Direct-to-home television in India

2021-06-23T10:40:42Z

2402:3A80:190F:9F9C:0:0:0:2:

[[Direct-to-home|'''Direct-to-Home''']] ('''DTH''') television is a method of receiving [[satellite television]] by means of signals transmitted from [[direct-broadcast satellite]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pattan|first=Bruno|date=31 March 1993|title=Satellite Systems:Principles and Technologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GJWEro9ea4C&q=sun+outage+satellite|location=Berlin|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780442013578|access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref> The [[Government of India|'''Govt. of India''' ('''GoI''')]] permitted the reception and distribution of satellite television signals in November 2000. The first DTH service in the country was launched by '''Dish TV''' on 2 October 2003. '''DD Free Dish''', the first free DTH service in India, was launched by public broadcaster [[Doordarshan|'''Prasar Bharati''']] in December 2004.

India is the largest DTH market in the world by number of subscribers. As on 31 December 2019, there were 69.98 million active pay DTH subscribers in the country.<ref name="TRAIpir">{{cite press release | url=https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PIR_30062020.pdf | title=The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators | publisher=TRAI | date=31 December 2019 | access-date=6 June 2019 | page=96-97}}</ref> These figures do not include subscribers of free DTH services.

The Indian market is serviced by 4 paid DTH providers and one free DTH provider as of 31 March 2020.

== History ==

=== Background ===
DTH services were first proposed in India in 1996. The proposal was not approved due to concerns over national security and negative cultural influence. In 1997, the [[Government of India]] banned DTH services when [[Rupert Murdoch]]-owned Indian Sky Broadcasting (ISkyB) was about to launch its DTH services in the country.<ref name="Rediff1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/mar/23spec.htm|title=What is DTH?|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2016-10-01}}</ref> After deliberations among groups of ministers, DTH services were permitted by the [[Third Vajpayee ministry|NDA government]] in November 2000. The ministers made four key recommendations to governing DTH services: no single entity, either private or state-owned, should be permitted a [[monopoly]] in DTH services; the [[vertical integration]] of DTH and [[cable television]] services should be monitored in order to prevent the formation of a monopoly in television distribution; the vertical integration of DTH operators and television channels should be avoided in order to ensure fair competition among TV channels.

The new policy announced in November 2000 required all DTH operators to set up earth stations in India within 12 months of receiving a license. DTH licenses were priced at $2.14 million with a validity of 10 years. The limit for foreign direct investment in the DTH sector was capped at 49%, and a company operating the services was required to be headed by an Indian citizen.<ref name="Rediff1"/>

=== Early years ===
The first DTH service was launched in India on 2 October 2003 by [[Dish TV]] owned by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee]]. The company decided not to compete against entrenched cable operators in metros and urban areas, and instead focused on providing services to rural areas and regions not serviced by cable television. Dish TV acquired 350,000 subscribers within 2 years of the launch.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/10-years-of-dth-in-india-the-other-electronics-revolution-114010100022_1.html|title=10 years of DTH in India: The other electronics revolution|last=Gupta|first=Surajeet Das|date=2014-01-01|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2016-10-01}}</ref> Public broadcaster [[Doordarshan|Prasar Bharati]] launched DD Direct Plus (now [[DD Free Dish]]) in December 2004. The service is free and offers only [[free-to-air]] channels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-prasar-bharati-dth-moving-to-pay-mode-1277779|title=Prasar Bharati DTH moving to pay mode? {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2009-07-28|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-01}}</ref> [[Tata Sky]] was incorporated in 2004 as joint venture between the [[Tata Group]] and [[21st Century Fox|Star India's parent company]]. Tata Sky launched DTH services in August 2006.

