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Lilium mackliniae

2023-04-11T14:54:56Z

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{{Short description|Species of lily}}
{{Italic title}}
{{taxobox
| name = Shirui lily
| image = Lilium mackliniae.jpg
| image_caption = Shirui lily growing in its native habitat, the Shirui Hill, Ukhrul, Manipur.
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
| ordo = [[Liliales]]
| familia = [[Liliaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Lilium]]''
| species = '''''L. mackliniae'''''
| binomial = ''Lilium mackliniae''
| binomial_authority = Sealy
}}

'''''Lilium Mackliniae''''', the '''[[Shirui]] Lily''' or '''Shirui Kashung Timrawon''',<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De|first1=L. C.|last2=Singh|first2=D. R.|date=2016-05-25|title=Floriculture Industries, Opportunities and Challenges in Indian Hills|url=http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh/article/view/2608|journal=International Journal of Horticulture|language=en|volume=6|issn=1927-5803}}</ref> is a rare [[India]]n species of plant found only in the upper reaches of the Shirui hill ranges in the [[Ukhrul]] district of [[Manipur]], [[India]], at an elevation of {{convert|1730|–|2590|m}} above sea level. It is located near the boundary of Myanmar to the east, Shirui village in the west, Choithar village in the south and Sihai village in the north.

This shade-loving lily has pale bluish-pink petals but has seven colours when observed through a microscope. In the wild, it flowers in the [[monsoon]] months of June and July. They are seasonal flowering plants and at their best in May and June when it blooms.<ref>http://e-pao.net. /epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=travel.Introduction_to_Manipur.Siroy_Lily_the_State_Flower_of_Manipur</ref> The peak season of its bloom is May 15 to June 5. The height of the plant is {{convert|1|–|3|ft}}. and has one to seven flowers per plant.

== Description ==
=== Flower ===
They blossom in Spring specifically May 15 - June 5.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://shiruifestival.gov.in/?page_id=125|title=About Shirui Lily and the Festival|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref> The plants are .3-.91m (1–3 ft) in height with 1-7 flowers per plant. It has pale blue-pink petals, but when observed through a microscope has seven colors.<ref name=":0" /> They are ivory on the inside and occasionally are colored a pale pink as well. The outside can be a reddish-purple as well. It is a trumpet-shaped flower which hangs downward.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.plant-world-seeds.com/store/view_seed_item/2728|title=Lilium mackliniae Seeds (Nomocharis mackliniae) - Plant World Seeds|website=www.plant-world-seeds.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref>

=== Cultivation ===
The flowers can be cultivated in various ways. They grow well in humus soil that remains moist and is sheltered from direct summer sunlight. They can be grown as bulbs and seeds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/plant-portraits/Lilium+mackliniae/59/|title=Lilium mackliniae - Plant Portraits - Alpine Garden Society|website=www.alpinegardensociety.net|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref>

The seeds need to be covered with compost about 5mm deep and need to be in a cool, but well-lit space. Artificial heat can prevent germination and they only germinate in the Spring after they've been chilled or frozen in the winter. They can be grown in small pots and then repotted or planted outside.<ref name=":1" /> This is because the area in which they are from, Ukhrul, has wet summers and cold, dry winters.<ref name=":0" />

=== Use ===
The lily has medicinal properties which is used in treating skin and stomach problems.<ref name=":0" />

==History==
=== Mythical origin ===
It was believed that the plant can only be grown on the tops of the Shirui Hill as the British attempted to move it, but it wasn't working. Also, the Ukhrul Village believe that a princess lived on the hill with her lover Shirui and after she died, she still waits for him and the flower comes from the soil she is buried from.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lonelyindia.com/2017/02/21/the-story-of-siroi-lilly-manipur-the-rarest-plant-in-world/|title=The story of Siroi Lilly, Manipur. The Rarest plant in world|date=2017-02-21|work=Lonely India|access-date=2018-04-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Another legend is that the daughter of goddess Philava named Lily protects these hills. The third story is that the two lovers jumped from the cliffs to their death and thus came the flower. The flower is called Kashong Timrawon traditionally and is believed to represent kindness, protection, prosperity, and a happy life.<ref name=":0" />

=== Identification by Westerners ===
The first Westerners to identify the flower were [[Jean Kingdon-Ward|Jean]] and [[Frank Kingdon-Ward]], who came to Manipur for botanical research in 1946. They set up base at Ukhrul in a building which they called "Cobweb cottage alias Bug bungalow". The couple "discovered" the Siroi lily in 1946 and Frank later named it in honour of his wife.<ref>{{cite book|author=Allen J. Coombes|title=The Hamlyn Book of Plant Names|publisher=[[Reed Elsevier|Reed International Books Ltd.]]|year=1985|page=118|isbn=0-600-57545-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cox|first=Peter|date=March 2010|title=Variation in ''Lilium mackliniae''.|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/about-the-rhs/publications/the-plant-review/2010-issues/march/variation-in-lilium-mackliniae.pdf|journal=The Plantsman|pages=38–39}}</ref> The discovery received the Prestigious Merit Prize in 1948 by Royal Horticultural Society Flower.<ref name=":0" />

The [[India Post|Indian Postal Department]] commemorated the Lily with a postage stamp and it is the State flower of Manipur.<ref name=":0" />

=== Conservation Efforts ===
Intense tourism, waste and plastic dumping, plucking, and uprooting of the plant has resulted in it becoming endangered. It has also been invaded by the bamboo invasive species.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A402325062/STND?u=lom_umichanna&sid=STND&xid=5e4390ac|title=From extinction to life, a Siroy story - Campaign to preserve rare Ukhrul flower|website=link.galegroup.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref> As such there have been multiple efforts made in order to help revitalize the flower. First in 1982, The Siroi National Park was established and covered an area of .41 km2 of where the lily naturally grows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A221881553/STND?u=lom_umichanna&sid=STND&xid=368ebfdc|title=Environment NE National Parks Two Last Imphal|website=link.galegroup.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref>

On 13 October 2013 Shajin Jinks, the head of the Department of Environment and Heritage of Goa, led an expedition to the Shiroi Hills to raise awareness to protect this endangered heritage.
The [[Shirui Lily Festival]] has been started in May 2017, for the first time in history, to increase awareness of the rare flower and its value to the world. The festival is going to be celebrated every year in Ukhrul town as well as Shirui village in Manipur.

On Feb 19, 2015 the National Institute of Bio-resources and Sustainable Development launched a campaign to redevelop the habitat of the Siroi Lily. They will grow the flowers in the lab and distribute them to nurseries elsewhere to be planted and cultivated.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[https://shiruililyfestival.com/about-shirui-lily-festival/ About Shirui Lily Festival]
[https://shiruililyfestival.com/shirock/ ShiRock]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q310797}}

[[Category:Lilium|mackliniae]]
[[Category:Symbols of Manipur]]
[[Category:Flora of Manipur]]
[[Category:Provincial symbols of Manipuri Praant (India)]]

Flag of Manipur

2023-04-11T14:44:44Z

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The '''Flag of Manipur''' is the rectangular banner bearing a striated white coloured [[Pakhangba]], an ancient primordial dragon deity of [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]], at its center. It appears in both red and white colors. It was used during the short period of Independence between 1947 to 1949.<ref>https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/7/29/IMPHAL-Jul-29-The-International-Peace-and-Social-Advancement-IPSA-has-categorically-stated-that-the-National-flag-of-the-kingdom-of-Manipur-was-white-in-colour-and-it-was-embossed-with-Ibudhou-Pa.html</ref>
[[File:Flag of Manipur.svg|thumb]]
[[File:In manipur1.gif|thumb]]

