Culture of Mangalorean Catholics

2025-08-30T10:28:01Z

2402:8100:25D3:CFA5:0:0:FFB0:7A6A:

{{short description|Culture of the Catholics of Mangalore district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
The '''culture of [[Mangalorean Catholics]]''' has been shaped by their [[Christianisation in Goa]], [[History of Mangalorean Catholics|their migrations]]& [[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|their captivity]]. They adopted elements of the local [[Mangalorean]] culture, but retained many of their [[Konkani people|Konkani]] customs and values. The [[ethnic]] Mangalorean houses of the [[aging population|older generation]] have spacious [[portico]]s, [[red oxide]] cemented floors, [[terra cotta]] roofs layered with the once famous [[Mangalore tile]]s. The houses are usually accompanied by their own private [[well]]s or [[pond]]s, and are normally attached to [[orchard]]s of [[coconut tree]]s, [[jackfruit]] trees, [[ice apple]] trees, [[Alphonso mango]] trees, [[areca nut]] trees etc.

==Architecture==

{{main|Architecture of Mangalorean Catholics}}
[[File:Mangalore tile.svg|thumb|left|Mangalore tile]]
A German missionary, [[Georg Plebst]], set up the first tile factory at Mangalore in 1860. It was called the [[Basel Mission tile factory]].<ref name="tile"/> In the course of time, Mangalorean Catholics learnt the technique of preparing [[Mangalore tiles]] and the [[Albuquerque tile factory]], the first Indian [[Mangalore tiles|Mangalore tile]] manufacturing factory was started in South Canara by Pascal Albuquerque, a Mangalorean Catholic, at [[Panemangalore, Karnataka|Panemangalore]] in 1868. Since then, Mangalorean Catholics have been actively involved in manufacturing these red Mangalore tiles. After the opening of the Albuquerque tile factory, the [[Alvares tile factory]] was established in Mangalore by Simon Alvares, a Mangalorean Catholic from Bombay, in 1878.<ref name="sm2">{{harvnb|Somerset|Bond|Wright|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&pg=PA517 511]|Ref=24}}</ref> In 1991–92, out of 12 tile manufacturing factories in Mangalore, 6 were owned by Christians.<ref>{{harvnb|Giriappa|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k8j7tyiCAFkC&pg=PA62 62]|Ref=appa}}</ref> These tiles, prepared from hard clay, were in great demand throughout India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, and were even shipped to East Africa, the Middle-East, Europe, and Australia. These were the only tiles to be recommended for Government buildings in India,<ref name="sm1">{{harvnb|Somerset|Bond|Wright|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&pg=PA509 510]|Ref=24}}</ref> and still define Mangalore's skyline and characterise its urban setting.<ref name="tile">{{cite news
|url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/02/17/stories/2007021701030100.htm
|title= Tiles for style
|first= Savitha Suresh
|last= Babu
|date= 17 February 2007
|access-date= 2008-04-05
|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090110164144/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/02/17/stories/2007021701030100.htm
|archive-date= 10 January 2009
|url-status= usurped
}}</ref> Urban and rural housing follows the old traditional variety of laterite-brick structures with [[Mangalore tiles|Mangalore tile]] roofing with steep slopes. Inside the house, a spacious hall is present while a large verandah is present in front of the house.<ref name="sc118">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=118|Ref=sc}}</ref>

