IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

Jasminum sambac

2022-10-10T18:48:40Z

172.70.90.235:

{{Short description|Species of jasmine}}
{{Redirect|Sampaguita}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name =
| image = Arabian jasmin, Tunisia 2010.jpg
| image2 =Jasmine lifecycle.jpg
| image2_caption = various Flower stages
| image_caption = A 'Maid of Orleans' cultivar from [[Tunisia]].
| genus = Jasminum
| species = sambac
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[William Aiton|Aiton]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | name = ''Jasminum sambac'' (L.) Aiton | id = 20676 | access-date =8 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="gonzalez">{{cite book|author=Ginés López González|title =Los árboles y arbustos de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares: especies silvestres y las principales cultivadas|publisher =Mundi-Prensa Libros|year =2006|edition=2|language=es|page=1295|isbn =978-84-8476-272-0|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=1cdGlgnm4mwC}}</ref>
| synonyms =
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=[[Basionym]]}}
*''Nyctanthes sambac'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
{{hidden end}}
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=[[wikt:Homotypic|Homotypic]]}}
*''Mogorium sambac'' (L.) Lam. 
*''Jasminum fragrans'' Salisb. 
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''normale'' Kuntze)
{{hidden end}}
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=[[wikt:Heterotypic|Heterotypic]]}}

*''Jasminum bicorollatum'' Noronha
*''Jasminum blancoi'' Hassk.
*''Jasminum heyneanum'' Wall. ex G.Don
*''Jasminum odoratum'' Noronha
*''Jasminum pubescens'' Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.
*''Jasminum quadrifolium'' Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.
*''Jasminum quinqueflorum'' B.Heyne ex G.Don
*''Jasminum quinqueflorum'' var. ''pubescens'' G.Don
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''duplex'' Voigt
*''Jasminum sambac'' var.'' gimea'' (Zuccagni) DC.
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''goaense'' (Zuccagni) DC.
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''heyneanum'' Wall. ex G.Don) C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker
*''Jasminum sambac'' var.'' kerianum'' Kuntze
*''Jasminum sambac'' var.'' nemocalyx'' Kuntze
*''Jasminum sambac'' var.'' plenum'' Stokes
*''Jasminum sambac'' var.'' syringifolium'' Wall. ex Kuntze
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''trifoliatum'' Vahl
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''undulatum'' (L.) Kuntze
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''verum'' DC.
*''Jasminum sanjurium'' Buch.-Ham. ex DC.
*''Jasminum undulatum'' (L.) Willd.
*''Mogorium gimea'' Zuccagni
*''Mogorium goaense'' Zuccagni
*''Mogorium undulatum'' (L.) Lam.
*''Nyctanthes goa'' Steud.
*''Nyctanthes grandiflora'' Lour.
*''Nyctanthes undulata'' L.
{{hidden end}}
}}
'''''Jasminum sambac''''' ('''Arabian jasmine''' or '''Sambac jasmine''')<ref name="GRIN"/><ref name="pier">{{cite web|url=http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/jasminum_sambac.htm|title=''Jasminum sambac'' (L.) Aiton, Oleaceae |date=18 October 2006|publisher=Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[jasmine]] [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] to [[tropical Asia]], from the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Jasminum sambac'' |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b658 |website=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olveros-Belardo |first1=Luz |last2=Smith |first2=Roger M. |last3=Ocampo |first3=Milagros P. |title=Some Components of the Absolute of the Rowers of ''Jasminum sambac'' (l.) Ait. |journal=Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology |date=990 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=129–140 |url=https://www.nast.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf%20files/Publications/NAST%20Transactions/NAST%201990%20Transactions%20Volume%2012/6.%20Some%20Components%20of%20the%20Absolute%20of%20the%20Flowers%20of%20Jasminum%20sambac%20%20%20Luz%20Oliveros-Belardo%20-%20(MPES).pdf}}</ref> It is cultivated in many places, especially across much of South and Southeast Asia. It is naturalised in many scattered locales: [[Mauritius]], [[Madagascar]], the [[Maldives]], [[Christmas Island]], [[Chiapas]], Central America, southern [[Florida]], the [[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]], [[Hispaniola]], [[Jamaica]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref name="sanchez"/><ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=351647 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Jasminum%20sambac.png Biota of North America Program]</ref>

''Jasminum sambac'' is a small shrub or vine growing up to {{convert|0.5|to|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height. It is widely cultivated for its attractive and sweetly fragrant flowers. The flowers may be used as a fragrant ingredient in [[perfume]]s and [[jasmine tea]]. In [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] it is very popular and is known as '''Mogra'''. It is the [[national flower]] of the [[Philippines]], where it is known as '''''sampaguita''''',<ref>{{cite web | last = Pangilinan Jr. | first = Leon | title = In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols | url=http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/9-facts-you-may-not-know-about-philippine-national-symbols/ | date = 3 October 2014 | access-date = 8 January 2019 | publisher = [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref> as well as being one of the three national flowers of [[Indonesia]], where it is known as '''''melati putih'''''.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Description==
''Jasminum sambac'' is an [[evergreen]] [[vine]] or [[shrub]] reaching up to {{convert|0.5|to|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall.<ref name="skaria">{{cite book|author=Baby P. Skaria|title =Aromatic Plants: Vol.01. Horticulture Science Series|publisher =New India Publishing|year =2007|series=The families and genera of vascular plants|volume=1|work=Horticulture science|page=182|isbn=978-81-89422-45-5|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=e68EbGOCayAC}}</ref> The species is highly variable, possibly a result of [[spontaneous mutation]], natural [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]], and [[Polyploid|autopolyploidy]]. Cultivated ''Jasminum sambac'' generally do not bear seeds and the plant is reproduced solely by [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]], [[layering]], [[marcotting]], and other methods of [[asexual propagation]].<ref name="sanchez"/><ref name="eflora">{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200017788|title=''Jasminum sambac'' (Linnaeus) Aiton, Hort. Kew. 1: 8. 1789. |publisher=Flora of China|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="leonhardt"/>

The leaves are [[ovate (leaf)|ovate]], {{convert|4|to|12.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2|to|7.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide. The [[phyllotaxy]] is opposite or in whorls of three, simple (not [[pinnate]], like most other jasmines).<ref name="banerji">{{cite web|author1=B.K. Banerji |author2=A.K. Dwivedi |url=http://www.floriculturetoday.in/fragrant-world-of-jasmine.html |title=Fragrant world of Jasmine |publisher=Floriculture Today, National Botanical Research Institute |access-date=8 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207112622/http://www.floriculturetoday.in/fragrant-world-of-jasmine.html |archive-date=7 December 2010 }}</ref> They are smooth (glabrous) except for a few hairs at the [[Leaf|venation]] on the base of the leaf.<ref name="eflora"/>