==Other versions==
Unlike the standard form of the flag (as shown above), diversified versions of the flag are also available.
===Dragon representation===
[[File:Flag of Manipur hoisted on the Independence Day 1947.jpg|thumb]]
The illustration of the "Flag of Manipur" hoisted on the Independence Day 1947.
===Seven colours===
[[File:Flag_of_Manipur_(stripes_variant).svg|thumb]]
A seven colored flag of Manipur, representing the seven clan dynasties of the [[Manipuri ethnicity]] of [[Ancient Manipur]].
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Related pages==
* [[Flag of Kangleipak]]
==Other websites==
{{commons|Category:Flags of Manipur}}
* https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-mu.html
{{Asia-stub}}
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Manipur]]
[[Category:Provincial symbols of Manipuri Praant (India)]]
{{simple-Wikipedia}}

Gharial

2023-03-04T15:39:51Z

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{{Taxobox
| name = Gharial
| temporal_range = [[Pliocene]]-[[Holocene]] 5-0 mya
| status = CR
| status_system = iucn2.3
| image = Gharial san diego.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| classis = [[Sauropsida]]
| ordo = [[Crocodilia]]
| familia = [[Gavialidae]]
| genus = ''[[Gavialis]]''
| binomial = ''Gavialis gangeticus''}}

The '''gharial''' (''Gavialis gangeticus''), sometimes called the '''Indian gharial''', '''common gharial''' or '''gavial''', is one of two surviving members of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Gavialidae]]. They are a group of [[crocodile]]-like [[reptile]]s with long, narrow jaws.

The gharial is the second-longest of all living [[crocodilia]]ns: a large male can be nearly six meters in length. Only [[saltwater crocodile]]s and the [[Nile crocodile]] can grow larger.<ref name="ufl">[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/csp_ggan.htm Crocodilian species - Gharial]</ref>

== Ancestry ==
The [[fossil]] history of the Gavialoidea is quite well known. The earliest examples split from the other crocodilians in the late [[Cretaceous]]. The feature of the group that is easiest to recognise is the very long, narrow snout. This is an adaptation to a diet of small fish. Gharials have sacrificed the great mechanical strength of the robust skull and jaw that most crocodiles and alligators have. For this reason, and they cannot prey on large creatures. But they also have reduced weight and water resistance of their lighter skull and very narrow jaw. This gives gharials the ability to catch rapidly moving fish. They catch them with a side-to-side snapping motion.

The earliest Gavialoidea may or may not have been related to the modern types: some died out at the same time as the [[dinosaur]]s (at the end of the Cretaceous), others survived until the early [[Eocene]] (about 35 million years ago). The modern forms appeared at much the same time. They evolved in the estuaries and coastal waters of Africa. They crossed the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] to reach [[South America]] as well. At their peak, the Gavialoidea were numerous and diverse, they occupied much of Asia and America up until the [[Pliocene]]. One species, ''Rhamphosuchus crassidens'' of India, is believed to have grown to an enormous 15 metres or more.

== Distribution ==
[[File:Gavialis gangeticus Distribution.png|right|thumbnail|Gharial Distribution]]

Northern Indian subcontinent: Bhutan (almost extinct), [[Bangladesh]] (close to extinction), India (present in small numbers and increasing), Myanmar (possibly extinct), Nepal, Pakistan (close to extinction). Usually found in the river systems of [[Indus River|Indus]] (Pakistan) and the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] (Bangladesh, Bhutan & North eastern India), the [[Ganges]] (Bangladesh, India & Nepal), and the [[Mahanadi River]] (in the [[rainforest]] [[biome]]) (India). Small numbers are in Kaladan and the [[Ayeyarwady River|Ayeyarwady]] in [[Myanmar]]. It is [[sympatric]], in respective areas, with the [[mugger crocodile]] (''Crocodylus palustris'') and the [[saltwater crocodile]] (''Crocodylus porosus'').

== Habitat ==
Gharials live in rivers. They are best adapted to the calmer areas in deep fast moving rivers. Their physical attributes do not make the animals very suited to walk on land. In fact the only reasons the gharial leaves the water is to either bask in the sun or to nest on the sandbanks of the rivers.

== Appearance ==
The Gharial has a long, narrow snout. This is the feature that is most different from most other Crocodilia. The only other species who has such a snout is the [[False gharial]] (''Tomistoma schlegelii''), which is closely related. The shape of this snout changes when the animal grows older. The snout becomes progressively thinner the older the gharial gets. There is a bulbous growth on the tip of the male's snout. This is called a 'ghara' (after the Indian word meaning 'pot'). It is only present in mature animals. It is used for different activities, such as making a resonant hum during vocalization. It is also used for attracting females. The mating ritual includes a section where the male uses this ghara to make bubbles.
[[File:Indian_Gharial_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_(2006-01-03).jpg|right|thumb|Male Gharial at the San Diego Zoo]]
[[File:Indian_Gharial_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_(2006-01-03)_(headshot).jpg|right|thumb|Close-up of the male's ghara.]]

The long jaws are lined with many interlocking, razor-sharp teeth. This is an adaptation to the diet (predominantly fish in adults). This species is one of the largest of all crocodilian species, approaching the [[saltwater crocodile]] (''Crocodylus porosus'') and the [[Nile crocodile]] in maximum size - males reach at least 5 metres in length, and often approach 6 metres. Reports of 7 metre animals exist, but are unconfirmed. The leg musculature of the gharial is not suited to enable the animal to raise the body off the ground (on land) in order to achieve the high-walk gait - being able only to push its body forward across the ground ('belly-sliding'), although it can do this with some speed when required. However, when in water, the gharial is the most nimble and quick of all the crocodiles in the world. The tail seems overdeveloped and is flattened on the side, more so than other crocodiles. This enables it to achieve the excellent swimming abilities.

The gharial has 27 to 29 upper and 25 or 26 lower teeth on each side. These teeth are not received into interdental pits; the first, second, and third mandibular teeth fit into notches in the upper jaw. The front teeth are the largest. The gharial's snout is narrow and long, with a dilation at the end and its nasal bones are comparatively short and are widely separated from the pre-maxillaries. The nasal opening of a gharial is smaller than the supra-temporal fossae. The gharial's lower anterior margin of orbit (jugal) is raised and its mandibular [[symphysis]] is extremely long, extending to the 23rd or 24th tooth. A dorsal shield is formed from four longitudinal series of juxtaposed, keeled and bony [[scute]]s.<ref name="boulenger">Boulenger, G. A. 1890. Fauna of British India. Reptilia and Batrachia.</ref>

The length of the snout is 3.5 (in adults) to 5.5 times (in young) the breadth of the snout's base. Nuchal and dorsal scutes form a single continuous shield composed of 21 or 22 transverse series. Gharials have an outer row of soft, smooth or feebly-keeled scutes in addition to the bony dorsal scutes. They also have two small post-occipital scutes.

The outer toes of a gharial are two-thirds webbed, while the middle toe is one-third webbed. Gharials have a strong crest on the outer edge of the forearm, leg and foot. Typically, adult gharials are of a dark olive hue while young ones are pale olive, with dark brown spots or cross-bands.<ref name="boulenger" />

== Diet ==
Young gharials eat [[insect]]s, [[larvae]], and small [[frog]]s. Adults feed almost only on fish, although some individuals have been known to eat dead animals. Their snout morphology is ideally suited for [[piscivore|piscivory]]; their long, narrow snouts afford very little resistance to water in swiping motions to snap up fish in the water. Their numerous needle-like teeth are perfect for holding on to struggling, slippery fish.

=== Danger to humans ===
The Gharial is not a man-eater. Despite its immense size, its thin, fragile jaws make it physically incapable of devouring any large animal, including a human being. The myth that gharials eat humans may come partly from their similar appearance to crocodiles and because jewelry has been found in the digestive system. However, the gharial may have swallowed this jewelry while scavenging corpses or because used to aid digestion or buoyancy management.