==Cuisine==
{{main|Mangalorean Catholic cuisine}}
[[File:Kuswar (Bombay).jpg|thumb|right|Kuswar are sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas]]
Coconut and curry leaves are common ingredients to most curries.<ref name="food">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm
|title=Typically home
|access-date=2008-07-09
|date=11 August 2007
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043142/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm
|archive-date=3 November 2012
}}</ref> ''Sanna-Dukra Maas'' ([[Sanna (dish)|Sanna]] – [[idli]] fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas – Pork) is one of the most popular dish of the Mangalorean Catholic community.<ref name="DAJ">{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |title=What's in a Name? |access-date=2008-03-04 |author=Stephen D'Souza |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022637/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref> ''Rosachi Kadi'' (Ros Curry), a fish curry made with coconut milk (ros), is a traditional curry served during the Ros ceremony.<ref name="foodkadi">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061701160400.htm
|author=Arun Bhatia
|title=Anyone for shark curry?
|access-date=2008-10-26
|date=17 June 2002
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822222123/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061701160400.htm
|archive-date=22 August 2009
|url-status=usurped
}}</ref> ''[[Patrode]]'', a dish of colocasia leaves stuffed with rice, [[dal]], jaggery, coconut, and spices is also popular.<ref>{{harvnb|Sen|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&pg=PA110 110]|Ref=sen}}</ref> ''[[Kuswar]]'' are sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas and includes around 22 varieties of sweets.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/11/25/stories/2006112500760100.htm
|title=Santa, cakes and kuswar
|access-date=2008-08-29
|date=25 November 2006
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910061534/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/11/25/stories/2006112500760100.htm
|archive-date=10 September 2009
|url-status=usurped
}}</ref> Fish and rice form the staple diet of most Mangalorean Catholics.<ref name="sc121">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=121|Ref=sc}}</ref> Par-boiled rice, also known as red rice, is the traditional rice eaten<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061700920300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020821061358/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061700920300.htm
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=21 August 2002
|title=Taste of Mangalore
|access-date=2008-11-03
|date=17 June 2002
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
}}</ref> and preferred over raw rice.<ref name="sc121"/>

==Names and surnames==

{{main|Mangalorean Catholic names and surnames}}
Bilingual names, having variants in both Konkani and English, like ''Zuãuñ'' ([[John (first name)|John]]) and ''Mornel'' ([[Magdalene (given name)|Magdalene]]) are common among Mangalorean Catholics.<ref name="maff"/><ref name="maffei"/> Most Mangalorean Catholic names for males follow the second [[declension]]. Among women, the names follow the first declension, while among young girls, the names follow the second declension.<ref name="maff"/> The Mangalorean Catholic variant of many first names is the Mangalorean Catholic Konkani version of its Portuguese counterpart which was borrowed from the [[Portuguese language]] (examples include ''Zâbel'' from the Portuguese ''Isabel'', ''Zuãuñ'' from the Portuguese ''João'', ''Pedru'' from the Portuguese ''Pedro'', and ''Zoze'' from the Portuguese ''José''). [[List of Portuguese surnames|Portuguese surnames]] like [[De Souza|D'Souza]] and [[Pinto (disambiguation)|Pinto]] are abundant among Mangalorean Catholics, and generally follow the second declension.<ref name="maff9"/> Some families use their original [[List of Goud Saraswat Brahmin surnames|Goud Saraswat Brahmin surnames]] such as [[Prabhu]], [[Kamat]], [[Pai (surname)|Pai]], and [[Shenoy]]. Other European surnames are also found.<ref name="maff9">{{harvnb|Maffei|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lZv6UyynBPgC&pg=PA39 39]|Ref=maf}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Mangalorean Catholic variant
!English variant
!Portuguese variant
!Meaning
!Sex
|-
|Mâri
|[[Mary (given name)|Mary]]
|''Maria''
|Beloved
|Female
|-
|Monku
|[[Monica (given name)|Monica]]
|''Mónica''
|To advise
|Female
|-
|Motes
|[[Matthew (name)|Matthew]]
|''Mateus''
|Gift from God
|Male
|-
|Nâtu
|[[natalia (given name)|Natalia]]
|''Natalia''
|Birthday
|Female
|-
|Pedru
|[[Peter (first name)|Peter]]
|''Pedro''
|Stone
|Male
|-
|Šila
|[[Sylvester]]
|''Silas''
|Wooded
|Male
|-
|Zâbel
|[[Elizabeth (given name)|Elizabeth]]
|''Isabel''
|My God is my oath
|Female
|-
|Zoze
|[[Joseph (name)|Joseph]]
|''José''
|The Lord will add
|Male
|-
|colspan=5 align="center"|Sources: ''English-Konkani Dictionary'' (2001)<ref name="maffei">{{harvnb|Maffei|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YheuhLoHKsUC&pg=PA541 541]|Ref=ma}}</ref> and ''A Konkani Grammar'' (2003)<ref name="maff">{{harvnb|Maffei|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lZv6UyynBPgC&pg=PA38 38]|Ref=maf}}</ref>
|}