The flowers bloom all throughout the year and are produced in clusters of 3 to 12 together at the ends of branches.<ref name="leonhardt">{{cite journal|author1=Kenneth W. Leonhardt |author2=Glenn I. Teves |year=2002|title=Pikake A Fragrant-Flowered Plant for Landscapes and Lei Production|journal=Ornamentals and Flowers|publisher=College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawai'i at Manoa|url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/of-29.pdf|access-date=8 May 2011 }}</ref> They are strongly scented, with a white corolla {{convert|2|to|3|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter with 5 to 9 lobes. The flowers open at night (usually around 6 to 8 in the evening), and close in the morning, a span of 12 to 20 hours.<ref name="sanchez"/> The [[fruit]] is a purple to black [[berry (botany)|berry]] {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref name="eflora"/>
[[File:Jasminum sambac1SHSU.jpg|210px|thumbnail|right|Arabian jasmine in soft shade]]

==Taxonomy and nomenclature==
''Jasminum sambac'' is classified under the [[genus]] ''[[Jasminum]]'' under the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Jasmineae]].<ref name="kubitzki">{{cite book|title =The families and genera of vascular plants: Flowering plants, Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) |publisher =Springer|year =2004|series=The families and genera of vascular plants|volume=7|editor1=Klaus Kubitzki |editor2=Joachim W. Kadereit |page=299|isbn=978-3-540-40593-1|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kcSZriBQGp4C}}</ref> It belongs to the [[olive]] [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Oleaceae]].<ref name="plants">{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JASA|title=''Jasminum sambac'' (L.) Aiton: Arabian jasmine|publisher=PLANTS profile, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>

Despite the English [[common name]] of "Arabian jasmine", ''Jasminum sambac'' is not originally native to [[Arabia]]. The [[Habit (botany)|habits]] of ''Jasminum sambac'' support a [[Indigenous (ecology)|native habitat]] of [[Tropical climate|humid tropical climates]] and not the [[arid climate]]s of the Middle East. Early Chinese records of the plant points to the origin of ''Jasminum sambac'' as eastern South Asia and Southeast Asia. ''Jasminum sambac'' (and nine other species of the [[genus]]) were [[Introduced species|spread]] into Arabia and [[Persia]] by man, where they were cultivated in gardens. From there, they were introduced to Europe where they were grown as ornamentals and were known under the common name "sambac" in the 18th century.<ref name="shiu-ying">{{cite book|author=胡秀英 (Hu Shiu-Ying)|title=秀苑擷英|script-title=zh:秀苑擷英: 胡秀英敎授論文集|publisher =商務印書館(香港)|year =2003|language=zh, en|pages=263–265|isbn=978-962-07-3152-5|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=hXBYfiAWhZUC}}</ref><ref name="singh2006">{{cite book|author=A.K. Singh|title =Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management|publisher =New India Publishing|year =2006|pages=193–205|isbn =978-81-89422-35-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA193}}</ref>

The Medieval Arabic term ''"zanbaq"'' denoted jasmine flower-oil from the flowers of any species of jasmine. This word entered late medieval Latin as ''"sambacus"'' and ''"zambacca"'' with the same meaning as the Arabic, and then in post-medieval Latin [[plant taxonomy]] the word was adopted as a label for the ''J. sambac'' species.<ref>''Dictionnaire étymologique des mots français d'origine orientale'', by L. Marcel Devic, year 1876, page 201; [https://archive.org/details/dictionnairety00devi downloadable]. Additional details at [https://archive.org/stream/sinonomabartholo01mirfuoft#page/235/mode/1up zambacca](Alphita, mid 15th century); [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58660f/f257.image sambacus](Simon of Genoa, late 13th century); [http://www.baheth.info/ زنبق = دهن الياسمين](''zanbaq'' = "jasmine oil" in ''[[Lisan al-Arab]]'', late 13th century).</ref> The ''J. sambac'' species is a good source for jasmine flower-oil in terms of the quality of the fragrance and it continues to be cultivated for this purpose for the perfume industry today. The ''[[Jasminum officinale]]'' species is also cultivated for the same purpose, and probably to a greater extent.

In 1753, [[Carl Linnaeus]] first described the plant as ''[[Nyctanthes]] sambac'' in the first edition of his famous book ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. In 1789, [[William Aiton]] reclassified the plant to the genus ''[[Jasminum]]''. He also coined the common English name of "Arabian jasmine",<ref name="aiton1810">{{cite book|author=William Aiton|title =Hortus Kewensis, or A catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal botanic garden at Kew|publisher =Longman|edition=2|year =1810|volume=1|page=16|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=uRAPAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> cementing the misconception that it was Arabian in origin.<ref name="shiu-ying"/>

==Cultivation==
[[File:Arabian jasmine (Jasminum sambac) buds captured in morning.jpg|thumb|150px|Buds in morning, captured in India.]]
The sweet, heady fragrance of ''Jasminum sambac'' is its distinct feature. It is widely grown throughout the tropics from the [[Arabian peninsula]] to Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands as an ornamental plant and for its strongly scented flowers.<ref name="arabnews"/> Numerous cultivars currently exist.<ref name="banerji"/>

Typically, the flowers are harvested as [[bud]]s during early morning. The flower buds are harvested on basis of color, as firmness and size are variable depending on the weather. The buds have to be white, as green ones may not emit the characteristic fragrance they are known for.<ref name="leonhardt"/> Open flowers are generally not harvested as a larger amount of them is needed to extract oils and they lose their fragrance sooner.<ref name="sanchez"/>

''J. sambac'' does not tolerate being frozen, so in temperate regions must be grown under glass, in an unheated greenhouse or conservatory. It has an intense fragrance which some people may find overpowering. In the UK this plant has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/58524/i-Jasminum-sambac-i/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder – ''Jasminum sambac'' | access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants – Ornamental | date = July 2017
| page = 56 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 14 March 2018}}</ref>

===Cultivars===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header ='''''Jasminum sambac'' cultivars'''
| header_align = center
| width =
| header_background =lightgreen
| background color =

| image1 =Jasminum sambac.jpg
| width1 =140
| alt1 =
| caption1 ='Maid of Orleans'

| image2 =Jasminum sambac 'Grand Duke of Tuscany'.jpg
| width2 =140
| alt2 =
| caption2 ='Grand Duke of Tuscany'
}}


There are numerous [[cultivar]]s of ''Jasminum sambac'' which differ from each other by the shape of leaves and the structure of the [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]]. The cultivars recognized include:

* ''''Maid of Orleans'''' – possesses flowers with a single layer of five or more oval shaped petals. It is the variety most commonly referred to as '''''sampaguita''''' and '''''pikake'''''.<ref name="sanchez"/><ref name="leonhardt"/> It is also known as 'Mograw', 'Motiya', or 'Bela'.<ref name="hp"/>
* ''''Belle of India'''' – possesses flowers with a single or double layer of elongated petals.<ref name="hp"/>
* ''''Grand Duke of Tuscany'''' – possesses flowers with a doubled petal count. They resemble small white [[rose]]s and are less fragrant than the other varieties. It is also known as 'Rose jasmine' and 'Butt Mograw'.<ref name="hp">{{cite web|url=http://swc2.hccs.edu/proberts/gallery/html/sonia_sardesai/html/jasmine.html |title=Jasmine |publisher=House Plants, HCC Southwest College |access-date=8 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508235448/http://swc2.hccs.edu/proberts/gallery/html/sonia_sardesai/html/jasmine.html |archive-date=8 May 2011 }}</ref> In the Philippines, it is known as '''''kampupot'''''.<ref name="sanchez">{{cite journal |author1=Fernando C. Sanchez Jr. |author2=Dante Santiago |author3=Caroline P. Khe |year=2010 |title=Production Management Practices of Jasmine (''Jasminum sambac'' (L.) Aiton) in the Philippines |journal=Journal of the International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=126–136 |url=http://www.issaas.org/journal/v16/02/journal-issaas-v16n2-13-sanchez.pdf |access-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628020053/http://issaas.org/journal/v16/02/journal-issaas-v16n2-13-sanchez.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''''Mysore Mallige'''' – resembles the 'Belle of India' cultivar but has slightly shorter petals with distinct and immense fragrance.<ref name="hp"/>
* ''''Arabian Nights'''' – possesses a double layer of petals but is smaller in size than the 'Grand Duke of Tuscany' cultivar.<ref name="hp"/>-->