Unlike Dish TV, Tata Sky focused on metros and large cities hoping to attract customers away from cable by offering better picture and audio quality and wider selection of channels.<ref name=":1" /> Following legal proceedings between [[Star TV (Asian TV networks)|STAR]] and Zee, in 2007, the two companies called a truce and began offering their channels on each other's services. This decision and Dish TV's acquisition of more transponders enabled them to offer 150 channels on their service, more than any other [https://dthshoppe.com/ DTH service in India] at the time.<ref name=":1" />

Sun Direct and [[Airtel digital TV]] launched services in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Reliance Big TV (now [[Reliance Digital TV|Independent TV]]) was launched in August 2008.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/money/2009/apr/29big-tv-to-divest-in-dth-arm.htm "Big TV launched in August 2008"]. Retrieved 14 April 2010.</ref> The service acquired 1 million subscribers within 90 days of launch, the fastest ramp-up ever achieved by any DTH operator in the world.<ref>[http://www.powerhomebiz.com/News/112008/big-tv-india2.htm "BIG TV crosses 1 Million Subscriber Mark Within The 90 Days of Launch"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429061849/http://www.powerhomebiz.com/News/112008/big-tv-india2.htm |date=2014-04-29 }}. Retrieved 14 April 2010.</ref> [[Videocon d2h]] launched its services in June 2009.

The total number of DTH subscribers in India rose from 1.5 million in 2005 to 23 million in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/kit-the-dth-industry-in-india-110112200007_1.html|title=KIT: The DTH industry in India|last=Advisors|first=Technopak|date=2010-11-22|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2016-10-01}}</ref> Sun Direct became the first DTH provider to offer [[High-definition television|high-definition]] (HD) channels in early 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/26440_Discovery-launches-Indias-first-high-definition-channel|title=Discovery launches India's first high definition channel|website=www.afaqs.com|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref> Tata Sky began offering HD channels later that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/56702/tata-sky-launch-hdtv-more.html|title=Tata Sky to launch HDTV, more interactive channels this year|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref> Other DTH providers subsequently began carrying HD channels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/gadget/living-tech/hd-channels-a-question-of-resolution/story/18596.html|title=HD Channels: A Question of Resolution|website=www.businesstoday.in|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref>

====A la carte====
{{further information|A la carte pay television}}
On 3 September 2007, the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) issued the ''Telecommunication (Broadcasting and Cable Services) Interconnection (Fourth Amendment) Regulation 2007'', which went into law on December 1; the rules require all broadcasters to offer channels on an [[A la carte pay television|a la carte]] basis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/sep/sep28.php|title=Broadcasters to give channels a la carte to DTH operators: Trai|date=September 3, 2007|access-date=May 12, 2013|website=IndianTelevision.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090461131300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629104123/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090461131300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 29, 2013|title=Broadcasters must offer all channels|date=September 4, 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref> The regulation states, "All broadcasters will compulsorily offer all their channels on a la carte basis to DTH operators. Additionally, they may also offer bouquets, but they will not compel any DTH operator to include the entire bouquet in any package being offered by DTH operators to their subscribers".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200709031641.htm|title=DTH companies can pick channels of choice: TRAI|date=September 3, 2007|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=May 12, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629104908/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200709031641.htm|archive-date=June 29, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior to the regulation, only customers in areas covered by the [[conditional access]] system (CAS), and cable systems providing the services, had the option of choosing to buy only the channels they were interested in. TRAI intervened after DTH operators complained that broadcasters were forcing them to carry channels that they did not want.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/6kzrHbFbry3ztsQ5uhVaeK/Trai-unbundles-TV-channels-for-DTH.html|title=Trai unbundles TV channels for DTH|author=Sreejiraj Eluvangal|date=September 4, 2007|access-date=May 12, 2013|website=Livemint}}</ref>

