and streams, moderating the water temperature, and this benefits fish which also find safety among its exposed roots in times of flood. The common alder is the foodplant of the larvae of a number of different [[Butterfly|butterflies]] and [[moth]]s<ref>{{cite book |title=A field guide to caterpillars of butterflies and moths in Britain and Europe |last1=Carter |first1=David James |last2=Hargreaves |first2=Brian |year=1986 |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-219080-0 }}</ref> and is associated with over 140 species of plant-eating insect.<ref name=TfL/> The tree is also a [[Host (biology)|host]] to a variety of [[moss]]es and [[lichen]]s which particularly flourish in the humid moist environment of streamside trees. Some common lichens found growing on the trunk and branches include tree lungwort (''[[Lobaria pulmonaria]]''), ''Menneguzzia terebrata'' and ''Stenocybe pullatula'', the last of which is restricted to alders.<ref name=TfL>{{cite web |url=http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/forest/species/alder.html |title=Common or black alder |date=2012-11-26 |publisher=Trees for life |author=Featherstone, Alan Watson |access-date=2014-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013742/http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/forest/species/alder.html |archive-date=2014-03-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some 47 species of [[Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] have been found growing in [[symbiosis]] with the common alder, both partners benefiting from an exchange of nutrients. As well as several species of ''[[Naucoria]]'', these symbionts include ''[[Russula alnetorum]]'', the milkcaps ''[[Lactarius obscuratus]]'' and ''[[Lactarius cyathula]]'', and the alder roll-rim ''[[Paxillus filamentosus]]'', all of which grow nowhere else except in association with alders. In spring, the catkin cup ''[[Ciboria amentacea]]'' grows on fallen alder catkins.<ref name=TfL/>

As an introduced species, the common alder can affect the ecology of its new locality. It is a fast-growing tree and can quickly form dense woods where little light reaches the ground, and this may inhibit the growth of native plants. The presence of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria and the annual accumulation of leaf litter from the trees also alters the nutrient status of the soil. It also increases the availability of phosphorus in the ground, and the tree's dense network of roots can cause increased sedimentation in pools and waterways. It spreads easily by wind-borne seed, may be dispersed to a certain extent by birds and the woody fruits can float away from the parent tree. When the tree is felled, regrowth occurs from the stump, and logs and fallen branches can take root.<ref name=GISD/> In the [[Midwestern United States]], ''Alnus glutinosa'' is a highly invasive terrestrial plant and is prohibited in Indiana.{{r|IISCInvasivePlantList}} ''A. glutinosa'' is classed as an environmental weed in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clayson |first=Howell |title=Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New Zealand|publisher=Department of Conservation|location=Wellington|date=May 2008|isbn=978-0-478-14412-3}}</ref>

== Toxicity ==

Pollen from the common alder, along with that from birch and [[hazel]], is one of the many sources of tree pollen allergy. As the pollen is often present in the atmosphere at the same time as that of birch, hazel, hornbeam and oak, and they have similar physicochemical properties, it is difficult to separate out their individual effects. In central Europe, these tree pollens are the second most common cause of allergic conditions after grass pollen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Erle: Schwarzerle, ''Alnus glutinosa'' |url=http://www.alles-zur-allergologie.de/Allergologie/Artikel/3710/Allergen,Allergie/Erle/ |access-date=2014-08-05 |work=Alles zur Allergologie |language=de}}</ref>

== Uses ==

The common alder is used as a pioneer species and to stabilise river banks, to assist in flood control, to purify water in waterlogged soils and to moderate the temperature and nutrient status of water bodies. It can be grown by itself or in mixed species plantations, and the nitrogen-rich leaves falling to the ground enrich the soil and increase the production of such trees as [[Juglans|walnut]], [[Douglas-fir]] and [[Populus|poplar]] on poor quality soils. Although the tree can live for up to 160 years, it is best felled for timber at 60 to 70 years before [[heart rot]] sets in.<ref name="Claessens">{{cite journal |author1=Claessens, Hugues |author2=Oosterbaan, Anne |author3=Savill, Peter |author4=Rondeux, Jacques |year=2010 |title=A review of the characteristics of black alder (''Alnus glutinosa'' (L.) Gaertn.) and their implications for silvicultural practices |journal=Forestry |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=163–175 |doi=10.1093/forestry/cpp038 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

