Civil Services of India

2022-04-18T14:17:11Z

2405:204:3487:BFA4:0:0:568:68A5:

{{short description|Indian Civil Services}}
{{Redirect-synonym|Indian Civil Services|[[Indian Civil Service]], the Indian civil services during the British Raj}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
The '''Civil Services''' refer to the [[civil service|career government civil servants]] who are the permanent [[Executive (government)|executive branch]] of the [[Republic of India]].<ref name="Civil Service System">{{cite web |url=http://arc.gov.in/viet.ppt |title=The civil service system |author=Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances |date=8 June 2011 |publisher=Government of India |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217052448/http://arc.gov.in/viet.ppt |archive-date=17 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="India National Civil Service">{{cite web |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/unpan006306.pdf |title=National Civil Service System in India : A Critical View|author=[[United Nations Public Administration Network]]|publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> Elected cabinet ministers determine policy, and civil servants carry it out.

Central Civil Servants are employees of the [[Government of India]] or of the states, but not all employees of the Government are civil servants. As of 2010, there were 6.4 million government employees in India but fewer than 50,000 civil servants to administer them.<ref name="CS Report">{{cite web|url=http://darpg.gov.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/Civil_Services_Survey_2010.pdf|title=2010 Civil Services Report: A Survey |date=8 June 2010|publisher=Government of India|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030212507/http://darpg.gov.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/Civil_Services_Survey_2010.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The agencies with the most personnel are with the [[Central Secretariat Service]]{{efn|As on year 2021, CSS cadre has a total strength of 12,500 members and is controlled by DOPT, Ministry of Personnel GOI.}} and [[Indian Revenue Service]] (IT and C&CE).{{efn|The Indian Revenue Service is not one entity and not one service. The two independent branches are controlled by two separate statutory bodies, the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC). The IT and C&CE also have two different independent service associations. The total members are 4192 (Income Tax) and 5583 (Customs and Indirect Taxes).}} The [[Government of India]] approved the formation of Indian Skill Development Service<ref name="ISDS">{{cite web|title=Government nod to raise new Group-A civil service cadre|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/XO89PxfcsCgWQ31vyFi6cJ/Government-nod-to-raise-new-GroupA-civil-service-cadre.html|access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="ISDS-India">{{cite web|title=Govt approves formation of Indian Skill Development Service|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/govt-approves-formation-of-indian-skill-development-service/articleshow/49261963.cms|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> in 2015, and the Indian Enterprise Development Service<ref name="IEDS">{{cite web|title=Cabinet approves enterprise development cadre|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/cabinet-approves-enterprise-development-cadre-116122100489_1.html|access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> in 2016. Further, the [[Cabinet of India]] approved merging all the [[civil services|central civil services]] under [[Indian Railways]] which are [[Indian Railway Accounts Service]], [[Indian Railway Traffic Service]], [[Indian Railway Personnel Service]] and [[Railway Protection Force|Railway Protection Force Service]] into a single [[Indian Railways|Indian Railways Management Service]] as part of a structural reform in the sector in 2019.

Civil servants in a personal capacity are paid from the [[Civil List]]. Article 311 of the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] protects civil servants from politically motivated or vindictive action. Senior civil servants may be called to account by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]. The civil service system in India is rank-based and does not follow the tenets of the position-based civil services.<ref name="India National Civil Service"/>

==History==
===British Colonial era ===
{{Main|Civil Service in early India|Aitchison Commission|Royal Commission on the Public Services in India}}
{{see also|Imperial Civil Service|Imperial Secretariat Service|Indian Imperial Police}}
{{Rquote|right|If a responsible government is to be established in India, there will be a far greater need than is even dreamt of at present for persons to take part in public affairs in the legislative assemblies and elsewhere and for this reason the more Indians we can employ in the public service the better. Moreover, it would lessen the burden of Imperial responsibilities if a body of capable Indian administrators could be produced.|'''Regarding the importance of Indianising Civil Services, [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]]'''<ref name="Montagu–Chelmsford">{{cite book |title=A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 3 |first=P. N.|last=Chopra |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd|year=2003 |isbn=9788120725065}}</ref>}}

The present civil services of India are mainly based on the pattern of the former [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] of [[British India]].

During the [[British raj]], [[Warren Hastings]] laid the foundation of civil service and [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]] reformed, modernised, and rationalised it. Hence, Charles Cornwallis is known as 'the Father of civil service in India'.