== Breeding ==
The mating season is during November through December and well into January. The nesting and laying of eggs takes place in the dry season of March, April, and May. This is because during the dry season the rivers shrink a bit and the sandy river banks are available for nesting. Between 30 and 50 eggs are deposited into the hole that the female digs up before it is covered over carefully. After about 90 days, the juveniles emerge, although there is no record of the female assisting the juveniles into the water after they hatch (probably because their jaws are not suited for carrying the young due to the needle like teeth). However the mother does protect the young in the water for a few days till they learn to fend for themselves.

== Conservation ==
In the 1970s the gharial came to the brink of extinction and even now remains on the critically endangered list. The conservation efforts of the environmentalists in cooperation with several governments has led to some reduction in the threat of extinction. Some hope lies with the conservation and management programs in place as of 2004. Full protection was granted in the 1970s in the hope of reducing poaching losses, although these measures were slow to be implemented at first. Now there are 9 protected areas for this species in India which are linked to both captive breeding and 'ranching' operations where eggs collected from the wild are raised in captivity (to reduce mortality due to natural predators) and then released back into the wild (the first being released in 1981). More than 3000 animals have been released through these programs, and the wild population in India is estimated at around 1500 animals - with perhaps between one and two hundred animals in the remainder of its range.

Recently this species has moved from [[Endangered species|Endangered]] to [[Critically endangered species|Critically Endangered]] on the 2007 Red List of endangered species of animals and plants issued by the [[World Conservation Union]], and qualifies for protection under the [[CITES]] (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species) Appendix II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8966/summ|title=Choudhury, B.C., Singh, L.A.K., Rao, R.J., Basu, D., Sharma, R.K., Hussain, S.A., Andrews, H.V., Whitaker, N., Whitaker, R., Lenin, J., Maskey, T., Cadi, A., Rashid, S.M.A., Choudhury, A.A., Dahal, B., Win Ko Ko, U., Thorbjarnarson, J & Ross, J.P. 2007. Gavialis gangeticus. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>>|access-date=2007-12-15|archive-date=2007-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225100141/http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8966/summ|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/At_200_gharials_now_on_critically-endangered_list/articleshow/2363751.cms “At 200, gharials now on critically-endangered list” by Neelam Raaj, TNN, The Times of India, 13 Sep 2007]</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
The gharial and its extinct relatives are grouped together by taxonomists in several different ways:

* If the three surviving groups of crocodilians are regarded as separate families, then the gharial becomes one of two members of the Gavialidae, which is related to the families [[Crocodylidae]] (crocodiles) and [[Alligatoridae]] (alligators and caymans).
* Alternatively, the three groups are all classed together as the family Crocodylidae, but belong to the [[subfamily|subfamilies]] Gavialinae, [[Crocodylinae]], and [[Alligatorinae]].
* Finally, [[palaeontology|palaentologists]] tend to speak of the broad lineage of gharial-like creatures over time using the term [[Gavialoidea]].

Janke ''et al.'' (2005), using molecular genetic evidence, found the gharial and the [[false gharial]] (''Tomistoma'') to be close relatives, and placed them together in the same family.

Common names include: Indian gharial, Indian gavial, Fish-eating crocodile, Gavial del Ganges, Gavial du Gange, Long-nosed crocodile, Bahsoolia, Nakar, Chimpta, Lamthora, Mecho Kumhir, Naka, Nakar, Shormon, Thantia, Thondre, Garial.

=== Classification ===
* '''Order [[Crocodilia]]'''
** '''Superfamily Gavialoidea'''
*** Family [[Gavialidae]]

==See also==
* [[Indus crocodile]]
* [[False Gharial]]

== References ==
<references />

* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Crocodile Specialist Group|year=1996|id=8966|title=Gavialis gangeticus|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Listed as Endangered (EN C2a, E v2.3)
* Janke A, Gullberg A, Hughes S, Aggarwal RK, Arnason U. (2005). "Mitogenomic analyses place the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) on the crocodile tree and provide pre-K/T divergence times for most crocodilians." J Mol Evol. 61(5):620-6.

== External links ==
{{commons|Gavialis gangeticus|Gharial}}
* http://reptilis.net/crocodylia/gavies/gavialidae.html a less formal article, great photos
* http://www.vic.com/nepal/images/gharial.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021659/http://www.vic.com/nepal/images/gharial.html |date=2007-09-27 }} photo of a large specimen in the wild
* http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/!ggan1.htm teeth and feeding
* http://www.whozoo.org/students/lydia/gharials.htm excellent photos from Fort Worth Zoo
* http://www.oneworldmagazine.org/tales/crocs/gharial.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325194706/http://www.oneworldmagazine.org/tales/crocs/gharial.html |date=2017-03-25 }} a charming folk tale
* http://www.scz.org/animals/g/gharial.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929001132/http://www.scz.org/animals/g/gharial.html |date=2007-09-29 }} species summary from Sedgwick County Zoo
* http://www.itis.usda.gov {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217020708/http://www.itis.usda.gov/ |date=2006-02-17 }} [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]] Taxonomic Serial No.: 202217

[[Category:Gharials]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Provincial symbols of Uttar Praant (India)]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Crocodilians of Asia]]

Indian softshell turtle

2023-03-04T15:09:54Z

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{{Speciesbox
| image = Indian softshell turtle (Nilssonia gangetica) Babai River.jpg
| image_caption = Babai River, Nepal
| image2 = Nilssonia gangetica.jpg
| image2_caption = Immature (the dark eyespots on the carapace are indistinct or absent in adults)<ref name=Ernst/>
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN2.3
| status_ref = <ref name="Rhodin11">{{Harnvb|Rhodin|2011|p=000.207}}</ref><ref name="redlist">[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39618/0 Nilssonia gangetica] from the Redlist</ref>
| genus = Nilssonia
| species = gangetica
| authority = ([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1825)<ref name="Rhodin11" /><ref name="redlist" />
| synonyms =
* ''Trionyx gangeticus'' Cuvier, 1825
* ''Trionyx javanicus'' Gray, 1831
* ''Testudo gotaghol'' Buchanan-Hamilton, 1831 ''([[nomen nudum]])''
* ''Aspidonectes gangeticus'' Wagler, 1833
* ''Gymnopus duvaucelii'' Duméril & Bibron, 1835
* ''Tyrse gangetica'' Gray, 1844
* ''Trionyx gangetiga'' Gray, 1873 ''([[ex errore]])''
* ''Isola gangetica'' Baur, 1893
* ''Aspideretes gangeticus'' Hay, 1904
* ''Trionyx gangeticus mahanaddicus'' Annandale, 1912
* ''Gymnopus duvaucelli'' Smith, 1931
* ''Amyda gangetica'' Mertens, Müller & Rust, 1934
* ''Trionix gangeticus'' Richard, 1999
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Fritz 2007">{{Cite journal|journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World |year=2007 |author=Fritz Uwe |author2=Peter Havaš |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=310 |issn=1864-5755 |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5v20ztMND?url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2010 |access-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
The '''Indian softshell turtle''' (''Nilssonia gangetica''), or '''Ganges softshell turtle''' is a [[species]] of [[softshell turtle]]. It lives in rivers such as the [[Ganges]] and [[Mahanadi river|Mahanadi]] in [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Its shell can be up to {{convert|94|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name="Ernst">Ernst, C.H.; Altenburg, R.G.M.; and Barbour, R.W. (1997). ''[http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/turtles.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=208 Aspideretes gangeticus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000000/http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/turtles.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=208 |date=2016-03-04 }}'', Turtles of the World. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</ref> It feeds mostly on fish, [[amphibian]]s, [[carrion]] and other animal matter, but also eats [[aquatic plant]]s.<ref name="Ernst" /> The turtle is listed as a [[vulnerable species]].<ref name="redlist"/>

The turtle has a long neck and a long nose, which means it is able to easily keep the tip of the nose out of the water to breathe.<ref name="arkive.org"/> It has an oval shaped shell, which is also fairly flat and smooth which means it is able to swim very fast.<ref name="arkive.org"/>