On marshy ground it is important as [[Coppicing|coppice-wood]], being cut near the base to encourage the production of straight poles. It is capable of enduring clipping as well as marine climatic conditions and may be cultivated as a fast-growing [[windbreak]]. In woodland natural regeneration is not possible as the seeds need sufficient nutrients, water and light to germinate. Such conditions are rarely found at the forest floor and as the forest matures, the alder trees in it die out.<ref name="PFAF">{{cite web |year=2012 |title=''Alnus glutinosa'' - (L.)Gaertn. |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Alnus+glutinosa |access-date=2014-08-05 |publisher=Plants For A Future}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Kajba, D.|author2=Gračan, J.|name-list-style=amp|title=''Alnus glutinosa''|date=2003|journal=EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use for Black Alder|pages=4 p|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin/templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/854_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_Black_alder__Alnus_glutinosa_.pdf}}</ref> The species is cultivated as a specimen tree in parks and gardens, and the [[cultivar]] 'Imperialis' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99028/i-Alnus-glutinosa-i-Imperialis/Details |title=''Alnus glutinosa'' Imperialis |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=2014-08-06}}</ref>

===Timber===
The wood is soft, white when first cut, turning to pale red; the knots are attractively mottled. The timber is not used where strength is required in the construction industry, but is used for paper-making, the manufacture of [[Fiberboard|fibreboard]] and the production of energy.<ref name=Claessens/> Under water the wood is very durable and is used for [[deep foundations]] of buildings. The piles beneath the [[Rialto]] in Venice, and the foundations of several medieval cathedrals are made of alder. The Roman architect [[Vitruvius]] mentioned that the timber was used in the construction of the causeways across the [[Ravenna]] marshes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thornr.demon.co.uk/bran/alderims.html |title=The Alder Tree |author =Paterson, J. M. |work=A Tree in Your Pocket |access-date=2014-08-03}}</ref> The wood is used in joinery, both as solid timber and as [[Wood veneer|veneer]], where its grain and colour are appreciated, and it takes dye well. As the wood is soft, flexible and somewhat light, it can be easily worked as well as split. It is valued in turnery and carving, in making furniture, window frames, [[clog (shoe)|clogs]], toys, blocks, pencils and bowls.<ref name=Vedel/>

===Tanning and dyeing===
The bark of the common alder has long been used in tanning and dyeing. The bark and twigs contain 16 to 20% [[tannic acid]] but their usefulness in tanning is limited by the strong accompanying colour they produce.<ref name="Botanical">{{cite web |author=Grieve, M. |title=Alder, Common |url=https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/alder019.html |access-date=2014-08-05 |work=Botanical.com: A Modern Herbal}}</ref> Depending on the [[mordant]] and the methods used, various shades of brown, fawn, and yellowish-orange hues can be imparted to wool, cotton and silk. Alder bark can also be used with [[Iron(II) sulfate|iron sulphate]] to create a black dye which can substitute for the use of [[sumac]]h or [[gall]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Natural Dyes and Home Dyeing |last=Adrosko |first=Rita J. |year=2012 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-15609-5 |pages=41–42}}</ref> The [[Lapland (region)|Laplanders]] are said to chew the bark and use their [[saliva]] to dye leather. The shoots of the common alder produce a yellowish or cinnamon-coloured dye if cut early in the year. Other parts of the tree are also used in dyeing; the catkins can yield a green colour and the fresh-cut wood a pinkish-fawn colour.<ref name=Botanical/>

===Medicine===
The bark of common alder has traditionally been used as an [[astringent]], a [[cathartic]], a [[hemostatic]], a [[febrifuge]], a [[Herbal tonic|tonic]] and a restorative (a substance able to restore normal health). A decoction of the bark has been used to treat swelling, inflammation and rheumatism, as an [[emetic]], and to treat [[pharyngitis]] and [[sore throat]].<ref name="Sati" /> Ground up bark has been used as an ingredient in toothpaste, and the inner bark can be boiled in vinegar to provide a skin wash for treating dermatitis, lice and scabies. The leaves have been used to reduce breast discomfort in nursing mothers and folk remedies advocate the use of the leaves against various forms of cancer.<ref name="PFAF" /> Alpine farmers are said to use the leaves to alleviate rheumatism by placing a heated bag full of leaves on the affected areas. Alder leaves are consumed by cows, sheep, goats and horses though pigs refuse to eat them. According to some people, consumption of alder leaves causes blackening of the tongue and is harmful to horses.<ref name="Botanical" />