==Language and literature==

[[File:Michael Lobo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Michael Lobo]] published the first genealogical encyclopaedia of the Mangalorean Catholic community in 1999]]
{{main|Konkani language|Literature of Mangalorean Catholics}}
Mangalorean Catholics speak the [[Konkani language]], which they retained as their mother tongue despite the migration. The Konkani language is central to the community's identity. Konkani is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of languages, which is spoken predominantly on the west coast of India.<ref name="D2_Konkani">{{cite web
|url=http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/conference/posters/D2_Konkani.pdf
|title=The question of Konkbani?
|author=Caroline V Menezescaroline Menezescaroline
|publisher=The National Institute for Japanese language (Tokyo, Japan)
|access-date=2008-02-10
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408205720/http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/conference/posters/D2_Konkani.pdf
|archive-date=8 April 2008
}}</ref> They speak a dialect of Konkani, known as Mangalorean Catholic Konkani, which the [[Ethnologue]] identifies as the ''Mangalore'' dialect.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gom
|title= Ethnologue report for Konkani, Goan (ISO 639-3: gom)
|access-date=2008-09-25
|publisher=[[Ethnologue]]}}</ref> It is largely derived from the Bardeskaar ([[North Goa]]n) dialect and bears a good degree of [[mutually intelligible|intelligibility]] with the modern Bardeskaar Christian dialect and to a slightly lesser extent with the standard Konkani dialect. This dialect has a significant infusion of [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] loanwords. Some Kannada root words which have disappeared from the Goan dialects due to the influence of Portuguese have re-entered the Mangalorean Canara language lexicon. It is significantly different from the dialect spoken by the [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]]s in South Canara.<ref>{{harvnb|Asiatic Society of Bombay|Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain|Ireland Bombay Branch|1853|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K-_tQUYzIzwC&pg=PA300 300], |Ref=as}}</ref> The Mangalorean Catholic dialect is much closer to the Goan Bardezi dialect.<ref>{{harvnb|Kelley|Dimock|Kachru |1992|p=219|Ref=kelly}}</ref> 350–400 Portuguese lexical items are found in the Mangalorean Catholic dialect.<ref>{{harvnb|Abbi|Gupta|Kidwai|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tcfJY7kANo8C&pg=PA53 53]|Ref=lin}}</ref>

The origin of their literature dates to 1883, when Angelus Francis Xavier Maffei, an Italian Jesuit, published the first ''English-Konkani Dictionary'' in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/02/stories/2007020212980400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920181957/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/02/stories/2007020212980400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=20 September 2007
|title= New English-Konkani dictionary ready
|author=Nagesh Prabhu
|date=2 February 2007
|access-date= 2008-09-07
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 1912, the first Konkani periodical, ''Konknni Dirvem'' (Konkani Treasure), was published in Mangalore by Louis Mascarenhas.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=32675&n_tit=News+headlines |title= Rich Tributes Paid to Pioneer Konkani Poet Louis Mascarenhas |access-date= 2008-03-01 |author= Melka Miyar |publisher= Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore}}</ref> Popular Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include ''Raknno'' (1938) by Mons Sylvester Menezes,<ref>{{harvnb|George|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA216 216]|Ref=geo}}</ref> ''Konkan Daiz'' (Heritage of Konkani) (1958),<ref name="sar288">{{harvnb|Saradesāya|2000|p=288|Ref=sar}}</ref> and ''Kannik'' (Donation) (1965) by Raymond Miranda.<ref name="sar289">{{harvnb|Saradesāya|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA290 289]|Ref=sar}}</ref> In [[Mumbai|Bombay]], periodicals like ''Sukh-Dukh'' (1948) by G.M.B. Rodrigues, ''Konknni Yuvak'' (1949) by [[George Fernandes]], ''Poinnari'' (1950) by V.J.P. Saldanha, and ''Divo'' (1995) by J.B. Moraes were published.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm
|title=Konkani Language and Literature
|publisher=Goa Konkani Akademi
|access-date=2008-09-14
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171254/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm
|archive-date=28 August 2008}}</ref> Modern literature is diverse and includes themes such as [[Politics of India|Indian Politics]] in books like ''What Ails the Socialists'' by George Fernandes, historical awakening, in books such as ''Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians'' by Alan Machado Prabhu,<ref name="prabhu">{{cite news
|url=http://www.sarnews.in/details.php?n=594
|title=Migration, Myths And Mangalore: A Writer Pieces Together The Story
|author=[[Frederick Noronha]]
|publisher=South Asia Religious News
|date=29 April 2008
|access-date=2009-02-28
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181305/http://www.sarnews.in/details.php?n=594
|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> and sexual desires, in ''The Revised Kama Sutra: A Novel of Colonialism and Desire'' by [[Richard Crasta]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.richardcrasta.com/revised_kamasutra.htm
|title=The Revised Kama Sutra
|access-date=2008-09-14
|publisher=RichardCrasta.com
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930143908/http://www.richardcrasta.com/revised_kamasutra.htm
|archive-date=30 September 2008}}</ref>