Cornwallis introduced two divisions of the Indian Civil service—covenanted and uncovenanted. The covenanted civil service consisted of only Europeans (i.e., British personnel) occupying the higher posts in the government. The uncovenanted civil service was solely introduced to facilitate the entry of Indians at the lower rung of the administration.<ref>Meghna Sabharwal and Evan M. Berman. "Public Administration in South Asia: India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan (Public Administration and Public Policy)" (2013), {{ISBN|1439869111}} ([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236885762_Public_Administration_in_South_Asia_India_Bangladesh_and_Pakistan Online])</ref><ref name="CUC Civil Service">{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/civilservice/civilservice.html |title=Civil Service |date=8 June 2011 |publisher=The British Library|access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref>

With the passing of the [[Government of India Act 1919]], the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Imperial Services]] headed by the [[Secretary of State for India]] were split into two—the [[All India Services]] and the [[Central Civil Services of India|Central Services]].<ref name="Public Personnel Administration">{{cite book| title =Public Personnel Administration: Theory and Practice|last=Goel |first=S.L. |year=2008 | publisher=Deep and Deep Publications, 2008| isbn = 9788176293952}}</ref>

The All India and [[Central Civil Services of India|Central Services (Group A)]] were designated as '''Central Superior Services''' as early as 1924.<ref name="Problems and Issues Administration">{{cite book| title =Problems and Issues in Administrative Federalism|last=Maheshwari |first=Shriram |year=1992 | publisher=Allied Publishers| isbn = 9788170233428}}</ref> From 1924 to 1934, the administration of India consisted of 10 All India Services (including [[Indian Education Service]], [[Indian Medical Service]]) and 5 central departments, all under the control of the Secretary of State for India, and 3 central departments under joint Provincial and Imperial Control.<ref name="Problems and Issues Administration"/>

===Modern era===
The present modern civil service was formed after the [[partition of India]] in 1947. It was [[Sardar Patel]]'s vision that the civil service should strengthen cohesion and national unity. The values of integrity, impartiality, and merit remain the guiding principles of the Indian civil services.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

By the early 21st century, especially in Indian media, Indian civil servants were regularly colloquially called '[[Babu (title)|babus]]' (as in 'the rule of babus'),<ref>{{cite news| title = Yet to start work, Natgrid CEO highest paid babu| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Yet-to-start-work-Natgrid-CEO-highest-paid-babu/articleshow/15610191.cms?referral=PM |date=23 August 2012| access-date = 17 September 2014 | newspaper = The Times of India}}</ref> while Indian bureaucracy is called 'babudom'.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1818/18181170.htm
|title=A barbed look at babudom |date=1–14 September 2001|author=Anand Parthasarathy|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=18 |issue=18 |quote=Bureaucracy knows no bounds... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109112820/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1818/18181170.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = PM Modi tightens screws, gives babudom a new rush hour | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-tightens-screws-gives-babudom-a-new-rush-hour/articleshow/41482792.cms |date=2 September 2014| access-date = 17 September 2014 | newspaper = The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Babu|work=Collins English Dictionary| url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/babudom | access-date = 17 September 2014 }}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]], located in [[New Delhi]], is unofficially the 'Ministry of Civil Services'. The Ministry is responsible for training, reforms and pensions for the civil service system in India.

== Present framework ==

===Constitutional provision ===
The [[Constitution of India|Constitution]], under Article 312<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of India, Article 312|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/647227/}}</ref> gives authority to the [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of Parliament) to set up new branches of the All India Services with a two-thirds majority vote. The Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, and Indian Forest Service have been established under this constitutional provision.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Government website|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=32}}</ref>

===Guiding principals===
====Values====
A member of the civil service in discharge of his/her functions is to be guided by maintaining absolute integrity, allegiance to the constitution and the law of the nation, patriotism, national pride, devotion to duty, honesty, impartiality and transparency.<ref name="valuecodes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.upacademy.org/presentationpdf/-%20Civil_Services_in_Idia_UPAAM.pdf|title=The Role of civil services in India (Standard Note: DOPT/Government of India)|last=Misra|first=P.K.|date=4 August 2010|publisher=Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India|access-date=27 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424224827/http://www.upacademy.org/presentationpdf/-%20Civil_Services_in_Idia_UPAAM.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Code of ethics====
The Government of India promotes values and a certain standard of ethics of requiring and facilitating every civil servant:<ref name="valuecodes"/>
* To discharge official duty with responsibility, honesty, accountability and without discrimination.
* To ensure effective management, leadership development and personal growth.
* To avoid misuse of official position or information.
* To serve as instruments of good governance and foster social and economic development.

===Responsibilities===
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Indian Diplomatic Passport.svg
| image2 = Indian Official Passport.svg
| footer = An Indian diplomatic passport (left) and an official passport generally issued to civil servants. As opposed to the deep blue passport issued to ordinary Indian citizens, the diplomatic passport is maroon with the gold text 'Diplomatic Passport' printed on it in English and Hindi.
}}

The responsibility of the civil services is to run the administration of India. The country is managed through a number of central government agencies in accordance with policy directions from the ministries. Civil servants are the actual makers of Indian law and policy. They work on behalf of the elected government and cannot publicly show their disinterest or disapproval for it. It is mandatory for them to form certain rules and policies according to the government's views and interests. However, they cannot be removed by any state or central government, but can only be retired.