Several broadcasters, such as [[STAR India]], Zee Turner Limited, [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Set Discovery]] and [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], challenged TRAI's order in the [[Telecom Disputes Settlement Appellate Tribunal]] (TDSAT).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/nov/nov231.php|title=Zee joins Sony to challenge Trai's regulation in non-CAS areas|date=November 21, 2007|access-date=May 12, 2013|website=IndianTelevision.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/jan/jan32.php|title=Sun moves Tdsat against Trai's a la carte pricing for non-CAS areas|date=January 4, 2008|website=IndianTelevision.com|access-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/nov/nov246.php|title=A la carte Tariff Order valid from 1 Dec, Tdsat refuses stay|date=November 22, 2007|access-date=May 12, 2013|website=IndianTelevision.com}}</ref> On 15 January 2008, TDSAT refused to grant a stay on the appeal challenging TRAI's directive; TDSAT overruled the broadcasters' objections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tdsat-refuses-stay-on-trai-directive-to-broadcasters/261771|title=TDSAT refuses stay on Trai directive to broadcasters|date=January 15, 2008|website=Financial Express|access-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref> The agency later set aside TRAI's December 2007 tariff regime. TRAI challenged TDSAT's order in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], and stated in proceedings on 22 July 2010 that "in the [[Analog television|analog]], [[Cable converter box#Addressable cable box|non-addressable]] environment, the authority is of the view that a la carte should not be made mandatory at the wholesale level as technological constraints in any case make it impossible for the benefits of a la carte provisioning to be passed on to subscribers".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-22/news/27594209_1_la-carte-telecom-regulatory-authority-trai|title=Trai wants to cap cable rate at Rs 250/month|author=Sanjay K Singh|date=July 22, 2010|access-date=May 12, 2013|website=India Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/trai-seeks-sc-nod-to-notify-tariff-order/742347/|title=TRAI seeks SC nod to notify tariff order|date=January 26, 2011|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref>

TRAI ordered that pay television customers in India must be given a free choice of channels rather than be forced to choose package deals, enforcing a January 2011 deadline to implement the changes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/article528738.ece|title=A la carte menu for DTH subscribers at Rs. 150|date=July 22, 2010|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-23/news/27614290_1_tariff-order-dth-providers-broadcasters|title=Pick and pay DTH channels from September|date=July 23, 2010|newspaper=India Times|access-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref> The order stated, "Every service provider providing broadcasting services or cable services to its subscribers using an [[Addressability|addressable system]] shall offer all pay channels to its subscribers on a la carte basis and shall specify the maximum retail price for each pay channel".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/dth-players-told-to-offer-pay-channels-on-la-carte-basis/article999298.ece?ref=archive|title=DTH players told to offer pay channels on la carte basis|date=July 23, 2010|access-date=May 12, 2013|website=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref> Tata Sky, Airtel digital TV, Videocon d2h, and Reliance Digital TV launched A la carte options in January 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k11/jan/jan119.php|title=Now Airtel Digital TV announces a la carte pricing|date=January 18, 2011|access-date=May 12, 2013|website=IndianTelevision.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k11/jan/jan161.php|title=Videocon d2h offers channels a la carte|date=January 22, 2011|access-date=May 12, 2013|website=IndianTelevision.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k11/jan/jan54.php|title=Tata Sky allows subscribers to make their own packs|date=January 10, 2011|access-date=May 12, 2013|website=IndianTelevision.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k11/jan/jan171.php|title=Reliance Digital TV unveils a la carte menu|date=January 24, 2011|access-date=May 12, 2013|website=IndianTelevision.com}}</ref>

=== 2010s ===
The price of [[Set-top box|set top boxes]] (STB) in India plummeted in the decade since DTH services were launched. A standard STB was priced at {{INR}}3999 in 2003, but dropped to {{Indian Rupee}}500 by 2014. In the same year, a [[Digital video recorder|DVR]] box capable of recording television programmes was priced at {{INR}}2500.<ref name=":1" />

In September 2012, the Union Government raised the cap for foreign direct investment in the DTH sector from 49% to 74%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medianama.com/2012/09/223-indian-approves-74-fdi-in-dth-mobile-tv-other-broadcasting-services/|title=India Approves 74% FDI In DTH, Mobile TV & Other Broadcasting Services|last=Chaudhary|first=Apurva|date=2012-09-14|website=MediaNama|access-date=2016-10-01}}</ref> The government permitted 100% foreign direct investment in the DTH industry in November 2015, with 49% through the automatic route and higher investments subject to government approval.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medianama.com/2015/11/223-government-fdi-norms-eased/|title=Govt eases FDI norms in broadcasting and 14 other sectors|last=KJ|first=Shashidhar|date=2015-11-10|website=MediaNama|access-date=2016-10-01}}</ref>