The Mangalorean [[Genealogy|genealogist]] Michael Lobo published the first genealogical Encyclopaedia of the Mangalorean Catholic community in 1999. This genealogical Encyclopaedia, currently exceeding 6000 pages, covers over a thousand families, each of which is researched as far as its ancestry can be traced. Three offshoots have thus far been launched, which include ''Mangaloreans Worldwide — An International Directory'' (1999), ''Distinguished Mangalorean Catholics'' (2000), and ''The Mangalorean Catholic Community — A Professional History / Directory'' (2002).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=10
|title= Dr. Michael Lobo: Probing family roots and history
|author=Richie Lasrado
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|access-date=2008-10-20}}</ref> In 2000, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]] released the first Konkani Bible in Kannada script, which was made available online on 26 July 2007.<ref>{{cite news
|url= http://www.theindiancatholic.com/report.asp?nid=8245
|title= Entire Konkani Bible is available online
|access-date= 2008-11-03
|date=27 July 2007
|publisher=Indian Catholic}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Traditions and festivals==

[[File:Mangalorean Catholic Ros.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A Mangalorean Catholic ''Ros'']]
Roman Catholic traditions include the ''Sakrament'' ([[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|Seven Sacraments]]) and include ''Povitr-Snan'' ([[Baptism]]), ''Thiravnni'' ([[Confirmation (Catholic Church)|Confirmation]]), ''Krist-Prasad'' ([[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|Eucharist]]), ''Prachit'' ([[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Penance]]), ''Piddestanchi Makhnni'' ([[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]]), ''Iazokanchi Sonskornni'' ([[Holy Orders (Catholic Church)|Holy Orders]]) and ''Logn'' ([[Catholic marriage|Matrimony]]).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.konkanifoundation.com/ancy/40prayers.txt
|title=40 Mangalorean Catholic Konkani prayers in Roman Script
|publisher=Konkani Sahitya Kala Foundation
|access-date=2009-06-22
|author=Ancy Paladka
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024060439/http://www.konkanifoundation.com/ancy/40prayers.txt
|archive-date=24 October 2009
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Mangalorean Catholics have retained many Indian customs and traditions and reveal their existence especially during the celebration of a marriage.<ref name="sf52"/> Their culture is more traditional and Indian.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Though the Portuguese traded quite frequently in Mangalore, and most of the priests arriving in the region were Portuguese, there did not develop a community identified with Portugal and Portuguese culture.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} They have no uniform rituals since they belong to both the patrilineal Brahmin stock and to the matrilineal non-Brahmin stock.<ref name="sf7">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=7|Ref=2}}</ref> It were mainly these Pagan marriage rites which the Portuguese during the [[Goan Inquisition]] found objectionable and prohibited it in a ''Manual of Rules and Regulations of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in the Kingdoms of Portugal'', published in 1640 by Bishop D. Franciscode Castro.<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=12|Ref=2}}</ref>