== Chemical composition ==
''Jasminum sambac'' contains [[dotriacontanoic acid]], [[dotriacontanol]], [[oleanolic acid]], [[daucosterol]], [[hesperidin]], and [+]-jasminoids A, B, C, D in its roots. Leaves contains flavonoids such as [[rutin]], [[quercetin]] and [[isoquercetin]], flavonoids rhamnoglycosides as well as [[α-amyrin]] and [[β-sitosterol]]. A novel plant [[cysteine]]-rich [[peptide]] family named jasmintides were isolated from this plant.

Its aroma is caused by a variety of compounds including [[benzyl alcohol]], tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane, [[methyl benzoate]], [[linalool]], [[benzyl acetate]], (-)-(''R'')-jasmine lactone, [[farnesene|(''E'',''E'')-α-farnesene]], (''Z'')-3-hexenyl benzoate, N-acetylmethylanthranilate, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, [[methyl jasmonate|(''E'')-methyl jasmonate]], [[benzyl benzoate]] and [[isophytol]].{{cn|date=October 2021}}

==Importance==
===Southeast Asia===
====Philippines====
''Jasminum sambac'' ([[Filipino language|Filipino]] and [[Philippine Spanish]]: ''sampaguita'') was adopted by the [[Philippines]] as the [[National symbols of the Philippines|national flower]] on 1 February 1934 via Proclamation No. 652 issued by [[American Colonial Period (Philippines)|American]] [[Governor-General of the Philippines#Insular Government|Governor-General]] [[Frank Murphy]].<ref name="ncca">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-sampaguita.php |title=Philippine Fast Facts: National Flower: Sampaguita |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Republic of the Philippines |access-date=8 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915034956/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-sampaguita.php |archive-date=15 September 2008 }}</ref><ref name="asean">{{cite web|url=http://www.aseansec.org/18203.htm|title=ASEAN National Flowers|publisher=ASEAN secretariat|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="whistler"/> It is also known natively as ''sampaga'' or ''kampupot'' in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]; ''kulatai'', ''pongso'', or ''kampupot'' in [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]; ''manul'' in the [[Visayan languages]]; ''lumabi'' or ''malul'' in [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]]; and ''hubar'' or ''malur'' in [[Tausug language|Tausug]].<ref name="Lim">{{cite book |last1=Lim |first1=T.K. |title=Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |volume=8, Flowers |isbn=9789401787482 |page=530 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nvGBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1}}</ref>
[[File:3156San Roque Santa Marta de Pateros Catholic School Metro Manila 14.jpg|thumb|upright|Sampaguita garland vendors outside a [[Catholic]] school in [[Pateros]], [[Manila]].]]
Sampaguita in the Filipino language is a direct [[loanword]] from the Indian [[sanskrit]] word "campaka".<ref name=ew2>Jean-Paul G. POTET (2013). [https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=1i-bBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA250&dq=sampaguita+originally+from+sanskrit&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2nsrHo-PxAhVwqksFHce7B4cQ6AEwBnoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=sampaguita%20originally%20from%20sanskrit&f=false Arabian and Persian loanwords in Tagalog], p. 250.</ref> [[Filipino people|Filipinos]] string the flowers into leis, corsages, and sometimes crowns.<ref name="faophil">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac452e/ac452e07.htm#bm07|title=Cut Flower Production in the Philippines|author=Teresita L. Rosario|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="nickles">{{cite book|author=Greg Nickles|title =Philippines: the people|publisher =Crabtree Publishing Company|year =2002|page=27|series=The lands, peoples, and cultures|isbn=978-0-7787-9353-3|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=oGUt7-7sGRIC}}</ref> These garlands are available as loose strings of blossoms or as tight clusters of buds, and are commonly sold by vendors outside churches and near street intersections.<ref name="boyer">{{cite book|author=Robert H. Boyer|title =Sundays in Manila|publisher =UP Press|year =2010|page=230|isbn=978-971-542-630-5|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=LkTwlWpX8MEC}}</ref>

Sampaguita garlands are used as a form of bestowing honour, veneration, or accolade. These are primarily used to adorn religious images, religious processions and photographs of the dead on altars. These are placed around the necks of living persons such as dignitaries, visitors, and occasionally to graduating students. Buds strung into ropes several metres long are often used to decorate formal events such state occasions at [[Malacañang Palace]], weddings, and are sometimes used as the ribbon in [[ribbon cutting ceremony|ribbon cutting ceremonies]]. Though edible, the flower is rarely used in cuisine, with an unusual example being flavouring for ice cream.

''Jasminum sambac'' is the subject of the [[danza]] song ''La Flor de Manila'', composed by [[Dolores Paterno]] in 1879. The song was popular during the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]] and is now regarded as a [[romantic music|romantic]] classic.<ref name="himig">{{cite web|url=http://himig.com.ph/features/38-dolores-paterno|title=Dolores Paterno|author=Himig: The Filipino Music Collection of FHL|publisher=Filipinas Heritage Library and the Ayala Foundation|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> The flower is also the namesake of the song ''El Collar de Sampaguita''. The design of the ceremonial torch for the [[2019 Southeast Asian Games]], designed by Filipino sculptor Daniel Dela Cruz, was inspired by the sampaguita.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Garcia |first1=Maria Angelica |title=SEA Games torch inspired by the sampaguita |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/712925/sea-games-torch-inspired-by-the-sampaguita/story/ |access-date=30 November 2019 |work=GMA News |date=24 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aglibot |first1=Joanna Rose |title=Sampaguita-inspired torch ready for 30th SEA Games |url=https://sports.inquirer.net/362737/sampaguita-inspired-torch-ready-for-30th-sea-games |access-date=30 November 2019 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=23 August 2019}}</ref>

==== Indonesia ====
[[File:Javanese Surakarta Bride.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[Surakarta]] bride adorned with intricate ''roncen melati'' (jasmine garland).]]
''Jasminum sambac'' ({{lang-id|melati putih}}) is one of the three [[List of Indonesian floral emblems|national flowers]] in [[Indonesia]], the other two being the [[Phalaenopsis amabilis|moon orchid]] and the [[Rafflesia arnoldii|giant padma]].<ref name="asean"/> Although the official adoption were announced only as recent as 1990 during World Environment Day and enforced by law through Presidential Decree No. 4 in 1993,<ref>[http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234237/http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf |date=2 April 2012 }}</ref> the importance of ''Jasminum sambac'' in [[Indonesian culture]] long predates its official adoption. Since the formation of Indonesian republic during the reign of [[Sukarno]], ''melati putih'' is always unofficially recognized as the national flower of Indonesia. The reverence and its elevated status mostly due to the importance of this flower in Indonesian tradition since ancient times.

