Garam dal

2021-08-23T10:05:32Z

182.69.205.32:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
The [[Indian National Congress]] was formed in 1885, in 1907 it split into two faction, extremists — '''Garam Dal''' (hot faction) led by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Tilak]] and moderates Naram Dal (soft faction) led by [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale|Gokhale]]. They were termed so because of their attitude towards the British rule.<ref name="Jackson2011">{{cite book|author=Roy Jackson|title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADv5oEXXjXIC&pg=PA58|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-47411-5|page=58}}</ref> The Garam Dal is considered as a triumvirate comprising apart from Tilak, [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and [[Bipinchandra Pal]]. According to Bhatt and Bhargava, the differences between the two factions of the Congress paralyzed it, due to which "the agitation for independence ran out of steam and it remained so till the end of the first world war". The Naram Dal of the Congress helped the British in its war effort, on the other hand the Garam Dal led by Tilak and [[Annie Beasant]] started the [[Home Rule League]] agitation in 1917. [[Asghar Ali Engineer]] writes that the Garam Dal separated itself from the Congress, after the differences that came to fore during the Congress session of Surat in 1907. [[Motilal Nehru]] until 1915, was a follower of the moderates, however under persuasion of his son [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], his politics led him to join the Garam Dal.<ref name="Chaturvedi">{{cite book|author=B. K. Chaturvedi|title=Chacha Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tso4ErXma4kC&pg=PA19|accessdate=12 March 2012|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-354-3|page=19}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
* [[Indian National Congress]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garam Dal}}
[[Category:Political party factions in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1907]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:1907 establishments in India]]

Genda Lal Dixit

2021-08-23T10:00:15Z

182.69.205.32:

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'''Genda Lal Dixit''' (30 November 1888 – 21 December 1920) was an [[India]]n revolutionary who worked as a schoolteacher at [[Auraiya]] in the district of [[Etawah]], [[United Province]], [[British India]]. He led a group of Indian freedom fighters (revolutionaries), known as the Shivaji Samiti, who engaged in subversive activities against the [[British Raj]]. As a consequence of their involvement in the Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918, Dixit was arrested and imprisoned first at [[Agra fort]] and later at [[Mainpuri]]. He managed to escape from prison and died on 21 December 1920 in a government hospital at [[Delhi]].

Dixit was associated with [[Ram Prasad Bismil]].

==Early life==
Genda Lal Dixit was born on 30 November 1888 in Baha tehsil of [[Agra district]] in [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]]. His father's name was Bhola Nath Dixit. His mother died when he was around three years old.

After completing his [[Elementary school#India|primary education]] in his native village, he attended the Government High School in Etawah and later [[Matriculation|matriculated]] from Agra. He became a teacher in DAV School [[Auraiya]], United Province.

==Revolutionary activities==
When [[Lord Curzon]], the [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy of British India]], ordered the division of [[Bengal]], a Swadeshi Movement arose throughout the country. Dixit read newspaper articles written in protest by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and was inspired to emulate in United Province the celebrations of ''Shivaji Utsav'' in [[Maharashtra]]. He took leave of absence from his job and went to the nearby [[princely state]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], where the populace was sympathetic to the idea of independence from Britain. There he encouraged youths to support the movement for change and to take up arms.

Dixit established the Shivaji Samiti as a means to his ends. It was initially involved in distribution of seditious literature but he saw an opportunity to unite the dacoits of the region and proposed this in meetings held in the [[Bhind]] and [[Morena]] districts of [[Central Provinces and Berar|Central Province]]. He motivated the dacoits to participate in a guerilla war by retelling stories of [[Shivaji]], a [[Maratha]] leader who had used similar tactics during the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor, [[Aurangzeb]]. The dacoits raised funds for the venture through a series of robberies in rural areas of Agra and Gwalior.

The guidance of Dixit was sought by Ram Prasad Bismil, a fellow revolutionary who had established his own organization, called Matrivedi ("Altar of Motherland"), in the city of [[Shahjahanpur]], United Province. The two men were put in touch with each other by Somdev, who thought that the effectiveness of Bismil would be improved if he was supported by a more experienced person. A period of collaboration followed.

On 28 January 1918, Bismil published a pamphlet titled ''Deshvasiyon Ke Nam Sandesh'' ("A Message to Countrymen") and distributed it amongst the public along with his poem ''Mainpuri Ki Pratigya'' ("Vow of Mainpuri").<ref>{{cite book |first=Gupta |last=Manmathnath |title=Bhartiya Krantikari Andolan Ka Itihas |page=99 |location=Delhi |publisher=Atmaram & Sons |year=1993 |isbn=81-7043-054-2}}</ref> Three more looting raids took place to raise funds in 1918. Police searched for them in and around Mainpuri while they were selling the books proscribed by the U.P. Government in the Delhi Congress of 1918.

When police found them, Bismil absconded with the books unsold. When he was planning another looting between Delhi and Agra, a police team arrived and firing started from both the sides. Bismil was very cautious: he jumped into the river Yamuna and swam underwater. The police and his companions thought that he had died in the encounter. Dixit was arrested along with his other companions and he was kept in [[Agra fort]].

Bismil met Dixit in the fort and they planned an escape. Dixit was taken to Mainpuri where a criminal case known as the Mainpuri Conspiracy was filed against the youth of Matrivedi. Dixit offered to provide information relating to the robberies in United Province and was believed by the police, who locked him up with the Matrivedi youngsters. He escaped from the police jail in Mainpuri and fled to Delhi where he lived undetected until death. On 1 November 1919 the Judiciary Magistrate of Mainpuri announced the judgement against all accused and declared Dixit and Bismil to be absconders.

==Death==

Dixit died in hospital, having contracted tuberculosis.

His biography was written by Ram Prasad Bismil which was published in the Hindi magazine ''Prabha'' from [[Kanpur]] (issue of 3 September 1924) with the [[pen name]] of 'Agyat'.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dixit, Genda Lal}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People from Auraiya district]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

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Garam dal

Genda Lal Dixit