In a research study, extracts from the seeds of the common alder have been found to be active against all the eight pathogenic bacteria against which they were tested, which included ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' and [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']] (MRSA). The only extract to have significant [[antioxidant]] activity was that extracted in [[methanol]]. All extracts were of low toxicity to [[brine shrimp]]s. These results suggest that the seeds could be further investigated for use in the development of possible anti-MRSA drugs.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Middleton, P. |author2=Stewart, F. |author3=Al-Qahtani, S. |author4=Egan, P. |author5=O'Rourke, C. |author6=Abdulrahman, A. |author7=Byres, M. |author8=Middleton, M. |author9=Kumarasamy, Y. |author10=Shoeb, M. |author11=Nahar, L. |year=2005 |title=Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities and General Toxicity of ''Alnus glutinosa'', ''Fraxinus excelsior'' and ''Papaver rhoeas'' |url=http://ijpr.sbmu.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/view/article_620_4.html |journal=Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |author12=Delazar, A. |author13=Sarker, S. D.}}</ref>

===Other uses===
It is also the traditional wood that is burnt to produce [[Smoking (food)|smoked]] fish and other smoked foods, though in some areas other woods are now more often used. It supplies high quality [[charcoal]].<ref name=Vedel/>

The leaves of this tree are sticky and if they are spread on the floor of a room, their adhesive surface is said to trap fleas.<ref name=Botanical/>

Chemical constituents of ''Alnus glutinosa'' include [[hirsutanonol]], [[oregonin]], [[genkwanin]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=O'Rourke|first1=Ciara|last2=Sarker|first2=Satyajit D.|last3=Stewart|first3=Fiona|last4=Byres|first4=Maureen|last5=Delazar|first5=Abbas|last6=Kumarasamy|first6=Yashodharan|last7=Nahar|first7=Lutfun|title=Hirsutanonol, oregonin and genkwanin from the seeds of ''Alnus glutinosa'' (Betulaceae)|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|volume=33|issue=7|pages=749–752|issn=0305-1978|doi=10.1016/j.bse.2004.10.005|year=2005}}</ref> [[rhododendrin]] {3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-methylpropyl-β-D-glucopyranoside} and ([[penta-2,3-dienedioic acid]]).<ref name=Sati>{{cite journal |author1=Sati, Sushil Chandra |author2=Sati, Nitin |author3=Sati, O. P. |year=2011 |title=Bioactive constituents and medicinal importance of genus ''Alnus'' |journal=Pharmacognosy Reviews |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=174–183 |doi=10.4103/0973-7847.91115 |pmc=3263052 |pmid=22279375}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=Chen04>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Zhiduan |last2=Li |first2=Jianhua |date=2004 |title=Phylogenetics and Biogeography of ''Alnus'' (Betulaceae) Inferred from Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA ITS Region |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=165 |issue=2 |pages=325–335 |doi=10.1086/382795 |s2cid=85579093 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

<ref name=Coom94>{{Cite book |last=Coombes |first=Allen J. |year=1994 |title=Dictionary of Plant Names |location=London |publisher=Hamlyn Books |isbn=978-0-600-58187-1 |page=8 }}</ref>

<ref name=IISCInvasivePlantList>{{Cite web |last1=Indiana Invasive Species Council |date=17 April 2020 |title=Official IISC Invasive Plant List |url=https://www.entm.purdue.edu/iisc/invasiveplants.html |publisher=[[Purdue University]] |location=West Lafayette, Ind. |access-date=2020-12-25 }}</ref>

<ref name=IPNI_Ag>{{Cite web |title=''Alnus glutinosa'' |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=107664-1 |access-date=2014-08-31 }}</ref>

<ref name=IPNI_Bag>{{Cite web |title=''Betula alnus'' var. ''glutinosa'' |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=305022-2 |access-date=2014-08-31 }}</ref>

<ref name=IPNI_Bg>{{Cite web |title=''Betula glutinosa'' |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=295095-1 |access-date=2014-08-31 }}</ref>