It has long been considered a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition, as it symbolizes purity, sacredness, graceful simplicity and sincerity. It also represents the beauty of modesty; a small and simple white flower that can produce such sweet fragrance. It is also the most important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially in the island of [[Java]].<ref name="fao">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac452e/ac452e05.htm|title=Cut Flower Production in Indonesia|author1=Toto Sutater |author2=Kusumah Effendie |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref> Jasmine flower buds that have not fully opened are usually picked to create strings of jasmine garlands ({{lang-jv|script=Latn|roncen melati}}). On wedding days, a traditional [[Javanese people|Javanese]] or [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] bride's hair is adorned with strings of jasmine garlands arranged as a hairnet to cover the ''konde'' ([[Bun (hairstyle)|hair bun]]). The intricately intertwined strings of jasmine garlands are left to hang loose from the bride's head. The groom's [[kris]] is also adorned with five jasmine garlands called ''roncen usus-usus'' (intestine garlands) to refer its intestine-like form and also linked to the legend of [[Kris#Kris Setan Kober|Arya Penangsang]]. In Makassar and [[Bugis]] brides, the hair is also adorned with buds of jasmine that resemble pearls. Jasmine is also used as floral offerings for [[hyang]]s, spirits and deities especially among [[Balinese people|Balinese]] [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hindu]], and also often present during funerals. In South Sumatran traditional costume, the ''bungo melati'' pattern in [[Palembang]] [[songket]] fabrics depicts the jasmine to represent beauty and femininity.

The jasmine has wide spectrums in Indonesian traditions; it is the flower of life, beauty and festive wedding, yet it is also often associated with spirit and death. In Indonesian patriotic songs and poems, the fallen ''melati'' often hailed as the representation of fallen heroes that sacrificed their life and died for the country, the very similar concept with fallen ''[[sakura]]'' that represent fallen heroes in Japanese tradition. The [[Ismail Marzuki]]'s patriotic song ''"Melati di Tapal Batas"'' (jasmine on the border) (1947) and [[Guruh Sukarnoputra]]'s ''"Melati Suci"''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdOqm6RK6OA Melati Suci]</ref> (sacred jasmine) (1974) clearly refer jasmine as the representation of fallen heroes, the eternally fragrance flower that adorned [[Ibu Pertiwi]] (Indonesian [[national personification]]). The Iwan Abdurachman's ''"Melati dari Jayagiri"'' (jasmine from Jayagiri mountain) refer jasmine as the representation of the pure unspoiled beauty of a girl and also a long lost love.

In Indonesia, jasmine essential oil is also extracted from jasmine flowers and buds by using steam distillation process. Jasmine essential oil is one of most expensive commodity in aromatherapy and perfume industry.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

==== Cambodia ====
In [[Cambodia]], the flower is used as an offering to the [[Buddha]]. During flowering season which begins in June, Cambodians thread the flower buds onto a wooden needle to be presented to the [[Buddha]].<ref name="wandersee">{{cite web|url=http://www.humanflowerproject.com/index.php/weblog/comments/divinity_in_bud/|title=Divinity in Bud|author1=James H. Wandersee |author2=Renee M. Clary |publisher=Human Flower Project|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>

===East Asia===
==== China ====
In China, the flower ({{zh|c=茉莉花|p=Mòlì huā}}) is processed and used as the main flavoring ingredient in [[jasmine tea]] (茉莉花茶).<ref name="shiu-ying"/> It is also the subject of a popular [[folk song]] ''[[Mo Li Hua]].''

=== Hawaii ===
In Hawaii, the flower is known as ''pīkake'', and is used to make fragrant [[lei (garland)|lei]]s.<ref name="leonhardt"/> The name 'pīkake' is derived from the Hawaiian word for "[[peacock]]", because the Hawaiian [[Kaʻiulani|Princess Kaʻiulani]] was fond of both the flowers and the bird.<ref name="leonhardt"/><ref name="whistler">{{cite book|author=W. Arthur Whistler|author-link=Arthur Whistler|title =Tropical ornamentals: a guide|publisher =Timber Press|year =2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tropicalornament00wart/page/284 284]–285|isbn=978-0-88192-475-6|url =https://archive.org/details/tropicalornament00wart|url-access=registration}}</ref>

=== The Middle East ===
In [[Oman]], ''Jasminum sambac'' features prominently on a child's first birthday.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} They are used to make thick garlands used as hair adornments. Flowers are sprinkled on the child's head by other children while chanting "hol hol". The fragrant flowers are also sold packed in between large leaves of the Indian almond (''[[Terminalia catappa]]'') and sewn together with strips of [[date palm]] leaves.<ref name="arabnews">{{cite journal|author=Tony Walsh|year=2004|title=Jasmine Scents of Arabia|journal=Arab News Review|pages=1–3|publisher=Saudi Research & Publishing Company (SRPC)|issn=0254-833X|url=http://www.omanholiday.co.uk/Scents-of-Arabia-by-Tony-Walsh-for-Arab-News.pdf|access-date=8 May 2011 }}</ref> In [[Bahrain]] The flower is made into a pin along with the leaf of a palm tree to commemorate the martyrs of the country, similar to the White Poppy flower.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

===South Asia===

Jasmine is a sacred flower in [[Hinduism]], it is used in mediation, decoration, fragrance, [[Puja (Hinduism)|worship]] and it is sacred to all forms of Goddess [[Devi]]. It is used as sacred offerings during Hindu religious ceremonies:. Here is a Hindu prayer:
''"...Goddess [[Sarasvati|Saraswathi]], who is fair as a jasmine flower, the moon or a snow flake, who is dressed in white and whose hands are adorned by Veena, who is seated in a white lotus, to whom Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwara pray, please protect us..."''<ref name=pr1>[https://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/plant_wk/molle.htm Jasmine molle], toptropicals.com, accessed 16 July 2021.</ref>

It is one of the most commonly grown ornamentals in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, where it is native.<ref name="skaria"/><ref name="whistler"/> At Indian weddings, the bride often adorns her hair with garlands made of mogra, either around a bun or wrapped across a braid.

