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Cordia subcordata

2022-10-07T11:59:37Z

172.71.178.167:

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Cordia subcordata, seeds, flower, leaves.jpg
|image_caption = Flower, fruit
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Oldfield, S. |date=2019 |title=''Cordia subcordata'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T33199A67739216 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T33199A67739216.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Cordia
|species = subcordata
|authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref>
}}

'''''Cordia subcordata''''' is a species of [[Flowering plant|flowering]] [[tree]] in the [[borage]] family, [[Boraginaceae]], that occurs in eastern [[Africa]], [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], northern [[Australia]] and the [[Pacific Islands]] (including [[Hawaii]]).<ref name="GRIN" /> The plant is known by a variety of names including '''beach cordia''', '''sea trumpet''', and '''kerosene wood''', among others.

==Names==
Other names for the species include ''kanawa'', ''tou'', ''kou'', ''mareer'', ''manjak'', snottygobbles, glueberry, narrow-leafed bird lime tree, In Java and Madura, it is known as ''kalimasada'', ''purnamasada'', or ''pramasada''; Javanese folklore consider the tree to contain spiritual power.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bosbouwproefstation |date=1936 |title=Korte mededeelingen - Cordia Subcordata |issue=55–60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyhJAAAAYAAJ&q=cordia+subcordata+kalimasada |publisher=Cornell University |page=107 |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731052201/https://books.google.com/books?id=vyhJAAAAYAAJ&q=cordia+subcordata+kalimasada |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[Marshall Islands]] it is known as ''kono''.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 October 2008|title=Native plants of the Marshalls|url=http://biormi.org/index.shtml?en/native_plants.shtml|url-status=live|access-date=7 September 2019|website=Republic of the Marshall Islands Biodiversity Clearing House Mechanism|publisher=RMI Office of Environmental Planning and Policy Coordination|archive-date=19 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619131813/http://biormi.org/index.shtml?en%2Fnative_plants.shtml}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
This species has a very wide range from the east coast of [[Africa]] west throughout tropical [[Asia]] and [[Oceania]], as far west as [[Hawaii]]. This distribution was achieved due to special characteristics of its fruit allowing for successful [[oceanic dispersal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jayasuriya |first=A. H. Magdon |last2=Gunatilleke |first2=I. A. U. Nimal |date=2015-09-18 |title=A refugium for Cordia subcordata (Boraginaceae), a very rare and endangered plant in Sri Lanka and strategies for its conservation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v44i1.7343 |journal=Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences) |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=67 |doi=10.4038/cjsbs.v44i1.7343 |issn=0069-2379}}</ref> Prior to 2001, ''C. subcordata'' was considered to be a [[Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia|Polynesian introduction]] to Hawaii by many authorities, but [[subfossil]] evidence from [[Makauwahi Cave]] in [[Kauai]] indicates that it was an abundant species in Hawaiian lowland forests well before humans arrived, confirming its status as an indigenous species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burney |first=David A. |last2=James |first2=Helen F. |last3=Burney |first3=Lida Pigott |last4=Olson |first4=Storrs L. |last5=Kikuchi |first5=William |last6=Wagner |first6=Warren L. |last7=Burney |first7=Mara |last8=McCloskey |first8=Deirdre |last9=Kikuchi |first9=Delores |last10=Grady |first10=Frederick V. |last11=Gage |first11=Reginald |date=November 2001 |title=FOSSIL EVIDENCE FOR A DIVERSE BIOTA FROM KAUA‘I AND ITS TRANSFORMATION SINCE HUMAN ARRIVAL |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/0012-9615(2001)071[0615:FEFADB]2.0.CO;2 |journal=Ecological Monographs |language=en |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=615–641 |doi=10.1890/0012-9615(2001)071[0615:FEFADB]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0012-9615}}</ref>

==Description==
''C. subcordata'' grows to {{convert|7|-|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} at maturity, but may be as tall as {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It has ovate leaves that are {{convert|8|-|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|5|-|13|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="TradTree">{{cite journal|last=Friday|first=J. B.|author2=Dana Okano|date=April 2006|title=Cordia subcordata (kou)|url=http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Cordia-kou.pdf|journal=Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry|publisher=The Traditional Tree Initiative|access-date=2009-02-21|archive-date=16 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116112354/http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Cordia-kou.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Flowers===
The tubular [[flower]]s of ''C. subcordata'' are {{convert|2.5|-|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter and form [[Inflorescence#Organization|cymes]] or [[panicle]]s.<ref name="TradTree" /> [[Petal]]s are orange and the [[sepal]]s are pale green. Blooming occurs throughout the year, but most flowers are produced in the spring.<ref name="RNGR" />

===Fruit===
''C. subcordata'' produces brown [[fruit]] year round. They are spherical, {{convert|2|-|3|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, and woody when mature. Each fruit contains four or fewer [[seed]]s that are {{convert|10|-|13|mm|in|abbr=on}} long. The fruit are [[Buoyancy|buoyant]] and may be [[Drift seed|carried long distances]] by [[ocean current]]s.<ref name="TradTree" />