Among the members of the civil services are administrators in the central government and state government; emissaries in the foreign missions/embassies; tax collectors and revenue commissioners; civil service commissioned police officers; permanent representative(s) and employees in the [[United Nations]] and its agencies; and chairmen, managing directors, and full-time functional directors and members of the board of various public-sector undertakings, enterprises, corporations, banks, and financial institutions. Civil servants are employed to [[List of Indian agencies|various agencies of India]] and can also be appointed as advisors, [[Officer on Special Duty (India)|special duty officers]], or [[Private Secretary|private secretaries]] to ministers of the Union and the State Government.<ref name="Staff Minister Rules">{{cite web|title=Consolidated Instructions to the appointment of personal staff to Union Ministers|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02csd/uploading.pdf|publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]|access-date=26 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212054530/http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02csd/uploading.pdf|archive-date=12 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Staff Minister">{{cite web|title=Why babus want to be private secys to ministers now|url=http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/why-babus-want-be-private-secys-ministers-now|publisher=GovernanceNow.com|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref>

===Staffing===

====Head of the Civil Services====
{{Main|Cabinet Secretary of India}}

The highest ranking civil servant is the Cabinet Secretary. They are [[ex-officio]] Chairman of the Civil Services Board; the chief of the Indian Administrative Service and head of all civil services under the rules of business of the Government of India. They also hold the 11th position in the [[Indian order of precedence|Order of Precedence of India]].

The position holder is accountable for ensuring that the Civil Service is equipped with the skills and capability to meet the everyday challenges it faces and that civil servants work in a fair and decent environment.

==== Entry level recruitment ====
Civil Services Board is responsible for the entry level recruitment and subsequent job promotions below the rank of [[Joint Secretary to Government of India]]. The recruits are university graduates or above selected through the following rigorous system of specialisation-based examinations for recruitment into respective specialised departments:

* [[Civil Services Examination (India)|Civil Services Examination]] ([[Civil Service]])
*[[National Defence Academy|National Defence Academy Examination]] ([[National security|Defence Service]])
*[[Combined Defence Services Examination|Combined Defence Service Examination]] ([[National security|Defence Service]])
* [[Combined Geo-Scientist Examination]] ([[Natural Resource]])
* [[Engineering Services Examination]] ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Economic Service/Indian Statistical Service Examination]] (I.E.S./I.S.S. Exam) ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Cost Accounts Service (ICoAS) Examination]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Combined Medical Services Examination]] ([[Medical]])
* [[Central Armed Police Forces - Assistant Commandants Examination]] (CAPF - AC Exam) of [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) for Group A posts ([[Civil Service]])

====Promotions and appointments to higher ranks ====
All appointments in the rank of [[Joint Secretary to Government of India]] and above, other major appointments, empanelment, and extension of tenure are done by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (India)|Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]. Lower appointments are handled by the Civil Services Board.

===Central Administrative Tribunal ===
For settling various administrative disputes the [[Central Administrative Tribunal]] (CAT) can be approached. For instance, citizens can approach CAT to obtain the permission to sue corrupt or inept civil servants, and civil servants can approach CAT for unfair dismissal.<ref>{{citation |title=Government to restructure tribunals, autonomous organisations |url=http://economictimes.com/news/economy/policy/government-to-restructure-tribunals-autonomous-organisations/articleshow/51077313.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=21 February 2016 }}</ref>

===Civil Services Day===
{{Main article|Civil Services Day (India)}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 500
| image1 = Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the Valedictory Session of the Civil Services Day event.jpg
| alt1 = Modi Civil Services Day
| image2 = Manmohan Singh at the inauguration of the Civil Services Day, 2013, in New Delhi. The Minister of State for Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions and Prime Minister’s Office, Shri V. Narayanasamy.jpg
| alt2 = Manmohan Singh Civil Services Day
| footer = Prime Ministers [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Manmohan Singh]] seen here for Civil Services Day in year 2015 and 2013.
}}
The [[Civil Services Day (India)|Civil Service Day]] is celebrated on 21 April every year.<ref name="Day Civil Service">{{cite web|url=http://darpg.gov.in/ArticleContent.aspx?category=116|title=Civil Services Day|date=8 June 2011|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances, [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=14 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127130927/http://darpg.gov.in/ArticleContent.aspx?category=116|archive-date=27 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The purpose for this day is to rededicate and recommit themselves to the cause of the people. It is observed by all Civil Services. This day gives civil servants the opportunity for introspection and thinking about future strategies to deal with the challenges being posed by the changing times.<ref name="PM Award Excellence">{{cite web|url=http://darpg.gov.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/pmaward_scheme_eng.pdf|title=The Prime Minister's Awards for Excellence in Public Administration Award Scheme|date=8 June 2011|publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances, [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=14 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404054950/http://darpg.gov.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/pmaward_scheme_eng.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

This date (21 April) was chosen to commemorate the day in 1947 when Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Home Minister of Independent India, addressed the probationers of Administrative Services Officers.