====Sri Lanka====
In Sri Lanka it is widely known as ''pichcha'' or ''gaeta pichcha''. The name ''sithapushpa'' and ''katarolu'' are also used in older texts. The flowers are used in Buddhist temples and in ceremonial garlands.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==Toxicity==
The LD50 of jasmine extract is greater than 5 mg/kg by weight.<ref>https://zenodo.org/record/1210527/files/57.Jasminum sambac.pdf</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Jasminum species]]
*[[Jasmine]]
*''[[Jasminum multiflorum]]'' – the Indian jasmine
*''[[Jasminum officinale]]'' – the common jasmine
*''[[Cananga odorata]]'', the ylang-ylang, another plant widely used in perfumes

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Jasminum sambac|''Jasminum sambac''}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Jasminum sambac|''Jasminum sambac''}}

{{Indonesia topics}}
{{Symbols of the Philippines}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1356614}}

[[Category:Jasminum|sambac]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Indonesia]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Syria]]

Leontopodium nivale

2022-10-08T02:49:17Z

172.70.90.235:

{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{redirect|Edelweiss}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Edelweiss
| image = Alpen Edelweiß, Leontopodium alpinum 2.JPG
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Leontopodium
| species = nivale
| authority = (Ten.) Huet ex Hand.-Mazz.c
| synonyms = ''Leontopodium alpinum'' Colm. ex Cass.
}}

'''''Leontopodium nivale''''', commonly called '''edelweiss''' ({{lang-de|Alpen-Edelweiß}}, English pronunciation {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-edelweiss.ogg|ˈ|eɪ|d|əl|v|aɪ|s}}), is a mountain flower belonging to the daisy or sunflower family [[Asteraceae]]. The plant prefers rocky limestone places at about {{convert|1,800|–|3,000|m}} altitude. It is non-toxic and has been used in traditional medicine as a remedy against abdominal and respiratory diseases. Its leaves and flowers are covered with dense hairs, which appear to protect the plant from cold, aridity, and ultraviolet radiation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vigneron|first=Jean Pol |author-link=Jean-Pol Vigneron|author2=Marie Rassart |author3=Zofia Vértesy |author4=Krisztián Kertész |author5=Michaël Sarrazin |author6=László P. Biró |author7=Damien Ertz |author8=Virginie Lousse |date=January 2005 |title= Optical structure and function of the white filamentary hair covering the edelweiss bracts |journal= Physical Review E |volume=71 |issue=1|pages=011906|arxiv=0710.2695 |doi= 10.1103/physreve.71.011906 |pmid=15697629|bibcode=2005PhRvE..71a1906V |s2cid=36857838}}</ref> It is a scarce, short-lived flower found in remote mountain areas and has been used as a symbol for [[alpinism]], for rugged beauty and purity associated with the Alps and Carpathians. It is a national symbol, especially of Romania, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Italy. According to folk tradition, giving this flower to a loved one is a promise of dedication.

==Names==
The flower's common name ''Edelweiß'' is German, and is a compound of ''[[:wikt:edel|edel]]'' "noble" and ''[[:wikt:weiß|weiß]]'' "white". Slovenian name is ''planika'', meaning mountain girl. In Romania it is known as ''floare de colț'' which means 'cliffhanger's flower'. The flower is referred to as ''stella alpina'' in the Italian speaking Alps and ''étoile des Alpes'' in the French Alps, both names meaning 'star of the Alps'.<ref name="Walsh1909">{{cite book |author= William Shepard Walsh |title= Handy-book of literary curiosities |url= https://archive.org/details/handybooklitera04walsgoog |access-date= 2010-08-19 |year=1909 |publisher= J.B. Lippincott Co. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handybooklitera04walsgoog/page/n272 268]–}}</ref>

''Edelweiß'' was one of several regional names for the plant and achieved wide usage during the first half of the 19th century, in the context of early [[Alps#Tourism|Alpine tourism]].<ref>''Edelweiss'' reported as common name alongside ''Alpen-Ruhrkraut'' in Kittel, ''Taschenbuch der Flora Deutschlands zum bequemen Gebrauch auf botanischen Excursionen'' (1837), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5Ek-AAAAcAAJ/page/n490 p. 383].</ref> Alternative names include ''Chatzen-Talpen'' ("cat's paws"), and the older ''Wullbluomen'' ("wool flower", attested in the 16th century).<ref>[[Benedictus Aretius|Aretius]], ''Stocc-Hornii et Nessi [...] descriptio [...], a Benedicto Aretio [...] dictata.'', published with ''Valerii Cordi Simesusii Annotationes in Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de medica materia libros V'', Basel (1561), ed. Bratschi (1992) in ''Niesen und Stockhorn. Berg-Besteigungen im 16. Jahrhunder''.</ref><ref>''[[Schweizerisches Idiotikon]]'' [http://digital.idiotikon2.ch/idtkn/id16.htm#page/161997 16.1997] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213031207/http://digital.idiotikon2.ch/idtkn/id16.htm |date=2013-12-13 }}.</ref>

The scientific name ''Leontopodium'' is a latinisation of the Greek ''leontopódion,'' "lion's paw".<ref>{{LSJ|le/wn|λέων}}, {{LSJ|po/dion|πόδιον}}, {{LSJ|pou/s|πούς|ref}}</ref> The Latin [[binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''nivale'' means "white".<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book | last=Harrison |first=Lorraine | title=RHS Latin for Gardeners | year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley | location=United Kingdom | isbn=978-1845337315 }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
Since 1822, ''[[Leontopodium]]'' has no longer been considered part of the genus ''Gnaphalium'', but classified alongside it as a distinct genus within the tribe [[Gnaphalieae]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} In 2003, ''Leontopodium alpinum'' was re-classified as a subspecies of ''Leontopodium nivale''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leontopodium nivale subsp. alpinum (Cass.) Greuter |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000092947 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=www.worldfloraonline.org}}</ref> Thus, the alpine edelweiss is currently recognized as being divided into two subspecies, ''Leontopodium nivale'' subsp. ''alpinum'' (Cass.) [[Werner Greuter|Greuter]] and ''Leontopodium nivale'' subsp. ''nivale''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-98711|title=Leontopodium nivale (Ten.) Huet ex Hand.-Mazz. — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org|language=en|access-date=2017-09-07}}</ref>

==Description==
The plant's leaves and flowers are covered with white hairs, and appear woolly ([[tomentose]]). Flowering stalks of edelweiss can grow to a size of {{convert|3|–|20|cm|0}} in the wild, or, up to {{cvt|40|cm}} in cultivation. Each bloom consists of five to six small yellow [[inflorescence|clustered spikelet-florets]] ({{cvt|5|mm|disp=comma|frac=16}}) surrounded by fuzzy white "petals" (technically, [[bract]]s) in a double-star formation. The flowers bloom between July and September.

<gallery widths="125" heights="200">
File:Leontopodium alpinum Szarotka alpejska 01.jpg| Early-season version with central floret-pods not yet fully developed. Specimen found in Poland's [[Tatra Mountains]].
File:Edelweiss in cold valley.jpg| Typical mid-season appearance. Specimen found in Italy's [[Bergamo Alps]].
File:Leontopodium alpinum 280808.jpg| Late season version with "fat" appearance from flowered-out central floret-pods and from longer petal-"fuzz".<ref>NOTE: Sometimes mistaken for a different species (reference only).</ref> Specimen found in the [[Stubai Alps]].<ref>NOTE: Image courtesy of Bernd Haynold (reference only).</ref>
File:Gnaphalium leontopodium Atlas Alpenflora.jpg|Botanic illustration.
File:Leontopodium alpinum 070707.jpg|Several edelweiss together with the typical growth form in the Zillertal Alps in South Tyrol.
</gallery>

==Conservation==
''Leontopodium nivale'' is considered a [[Least-concern species|least concern species]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]].<ref name=":0">{{cite iucn |author=Khela, S. |date=2013 |title=''Leontopodium alpinum'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T202984A2758405 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T202984A2758405.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The population of this species declined due to overcollection, but is now protected by laws, [[ex situ conservation]] and occurrence in [[national park]]s.<ref name=":0" />