These turtles are often kept in the temple ponds of [[Odisha]] where they are considered [[sacred]].<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal| year=1914| title=Relics of the worship of mud-turtles (Trionychidae) in India and Burma|author1=Annandale, Nelson| author2=Shastri, Mahamahopadhyaya Haraprasad| pages=131–138| url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002183850#page/131/mode/2up}}</ref>

The Indian softshell turtle is under threat as 30 to 40 tons of turtle meat is sold in markets every week.<ref name="arkive.org">Nilssonia gangetica | ARKive: [http://www.arkive.org/ganges-soft-shelled-turtle/nilssonia-gangetica/ Ganges soft-shelled turtle videos, photos and facts - Nilssonia gangetica | ARKive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142529/http://www.arkive.org/ganges-soft-shelled-turtle/nilssonia-gangetica/ |date=2016-03-04 }}, accessdate: December 21, 2015</ref> The shells are also used to make [[mask]]s, which are sold to tourists.<ref name="arkive.org"/> The turtles' habitat is also being changed by the building of [[dam]]s, [[drainage]] works, and increasing levels of fishing and farming.<ref name="arkive.org"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Provincial symbols of Banga Praant (India)]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Turtles of Asia]]

Cervus unicolor

2023-02-20T17:45:07Z

212.121.210.249:

[[Image:Sambar (Rusa unicolor) male.jpg|thumb|]]
The '''Sambar Deer''' (''Rusa unicolor'') is a large [[deer]] native to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]] that is listed as a [[vulnerable species]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2008. Populations have declined substantially due to severe hunting, local [[insurgency]], and industrial exploitation of habitat.<ref name=iucn/>

The name "sambar" is also sometimes used to refer to the [[Philippine deer]] called the "Philippine sambar", and the [[Javan rusa]] called the "Sunda sambar".

== References ==
{{Reflist|25em}}

[[Category:Rusa (genus)]]
[[Category:Mammals of South Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Provincial symbols of Orissa Praant (India)]]

Ficus racemosa

2023-02-20T17:43:25Z

212.121.210.249:

[[Image:Ficus racemosa 12zz.jpg|thumb|]]
'''''Ficus racemosa''''', the '''Cluster fig''', '''Red River fig''' or the '''Gular''',<ref name=EPPO>{{cite web | title = ''Ficus racemosa'' | url = https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/FIURM | publisher = [[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) | access-date = 1 December 2020}}</ref> is a species of plant in the family [[Moraceae]]. It is native to the [[Republic of India]] and tropical [[Asia]]. It is a fast-growing plant with large, very rough leaves, usually attaining the size of a large shrub, although older specimens can grow quite large and gnarled. It is unusual in that its figs grow on or close to the tree trunk, termed [[cauliflory]].

The fruits are commonly eaten as a vegetable after the seeds have been discarded, and made into stir-fries and curries. The fruits are a favourite staple of the [[rhesus macaque|common Indian macaque]].

==References==
{{Reflist|45em}}

[[Category:Ficus|racemosa]]
[[Category:Flora of India]]
[[Category:Provincial symbols of Orissa Praant (India)]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Trees in Buddhism]]

Machhike

2022-12-13T11:42:10Z

212.121.210.249:

{{refimprove|date=February 2017}}{{orphan|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
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| subdivision_name2 = Moga
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'''Machhike'''(ਮਾਛੀਕੇ) is a village in the [[Moga district|Moga District]] of the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It is part of the [[Nihal Singh Wala Assembly Constituency]].

== Geography ==
It is located 10 km southeast of [[Nihal Singh Wala]], 38 km southeast of [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]], and 60 km southwest of [[Ludhiana]]. The Machhike local language is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].

== Demographics ==
In the 2011 census, the population was 6,411. There is a 56.6% literacy rate with a 24.3% female literacy rate.
{| class="wikitable"
|+2011 Census Data<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=37538|title=Census of India: Search Details|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>
!
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Population
|6,411
|3,411
|3,000
|-
|0-6 years old
|661
|347
|314
|-
|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]]
|2,695
|1,420
|1,275
|-
|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]]
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Literates
|3,627
|2,071
|1,556
|-
|Illiterate
|2,784
|1,340
|1,444
|-
|Total Workers
|1,936
|1,771
|165
|-
|Main Worker
|1,880
|1,722
|158
|-
|Main Worker - Cultivators
|758
|734
|24
|-
|Main Worker - Agriculture Labourers
|613
|597
|16
|-
|Main Worker - Household Industries
|22
|19
|3
|-
|Main Worker - Other
|487
|372
|115
|-
|Marginal Worker (total)
|56
|49
|7
|-
|Non Worker
|4,475
|1,640
|2,835
|}

== Images ==
<gallery>
File:Village Machihike.jpg|Machhike
File:Village Machhike.jpg|Machhike
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Moga district}}

[[Category:Moga district ]]
[[Category:Panchayati raj (India)]]
[[Category:Punjab (India)]]
[[Category:Villages in Moga district]]

Lohri

2022-12-13T11:40:17Z

212.121.210.249:

{{short description|Winter folk festival in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Lohri
| observedby = People of [[North India]]: Punjab, Jammu, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh by Punjabis, Dogras, Haryanvis, and Himachalis
| type = seasonal
| longtype = Religious, cultural
| image = Lohri bonfire.png
| caption = Lohri Bonfire
| nickname = [[Lal Loi]]
| celebrations = Bonfire, song (Bhangra and Gidda)
| significance = Midwinter festival, celebration of winter solstice
| relatedto = [[Dulla Bhatti]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=On Lohri, remembering Dulla Bhatti, the landlord who stood up to the mighty Akbar|url=https://scroll.in/article/864736/why-dulla-bhatti-the-landlord-who-stood-up-to-the-mighty-akbar-is-still-remembered-on-lohri|access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref>
| month = [[Paush]]
| firsttime =
| frequency = Once in a year
| duration =
| scheduling =
| official_name =
| weekday =
| date =
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}}

'''''Lohri''''' ({{lang-pa|ਲੋਹੜੀ}}) is a popular winter Punjabi<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YY0dAQAAIAAJ&q=lohri+punjabi&dq=lohri+punjabi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0qdrEmrf1AhXRPsAKHU5kCU44UBDoAXoECAIQAg Cambridge Anthropology, Volume 25, Issue 3(2006)]</ref> folk festival celebrated primarily in [[Northern India]].{{refn|group=note| Quote: "Lohri is the winter festival of Punjab, and is celebrated by Hindus and Sikhs."<ref>name="WarrierWalshe2001">{{cite book|author1=S. Warrier|author2=John G. Walshe|title=Dates and Meanings of Religious and Other Multi-Ethnic Festivals, 2002-2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6VQ_YRIPl0C|year=2001|publisher=Foulsham |isbn=978-0-572-02659-2|page=112}}, Quote: ."Lohri is the winter festival of Punjab and is celebrated by Hindus and Sikhs."</ref>}} The significance and legends about the Lohri festival are many and these link the festival to the [[Punjab region]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jeratha|first=Aśoka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C&q=lohri+Dogra&pg=PA53|title=Dogra Legends of Art & Culture|date=1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-082-8|language=en}}</ref> It is believed by many that the festival marks the passing of the [[winter solstice]]. Lohri marks the end of winter, and is a traditional welcome of longer days and the sun's journey to the northern hemisphere by Hindus and Sikhs in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent. It is observed the night before [[Maghi]], also known as [[Makar Sankranti]], and according to the solar part of the lunisolar [[Vikrami calendar]] and typically falls about the same date every year (13 January).