On this occasion, all officers of Central and State Governments are honoured for excellence in public administration by the [[Prime Minister of India]]. The '[[Prime Minister's Awards for Excellence in Public Administration]]' is presented in three categories. Under this scheme of awards instituted in 2006, all the officers individually or as group or as organisation are eligible.<ref name="PM Award Excellence" /> The award includes a medal, scroll and a cash amount of {{INRConvert|100000}}. In case of a group, the total award money is {{INRConvert|500000}} subject to a maximum of {{INRConvert|100000}} per person. For an organisation the cash amount is limited to {{INRConvert|500000}}.<ref name="PM Award Excellence" />

==Types of Higher Government Jobs ==

The '''Union Civil Services of India''' can be classified into two types - the [[Central Civil Services of India|All India Civil Services]] and the [[Central Civil Services]] (Group A). Additionally, the officers from the ''State Civil Services'' cadre can seek deployment with the [[Government of India]] cadre for the '''Union Civil Services''' jobs.

===All India Services===
All appointments to [[All India Services|All India Civil Services]] are made by the [[President of India]].
* [[Indian Administrative Service]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Forest Service]] (Natural Resources Service)
* [[Indian Police Service]] ([[Civil Service]])

===Central Services ===
==== Group A====
The [[Central Civil Services of India|Central Civil Services (Group A)]] are concerned with the administration of the [[Government of India|Union Government]].<ref>http://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/SCHEDULE-1.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> All appointments to Central Civil Services (Group A) are made by the President of India.
{|
|
| valign="top" |
* [[Archaeological Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Border Roads Engineering Services]] ([[Engineering]])
* [[Botanical Survey of India]], Group 'A' ([[Natural Resource]])
* [[Central Architects Service]], Group 'A' ([[Engineering]])
* [[Central Engineering (Civil)]], Group 'A' ([[Engineering]])
* [[Central Engineering (Electrical and Mechanical)]], Group 'A' ([[Engineering]])
* [[Central Geological Service]] ('''CGS'''), Group 'A' ([[Natural Resource]])
* [[Central Health Service]], Group 'A' ([[Medical]])
* [[Central Revenues Chemical Service]], Group 'A'([[Civil Service]])
* [[Central Secretariat Service]]([[Civil Service]])
** (a) Selection Grade
** (b) Grade I
* [[General Central Service]], Group 'A'([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service]], Group 'A'([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Corporate Law Service]]([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Cost Accounts Service]], Group 'A' ([[Government of India|Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Defence Accounts Service]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Foreign Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Meteorological Service]], Group 'A' ([[Natural Resource]])
* [[Indian Information Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Postal Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Naval Material Management Service]] ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Posts and Telegraphs Traffic Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Revenue Service]] ([[Civil Service]]) -
** (a) Customs Branch (Indian Customs Service, Group 'A')
** (b) Central Excise Branch (Central Excise Service, Group 'A')
** (c) Income Tax Branch (Income Tax Service, Group 'A')
* [[Indian Trade Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Salt Service]], Group 'A' ([[Engineering]])
* [[Mercantile Marine Training Ship Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Directorate General of Mines Safety]], Group 'A' ([[Medical]])
* [[Overseas Communications Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Survey of India Service]], Group 'A' ([[Engineering]])
| valign="top" |
* [[Indian Telecommunication Service]], Group 'A' ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Radio Regulatory Service]], Group 'A' ([[Engineering]])
* [[Zoological Survey of India]], Group 'A' ([[Natural Resource]])
* [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]] (IOFS) ([[Civil Service]])/([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Ordnance Factories Health Service]] (IOFHS) ([[Medical]])
* [[Indian Frontier Administrative Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
(a) Railways, Group 'A'
* [[Indian Railway Traffic Service]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Railway Accounts Service]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Railway Personnel Service]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Railway Service of Engineers]] ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers]] ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers]] ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers]] ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Railway Stores Service]] ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Railway Medical Services]] ([[Medical]])
* [[Railway Protection Force]] ([[Civil Service]])
** (a) Grade I
** (b) Grade II
* Central Legal Service (Grades I, II, III and IV) ([[Law]])
* [[Railway Inspectorate Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Foreign Service]], Branch (B) ([[Civil Service]]) (erstwhile)-
** (a) General Cadre, Grade I
** (b) General Cadre, Grade II
* [[Delhi and Andaman and Nicobar Islands Civil Service|Delhi, Andaman and Niccobar Island Administrative Service]], Grade I. ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Inspection Service]], Group 'A' ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Supply Service]], Group 'A' ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Statistical Service]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Economic Service]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Telegraph Traffic Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Central Water Engineering Service]], Group 'A' ([[Engineering]])
* [[Central Power Engineering Service]], Group 'A' ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Civil Accounts Service]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Central Labour Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Central Engineering Service (Roads)]], Group 'A' ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Posts and Telegraphs Accounts and Finance Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Broadcasting (Engineers) Service]] ([[Engineering]])
* [[Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Services]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Central Secretariat Official Language Service]], Group 'A' ([[Civil Service]])
|}