''Ros'' ([[anointing]]) ceremony, conducted one or two days before a wedding, celebrates the last day of virginity of the bride and bridegroom and involves the parents' blessing of the bride and groom, who are anointed with ''ros'', a mixture of [[coconut milk]] and [[coconut oil]], while a cross is inscribed on the bride's forehead.<ref>{{harvnb|D'Sa|1972|p=79|Ref=1}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=25|Ref=2}}</ref> Later, it is followed by the ''Resper'' (Nuptial Blessing in Church)<ref>{{harvnb|D'Sa|1972|p=82|Ref=1}}</ref> and finally the ''Vordik''{{Ref label|e|e|none}} (wedding) and ''Voran'' (wedding party).<ref name="sf10">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=10|Ref=2}}</ref> Other traditions include ''Soirik'' or ''Sairikecho Malo'' ([[betrothal]]),<ref name="sar73"/><ref>{{harvnb|D'Sa|1972|p=73|Ref=1}}</ref> ''Voulik'' ([[wedding invitation]])<ref name="sf10"/> and exchange of ''Paan Pod'' or ''Bido''{{Ref label|a|a|none}} ([[betel leaves]]) during marriage ceremonies,<ref name="sf18">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=18|Ref=2}}</ref> which was called ''badalchen'' (changing hands).{{Ref label|b|b|none}}<ref name="sar73"/> Indian traditions include adorning the bride with the ''Sado'' (wedding [[sari]])<ref name="sf19"/> and ''Pirduk''{{Ref label|d|d|none}} (wedding necklace),<ref name="sf19">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=19|Ref=2}}</ref> the wearing of which indicates her ''Ayaponn'' (destiny),<ref>{{harvnb|Saradesāya|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA73 74]|Ref=sar}}</ref> the ''Onpnni'' or ''Opsun divnchen'' (giving away the bride formally by the father or the guardian of the bride),<ref name="dsa86"/> ''Porthoponn'' (re-invitation to the bride's house),<ref name="dsa86">{{harvnb|D'Sa|1972|p=86|Ref=1}}</ref> and singing of ''Honvious'' (hymns).<ref name="sar73"/> Some other traditions include ''Novemjeevon'' (partaking of the food prepared from new corn) and ''Novem'' (blessing of new harvests).<ref name="sar73">{{harvnb|Saradesāya|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA73 73]|Ref=sar}}</ref>

[[File:St. Lawrence Shrine (Karkala).jpg|thumb|left|The [[St. Lawrence Shrine|St. Lawrence Church]] in [[Karkala]], where the Attur festival is celebrated]]
In addition to common Christian festivals like Christmas, [[Good Friday]], and Easter, the community celebrates many other festivals of religious and historical significance. ''[[Monti Fest]]'' is one of the major festivals, celebrated on 8 September. It combines the [[Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] and blessing of ''Novem'' (new crops). The festival derives its name from the [[Monte Mariano Church]] at Farangipet in South Canara, and was initiated by Joachim Miranda, a Goan Catholic priest at Farangipet in 1763. Though [[Tipu Sultan]] destroyed the churches of Canara, he spared Monte Mariano Church in deference to the friendship of his father [[Hyder Ali]] with Father Miranda.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129
|title=Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet – 240 Years Ago!
|access-date=2008-01-15
|author=John B. Monteiro
|publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125132305/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129
|archive-date=25 January 2008
}}</ref> ''Attur Jatre'' or ''Attur Fest'' (Attur festival) is the feast of [[Lawrence of Rome|St. Lawrence]], celebrated in the [[St. Lawrence Shrine]] on the outskirts of [[Karkala]] in South Canara. This shrine, in existence since 1759, is said to have a history of miracles. [[Eucharist]]ic Procession (''Evkaristik Purshanv'' in Konkani) is an annual religious procession led by the Bishop of Mangalore from [[Milagres Church (Mangalore)|Milagres Church]] to [[Rosario Cathedral, Mangalore|Rosario Cathedral]]. The procession, held on the first Sunday of the New Year of the Gregorian calendar, seeks blessings for the new year.<ref name="DAJ"/>