Lohri is an official holiday in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],<ref>[http://punjab.gov.in/list-of-holidays Punjab Government List of holidays 2019]</ref> the [[Jammu region]] of Jammu and Kashmir<ref>[https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3979d472a84804b9f647bc185a877a8b5/uploads/2020/12/2020120568.pdf Jammu holidays]</ref> and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/holidays-2016.html |title=HP Government - Holidays - Government of Himachal Pradesh, India |publisher=Himachal.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2022-05-08}}</ref> The festival is celebrated in [[Delhi]] and [[Haryana]] but is not a gazetted holiday.{{refn|group=note|According to Saini (1968), "the advent of the displaced persons, from the West Punjab have introduced "Lohri" and "Baisakhi" etc. here""<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/_/XPgRAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=lohri+haryana&bsq=lohri Saini, P. (1968). Discovery of Haryana. India: Hira Parkashan]</ref>}} In all these areas, the festival is celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs, Christians and Muslims.<ref>Chauhan, Ramesh K. (1995) Punjab and the nationality question in India. Deep and Deep Publications [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X2RuAAAAMAAJ&dq=hindu+muslim+sikh+christian+lohri&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=lohri]</ref> In [[Punjab, Pakistan]] it is not observed at official level, however Hindus and Sikhs and some Muslims observe the festival in rural Punjab and in the cities Faisalabad and Lahore.<ref>{{cite web|last=AsiaNews.it|title=Punjab celebrates the|url=http://asianews.it/news-en/Punjab-celebrates-the-Lohri:-From-culture,-an-invitation-to-a-springtime-of-peace-and-unity-26972.html|access-date=13 January 2021|website=asianews.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dilagīra|first=Harajindara Siṅgha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Lohri+%EF%BF%BC|title=The Sikh Reference Book|date=1997|publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark|isbn=978-0-9695964-2-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://m.timesofindia.com/city/chandigarh/lohri-in-lahore-after-70-years/amp_articleshow/80275349.cms Times of India 15 January 2021]</ref><ref>[https://publuu.com/flip-book/4712/9000/page/24 Origins - Magazine of India - Jan 2021]</ref> Muhammad Tariq, former director of [[Faisalabad Arts Council]], believes it is important to keep the festival alive as Lohri is celebrated in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistan Punjab]] and in [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]].<ref>[https://www.independenturdu.com/node/90726 Naeem Ahmed 16.01.22 The Independent Urdu ed]</ref>

==Date==
Lohri is linked to the [[Vikrami calendar]], and is celebrated the day before the festival of [[Maghi]] celebrated in the rest of [[India]] as [[Makar Sankranti]]. Lohri falls in the month of [[Paush]] and is set by the solar part of the lunisolar [[Punjabi calendar]] and in most years it falls around 13 January of the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Dr. H.S. Singha|title=Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC&pg=PA101|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-245-8|pages=101–102}}</ref>

==History & origins==
[[File:Lohri.jpg|thumb|right|Lohri Bonfire]]
Historical references to Lohri are mentioned by European visitors to the Lahore darbar of Maharaja Ranjit Singh such as Wade who visited the Maharaja in 1832.<ref>Ahuja, R. L. (1983). Maharaja Ranjit Singh, a Man of Destiny. India: Punjabi Writers Coop. Society.[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_a_Man_of_Destiny/0IMeAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=lohri+ranjit+singh+captain&dq=lohri+ranjit+singh+captain&printsec=frontcover]</ref> Further reference is made by Captain Mackeson of Maharaja Ranjit Singh distributing suits of clothes and large sums of money as rewards on Lohri day in 1836.<ref>Suri, S. L. (1961). pts.1-5.Chronicle of the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1831-1839 A.D. India: S. Chand.[https://books.google.co.uk/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&redir_esc=y&id=Se0CAAAAMAAJ&dq=nterview+of+Mackeson+Sahib+%3B+distribution+of+suits+ut+clothes+on+the+Lohri+day+%3B+appointment+of+reliable+persons+to+receive+the+newly+-+arrived+Sahibs+%3B+presentation+of+Raja+Sochet+Singh+and+Ventura+Sahib+%3B+alms+and+charities+of+the+Maghi+day&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=suits]</ref> The celebration of Lohri with the making of a huge bonfire at night is also noted in the royal court in 1844.<ref>Suri, S. L. (1961). pts.1-3.Chronicles of reigns of Maharaja Kharak Singh, Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh, Maharaja Sher Singh and Maharaja Dalip Singh, 1839-1845 A.D. India: S. Chand.</ref>

The accounts of Lohri celebration in royal circles do not discuss the origins of the festival. However, there is much folklore about Lohri. Lohri is the celebration of the arrival of longer days after the [[winter solstice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98jul19/science.htm|title=The Tribune...Science Tribune|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/gyan-zone/festival-binge/28107.html The Tribune Festival binge: Amarjot Kaur 10 January 2015]</ref><ref>Celebrating with the Robin Hood of the Punjab and all his friends! Nottingham Post 13 January 2014 [http://www.nottinghampost.com/Celebrating-Robin-Hood-Punjab-friends/story-20434739-detail/story.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216093127/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Celebrating-Robin-Hood-Punjab-friends/story-20434739-detail/story.html |date=16 December 2014 }}</ref> According to folklore, in ancient times Lohri was celebrated at the end of the traditional month when [[winter solstice]] occurs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/what-a-wonderful-world/article4282523.ece|title=What a wonderful world|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 January 2013|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141217103927/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/bless-the-girl/article1-988618.aspx Hindustan Times 12 01 2013]</ref> It celebrates the days getting longer as the sun proceeds on its northward journey. The day after Lohri is celebrated as [[Maghi]] [[Sankranti|Sangrand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Punjabi-pockets-warm-up-for-Lohri-bonfires/articleshow/45839012.cms|title=Punjabi pockets warm up for Lohri bonfires - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

Lohri is an ancient mid winter festival originating in regions near the Himalayan mountains where winter is colder than the rest of the subcontinent. Hindus and Sikhs traditionally lit bonfires in their yards after the weeks of the ''rabi'' season cropping work, socialized around the fire, sang and danced together as they marked the end of winter and the onset of longer days.
[[File:Punjabi woman smile.jpg|thumb|right|Punjabi woman waiting to participate in Gidda]]
However, instead of celebrating Lohri on the eve of when [[winter solstice]] actually occurs, Punjabis celebrate it on the last day of the month during which [[winter solstice]] takes place. Lohri commemorates the passing of the [[winter solstice]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150112122400/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/brighten-your-lohri-with-a-touch-of-tradition/article1-1305929.aspx Hindustan Times 12 January 2015 Snigdha Ahuja]</ref>

==Significance==
The ancient significance of the festival is it being a winter crop season celebration<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HO4n549SLIgC&dq=lohri+winter+crop+celebration&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=lohri+ Harvest Celebrations, Volume 4, (2002) World Book]</ref> and is linked to the Punjab region.<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/what-is-lohri-why-is-lohri-celebrated-sunder-mundriye-dulla-bhatti-punjabi-folklore-rabi-crop/1/569416.html What is Lohri? Why is it celebrated?], Somya Abrol, India Today, (13 January 2017)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040124/asp/opinion/story_2816036.asp |title= The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref>R. C. Dogra, Gobind Singh Mansukhani (1995)Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_Sikh_Religion_and_Cultu/WRZBm5JncfkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Panjab+lohri&dq=Panjab+lohri&printsec=frontcover]</ref> A popular folklore links Lohri to the tale of Dulla Bhatti . The central theme of many Lohri songs is the legend of Dulla Bhatti whose father was a zamidar who lived in Punjab during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar.<ref name="PuriNesbitt2013p34" /> He was regarded as a hero in Punjab, for rescuing Punjabi girls from being forcibly taken to be sold in slave market of the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lohrifestival.org| title = The origins of lohri |publisher= Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India }}</ref><ref name="PuriNesbitt2013p34" /> Amongst those he saved were two girls Sundri & Mundri, who gradually became a theme of [[Punjab]]'s folklore. As a part of Lohri celebrations, children go around homes singing the traditional folk songs of Lohri with "Dulla Bhatti" name included. One person sings, while others end each line with a loud "Ho!" sung in unison. After the song ends, the adult of the home is expected to give snacks and money to the singing troupe of youngsters.<ref name="PuriNesbitt2013p34">{{cite book|author1=Kailash Puri|author2=Eleanor Nesbitt|title=Pool of Life: The Autobiography of a Punjabi Agony Aunt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_NWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|year=2013|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-78284-067-1|pages=34–35}}</ref> Lohri also marks the beginning of the harvest season and sunny days.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the significance of Lohri and why we burn fire on Lohri?|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/faqs/what-is-the-significance-of-lohri-and-why-we-burn-fire-on-lohri/articleshow/73189207.cms|access-date=16 December 2021|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