==== Group B ====
For Group B '''[[Civil Services|central civil service]]''' posts, the Combined Graduate Level Examination (CGLE) is conducted by the [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC).{{efn|The Schedule of Central Civil Services for Group 'B'. The complete list as per Department of Personnel & Training, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Govt. of India}}<ref name="CCS Group B List">http://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/SCHEDULE-2.pdf" ''Central Civil Service Group B - Government of India'', 20 April 2020.</ref>
''All appointments to Group B are made by the authorities specified by a general or special order of the President.''
{{columns-list|colwidth=40em|
* [[Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Services]] ([[Civil Service]])
* Botanical Survey of India, Group 'B' ([[Natural Resource]])
* Central Electrical Engineering Service, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* Central Engineering Service, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* Central Excise Service, Group 'B' ([[Civil Service]])
* Central Health Service, Group 'B' ([[Medical]])
* Central Power Engineering Service, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* Central Secretariat Official Language Service, Group 'B' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Central Secretariat Service]], Group 'B' (Section and Assistant Section Grade officers only) ([[Civil Service]])
* Central Secretariat Stenographers’ Service, (Grade I, Grade II and Selection Grade officers only) ([[Civil Service]])
* Customs Appraisers Service, Group 'B'- (Principal Appraisers and Head Appraisers) ([[Civil Service]])
* Customs Preventive Service, Group 'B' – (Chief Inspectors) ([[Civil Service]])
* Defence Secretariat Service ([[Civil Service]])
* [[DANICS|DANIAS]], Grade II ([[Civil Service]])
* [[DANIPS]], Grade II ([[Civil Service]])
* Geological Survey of India, Group 'B' ([[Natural Resource]])
* [[Indian Foreign Service]], Group 'B' - (General Cadre, Grade I and General Cadre, Grade II only) ([[Civil Service]])
* Indian Posts and Telegraphs Accounts and Finance Service, Group 'B' Telecommunication Wing ([[Civil Service]]).
* Indian Posts & Telegraphs Accounts & Finance Service, Postal Wing, Group 'B' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Income Tax Service, Group 'B']] ([[Civil Service]])
* Indian Salt Service, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* India Meteorological Service, Group 'B' ([[Natural Resource]])
* Survey of India, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* Postal Superintendents’ Service, Group 'B' ([[Civil Service]])
* Postmasters’ Service, Group 'B' ([[Civil Service]])
* Railway Board Secretariat Service, Group 'B' ([[Civil Service]])
* Telecommunication Engineering Service, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* Telegraphs Traffic Service, Group 'B' ([[Civil Service]])
* Zoological Survey of India, Group 'B' ([[Natural Resource]])
}}

===State Services ===
The State Civil Services examinations and recruitment are conducted by the individual states' public service commissions in India. These services are feeder services of All India Services.
All appointments to State Services (Group A) are made by the Governors of States.

==== Group A ====

===== State Administrative Service ([[Civil Services]]) =====

All '''State Administrative Services''' officers in India are [[Civil Service|state civil servants]] posted as '''Assistant Collector cum Subdistrict Magistrate''' in various sub districts of India, '''Ward Officer''' in various '''municipal corporations''', '''notified area councils''', '''municipal councils''', '''district parishads''', '''block parishads''' and '''village panchayats''' and '''Under Secretary''' in various state secretariats. They belong to '''Group 'B'''' rank and part of [[Civil Services|state civil services]] of [[India]]. The officers of following [[civil service|state civil services]] cadre are later promoted to [[Indian Administrative Service]].
{|class="wikitable"
| valign="top" |
* Andhra Pradesh Administrative Service (APAS)
* Arunachal Pradesh Administrative Service (APAS)
* Assam Administrative Service (AAS)
* Bihar Administrative Service (BAS)
* Goa Administrative Service (GAS)
* [[Maharashtra Administrative Service]] (MAS)
* [[Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission|Madhya Pradesh Administrative Service]] (MPAS)
* Gujarat Administrative Service (GAS)
* Haryana Administrative Service (HAS)
* Himachal Pradesh Administrative Service (HPAS)
*Chhattisgarh Administrative Service (CAS)
* Jharkhand Administrative Service (JAS)
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Administrative Service]] (J&KAS)
* [[Karnataka Administrative Service]] (KAS)
| valign="top" |
* Kerala Administrative Service (KAS)
* Manipur Administrative Service (MAS)
* Mizoram Administrative Service (MAS)
* Meghalaya Administrative Service (MAS)
* Nagaland Administrative Service (NAS)
* Tripura Administrative Service (TAS)
* Odisha Administrative Service (OAS)
* [[Provincial Civil Service|Provincial Administrative Service ( Uttar Pradesh )]] (PAS)
* Punjab Administrative Service (PAS)
* [[Rajasthan Administrative Service]] (RAS)
* Sikkim Administrative Service (SAS)
* Telangana Administrative Service (TAS)
* [[Tamil Nadu Civil Service|Tamil Nadu Administrative Service]] (TNAS)
* [[West Bengal Civil Service|West Bengal Administrative Service]] (WBAS)
|}