==Cultivation==
''Leontopodium nivale'' is grown in gardens for its interesting inflorescence and silver foliage. It grows in the end of May<ref>{{Cite book | last=Mineo | first=Baldassare | author-link=Baldassare Mineo | title=Rock garden plants: a color encyclopedia | url=https://archive.org/details/rockgardenplants00mine | url-access=limited | year=1999 | publisher=Timber Press | location=Portland, Or. | isbn=978-0-88192-432-9 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/rockgardenplants00mine/page/n150 150]}}</ref> The plants are short lived and can be grown from seed.<ref>{{Cite book | last=McVicar | first=Jekka | author-link=Jekka McVicar | title=Seeds: The Ultimate Guide to Growing Successfully from Seed | publisher=The Lyons Press | isbn=978-1-58574-874-7 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/seedsultimategui0000mcvi/page/22 22] | year=2003 | url=https://archive.org/details/seedsultimategui0000mcvi/page/22 }}</ref>

==Chemical constituents==
Compounds of different classes, such as [[terpenoid]]s, [[phenylpropanoid]]s, [[fatty acid]]s and [[polyacetylene]]s are reported in various parts of edelweiss plants.<ref>Tauchen, J. & Kokoska, L. Phytochem Rev (2017) 16: 295. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11101-016-9474-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9474-0]</ref> Leoligin was reported as the major lignan constituent.<ref>Wang L, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Schwaiger S, Linder T, Hošek J, Palme V, Schilcher N, Polanský O, Heiss EH, Stangl H, Mihovilovic MD, Stuppner H, Dirsch VM, Atanasov AG. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27220065 Leoligin, the Major Lignan from Edelweiss (Leontopodium nivale subsp. alpinum), Promotes Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1 Macrophages]. J Nat Prod. 2016 Jun 24;79(6):1651-7. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924082/ doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00227].</ref>

The edelweiss has been used in traditional folk medicine in the Alps for centuries. Extracts from different parts of plants have been used to treat abdominal pain, respiratory diseases, heart disease, and against diarrhea. That is why it was also known as the bellyache flower for a long time. It was also used by the mountain people as a durable flower ("eternal flower") in dry bouquets. The cosmetics industry became aware of the plant and its extracts a few years ago.<ref>Alexandra Grass "Edelweiß ist Heilpflanze des Jahres 2019 (German: Edelweiss is Medicinal Plant of the Year 2019)" In: Wiener Zeitung 24.01.2019.</ref>

==Symbolic uses==
{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2012}}
[[File:No. 5. Dianthus silvestris, Gnaphalium leontopodium, (Edelweiss.), chromolithograph by Helga von Cramm, with hymn by F. R. Havergal, 1877.jpg|thumbnail|left|No.5, [[Dianthus]] silvestris, and Gnaphalium leontopodium, (Edelweiss), chromolithograph by [[Helga von Cramm]], with hymn by [[Frances Ridley Havergal|F. R. Havergal]], 1877.]]
[[File:Ignaz Lechleitner Franz Joseph I und Elisabeth vor1860 ubs G 0940 III.jpg|thumbnail|Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I and Empress Elisabeth]]
In the 19th century, the edelweiss became a symbol of the rugged purity of the [[Alps|Alpine region]] and of its native inhabitants.

The passion for edelweiss, which had previously been neglected, began in the middle of the 19th century. The focus is on an incident from 1856, when the [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I]] went on a mountain hike to the Pasterzen Glacier on the Großglockner with his wife [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria|Sisi]]. There the emperor picked his wife an edelweiss from the steep rock with the words "The first in my life that I picked myself". The affection for edelweiss was a common feature of the famous couple and this well-known story raised people's attention to this alpine plant.<ref>Ernst Moriz Kronfeld, Das Edelweiß, Hugo Heller & Cie., Vienna 1910 - In: Georg Weindl: Die ewige Liebe zum Edelweiß. In: Almanach – 3 Zinnen Dolomiten, Nr. 50, 2019, p 68.</ref>

The plant became known as a symbol of the Austrian Empress Elisabeth. A portrait by the painter [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]] painted in 1865 shows Empress Elisabeth with nine artificial edelweiss stars braided in her hair. The jewelry made of precious metal and diamonds was designed in the years after 1850 by the then court and chamber jeweler [[A. E. Köchert|Alexander Emanuel Köchert]].<ref>Michaela Ernst: Sisi-Stern: Das berühmteste Schmuckstück aus Österreich. In: profil. 10. April 2014.</ref>

[[File:Austro-hungarian infantry in mountain (1915-1916).png|thumb|Austro-Hungarian alpine troops with the edelweiss on their uniform]]
With the rise of mountain tourism at the end of the 19th century, the edelweiss became the badge and symbol of alpinists and mountaineers. In order to prevent the extinction of the often picked symbolic species, it was placed under nature protection early on. The edelweiss was soon adopted as a symbol in the logo of numerous alpine clubs and associations. In the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] in particular, the symbolic relationship between defiant, frugal and resilient alpine plants or the required perseverance, agility and cutting edge of the alpine troops was recognized and emphasized and often promoted by badges and designations. The Alpen-Edelweiss was assigned as a badge by Emperor Franz Joseph to troops (three regiments) of the Austro-Hungarian Army intended for use in the mountains. It was worn on the collar of the uniform skirt.<ref>Hermann Hinterstoisser: Das Edelweiß – Alpenblume mit Symbolkraft. In: Truppendienst, 2012, Nr. 5/329. [https://www.bundesheer.at/truppendienst/ausgaben/artikel.php?id=1438 Das Edelweiß]</ref>

In [[Berthold Auerbach]]'s novel ''Edelweiss'' (1861), the difficulty for an alpinist to acquire an edelweiss flower was exaggerated to the point of claiming: "the possession of one is a proof of unusual daring."<ref name="Auerbach1869">{{cite book|author=Berthold Auerbach|title=Edelweiss: A story|url=https://archive.org/details/edelweissastory00auergoog|year=1869|publisher=Roberts Brothers|page=[https://archive.org/details/edelweissastory00auergoog/page/n77 77]}}</ref> This idea at the time was becoming part of the popular mythology of early [[alpinism]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chamois hunting|work=New monthly magazine and universal register|date=1853|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkIFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA166 |page= 166}}</ref> Auerbach's novel appeared in English translation in 1869, prefaced with a quote attributed to [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]:
{{blockquote|There is a flower known to botanists, one of the same genus with our summer plant called "Life-Everlasting", a ''Gnaphalium'' like that, which grows on the most inaccessible cliffs of the Tyrolese mountains, where the chamois dare hardly venture, and which the hunter, tempted by its beauty, and by his love (for it is immensely valued by the Swiss maidens), climbs the cliffs to gather, and is sometimes found dead at the foot, with the flower in his hand. It is called by botanists the ''Gnaphalium leontopodium'', but by the Swiss ''Edelweisse'', which signifies ''Noble Purity''.}}