==Celebrations==
The festival is celebrated by lighting bonfires, eating festive food, dancing and collecting gifts. In houses that have recently had a marriage or childbirth, Lohri celebrations will reach a higher pitch of excitement. Most North Indians usually have private Lohri celebrations, in their houses. Lohri rituals are performed, with the accompaniment of special Lohri songs.<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-13|title=Happy Lohri 2022: Date, Origin and Significance of the Harvest Festival|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/happy-lohri-2022-date-origin-and-significance-of-the-harvest-festival-2455885.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

Singing and dancing form an intrinsic part of the celebrations. People wear their brightest clothes and come to dance the [[Bhangra (dance)|bhangra]] and [[gidda]] to the beat of the [[dhol]]. Punjabi songs are sung, and everybody rejoices. Sarson da saag and makki di roti is usually served as the main course at a Lohri dinner. Lohri is a great occasion that holds great importance for farmers. However, people residing in urban areas also celebrate Lohri, as this festival provides the opportunity to interact with family and friends.<ref>{{cite web|title=Happy Lohri 2022: Significance, Delicacies And Wishes For The Festival|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/happy-lohri-2022-significance-delicacies-and-wishes-for-the-festival-7931291.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Moneycontrol|language=en}}</ref>

===Bonfire and festive foods===
Lohri is celebrated with a bonfire. The lighting of bonfire during this winter festival is an ancient tradition. Ancient people lit the bonfire to reignite the return of longer days. This is a very ancient tradition.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cooks.ndtv.com/article/show/lohri-special-why-food-is-fed-to-the-fire-470357 |title=NDTV 06 12 14 |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116050735/http://cooks.ndtv.com/article/show/lohri-special-why-food-is-fed-to-the-fire-470357 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cooks.ndtv.com/article/show/an-indian-thanksgiving-316129|title=An Indian Thanks Giving - NDTV Food|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

[[File:(2) Raw sugar jaggery gud Punjab India.jpg|thumb|right|''Gurh'', solidified and unrefined sugarcane juice is a traditional festive sweet.]]
In Punjab the harvest festival Lohri is marked by eating sheaves of roasted corn from the new harvest.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zG1H75z0EYYC&pg=RA2-PA99&dq=lohri+harvest&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi07rSX68zTAhVGBMAKHci3BfwQ6AEITTAI#v=onepage&q=lohri%20harvest&f=false Albala, Ken (2011) Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO]</ref> The January sugarcane harvest is celebrated in the Lohri festival.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9vMj4E6OKtQC&q=sugarcane+lohri+harvest&dq=sugarcane+lohri+harvest&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_8Z6M7czTAhWqB8AKHU49B0AQ6AEISzAI Sinclair, Toby (1994) India.Odyssey]</ref> Sugarcane products such as gurh and gachak are central to Lohri celebrations, as are nuts which are harvested in January. The other important food item of Lohri is radish which can be harvested between October and January. Mustard greens are cultivated mainly in the winter months because the crop is suitable to the agro-climatic conditions.<ref name="auto">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cxhNAAAAYAAJ&dq=sag+lohri&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=+lohri Indian Food Packer, Volume 49 (1995)]</ref> Accordingly, mustard greens are also a winter produce. It is traditional to eat [[Gajak]], [[Sarson da saag]] with [[Makki di roti]], [[radish]], ground nuts and [[jaggery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan13/head6.htm#3| title=Lohri page|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> It is also traditional to eat "til rice" which is made by mixing [[jaggery]], sesame seeds and puffed rice.<ref>Sundar Mundarye ho by Assa Singh Bhuman Waris Shah Foundation {{ISBN|81-7856-043-7}}</ref> In some places, this dish, more like a snack is named "Tilcholi."

===Chajja dance and Hiran dance===
Lohri in [[Jammu division|Jammu]] is special because of various additional traditions associated with it like ''Chajja'' making and dancing, ''Hiran Dance'', preparing Lohri garlands. Young children prepare a replica of peacock which is known as ''Chajja.'' They carry this ''Chajja'' and then go from one house to other house celebrating Lohri. In and around Jammu, special ''Hiran Dance'' is performed. Selected houses which have auspicious ceremonies prepare eatables. Children wear special garlands made of groundnuts, dry fruits and candies on Lohri day.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jeratha|first=Aśoka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C&q=Lohri+Dogras&pg=PA53|title=Dogra Legends of Art & Culture|date=1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-082-8|language=en}}</ref>{{refn|group=note| According to the Jammu Kashmir Government Portal: "Punjabi festivals such as Lohri and Vaisakhi are celebrated with great zeal and enthusiasm throughout the region, along with Accession Day, an annual holiday which commemorates the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the Dominion of India"<ref>[https://www.jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/?q=culture Jammu Kashmir Government Portal]</ref>}}

===Collecting Lohri items and trick or treating===
In various places of the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], about 10 to 15 days before Lohri, groups of young and teenage boys and girls go around the neighbourhood collecting logs for the Lohri bonfire. In some places, they also collect items such as grains and jaggery which are sold and the sale proceeds are divided amongst the group.<ref name="autogenerated1">Sundar mundarye ho by Assa Singh Ghuman Waris Shah Foundation ISBN B1-7856-043-7</ref>

In some parts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], there is a popular "trick or treat" activity which is engaged in by boys to select a group member to smear his face with ash and tie a rope around his waist. The idea is for the selected person to act as a deterrent for people who refrain from giving Lohri items. The boys will sing Lohri songs asking for Lohri items. If not enough is given, the householder will be given an ultimatum to either give more or the rope will be loosened. If not enough is given, then the boy who has his face smeared will try to enter the house and smash clay pots or the clay stove.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

===Practices===
During the day, children go from door to door singing songs and are given sweets and savories, and occasionally, money. Turning them back empty-handed is regarded inauspicious. Where families are welcoming newly-weds and new borns,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Lohri-brightened-by-festive-spirit/articleshow/45878319.cms|title=Lohri brightened by festive spirit - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> the requests for treats increases.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

The collections gathered by the children are known as ''Lohri'' and consist of til, gachchak, crystal sugar, gur (jaggery), moongphali (peanuts) and phuliya or popcorn. Lohri is then distributed at night during the festival. Till, peanuts, popcorn and other food items are also thrown into the fire. For some, throwing food into the fire represents the burning of the old year and start the next year on [[Makar Sankranti]]

The bonfire is lit at sunset in the main village square. People toss sesame seeds, gur, sugar-candy and ''rewaries'' on the bonfire, sit around it, sing and dance till the fire dies out. Some people perform a prayer and go around the fire. This is to show respect to the natural element of fire,<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/47133/bringing-home-sun-god.html FirozBakht Ahmed Deccan Herald 18 January 2010]</ref> a tradition common in [[winter solstice]] celebrations. It is traditional to offer guests til, gachchak, gur, moongphali (peanuts) and phuliya or popcorn. Milk and water are also poured around the bonfire by [[Hindus]] to thank the Sun God and seeking his continued protection.