=====All India Judicial Service, All India Legal Service, State Regional Legal Service, Central Legal Service and State Legal Service ([[Law]])=====
'''All India Judicial Services''', '''All India Legal Service''', '''State Regional Legal Service''', '''Central Legal Service''' and '''State Legal Service''' are equivalent to [[civil services]] and [[Defense (military)|defence services]]. Their appointment made by Governor of respective states after the consultation / approval of the respective states High Courts and [[President of India]] in case the appointment is made for [[Supreme Court of India]] and [[Government of India|central government establishments]].

'''List of State Engineering Services''' ([[Engineering]])

All '''State Engineering Services''' ''officers'' are ''Group 'B' gazetted officers''.

===== State Forest Service ([[Natural Resource]]) =====
All ‘ '''State Forest Services’''' of the rank of Assistant Conservator of Forest(ACF) are '''Group 'B' gazetted officers''' under [[Natural Resource|state natural resource services]]. The officers of this [[Natural Resource|state natural resource services]] are later promoted to the [[Indian Forest Service]] after 8 years of Service.

===== State Police Service ([[Civil Service]]) =====
All '''State Police Services''' of the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police/Assistant Commissioner of Police/Assistant Commandant are Group 'B' Officers and is included under [[civil service|state civil services]] . The officers of following [[civil service|state civil services]] are later promoted to [[Indian Police Service]].
{|class="wikitable"
| valign="top" |
* Andhra Pradesh State Police Service (APPS)
* Arunachal Pradesh Police Service (APPS)
* Assam Police Service (APS)
* Bihar Police Service (BPS)
* Goa Police Service (GPS)
* Maharashtra Police Service (MPS)
* [[Madhya Pradesh Police|Madhya Pradesh Police Service]] (MPPS)
* Gujarat Police Service (GPS)
* [[Haryana Police|Haryana Police Service]] (HPS)
* Himachal Pradesh Police Service (HPPS)
* Jharkhand Police Service (JPS)
* Kashmir Police Service (KPS)
* [[Karnataka State Police Service]] (KSPS)
| valign="top" |
* Kerala Police Service (KPS)
* Manipur Police Service (MPS)
* Mizoram Police Service (MPS)
* Meghalaya Police Service (MPS)
* Nagaland Police Service (NPS)
* Odisha Police Service (OPS)
* [[Provincial Police Service (Uttar Pradesh)]] (PPS)
* Punjab Police Service (PPS)
* [[Rajasthan Police Service]] (RPS)
* Sikkim Police Service (SPS)
* Telangana Police Service (TSPS)
* Tamil Nadu Police Service (TPS)
* Uttarakhand Police Service (UPS)
* [[West Bengal Police Service]] (WBPS)
|}

==== Group B ====
The state civil services (Group B) deal with subjects such as land revenue, agriculture, forests, education etc. The officers are recruited by different States through the respective State Public Service Commissions, and appointed by the Governor of that state.
* [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|Sub Divisional Officer]] (S.D.O.) of various departments ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Cooperative#Types of cooperatives|Assistant Registrar Cooperative Societies]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Block (district subdivision)#Block Development Officer|Block Development Officer]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|District Employment Officer]] (D.E.O.) ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Public distribution system|District Food and Supplies Controller/Officer]] (D.F.S.O.) ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Treasury#Examples of treasuries|District Treasury Officer]] (S.T.O.) ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Public welfare in India|District Welfare Officer]] (D.W.O.) ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|Excise and Taxation Officer]] (E.T.O.) ([[Civil Service]])
*[[Tehsildar|Tehsildar/Talukadar/Assistant Collector]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Forest Range Officer]] (F.R.O.) ([[Natural Resource]])
* Any other Class-I/Class-II service notified as per rules by the concerned State, i.e. officers, lecturers, assistants, associate professors, or principals of Government Degree Colleges, Class I ([[Civil Service]]/[[Academia]])

== Critique ==

=== Criticism ===

==== Poor performance on international ratings ====

{{blockquote
| ''"We estimate that if India were to pursue civil service reforms and reach the Asian average on government effectiveness, it could add 0.9 percentage points annually to per capita GDP... Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance."''
|''' Goldman Sachs report'''<ref name="Merit Civil Services Reform">{{cite news|title=Merit-based civil service will boost growth|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meritbased-civil-service-will-boost-growth/article6622555.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref>
}}