<ref name=Stac10>{{Cite book |last=Stace |first=Clive |author-link = Clive Stace |year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles |url=https://archive.org/details/newflorabritishi00stac |url-access=limited |edition=3rd |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newflorabritishi00stac/page/n331 296]}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.euforgen.org/species/alnus-glutinosa/ ''Alnus glutinosa''] - distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN)
* {{Commons category-inline|Alnus glutinosa}}
* {{Wikispecies inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q156904}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Alnus|glutinosa]]
[[Category:Trees of Europe]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bretagne]]
[[Category:Trees of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of North Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Trees of humid continental climate]]
[[Category:Trees of mild maritime climate]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]

Bretonne Pie Noir

2022-10-07T19:42:49Z

172.70.162.145:

{{Short description|French breed of cattle}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{use list-defined references|date=May 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox cattle breed
| name = Bretonne pie noir
| image = Vaches Bretonnes Pie Noir.JPG
| image_alt = two black and white cows in a field
| image_caption = Bretonne Pie Noir cows
| status = {{nobreak|[[FAO]] (2007): not listed<ref name=barb/>}}
| altname = Morbihan
| country = France
| distribution = [[Brittany]]
| standard =
| use = dairy
| maleweight = 600 kg<ref name=brg/>
| femaleweight = 450 kg<ref name=brg/>
| maleheight = 123 cm<ref name=brg/>
| femaleheight = 117 cm<ref name=brg/>
| skincolor =
| coat = pied black and white
| horn = horned
| subspecies =
| note =
}}
[[File:Taureau breton pie noir.JPG|300px|thumbnail|An atypically dark Breton Pie Noir bull]]
The '''Bretonne Pie Noir''' is [[breed]] of small [[dairy cattle]] from [[Brittany]] in north-western France. It originates from [[Cornouaille]] and the [[Vannes|Pays de Vannes]] in the [[département]]s of [[Finistère]] and [[Morbihan]]. Due to its small size, modest requirements, good productivity and ability to exploit poor and marginal terrain, it was well suited to traditional Breton agriculture.<ref name=inra/> A herdbook was established in 1886.<ref name=dad/><ref name=pierre/> The breed was in the past numerous; at the beginning of the twentieth century there were about 500,000. Numbers fell drastically during that century, and in 1976, when about 15,000 remained, a breed conservation plan was begun, the first such for any breed of cattle.<ref name=inra/>

==Characteristics==

The Bretonne Pie Noir is [[piebald|pied]] black and white; a red pied variant disappeared during the twentieth century.<ref name=inra/> Height at the [[withers]] averages 123 cm for males, 117 cm for females; average weight is 600 kg for bulls, 450 kg for cows.<ref name=brg/>

==Use==

The milk yield of the Bretonne Pie Noir is about 3500 kg per [[lactation]]. The milk has 4.4% fat and 3.4% protein.<ref name=brg/> Gwell, the traditional Breton [[yogurt]], is made from this milk.<ref>"[https://www.geneticresources.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PrepActGR-II-Strategy-Gwell-FR.pdf Development of a traditional product from the milk of local cows “Bretonne Pie noir”: the Gwell]"</ref>

==References==

{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, D. Pilling (eds.) (2007). [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1250e/a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{ISBN|9789251057629}}. Accessed May 2014.</ref>

<ref name=brg>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120501235034/http://www.brg.prd.fr/brg/pages/rga/bovins/12 Étude de la race bovine: Bretonne Pie Noire] (in French). Bureau des Ressources Génétiques. Archived 1 May 2012.</ref>

<ref name=dad>[http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=0b1613ebf16355cf65f6a05b9a65fe25,reportsreport8a_50001231 Breed data sheet: Bretonne Pie Noire/France]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed May 2014.</ref>

<ref name=inra>Jean-Jacques Colleau, Pierre Quéméré, H. Larroque, J. Sergent, C. Wagner (2002). [https://www6.inra.fr/productions-animales/content/download/3889/40110/version/1/file/Prod_Anim_2002_15_3_07.pdf Gestion génétique de la race bovine Bretonne Pie-Noire: bilan et perspectives = Genetic management of the Breton Black-Pied cattle breed] (in French). ''INRA Productions Animales'' '''15''' (3): 221–230.</ref>

<ref name=pierre>Pierre Quéméré (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JzPg4tqJj60C La bretonne pie noir: grandeur, décadence, renouveau] (in French). Paris: France agricole. {{ISBN|9782855571355}}.</ref>}}

{{Cattle breeds of France}}

[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in France]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bretagne]]