===Habitat===
''C. subcordata'' is a tree of the [[coast]]s, found at elevations from sea level to {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}}, but may grow at up to {{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It grows in areas that receive {{convert|1000|-|4000|mm|in|abbr=on}} of annual rainfall. ''C. subcordata'' prefers neutral to [[alkali]]ne [[soil]]s ([[Soil pH|pH]] of 6.1 to 7.4), such as those originating from [[basalt]], [[limestone]], [[clay]], or [[sand]]. Allowable [[soil texture]]s include sand, sandy [[loam]], loam, sandy clay loam, sandy clay, clay loam, and clay.<ref name="TradTree" />

==Uses==
The [[seed]]s are edible and have been [[Famine food|eaten]] during [[famine]]. ''C. subcordata'' burns readily, and this led to the nickname of "Kerosene Tree" in [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref name="TradTree" /> The wood of the tree has a [[specific gravity]] of 0.45, is soft, durable, easily worked,<ref name=RNGR>{{cite web|url=http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2004-01-12.0613/file |format=PDF |first=James A. |last=Allen |title=''Cordia subcordata'' Lam. |work=Tropical Tree Seed Manual |publisher=Reforestation, Nurseries & Genetics Resources |date=2003-01-01 |access-date=2009-02-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116124108/http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2004-01-12.0613/file |archive-date=16 January 2009 }}</ref> and resistant to [[termite]]s. In [[Ancient Hawaii|ancient Hawai{{okina}}i]] ''kou'' wood was used to make ''{{okina}}umeke'' (bowls), utensils, and ''{{okina}}umeke lā{{okina}}au'' (large calabashes) because it did not impart a foul taste to food. ''{{okina}}Umeke lā{{okina}}au'' were 8–16 litres (2–4 gal) and used to store and [[Fermentation (food)|ferment]] ''[[Poi (food)|poi]]''. The [[flower]]s were used to make ''[[Lei (Hawaii)|lei]]'', while a [[dye]] for ''[[kapa]]'' cloth and ''aho'' ([[fishing line]]s) was derived from the [[Leaf|leaves]].<ref name="TradTree" />

In the western [[Solomon Islands]], in [[Vanuatu]], on [[Waya Island]], and in [[Tonga]], it is used for carving. On [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]], its wood is always used for the ceremonial entrances to men's houses.<ref name="Ross-Plants">Pawley, Andrew; Osmond, Meredith (eds). 2008. [http://hdl.handle.net/1885/106908 ''The lexicon of Proto Oceanic: The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731052149/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/106908 |date=31 July 2021 }}. Volume 3: [https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/106908/7/RossPawleyOsmond-ProtoOceanicLexicon-Vol3-Plants.pdf Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014538/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/106908/7/RossPawleyOsmond-ProtoOceanicLexicon-Vol3-Plants.pdf |date=4 February 2019 }}. Pacific Linguistics 599. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University.</ref>

== Threats ==
Despite its very wide distribution, this species faces threats in parts of its range. During the mid-late 19th century, herbivory by the kou moth (''[[Ethmia nigroapicella]]'') nearly [[Local extinction|extirpated]] this species on the [[Hawaiian Islands]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swezey |first=OH |date=1944 |title=The Kou Moth, Ethmia colonella Walsm., in Hawaii |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/16096/1/PHES12_133-135.pdf |journal=Hawaiian Entomological Society}}</ref> It is thought to be highly endangered in [[Sri Lanka]], only persisting at a small number of sites that are under pressure from development.<ref name=":0" /> Logging of mature trees to create carvings for the tourism industry is also thought to be a threat throughout much of [[Papuasia]]. In addition, it may potentially be threatened by storms and [[sea level rise]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />

==See also==
*[[Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Cordia subcordata|''Cordia subcordata''}}
{{Wikispecies-inline}}
* {{FloraBase}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q675926}}

[[Category:Cordia|subcordata]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1792]]
[[Category:Asterids of Australia]]
[[Category:Eudicots of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]
[[Category:Flora of the Coral Sea Islands Territory]]
[[Category:Flora of Kenya]]
[[Category:Flora of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Flora of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Flora of Somalia]]
[[Category:Flora of Tanzania]]
[[Category:National Symbols Of the Independent Republic of Chagossia Nation-Island State]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of Australia]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Queensland]]
[[Category:Trees of Australia]]
[[Category:Trees of the Pacific]]
[[Category:Flora of Tonga]]

Amphiprion chagosensis

2022-10-07T11:54:25Z

172.71.178.167:

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = A, chagosensis 3.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name = IUCN>{{cite iucn | author1 = Myers, R. | author2 = Rocha, L.A. | author3 = Allen, G. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2017 | title = ''Amphiprion chagosensis'' | volume = 2017 | page = e.T188507A1885502 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T188507A1885502.en }}</ref>
| taxon = Amphiprion chagosensis
| authority = ([[Gerald R. Allen|Allen]], 1972)
}}
[[File:A, chagosensis 1.jpg|thumb|A. chagosensis, with Stichodactyla mertensii, Mertens' carpet sea anemone]]