Professor [[Bibek Debroy]] and [[Laveesh Bhandari]] asserted in their book ''"Corruption in India: The DNA and RNA"'' that public officials in India are misappropriating as much as 5 per cent of the GDP or {{INRConvert|921|b}} through corruption.<ref name="How much do the corrupt earn">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-04-07/india-could-be-sitting-on-a-gold-mine-and-not-know-it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408224834/http://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-04-07/india-could-be-sitting-on-a-gold-mine-and-not-know-it |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2016 |title=How much do the corrupt earn? |work=The Economic Times |date=11 September 2011 |access-date=11 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

A 2009 survey of the leading economies of Asia, revealed [[Indian bureaucracy]] to be not only the least efficient among Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, China, Philippines and Indonesia, but also that working with India's civil servants was a "slow and painful" process.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Indian-bureaucracy-ranked-worst-in-Asia-Survey/articleshow/4612918.cms Indian bureaucracy ranked worst in Asia: Survey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615000205/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Indian-bureaucracy-ranked-worst-in-Asia-Survey/articleshow/4612918.cms |date=15 June 2009 }} ''[[The Times of India]]'', 3 June 2009.</ref>

A 2012 study by the Hong Kong-based ''Political and Economic Risk Consultancy'' ranked and rated Indian bureaucracy as the worst in [[Asia]] with a 9.21 rating out of 10. According to the study, India's inefficient and corrupt bureaucracy was responsible for most of the complaints that business executive have about the country.<ref name="Indian bureaucrats">{{cite magazine |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-bureaucrats-rated-worst-in-asia-says-study/1/168470.html |title=Indian bureaucrats worst in Asia, says PERC study|date=12 January 2012 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="civil service rank asia">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-bureaucracy-rated-worst-in-asia/219906-2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111145502/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-bureaucracy-rated-worst-in-asia/219906-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2012 |title=Indian bureaucracy rated worst in Asia|date=11 January 2012 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="civil service india asia">{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/218357/indian-bureaucracy-rated-worst-asia.html |title=Indian bureaucracy rates worst in Asia: 2012 |date=11 January 2012 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>

A 2013 [[Ernst & Young|EY]] (Ernst & Young) Study<ref name="ey.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Services/Assurance/Fraud-Investigation---Dispute-Services/Bribery-and-corruption-ground-reality-in-India|title=Bribery and corruption: ground reality in India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823035504/http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Services/Assurance/Fraud-Investigation---Dispute-Services/Bribery-and-corruption-ground-reality-in-India|archive-date=23 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> reports the industries most vulnerable to corruption are: Infrastructure & Real Estate, Metals & Mining, Aerospace & Defence, and Power & Utilities.

==== Inefficiency and misalignment with strategic national goals ====
{{see also | Babu_(title)#Civil_servants | l1= Babudom }}

{{blockquote
| ''"The IAS is hamstrung by political interference, outdated personnel procedures, and a mixed record on policy implementation, and it is in need of urgent reform. The Indian government should reshape recruitment and promotion processes, improve performance-based assessment of individual officers, and adopt safeguards that promote accountability while protecting bureaucrats from political meddling."''

|'''The Indian Administrative Service Meets Big Data, [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]'''<ref name="CEIP Civil Services Reform">{{cite web|title=The Indian Administrative Service Meets Big Data|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/2016/09/01/indian-administrative-service-meets-big-data-pub-64457|publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="CEIP IAS Civil Services Reform">{{cite web|title=IAS Reforms: Cleaning Rust From the Frame|url=http://www.carnegieindia.org/2016/09/12/ias-reforms-cleaning-rust-from-frame/j5bl|publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>
}}

==== Institutionalised corruption ====
{{see also | Corruption_in_India#Bureaucracy | l1= Corruption by Indian bureaucracy }}