==Costumes and Ornaments==

[[File:Mangalorean Catholic sado.JPG|200px|thumb|right|A typical Mangalorean Catholic wedding [[sari]] (''sado'')]]
Mangalorean Catholic men used to wear white or black coats (similar to the [[bandhgala]]) with buttons. The turbans were usually flattened like the [[Coorg]]i turbans (''urmal'').<ref name="sf31" /> The ''urmal'' is a long white piece of cloth with a golden hem and is tied around the head like a turban.<ref name="sf31" /> In modern times, this mode has changed. Only a few old men can be seen wearing this traditional dress on church going occasions.<ref name="sc119">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=119|Ref=sc}}</ref> Before marriage, women used to wear white skirts over which sarees and blouses were worn. The dress was a sign of her virginity and she wore it on the day of ''ros'' or ''roce'' ceremony.<ref name="sf31">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=31|Ref=2}}</ref><ref name="dsa77">{{harvnb|D'Sa.|1972|p=77|Ref=1}}</ref><ref name="sc120" /> Gold ornaments in those days were absent. Married women used to wear sarees the general way.<ref name="sc120">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=120|Ref=sc}}</ref>

The Mangalorean Catholic bride's [[sari]] is known as a {{Transliteration|kn|sado}}.<ref name="sf32">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=32|Ref=2}}</ref> It is usually a red coloured [[Banarasi|Benaresi sari]], which are made of finely woven silk and are decorated with elaborate engravings.<ref name="sf19"/> The bride is also presented with another sari by her own people which is called ''dharma sado'', which was worn on other festive occasions. Some brides also wear a white sari during the nuptial blessing in church.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} Ornaments worn by the bride in ancient times included {{Transliteration|kn|kanti}}, {{Transliteration|kn|chakrasar}}, {{Transliteration|kn|kap}}, {{Transliteration|kn|karap}}, {{Transliteration|kn|mugud}}, {{Transliteration|kn|kanto}}, and {{Transliteration|kn|dantoni}}.<ref name="dsa77"/> Except {{Transliteration|kn|datoni}} none of these ornaments are in use in the modern generation.<ref name="dsa77"/> Present-day brides wear a few gold ornaments, some rings on the fingers, earrings and at least two of the golden combs known as {{Transliteration|kn|dantoni}} that consisted of two ordinary combs and the upper part of each one was plate with gold, that are worn in the hair on both sides of the headover the ears. On the way to church she wears some white and red flowers stuck in the hair. In the centre of the forehead, a ''bang'' (gold chain) was placed with a pendant.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=21|Ref=2}}</ref> A widow had to wear a black sari all her life, and was not allowed to wear ornaments.<ref name="sf52">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=52|Ref=2}}</ref>

Two more combs were worn by the bride, with a figure of a fish in gold inserted in each comb and were therefore called {{Transliteration|kn|masli}} (fish). The hair is well combed and parted in the middle of the forehead. This fashion is strictly observed. A girl parting her hair in any other manner was regarded a loose girl. In the centre of the forehead where the hair is parted, a gold chain was placed with a pendant. This chain was called ''bang''. None of these ornaments are worn on ordinary days.<ref name="sf32"/> Every bride formerly wore three pairs of gold bangles; in addition she wore bangles of red glass.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The bridegroom's dress in the early times consisted of a breechcloth (''[[dhoti]]''), a shawl to cover his shoulders and a red [[handkerchief]] on the head (''leis''). The groom's dress was gradually improved. Later, his dress consisted of a white or yellow breechcloth (dhoti) with a red and gold [[hem]] ({{Transliteration|kn|todop}}), and a coat ({{Transliteration|kn|kutav}}) and a towel on the head.<ref name="sf31"/><ref name="dsa77"/> The bridegroom wore a {{Transliteration|kn|chakrasar}} (neck chain) around his neck. He wore a pair of sandals or at least a pair of socks.<ref name="dsa78">{{harvnb|D'Sa|1972|p=78|Ref=1}}</ref> Nowadays, most Mangalorean Catholic couples have a [[White wedding]], where in the groom typically wears a black [[Suit (clothing)|suit]], while the bride wears a white [[dress]].<ref name="DAJAnilds">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1019|title=Weddings then, now and in Future...|last=D'Souza|first=Anil|date=27 January 2009|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]|access-date=2009-06-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401002651/http://daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1019|archive-date=1 April 2009}}</ref>