Videocon d2h began offering a preview of [[4K resolution|4K]] [[4K resolution#Ultra HD|Ultra HD]] content on its DTH service in July 2014, and launched India's first 4K Ultra HD channel on 26 January 2015. The channel is not dedicated to single genre and instead broadcasts [[video on demand]] (VOD), lifestyle and travel content, sports, [[infotainment]], concerts and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood films]]. The channel also telecasts 4K content created by international broadcasters. The first programs telecast on the channel were live broadcasts of select matches from the [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015 ICC Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/dth/dth-services/videocon-d2h-rolls-out-india-s-first-4k-ultra-hd-channel-150203|title=Videocon d2h rolls out India's first 4K Ultra HD channel|date=2015-02-03|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.videocond2h.com/wsc/first_4k_channel.aspx|title=DTH - direct to Home - Videocon d2h satellite TV - DTH Services by Videocon d2h|website=www.videocond2h.com|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref> Tata Sky also offered live broadcasts of select matches in 4K.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/tv/features/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-hd-4k-and-the-future-of-television-broadcasts-673616|title=With 4K TV Broadcasts Coming to India, Is It Time for You to Invest in a 4K TV?|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref>

Reliance Big TV was sold to Pantel Technologies and Veecon Media and Television in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/dth-operator-independent-tvs-fy18-net-loss-swells-to-rs-119-3-cr/|title=DTH operator Independent TV's FY18 net loss swells to Rs 119.3 cr|website=www.televisionpost.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-27}}</ref> It was rebranded and relaunched as Independent TV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/independent-tv-secures-content-deals-with-broadcasters/|title=Independent TV secures content deals with broadcasters|website=www.televisionpost.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-27}}</ref> On 22 March 2018, [[Dish TV]] merged with [[Videocon d2h]], creating the largest DTH provider in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/dish-tv-india-videocon-d2h-merger-completed/articleshow/63414778.cms|title=Dish TV India, Videocon d2h merger completed|date=22 March 2018|website=The Economic Times|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> As of Sept 2019, [[Independent_TV_(India)]] has ceased to exist.

== List of DTH Providers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S. No.
! Service Provider
!Launch date
!Subscribers<ref>{{cite web |first1=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India |last1=TRAI |title=The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicator Report October – December 2019 |url=https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PIR_30062020.pdf|publisher=TRAI |access-date=6 June 2020 |location=New Delhi, India |page=96|language=en }}</ref>
!Ownership
|-
|-

|1||
[[DD Free Dish]]
|December 2004
|40.0 million<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/prasar-bharatis-dd-free-dish-now-has-over-40-million-subscribers/article34177891.ece/amp/|title=Prasar Bharati’s DD Free Dish now has over 40 million subscribers|date=2021-03-27|work=The Hindu BusinessLine| publisher=thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=2021-04-04}}</ref>
|[[Prasar Bharati]]
|-

|2
|[[Tata Sky]]
|August 2006
|22.25 million
|[[Tata Sons]] (60%) [[21st Century Fox|The Walt Disney Company]] (through the acquisition of [[21st Century Fox]] assets) (30%) [[Temasek Holdings]] (10%)
|-

|3||
[[Dish TV]]
 [[d2h]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/64022878.cms|title=Dish TV plans to continue with Videocon D2H brand - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-27}}</ref>
 [[Zing Digital]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Bapun |title=Zing Digital now operates only in 3 states |url=https://dreamdth.com/community/threads/zing-digital-dish-tv-sub-brand-dth-now-operating-only-in-three-states.122705/ |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=DreamDTH |publisher=dreamdth.com |date=6 July 2019}}</ref>
|October 2003
|21.37 million
|[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] (55%) [[Videocon]] (45%)
|-

|4
|[[Airtel Digital TV]]
|October 2008
|16.31 million
|[[Bharti Airtel|Bharti Airtel Limited]] (80%)
[[Warburg Pincus]] (20%)
|-

