Anti-radiation missile

2022-05-29T02:33:03Z

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{{Short description|Missile designed to detect and home on an enemy radio emission source}}
{{More footnotes|date=August 2011}}
[[File:AGM-88 HARM on FA-18C.jpg|thumb|[[AGM-88 HARM|HARM]] on a US Navy [[F/A-18C]]]]
[[File:ALARM.jpeg|thumb|[[ALARM]] under the wing of a [[Panavia Tornado|Tornado]]]]

An '''anti-radiation missile''' ('''ARM''') is a [[missile]] designed to detect and home in on an enemy [[radio emission]] source.<ref>{{cite web|title=Raytheon Company: High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM)|url=http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/harm/|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406222219/http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/harm/|archive-date=6 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Typically, these are designed for use against an enemy [[radar]], although jammers<ref>{{cite web|title=AGM-88 HARM|url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/agm-88.htm|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707093804/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/agm-88.htm|archive-date=7 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and even radios used for communications can also be targeted in this manner.

The earliest known anti-radiation missile is a variant of the [[Blohm & Voss Bv 246]] radar guided missile.<ref> Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2009). Aircraft of the Luftwaffe 1935-1945. McFarland. p. 67. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-3937-9}}. </ref>

== Air-to-surface ==

Most ARM designs to date have been intended for use against ground-based radars. Commonly carried by specialist aircraft in the [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses]] (SEAD) role (known to [[United States Air Force]] as "[[Wild Weasel]]s"), the primary purpose of this type of missile is to degrade enemy air defenses in the first period of a conflict in order to increase the chance of survival for the following waves of strike aircraft. They can also be used to quickly shut down unexpected [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) sites during an air raid. Often, SEAD escort aircraft also carry [[cluster bomb]]s, which can be used to ensure that, after the ARM disables the SAM system's radar, the command post, missile launchers, and other components or equipment are also destroyed to guarantee that the SAM site stays down.

Early ARMs, such as the [[AGM-45 Shrike]], were not particularly intelligent; they would simply home in on the source of radiation and explode when they got near it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-45.html|title=Texas Instruments AGM-45 Shrike|website=www.designation-systems.net|access-date=2014-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922121321/http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-45.html|archive-date=2013-09-22|url-status=live}}</ref> SAM operators learned to turn their [[radar]] off when an ARM was fired at them, then turn it back on later, greatly reducing the missile's effectiveness. This led to the development of more advanced ARMs such as the [[AGM-78 Standard ARM]], [[AGM-122 Sidearm]], and [[AGM-88 HARM]] missiles, which have [[inertial guidance system]]s (INS) built-in. This allows them to remember the radar's direction if it is turned off and continue to fly towards it. ARMs are less likely to hit the radar if the radar is turned off shortly after the missile is launched, as the longer the radar is off (and assuming it never turns back on), the more error is introduced into the missile's course. The [[ALARM]] even has an added loiter mode, with a built-in parachute, enabling it to descend slowly until the radar activates, whereupon the rocket motor will re-ignite. Even a temporary shut down of the enemy's missile guidance radar can be of a great advantage to friendly aircraft during battle.

The [[DRDO Anti-Radiation Missile]] called as [[Rudram-1]] has been developed and tested by [[India]].

The [[MAR-1]] is developed by Brazil.

== Surface-to-surface ==

Several [[surface-to-surface missile]]s, like the [[P-700 Granit]], [[P-500 Bazalt]], [[Exocet|MM40 Exocet]], B611MR, and [[Otomat]], include a home-on-jam capability wherein the receiver component of their [[active radar homing]] is used to home in on enemy radar, ECM or communications. This makes these missiles significantly harder to defeat with ECM and distraction countermeasures, and makes the use of [[semi-active radar homing|semi-active]] missiles against them dangerous.

== Surface-to-air ==

Due to experiences with jamming by US-built aircraft in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and during Middle Eastern wars in the late 1960s, the Soviet Union designed an alternative tracking mode for their [[S-75 Dvina|S-75]] (SA-2) missiles, which allowed them to track a jamming target without needing to actively send out any radar signals. This was achieved by the SAM site's radar receiver locking on to radio noise emissions generated by an aircraft's jamming pod. In cases of heavy jamming, missiles were often launched exclusively in this mode; this passive tracking meant that SAM sites could track targets without needing to emit any radar signals, and so American anti-radiation missiles could not be fired back in retaliation. Recently, the [[China|People's Republic of China]] developed the FT-2000 system to counter [[Airborne early warning and control|AEW]] and [[Boeing E-3 Sentry|AWACS]] targets. This system is based on the HQ-9, which is in turn based on the S-300PMU. These anti-radiation missile systems have been marketed to Pakistan and various other countries.

== Air-to-air ==



More recently, air-to-air ARM designs have begun to appear, notably the Russian [[R-27 (air-to-air missile)|Vympel R-27EP]]. Such missiles have several advantages over other [[missile guidance]] techniques: they do not trigger radar warning receivers (conferring a measure of surprise) and they can have a longer range.{{cn|date=May 2020}}

In the 1970s, [[Hughes Aircraft Company|Hughes Aerospace]] had a project called [[Hughes Brazo|BRAZO]] (Spanish for ARM). Based on a [[Raytheon]] [[AIM-7 Sparrow]], it was meant to offer an air-to-air capability against proposed Soviet AWACS types and also some other types with extremely powerful radar sets, such as the [[MiG-25]]. The project did not proceed.

== See also ==
*[[DRDO Anti-Radiation Missile|DRDO Rudram]]
*[[AGM-88 HARM]]
*[[ALARM]]
*[[Kh-58]]
*[[Sky Sword II|TC-2A]]
*[[Hormoz-2]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===General references===
*{{cite news
|author = Reuben Johnson
|url = http://www.ainonline.com/Publications/asian/asian_06/d3improved10.htm
|title = Improved Russian radar may level playing field
|publisher = Asian Aerospace
|date = February 2006
|access-date = 2006-07-10
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060614094030/http://www.ainonline.com/Publications/asian/asian_06/d3improved10.htm
|archive-date = 2006-06-14 }}
*[http://pvo.guns.ru/s75/s75_combat.htm Russian site on the S-75 from Said Aminov "Vestnik PVO"] {{in lang|ru}} {{Google translation|en|ru|http://pvo.guns.ru/s75/s75_combat.htm}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Anti-radiation missiles}}

{{Missile types}}

[[Category:Anti-radiation missiles| ]]
[[Category:Guided missiles by mission]]
[[Category:Electronic warfare]]
[[Category:Air-launched missiles]]
[[Category:Air-to-surface missiles]]

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Anti-radiation missile