Among some sections of the [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] community, the festival is traditionally celebrated as [[Lal Loi]]. On the day of Lal Loee children bring wood sticks from their grandparents and aunties and light a fire burning the sticks in the night with people enjoying, dancing and playing around the fire. The festival is gaining popularity amongst other Sindhis where Lohri is not a traditional festival.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Lohri-gaiety-warms-all/articleshow/11468901.cms? Nidhin Singhi "Lohri gaiety warms all"Times of India 13 01 2012]</ref>

==Lohri and the financial year==
Historically, during the 19th century, revenue for winter crops was collected either on Lohri or [[Maghi]].<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PSpuAAAAMAAJ&dq=punjabi+collect+rent+on+lohri&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=lohri Proceedings - Punjab History Conference (2000)]</ref>

==Celebration area==
[[File:Bhangra - Global Institutes.JPG|thumb|Bhangra]]
[[File:Ready to perform punjabi cultural dance" Gidha" 2013-10-26 18-05.jpg|thumb|Ready to perform Punjabi cultural dance" Gidha"]]
Lohri is celebrated to denote the last of the coldest days of winter. The festival is celebrated in Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir since Mughal times.<ref>Jyoteeshwar Pathik, Diwan Chand Sharma (1980) Cultural Heritage of the Dogras. Page 106 "The festival of Lohri is said to be celebrated from Mughal time when a witch had created tyranny and horror on the Jammu Punjab border near Sialkot district." Light & Life Publishers [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZc9AAAAMAAJ&q=jammu+witch+punjab+jammu+border&dq=jammu+witch+punjab+jammu+border&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5h8CSs9bRAhXDvBoKHYNBBoEQ6AEIGjAA]</ref> The festival is observed as [[Lal Loi]] in the [[Indian Sindhis|Sindhi]] community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theindianpanorama.news/potpourri/spirituality/lohri-the-bonfire-festival-3.html|title=LOHRI: THE BONFIRE FESTIVAL - The Indian Panorama|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lohri-aaye-rey/|title=Lohri Aaye Rey|date=13 January 2016|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=53555|title=Dr Jitendra organises joint celebration of 'Lohri', 'Bihu' festivals - Scoop News Jammu Kashmir|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/801803/lohri-legends-the-tale-of-abdullah-khan-dullah-bhatti-the-punjabi-who-led-a-revolt-against-akbar|title=Lohri legends: the tale of Abdullah Khan 'Dullah' Bhatti, the Punjabi who led a revolt against Akbar|first=Shoaib|last=Daniyal|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

==Lohri songs==
There are many Lohri songs. For example, the following song which has words to express gratitude to Dulla Bhatti (the 'ho's are in chorus):<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.lohrifestival.org/lohri-boys-songs.html | title = Dhulla Bhatti Song}}</ref>

<blockquote>
Sunder mundriye ho! 
Tera kaun vicharaa ho! 
Dullah Bhatti walla ho! 
Dullhe di dhee vyayae ho! 
Ser shakkar payee ho! 
Kudi da laal pathaka ho! 
Kudi da saalu paata ho! 
Salu kaun samete! 
Chacha gali dese! 
Chache choori kutti! zamidara lutti! 
Zamindaar sudhaye! 
Bum Bum bhole aaye! 
Ek bhola reh gaya! 
Sipahee far ke lai gaya! 
Sipahee ne mari itt! 
Paanvey ro te paanvey pitt! 
Sanoo de de Lohri, te teri jeeve jodi! 
(Laugh, cry or howl!) 
</blockquote>

'''Translation'''

<blockquote>
Beautiful girl 
Who will think about you 
Dulla of the Bhatti clan will 
Dulla's daughter got married 
He gave one [[Ser (unit)|ser]] of sugar! 
The girl is wearing a red suit! 
But her shawl is torn! 
Who will stitch her shawl?! 
The uncle made choori! 
The landlords looted it! 
Landlords are beaten up! 
Lots of simple-headed boys came! 
One simpleton got left behind! 
The soldier arrested him! 
The soldier hit him with a brick! 
(Cry or howl)! 
Give us Lohri, long live your pair (to a married couple)! 
Whether you cry, or bang your head later! 
</blockquote>

Another beautiful Lohri song is 'Tode upper Toda, Tode upper Saag' which the children sings at the time when they went to seek Lohri from the neighbours. The folk song is sung in Jammu.
<blockquote>Toda!

Tode upar saag.

Saag!

Saag wich mirch!

Mirch!

Mirch lgi kodi.

Kodi!

Deyo sanu lohri.

Toda!

Tode upar saag.

Saag!

Saag wich mirch!

Mirch!

Mirch lgi kodi.

Kodi!

Deyo sanu lohri.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festivals of Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://www.jammutales.com/2020/07/festivals-of-jammu-and-Kashmir.html|access-date=2020-08-16|website=JAMMU TALES}}</ref></blockquote>

==Similar festivals in other countries==
[[Winter solstice]] festivals have been incorporated into other festivals which are celebrated in various regions around the world. The festival of [[Yule]] is observed during [[Christmas]] celebrations whereby a log is burnt to commemorate the [[winter solstice]].

The festival of [[Hogmanay]] is celebrated on New Year's Day. The fire festival of Stonehaven in [[Scotland]] is the direct descendant of lighting winter solstice bonfires.<ref name="The History of Hogmanay">{{cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/The-History-of-Hogmanay/|title=The History of Hogmanay|access-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> Another event is observed every 11 January when the flaming Clavie (a barrel full of staves) is carried round in Burghead and is wedged on the Doorie Hill. When it is burnt out, people take the smouldering embers to bring good luck for the coming year.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UViEbWQOSd0C&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=Clavie+at+Burghead+winter+solstice&source=bl&ots=kgSsriEtSD&sig=yNrnt2YaiRzVGxxWyjOvhWu-DyU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5Ou4VKqaDIzV7Qbwq4DYBw&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Clavie%20at%20Burghead%20winter%20solstice&f=false the Magic Arts in Celtic Britain Lewis Spence</ref>

==See also==
* [[Makar Sankranti]]
* [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]
* [[Bhogali Bihu]]
* [[Sankranti]]
* [[Winter Solstice]]
* [[Maghi]]
* [[Hogmanay]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Punjab, India}}
{{Hindu Festivals}}
{{Winter solstice}}
{{Punjabi fairs and festivals}}
{{Punjabi festivals}}

[[Category:Punjabi festivals]]
[[Category:January observances]]
[[Category:Festivals in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjab (India)]]
[[Category:Harvest festivals in India]]
[[Category:Winter festivals]]
[[Category:Traditions involving fire]]

Khanna Ludhiana

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212.121.210.249:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khanna
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.70|N|76.22|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 32
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 254
| population_total = 128137
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 141401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01628
| registration_plate = PB-26
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khanna''' is a city which is famous for its Asia's largest grain market and a [[municipal council]] in the [[Ludhiana district]] of [[Punjab, India]].<ref name="ti">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120131/ldh1.htm|title=Over 75% polling in Khanna, Samrala|date=31 January 2012|work=News in English|access-date=17 July 2012|agency=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}. KHANNA</ref><ref name="ti2">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120117/ldh1.htm | title=khanna in need of major spruce-up | work=News in English | date=17 January 2012 | agency=The Tribune | access-date=17 July 2012}}</ref>

== Toponymy ==
''Khanna'' is a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] word, which means ''one quarter'' (1/4 or 0.25). The city was named thus because it used to be very small, just a quarter of what a normal city should be.

== History ==
Khanna has the largest grain market in [[Asia]],<ref name="lo">{{cite web |url=http://ludhiana.nic.in/admin/admin_mc_khanna.html |title=Khanna |website=ludhiana.nic.in |access-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> followed by the grain market of [[Rajpura]] ([[Punjab, India|Punjab]]). History reveals that [[Sher Shah Suri]] built a number of [[caravanserai|sarais]] (inns) at every 12 to 15 miles along the [[Delhi]]-[[Lahore]] road. One of the sarais was built in this area which is still known as the ''Purani Sarai''. After the decline of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule in the Punjab, [[Banda Bahadur]] captured the area from [[Sirhind]] to [[Hoshiarpur]]. After that a [[Jathedar]] of Dahedu controlled and occupied the whole of the area from Dahedu to [[Nabha]]. He married his daughter, Daya Kaur, to the King of Nabha. When a family dispute arose between the King and his new wife, she left Nabha for good and went back to live with her parents in Dahedu. According to Indian conventions she could not remain there forever. Therefore, her father gave her a "kann", or a "small portion", of the territory between Dahedu and Nabha that was well known for its agriculture. Over time, the pronunciation of the name changed from "Kann" to "Khanna".