Together with the alpine [[Gentiana|gentian]], the edelweiss is also a symbol of lonely peaks and pure air in the Alps today. These plants are celebrated with songs and many souvenirs related to them are sold.<ref>Justina Schreiber. "Edelweiß und Enzian". BR Bayern 2, 25 December 2011.</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Unless an archive of the broadcast is available, this can't be verified|date=July 2021}}

===Before 1914===
[[File:Oberjäger k.k. Gebrigstruppe 1907-18.png|thumbnail|[[Kaiserjäger]] - Sergeant (''Oberjäger'')]]
* The edelweiss was established in 1907 as the sign of the [[Imperial-Royal Mountain Troops]] by Emperor [[Franz Joseph I]]. These original three Regiments wore their edelweiss on the collar of their uniform. Before 1918 there were also innumerable edelweiss badges in the Habsburg army. These include, for example, the military [[mountain guide]] award (ice ax with edelweiss and winding mountain rope), edelweiss emblems on the collar and cap or badges from alpine patrol companies. Many alpine units, commandos and soldiers proudly wore unofficial edelweiss badges.<ref name="auto">Hermann Hinterstoisser: Das Edelweiß – Alpenblume mit Symbolkraft. In: Truppendienst (Austrian Army), 2012, Nr. 5/329.</ref>
* The edelweiss also played a role in the troop designation, which also reflected the special relationship with the mountains. In addition to the "Edelweiss Corps" ([[Imperial and Royal|k.u.k.]] XIV. Corps) of [[Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Joseph Ferdinand]], an "Edelweiss Division" was formed in the course of the First World War. It essentially consisted of [[Kaiserjäger]] of the 3rd and 4th regiments, the Salzburg infantry regiment "Archduke Rainer" No. 59 and the Upper Austrian infantry regiment "Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine" No. 14. In 1915, [[World War I]], the edelweiss was granted to the German alpine troops for their bravery.<ref name="auto"/> Today, it is still the insignia of the Austrian, French, Slovenian, [[Podhale rifles|Polish]], [[Vânători de munte|Romanian]], and German alpine troops.
* In the [[Swiss Army]], the highest ranks (brigadier general and higher) have badges in the form of edelweiss flowers, where other military branch badges would have stars.

===World Wars===
* The song ''[[:it:Stelutis alpinis|Stelutis alpinis]]'' ([[Friulian language|Friulian]] for "alpine edelweiss"), written by [[:it:Arturo Zardini|Arturo Zardini]] when he was an evacuee due to World War I, is now considered the unofficial anthem of [[Friuli]]<ref>{{in lang|it}} Screm, Alessio (April 6, 2016). "I friulani scelgono il loro inno: è “Stelutis alpinis” di Zardini" [http://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/tempo-libero/2016/04/06/news/i-friulani-scelgono-il-loro-inno-e-stelutis-alpinis-di-zardini-1.13249577]. [[:it:Messaggero Veneto|Messaggero Veneto]]. Retrieved 2017-03-10.</ref>
* The soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian army named a position right next to the [[Valparola Pass]] as the "Edelweiss position" during World War I.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exploring-history.de/die-edelweissstellung-schloss-die-offene-flanke-der-oesterreicher/|title=Valparolapass: Die Edelweißstellung schloss die offene Flanke der Österreicher|date=Oct 12, 2020|accessdate=Sep 17, 2022}}</ref>
* The song {{lang|de|italics=yes|[[Es war ein Edelweiss]]}} was written by [[Herms Niel]] for soldiers during World War II
* The edelweiss was a badge of the [[Edelweiss Pirates]], anti-Nazi youth groups in the [[Third Reich]], and was worn on clothes (such as a blouse or a suit).
* The edelweiss was the symbol of Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS [[Gebirgsjäger]], or mountain rangers worn as a metal pin on the left side of the mountain cap, on the band of the service dress cap, and as a patch on the right sleeve. It is still the symbol of the mountain brigade in the [[German Army]].
* The World War II Luftwaffe unit {{lang|de|[[Kampfgeschwader 51]]}} (51st Bomber Wing) was known as the Edelweiss Wing.
* Operation "Edelweiss" was a project of the US [[Office of Strategic Services]] to get information about Hitler's [[Alpine Fortress]] in 1945.

===After 1945===
* The edelweiss is worn by troops in the 1st Battalion of the United States Army's [[10th Special Forces Group (United States)|10th Special Forces Group]], who adopted the symbol under the command of [[Aaron Bank|Colonel Aaron Bank]] after it had occupied a [[Waffen-SS|Waffen SS]] officer school ([[SS-Junker Schools|Junkerschule]]) at Flint Kaserne.
* A song, "[[Edelweiss (song)|Edelweiss]]", was written for [[Rodgers and Hammerstein]]'s musical ''[[The Sound of Music]]'' (1959).
* Since 2002, the [[Austrian euro coins|Austrian]] [[2 euro cent coin]] has depicted an edelweiss. From 1959 to 2001, the one-schilling coin depicted a bunch of three flowers.
* It is the symbol of the Bulgarian Tourist Union<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.btsbg.org/|title=Български Туристически Съюз|website=Български Туристически Съюз|accessdate=Sep 17, 2022}}</ref> and the Bulgarian Mountain Control and Lifeguard Service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pss-bg.bg/|title=Начална страница|website=www.pss-bg.bg|accessdate=Sep 17, 2022}}</ref>
* It is also the symbol of the Swiss national tourism organisation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.myswitzerland.com/en.cfm/home |title=Vacation, Travel, Meetings - Typically Swiss - Switzerland Tourism |date=Aug 26, 2009 |website= |accessdate=Sep 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826151448/http://www.myswitzerland.com/en.cfm/home |archive-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* It is featured on the Romanian fifty-lei note.
* An Austrian brand of beer is ''Edelweiß''.
* The edelweiss is used in the logotypes of several [[alpine club]]s such as the ''Deutscher Alpenverein'' ([[German Alpine Club]]), the ''Österreichischer Alpenverein'' ([[Austrian Alpine Club]]), the Societá Alpina Friulana (Friulian Alpine Club<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alpinafriulana.it/cultura/il-nuovo-logo-della-saf-evoluzione-di-un-simbolo/|title=IL NUOVO LOGO DELLA SAF: EVOLUZIONE DI UN SIMBOLO – Societa Alpina Friulana|website=/www.alpinafriulana.it|accessdate=Sep 17, 2022}}</ref>) or the ''Alpenverein Südtirol'' ([[South Tyrol Alpine Club]]). The edelweiss is also used in the logotype of the [[Union of International Mountain Leader Associations]] (UIMLA).
* The ''Südtiroler Volkspartei'' ([[South Tyrolean People's Party]]) uses the flower as its logo.
* In ''[[Asterix in Switzerland]]'' (1970), the plot is driven by a quest to find edelweiss in the Swiss mountains and bring a bloom back to Gaul to cure a poisoned Roman quaestor.
* [[Edelweiss Air]], an international airline based in Switzerland, is named after the flower, which also appears in its logo.
* The musician [[Moondog]] composed the song "High on a Rocky Ledge," inspired by the Edelweiss flower.
* "Bring me Edelweiss" is the best-known song of the music group [[Edelweiss (band)|Edelweiss]].
* Polish professional ice hockey team [[Podhale Nowy Targ|MMKS Podhale Nowy Targ]] uses an edelweiss as its emblem.
* [[Edelweiss Lodge and Resort]] is a military resort located in Garmisch, Germany.
* The song La Belle Fleur Sauvage by [[Lord Huron]] has lyrics inspired by the tradition of presenting a loved one with an edelweiss.
* In the 7th instalment of the [[Dark Parables]] franchise, the ''Snow Edelweiss'' flower is revealed to be the flower associated with the Snow Queen, Snow White, the counterpart to her fraternal twin brother, Prince Ross Red of the Fiery [[Rose|Rosa]] flower.
* In HBO's 2001 mini series ''[[Band of Brothers (miniseries)|Band of Brothers]]'', edelweiss is found on a dead German soldier's uniform. When asked about this, [[Lewis Nixon III|Captain Lewis Nixon]] replied, "That's edelweiss. It grows in the mountains, above the treeline. Which means he climbed up there to get it. Supposed to be the mark of a true soldier."
*In the Korean drama [[Crash Landing on You]], Ri Jyeong Hyuk gives Yoon Se-ri a potted edelweiss. He later asks her to meet him "where the edelweiss grows", referring to the [[Jungfrauregion|Jungfrau region]] where they later meet again.
*After Lithuania regained its independence, children of German descent living in Lithuania formed the Edelweiss community, later renamed the Edelweiss-Wolfskinder ([[Wolf children]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vilkovaikai.lt/ivadiniai-tekstai/vilko-vaikai/|title = Vilko vaikai}}</ref>