'''''Amphiprion chagosensis''''', the '''Chagos anemonefish''', is a [[marine fish]] belonging to the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Pomacentridae]], the [[clownfish]]es and [[damselfish]]es. It is named for the [[Chagos Archipelago]] in the [[Indian Ocean]] and it is [[endemic]] to the archipelago. The original specimens were collected at [[Diego Garcia]] Atoll, Chagos Archipelago.{{r|FieldGuide}}

==Characteristics of anemonefish==
{{main|Amphiprioninae|l1=Amphiprioninae (anemonefish)}}
'''Clownfish''' or '''anemonefish''' are [[fish]]es that, in the wild, form [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualism]]s with [[sea anemone]]s and are unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone, see {{slink|Amphiprioninae|Symbiosis and mutualism}}. The sea anemone protects the clownfish from predators, as well as providing food through the scraps left from the anemone's meals and occasional dead anemone tentacles. In return, the clownfish defends the anemone from its predators, and parasites.<ref name="natgeowild">{{cite web|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish/|title=Clown Anemonefish|publisher=National Geographic Society|work= Nat Geo Wild : Animals|accessdate=2011-12-19}}</ref> Clownfish are small-sized, {{convert|10|-|18|cm}}, and depending on species, they are overall yellow, orange, or a reddish or blackish color, and many show white bars or patches. Within species, there may be color variations, most commonly according to distribution, but also based on sex, age and host anemone. Clownfish are found in warmer waters of the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] oceans and the [[Red Sea]] in sheltered [[reef]]s or in shallow [[lagoon]]s.

In a group of clownfish, there is a strict [[dominance hierarchy]]. The largest and most aggressive fish is female and is found at the top. Only two clownfish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce through [[external fertilization]]. Clownfish are [[Sequential hermaphroditism|sequential hermaphrodites]], meaning that they develop into males first, and when they mature, they become females.

==Description==
Adults are light brown with two white bars with dark edging encircling the body. All fins are dusky brown.{{r|FieldGuide}} They have 10-11 dorsal spines, 2 anal spines, 15-17 dorsal soft rays and 13-14 anal soft rays.{{r|Fishbase}} They reach a maximum length of {{convert|10|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}.{{r|FieldGuide}}

===Color variations===
None known.

===Similar species===
The Chagos anemonefish is mainly distinguished by location, with similar species mostly having a geographic separation, with ''[[Amphiprion akindynos|A. akindynos]]'' being found on the [[Great Barrier Reef]] and [[Coral Sea]] and ''[[Amphiprion allardi|A. allardi]]'' in [[East Africa]]. ''[[Amphiprion bicinctus|A. bicinctus]]'' is found in the [[Red Sea]] but has an overlapping distribution at Chagos. ''A. chagosensis'' has a narrower headbar and a whiteish caudal fin. Specimens can also be distinguished by differences in predorsal [[scalation]].{{r|FieldGuide}}
<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px" perrow="4">
Image:A, chagosensis 2.jpg|A. chagosensis, with Macrodactyla doreensis, long tentacle anemone
Image:Amphiprion akindynos RLS.jpg|''[[Amphiprion akindynos|A. akindynos]]'' (Barrier Reef anemonefish)
Image:Amphiprion allardi in the UShaka Sea World 1038.jpg|''[[Amphiprion allardi|A. allardi]]'' (Allard's anemonefish).
Image:Amphiprion bicinctus by Patryk Krzyzak.jpg|''[[Amphiprion bicinctus|A. bicinctus]]'' (Two-band anemonefish)
</gallery>

==Distribution and habitat==
''A. chagosensis'' is found only in the Chagos Archipelago.{{r|FieldGuide}}

===Host anemones===
Little is known about the specific host anemone species with which ''A. chagosensis'' associates,{{r|FieldGuide}} however it has been photographed in association with:

*''[[Bubble-tip anemone|Entacmaea quadricolor]]'' Bubble-tip anemone
*''[[Heteractis magnifica]]'' magnificent sea anemone {{r|CCT}}
*''[[Macrodactyla doreensis]]'' long tentacle anemone
*''[[Stichodactyla mertensii]]'' Mertens' carpet sea anemone

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="FieldGuide">{{cite book|last=Fautin|first=Daphne G.|author2=Allen, Gerald R. |title=Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones |publisher=[[Western Australian Museum]] |year=1992|url=http://jjgeisler.com/reeftank/anemones/ |isbn=978-0-7309-5216-9|pages=68}}</ref>
<ref name="Fishbase">{{FishBase | genus = Amphiprion |species = chagosensis | month = January | year = 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="CCT">{{cite web|url=http://chagos-trust.org/galleries/images?page=0%2C1| title=Images Chagos |publisher=Chagos Conservation Trust |accessdate=2 September 2015}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Amphiprion chagosensis}}
{{Wikispecies|Amphiprion chagosensis}}
* {{ITIS |id=615178 |taxon=Amphiprion chagosensis |accessdate=30 January 2006}}
* {{WRMS species|212776|''Amphiprion chagosensis''| Allen, 1972}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1058817}}

[[Category:Amphiprion|chagosensis]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1972]]
[[Category:National Symbols Of the Independent Republic of Chagossia Nation-Island State]]