The city is 40 km from the city of [[Ludhiana]] on the [[Grand Trunk Road]] (National Highway 1) and is home to Asia's largest grain market. Its area is about 70 km2. Villages nearby include Kauri, [[Payal, India|Payal]], [[Ikolahi]], Rahoun, [[Issru]], [[Harion Kalan, India|Harion Kalan]] , [[Boothgarh]], Bulepur, Rasulra, Ghutind, Bhattian, Libra, Ratan Heri, Bahumajra, Salana, Ramgarh, Amloh, Salaudi singha and Mohanpur.

== Demographics ==
As per provisional data of 2011 census Khanna had a population of 128,130, out of which males were 67,811 and females were 60,319. The literacy rate was 84.43 per cent.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 2012-07-07 }}</ref>

== Education ==
Khanna has following colleges/institutes:
#[[A S College|A S College Khanna]]
# Shri Sarswati Sanskrit College Khanna, affiliated to [[Panjab University]], Chandigarh
#A. S. Women College, affiliated to Panjab University Chandigarh
#Gulzar Group of Institutes (GGI)
#IGNOU Regional Centre, Khanna<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rckhanna.ignou.ac.in/|title=Welcome to IGNOU Khanna Regional Centre}}</ref>
#Radha Vatika Women college
#Sanjeevni Nursing College

==Transport==
[[Khanna railway station]] is situated on [[Ambala–Attari line]] under [[Ambala railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khanna Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/khanna-knn/653|access-date=2021-05-24|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{gallery
|Madudass di smadh khanna.jpg|Madudass di smadhi
|Jain mandir khanna.jpg|Jain mandir, Khanna
|An old building in city khanna.jpg|An old building in the city of Khanna
|A.s senior secondry schol khanna.jpg|A.s Senior Secondary School, Khanna
|A.S. College for Women, Khanna.jpg|A.S. College for Women, Khanna
|Old building in khanna city.jpg|Old building in Khanna city
}}

==See also==
*[[Rauni, India|Rauni]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ludhiana district}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, India}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Punjab (India)]]

Emblem of Jharkhand

2022-12-13T11:21:54Z

212.121.210.249:

{{Infobox coat of arms
| name = Emblem of Jharkhand
|image = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| image_width = 200
| middle =
| middle_width =
| middle_caption =
| lesser =
| lesser_width =
| lesser_caption =
| armiger = The [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| year_adopted = 15 August 2020
| crest =
| torse =
| shield = [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]
| supporters =
| compartment =
| motto = ''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''
| orders =
| other_elements =
| earlier_versions =
| use =
}}
The '''Emblem of Jharkhand''' is the [[official seal]] of the government of the [[India]]n [[States of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaJharkhand.htm |title=Jharkhand |publisher=Hubert-herald.nl |date= |access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>

==Design==

The emblem consists of multiple rings, in which elephants (the state animal) in green background in the outer ring, represent strength, wildlife, royalty and rich vegetation. The middle ring showcases, Palash flowers (the state flower), which are also known as 'flames of the jungle', representing rich flora, beauty and culture. The inner ring consists of people, in the unique Jharkhandi style painting, which represents rich history and strength of social bounding. The [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] is at the centre, with the motto ''[[Satyameva Jayate]]''.

==History==
[[File:Seal of Jharkhand 2.png|thumb|right|150px|Previous emblem used between 2000 and 2020]]
The first emblem of Jharkhand was adopted on 15 November 2000 when Jharkhand state was formed from the southern part of Bihar. This emblem consisted of an [[Ashoka Chakra]], as depicted on the national [[Flag of India]], surrounded by four letter [[J]]s stylised as [[dagger]]s. The legend underneath, Jharkhand Sarkar, translates as ''Government of Jharkhand''.

In January 2020, the new [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]], [[Hemant Soren]] announced that a new state emblem is to be adopted in the near future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-maiden-order-hemant-soren-drops-pathalgadi-cases/article30427378.ece|title=In maiden order, Hemant Soren drops Pathalgadi cases|first=Staff|last=Reporter|date=December 29, 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He stated that the new emblem should represent the culture, tradition, history and future of the state and invited entries for a new design via a public competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/cm-hemant-soren-seeks-suggestions-for-jharkhand-logo-120012600209_1.html|title=CM Hemant Soren seeks suggestions for Jharkhand logo|date=January 26, 2020|via=Business Standard}}</ref> A purported winning design, depicting a tree, was subsequently reported by several media outlets but this was later revealed to be a hoax.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/grapevine/117/jharkhand-govt-gets-new-logo/|title=Jharkhand govt gets new logo - Jharkhand State News|website=jharkhandstatenews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=JMM Garhwa |user=JMM_Garhwa |number=1215157781218545664 |date=2020-01-09 |title=This is not the new logo of Jharkhand Government, the design is still in progress. Plz don't share this fake logo pic. @HemantSorenJMM @JmmJharkhand @JharkhandCMO https://t.co/dTP00cm62n |language=en |access-date=2021-01-04}}</ref>

On 22 July a new emblem was officially granted approval to be used from 15 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-logo-changed-dispute-over-jharkhand-government-new-jharkhand-logo-release-on-15-august2020-20542746.html|title=Jharkhand NEW LOGO: झारखंड के नए लोगो में सफेद हाथी, जानिए क्‍या कह रही हेमंत सरकार...|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref>

==Government banner==
The Government of Jharkhand can be represented by a banner displaying the emblem of the state on a white field.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depositphotos.com/227705700/stock-photo-jharkhand-state-india-flag-textile.html|title=Jharkhand State India Flag Textile Cloth Fabric Waving Top Sunrise|first=Depositphotos|last=Inc|website=Depositphotos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html|title=Indian states since 1947|website=www.worldstatesmen.org}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[National Emblem of India]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian state emblems}}

[[Category:Government of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian state seals|Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Symbols of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Coats of arms with the dharmachakra|Jarkhand]]
[[Category:Provincial symbols of Jaroonwala Praant (India)]]

{{Jharkhand-stub}}

Eudynamys scolopaceus

2022-12-13T11:12:19Z

212.121.210.249:

[[Image:Asian Koel (Eudynamys scolopacea)- Male close up in Kolkata I IMG 7568.jpg|thumb|]]
The '''Asian Koel''' (''Eudynamys scolopaceus'')<ref>{{cite journal|author1=David, N |author2=Gosselin, M |name-list-style=amp|year=2002|title=The grammatical gender of avian genera|journal=Bull B.O.C.|volume=122|pages=257–282}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Penard, TE|year=1919|title=The name of the black cuckoo| journal=Auk|volume=36| issue=4|pages=569–570|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v036n04/p0569-p0570.pdf|doi=10.2307/4073368|jstor=4073368 }}</ref> is a member of the [[cuckoo]] [[order (biology)|order]] of [[bird]]s, the [[Cuculiformes]]. It is found in the [[Indian Subcontinent]].

== In culture ==
The word "koel" is [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] in origin. The Sanskrit name of "Kokila" and words in several Indian languages are similarly echoic.<ref name=hobson>{{cite book|author=Yule, Henry|year=1903|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:344.hobson|title=Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive.|publisher=John Murray, London.|page=490|access-date=2009-06-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121211161737/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:344.hobson|archive-date=2012-12-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Brood parasites]]
[[Category:Eudynamys|Asian koel]]
[[Category:Birds of Asia]]
[[Category:Birds of South Asia]]
[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Provincial symbols of Jaroonwala Praant (India)]]