|5
|[[Sun Direct]]
|December 2007
|10.04 million
|[[Sun Group]] (80%) [[Astro (satellite TV)|Astro Group]] (20%)
|-
|}
{{Bar box
|title= Market Share
|titlebar=#aaf
|left1= Operators
|right2=Share
|caption= Market share of DTH operators in India as of December 2019 according to the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI).<ref>{{cite web |first1=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India |last1=TRAI |title=The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicator Report October – December 2019 |url=https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PIR_30062020.pdf |publisher=TRAI |access-date=6 June 2020 |location=New Delhi, India |page=97|language=en }}</ref>
|width=400px
|bars=
{{bar percent|'''Tata Sky'''|green|31.80}}
{{bar percent|'''Dish TV''' {{font|size=70%|(Zing Digital & d2h Combined)}}|orange|30.55}}
{{bar percent|'''Airtel Digital TV'''|red|23.31}}
{{bar percent|'''Sun Direct'''|blue|14.35}}
}}

==Satellites==
The [[Department of Space]] (DoS) requires all DTH operators in India to only use satellites commissioned by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] ([[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]). DTH operators may use capacity leased by ISRO from foreign satellites only if sufficient capacity is not available on ISRO satellites.<ref name="TT1"/> The following 8 satellites are currently in use by Indian DTH service providers:<ref name="TT1"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background-color:gold"| No.
!style="background-color:gold"| Satellite
!style="background-color:gold"| Owner
!style="background-color:gold"| Launch date
!style="background-color:gold"| Mission life
!style="background-color:gold"| Geostationary position
!style="background-color:gold"| Operators
|-
|1
|[[NSS-6]]
|[[SES S.A.]]
|17 December 2002
|15 years
|95° East
|[[Dish TV]]
|-
|2
|[[MEASAT-3]]
|[[MEASAT Satellite Systems]]
|11 December 2006
|15 years
|91.5° East
|[[Sun Direct]]
|-
|3
|[[SES-7]]
|[[SES S.A.]]
|16 May 2009
|15 years
|108.2° East
|[[Airtel Digital TV]]
|-
|4
|[[AsiaSat 5]]
|[[AsiaSat]]
|11 August 2009
|15 years
|100.5° East
|[[Dish TV]]
|-
|5
|[[ST-2]]
|[[Singtel]]
|20 May 2011
|15 years
|88° East
|[[D2h|d2h (Formerly Videocon d2h)]][[Dish TV|[subsidary of Dish TV]]]
|-
|6
|[[GSAT-10]]
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|29 September 2012
|15 years
|83° East
|[[Tata Sky]]
|-
|7
|[[GSAT-15]]
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|10 November 2015
|12 years
|93.5° East
|[[DD Free Dish]] [[Sun Direct|and Sun Direct]]
|-
|8
|[[GSAT-17]]
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|28 June 2017
|15 years
|
|
|-
|9
|[[GSAT-30]]
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|16 January 2020
|15 years
|
|
|-
|}

==Compression standards==
All DTH services in India currently use the [[MPEG-4]] standard of [[signal compression]]. [[MPEG-2]] is still used by DishTV, TATA Sky, DD Free Dish. Upgradation is going on to shift from [[MPEG2]] to [[MPEG4]], but to shift completely from MPEG2 to MPEG4, the subscriber have to change his/her STB 1st because MPEG2 STB can not decode MPEG4 video signal. MPEG-2 permitted each transponder to carry approximately 20 [[Standard-definition television|SD]] channels (fewer, in case of [[High-definition television|HD]] channels), while MPEG-4 enables each transponder to carry approximately 50 SD channels (again, fewer in case of HD channels).<ref name="TT1">{{cite web|title=A handy guide to Satellites used for broadcasting DTH signals in India|url=http://telecomtalk.info/a-handy-guide-to-satellites-used-for-broadcasting-dth-signals-in-india/141807/|website=Telecomtalk.info|access-date=4 September 2016|date=30 August 2015}}</ref> The bandwidth required to carry a single HD channel is approximately equivalent to the bandwidth required to carry 4 SD channels.

==See also==
* [[Digital television transition in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{MIBI}}
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}

[[Category:Indian television-related lists|DTH]]
[[Category:Television networks in India|DTH]]
[[Category:Direct broadcast satellite services]]

IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

Direct-to-home television in India