===Gallery===


<gallery caption="Some symbolic use from ancient times to the present" widths="80px" heights="80px">


File:Eisernes-Edelweiss.jpg| [[First World War|World War One]]-era [[Nail Men|nail-fundraiser monument]]: the ''Iron Edelweiss'' of [[Enns (city)|Enns]], Austria.



File:Abzeichen Grüntentag 1963.jpg| 1963 German mountain sport pin.

File:Leontopodium-alpinum04.jpg| [[German Alpine Club]] logo pin.<ref>NOTE: '''DAV''' on this pin means '''''D'''eutscher '''A'''lpen'''v'''erein'' not ''[[Disabled American Veterans]] for which such pins may be confused (reference only).</ref>

File:50 lei. Romania, 2005 a.jpg| On a Romanian fifty lei note.

File:Uimla.gif| Logo of the [[Union of International Mountain Leader Associations]].

File:Hrvatska gorska sluzba spasavanja logo 0110 1.jpg|Logo of [[Croatian Mountain Rescue Service]]

File:ZRHEdelweiss.jpg| [[Aircraft livery]] of [[Edelweiss Air]].

File:ЦМ ВОВ. Кабина Ju-88 (Германия).jpg| Nazi-era [[nose art]] on a bomber from the [[Kampfgeschwader 51|"Edelweiss Wing" (KG 51)]].

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-402-0265-03A, Flugzeug Junkers Ju 88, Startvorbereitung.jpg| Nazi-era photo with KG 51 insignia on a [[Junkers Ju 88|Ju 88]] bomber.

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-340-0175-20A, Im Westen, Geschwader--Staffelabzeichen.jpg| 1939 Nazi-era aircraft nose art.



File:Ciecm.JPG| French mountain troops school emblem.<ref>NOTE: '''CIECM''' meaning '''''C'''entre d' '''I'''nstruction et d' '''E'''ntraînement au '''C'''ombat en '''M'''ontagne'' (reference only).</ref>

File:LogoRMSV.tif| Logo of German sports association [[:de:RMSV Edelweiss Aach|RMSV]].

File:Edelweiss-Auszeichnung 3 Sterne.png| Rank insignia in the Swiss postal service.

File:Grenzschutzbergführer.JPG| [[German Federal Police]] rank insignia  patch.

File:Stamp of Kyrgyzstan 034.jpg| [[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz]] postage stamp from 1994.

File:DBP 1975 867 Wohlfahrt Alpenblumen.jpg| West German postage stamp from 1975.

File:Swiss-Commemorative-Coin-2004b-CHF-20-obverse.png| On 2004 Swiss coin.

File:100 CHF 1925 681736.png| On 1925 gold 100 [[Swiss franc]]s coin.

File:Coin of Kazakhstan 500-Edelveis-rev.jpg| [[Kazakhstan]] 500 tenge coin.

File:CHE OF9 General.svg| Four-"Star" rank insignia of the top [[General (Switzerland)|Swiss general]].

File:JgB23.jpg| Austrian army [[:de:Jägerbataillon 23 (Bundesheer)|JgB 23]] emblem.

File:2. JaboG 34.png| West/German military [[:de:Jagdbombergeschwader 34|''"Allgäu"'' fighter/bomber group]] 1958–2003.

File:Gebirgsjägerbrigade 23 (Bundeswehr).svg|West/German military 23rd [[Gebirgsjäger|mountain rifles troops]] emblem.

File:Szarotka.png|Insignia of the Polish Army [[Podhale Rifles]].

File:Szarotka 21BSP0.svg|Insignia of the Polish Army [[Podhale Rifles|21st Podhale Rifles Brigade]].

File:17osn Edelweiss.jpg| Russian military [[:ru:17-й отряд специального назначения внутренних войск «Эдельвейс»|17 ОСН "Edelweiss"]] emblem.

File:Wappen StbB transparent dev.gif| Austrian army [[:de:6. Jägerbrigade|JgB 6]] emblem.

File:Blason Vaujany.svg| Arms of [[Vaujany]], France.

File:Wappen at au.png| Arms of [[Au, Vorarlberg|Au]], Austria.

File:Actual Brașov county CoA.png| Arms of the county of [[Brașov County|Brașov]], Romania.

File:Dramsha gerb.jpg| Arms of [[Dramsha]], Bulgaria.

File:Blason de la ville de Bonnefamille (Isère).svg| Arms of Bonnefamille, France.

File:Blason ville fr Chamonix-Mont-Blanc (Haute-Savoie).svg| Arms of Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, France.

File:Blason vile fr Les Carroz d'Arâches.svg| Arms of Carroz d'Arâches, France.

File:Wappen Eisenaerzt.png| Arms of Eisenärzt, Germany.

File:Edelweiss Biertender.jpg| Logo of Edelweiss Beer.

File:Ulrich Wille.jpg| General's "star" on the saddle of World War I-era Swiss commander [[Ulrich Wille]].

File:Engelbert Dollfuss.png| On the hat and collar circa 1933 of Austria's [[Engelbert Dollfuss]].

File:CohMont1.jpg| [[Roman Empire|Imperial Roman]] tombstone of Austrian soldier Marius son of Ructinus.



File:Farm Edelweiss in Namibia Bird Eye View.jpg|Bird's eye view of farm Edelweiss 11 km west of [[Stampriet]] / [[Namibia]]

</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Flora of the Alps]]
* [[Golden age of alpinism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q178265}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Leontopodium|nivale]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Free State of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Alpine flora]]
[[Category:National symbols of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Flora of the Alps]]
[[Category:Subshrubs]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]]
[[Category:Flora of the Carpathians]]