==Historical Society==

[[File:Mangalorean Catholic house.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A traditional house of a Mangalorean Catholic family, constructed using olden-style architecture.]]
Mangalorean Catholics had retained the same caste system which their ancestors had in Goa. They were divided into four castes — [[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bāmaṇs]], [[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Charodis]], [[Shudra]]s, and Gaudis. The Bāmaṇs (the Konkani word for Brahmins) were converts from the [[Brahmin]] caste (priestly class), and especially included the [[Saraswat Brahmin]] converts from Goa. The Charodis, the largest group, were converts from the [[Kshatriya]] (warrior class) and [[Vaishya]] (merchant class) castes. The artisan converts formed the third biggest group and were known as [[Shudra]]s (labour class). The converts from the fisher-caste residing around Ullal, Kuloor and other places around the sea coast were called Gaudis, and formed the fourth group.<ref name="Gaudi"/> Other minor castes, included the [[Padval]]s, who the historian Severine Silva, in his book "The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India", assumes to be local [[Tulu Jains|Jain]] converts.<ref name="sf7"/>

[[File:Pais Prabhu.JPG|260px|thumb|left|An extended Catholic family in Mangalore, belonging to the Bāmaṇ caste. Circa. 1929.]]

It was difficult for the few priests who had accompanied the Christian emigrants to South Canara to look after them properly. Thus, the {{Transliteration|kn|gurkar}} system came into existence. Gurkars were Mangalorean Catholic men of good moral character who were selected as headmen in Christian settlements. They were entrusted the work of social and religious supervision of the community.<ref name="sf9">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=9|Ref=2}}</ref> After migration, the only possible occupation of a Mangalorean Catholic was agriculture, since they were skilled farmers.<ref name="Gaudi">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=5|Ref=2}}</ref> Every farmer practised carpentry but it was quite primitive and unskilled. Other crafts and industries were non-existent.<ref name="sf16">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=16|Ref=2}}</ref> By the later half of the 19th century Mangalorean Catholics were involved in the [[Mangalore tile]] industry, Coffee plantations and trade in plantation products. The [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|mass]] was celebrated in Latin; but the [[sermon]], the [[cathecism]], and the explication of the mysteries were delivered to the congregation in Konkani.<ref>{{harvnb|The Oriental Herald|1824|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17 17]|Ref=or}}</ref>

A widow had to remain indoors practically for the rest of her life. Canon Law did allow remarriage for widows and therefore there was no direct prohibition for widows to remarry in the society of the Christians of South Canara, but few women had the courage to go against the strict conventions of their community. A widow who remarried was looked down upon, pitied and shunned as unlucky. But she was not ill-treated or made an outcast. No stigma was attached to her husband.<ref name="sf52"/>

==Songs and music==

[[File:Konkani Nirantari.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Konkani Nirantari, a Konkani cultural event, entered the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] for non-stop singing of Konkani hymns.]]

On 26–27 January 2008, a Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, held in [[Mangalore]] by a Mangalorean Catholic organisation, Mandd Sobhann, entered the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] for non-stop singing of Konkani hymns. Mandd Sobhann members sang for 40 hours, surpassing the old record of 36 hours held by a Brazilian musical troupe, ''Communidade Evangelica Luterana São Paulo'' (Lutheran Evangelical Community of [[São Paulo]]) of ''[[Universidade Luterana do Brasil]]'' (Lutheran University of Brazil).<ref name="GUI">{{cite news
|url= http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=42855&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Guinness+Adjudicator+Hopeful+of+Certifying+Konkani+Nirantari |title= Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari |access-date= 2008-02-01 |date=25 January 2008 |publisher= Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore}}</ref> The Silver Band, started in 1906 by Lawrence D'Souza in [[Mangalore]], is one of the oldest and most popular brass bands in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/12/10/stories/2005121001110100.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129124057/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/12/10/stories/2005121001110100.htm
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=29 January 2009
|title=Golden notes from Silver Band
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|date=10 December 2005
|access-date=2008-09-14
|author=M. Raghuram
}}</ref> The well known Konkani hymn ''Riglo Jezu Molliant'' (Jesus entered the Garden of Gethsemene) was written by Joachim Miranda, a Goan Catholic priest, during the 18th century, when he was held captive by Tippu Sultan, on his Canara mission.<ref>{{harvnb|Ayyappapanicker|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=RA1-PA277 277]|Ref=ayy}}</ref> Other popular Konkani hymns composed by Mangalorean Catholics are ''Aika Cristanv Jana'', ''Utha Utha Praniya'', and ''Sorgim Thaun''.<ref name="sar251">{{harvnb|Saradesāya|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA290 251]|Ref=sar}}</ref> The ghumat was a popular musical instrument played especially during weddings.<ref name="sf47">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=47|Ref=2}}</ref> The instrument has the form of an earthen pot but is open at both sides. One end is covered with the skin of some wild animal, and the other is left open.<ref>{{harvnb|Naimpalli|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z63zvthhbhAC&pg=PA18 18]|Ref=nai}}</ref> The tradition of {{Transliteration|kn|voviyos}} (wedding songs), sung by women during a ''Ros'', is important to this community. The procedure is that one of the elderly lady, usually the {{Transliteration|kn|yejman}} (wife of the master of ceremonies, who is known as {{Transliteration|kn|yejmani}}) who knows the {{Transliteration|kn|voviyos}} leads the song while the rest of the women sing along with her. Only women whose husbands are still living may sing. In ancient times the wedding songs expressed very lofty sentiments and gave vent to the feelings of the people about the marriage partners and their families, invoking the blessing of God on them.<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=26|Ref=2}}</ref>

{{Rquote|right|''Goiam thaun aili mai, Ruzai Saibin,'' There came a Mother from Goa, Our Lady (Queen) of the Rosary,

''Meklya kesanim mai, Dev li somdirak'' Adorned with long lovely hair, She made her abode here (in South Canara).
|Folk song taken "''Bardesachi Sima''" (boundary of [[Bardez]]) from ''The Marriage customs of the Christians in South Canara, India'' by Severine Silva and [[Stephen Fuchs]]|<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=8|Ref=2}}</ref>}}

{{cquote|''Aprosachi vatli, kasgran petli, ruzai mai betli, hea rosalagim.'' The Ros brass plate is made by brass smith, our Lady of Rosary is here at this ros ceremony

''Dimbi ami galeam, santa kuru kadeam, kurpa ami magieam amchea Jezulagim'' Let us kneel, make sign of the cross, and pray for God's grace

''Akashim mod, narl kubear telacho kuris hokleachea kopalar'' Clouds in the sky, coconut on the tree, oily sign of cross on the forehead of the bride
|author=Voviyos taken from ''The Tradition of Voviyo'' article by Maurice D’Mello<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.konkanifoundation.com/ancy/vovio.doc
|title=The Tradition of Voviyo
|format=[[DOC (computing)|DOC]], 77 [[Kilobyte|KB]]
|publisher=Konkani Sahitya Kala Foundation
|access-date=2008-03-12
|author=Maurice D’Mello
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713164325/http://www.konkanifoundation.com/ancy/vovio.doc
|archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref>}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|35em}}

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|chapter=People
|publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Karnataka]])
|access-date=2008-10-26
|ref=sc}}
*{{cite book
|last= Wellesley
|first= Arthur (Arthur Wellesley Wellington)
|author-link= Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
|author2=John Gurwood
|title= The dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington, during his various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France, from 1799 to 1818
|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]
|year= 1834
|location= London, Great Britain
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b34BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3
|edition= New
|volume=1
|quote=compiled from official and authentic documents by Lieutenant Colonel Gurwood
|access-date=2009-07-01
|ref=dis}}
*{{cite book
|title=The Gentleman's Magazine
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSrSlq_ckcC
|publisher=F. Jefferies
|volume=CIII
|access-date=2008-10-15
|ref=ge
|year=1833}}
*{{cite book
|title=The Oriental Herald
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgYAAAAYAAJ
|volume=3
|access-date=2008-10-15
|ref=or
|publisher=s.n.
|year=1824}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Culture of Mangalore]]
[[Category:Mangalorean Catholics| ]]

IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

Culture of Mangalorean Catholics