A paper prepared in 2012 by the [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] states that corruption is prevalent at all levels in civil services and it is ''institutionalised''.<ref name="corruption civil services">{{cite magazine |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/government-paper-admits-to-babu-and-politician-nexus/1/184403.html |title=Federal Government paper admits corruption at all levels in civil services|author=Sharma, Aman|date=14 April 2012 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Paper Civil Service">{{cite web |url=http://darpg.gov.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/BG_Papers_CSD_2012.pdf |title=Background Paper for 2012 Civil Services Day: Discussions |date=14 April 2012 |publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101233147/http://darpg.gov.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/BG_Papers_CSD_2012.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Bribery ====
A 2005 study done by the [[Transparency International]] in India found that more than 92% of the people had firsthand experience of paying bribes or peddling influence to get services performed in a public office.<ref name="2005-TI-study">{{cite web |url=http://www.iri.org.in/related_readings/India%20Corruption%20Study%202005.pdf |title=India Corruption Study 2005: To Improve Governance: Volume I – Key Highlights New Delhi |publisher=Transparency International India |date=30 June 2005 |pages=1–3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811123343/http://www.iri.org.in/related_readings/India%20Corruption%20Study%202005.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> Taxes and bribes are common between state borders; Transparency International estimates that truckers annually pay {{INRConvert|222|c}} in bribes.<ref name=asia2009>{{cite news|title=Cops turn robbers on India's roads|publisher=Asia Online|date=27 August 2009 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KH27Df03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028070930/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KH27Df03.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=28 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=ctoi>{{cite web |title= Corruption in Trucking Operations in India |author= MDRA |publisher= The World Bank |date= February 2007 |url= http://info.worldbank.org/etools/ANTIC/docs/Resources/Sectors/Transport/CorrTruckingIndia.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120410073806/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/ANTIC/docs/Resources/Sectors/Transport/CorrTruckingIndia.pdf |archive-date= 10 April 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> There have been several cases of collusion involving officials of the [[Income tax in India|Income Tax Department of India]] for preferential tax treatment and relaxed prosecutions in exchange for bribes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2007/04/01225456/Corruption-in-IncomeTax-beat.html|title=Corruption in Income-Tax: beaten by Babudom|newspaper=LiveMint|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625000436/http://www.livemint.com/2007/04/01225456/Corruption-in-IncomeTax-beat.html|archive-date=25 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/acb-officers-learn-cbi-techniques-to-handle-economic-offences-in-state/ |title=Two Income Tax officials booked for corruption |website=The Indian Express. |location=India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222020929/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/acb-officers-learn-cbi-techniques-to-handle-economic-offences-in-state/ |archive-date=22 February 2016 }}</ref>

==== Criminalisation ====

In 2011, over a period of preceding three years more than 450 [[chargesheet]]s for criminal cases of corruption were filed and a total of 943 corruption cases were at different stages of investigation by [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] against civil servants.<ref name="Corruption civil service">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/453-ias-ips-and-civil-servants-charge-sheeted-in-last-3-yrs/879559/ |title=453 IAS,and other civil servants chargesheeted in last 3 yrs |date=23 November 2011 |newspaper=Indian Express |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="corruption service">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/over-400-central-officers-booked-in-last-3-yrs_743388.html |title=Over 400 central officers booked in last 3 yrs |date=23 November 2011 |publisher=Zee News |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref>

==== Misappropriation of funds ====

{{INRConvert|1|lc}} losses through corruption, waste and fraud occurred from the government's [[National Rural Health Mission]] healthcare programme, several of arrested high-level public servants died under mysterious circumstances including one in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Health-scam-Former-CMO-Sachan-booked/Article1-729454.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126182057/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Health-scam-Former-CMO-Sachan-booked/Article1-729454.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Health scam: Former CMO, Sachan booked |website=Hindustan Times|date=4 August 2011 |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=pm>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article320874.ece |title=The New Indian Express |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203095732/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article320874.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=dna>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_nrhm-scam-6-officials-booked-in-accountant-s-murder_1651513 |title=NRHM scam: 6 officials booked in accountant's murder – India – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=17 February 2012 |access-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031111334/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_nrhm-scam-6-officials-booked-in-accountant-s-murder_1651513 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=ft072012>{{cite news|title=India to give free medicine to millions|work=The Financial Times|date=5 July 2012|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d18b2006-c687-11e1-963a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1zEesnuZu}}</ref>

====Tendering processes and awarding contracts====

[[World Bank]] report stated that the aid programmes are beset by corruption, bad administration and under-payments. As an example, the report cites that only 40% of grain handed out for the poor reaches its intended target. The World Bank study finds that the public distribution programmes and social spending contracts have proven to be a waste due to corruption.<ref>{{cite news|title=India aid programme 'beset by corruption' – World Bank|work=BBC News|date=18 May 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13447867|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303065531/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13447867|archive-date=3 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A 2006 report stated that the state-funded construction activities, such as road building were dominated by construction mafias, consisting of cabals of corrupt public works officials, materials suppliers, politicians and construction contractors.<ref name="indiatoday2006">{{cite web |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20061016/state-up.html |title=Mulayam Hits Mafia Hard |website=India Today |date=16 October 2006 |access-date=30 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110705052538/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20061016/state-up.html |archive-date=5 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }} Snippet: ''... The road sector has always been the main source of income for the mafia. They either ask their men directly to grab the contracts or allow an outsider to take the contract after accepting a hefty commission''</ref>

==== Theft of state property ====

Corrupt officials steal the state property. In cities and villages throughout India, groups of municipal and other government officials, elected politicians, judicial officers, real estate developers and law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal ways.<ref name="gupta2008">K.R. Gupta and J.R. Gupta, ''Indian Economy, Vol #2'', Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2008, {{ISBN|81-269-0926-9}}. Snippet: ''... the land market already stands subverted and an active land mafia has already been created ...''</ref>

==== Political interference ====
{{see also | List of scandals in India | l1= Corruption scams in India }}

{{blockquote
| ''"Much of the deterioration in the functioning of bureaucracy is due to political interference."''

| Justice [[K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan|K. S. Radhakrishnan]] and Justice [[Pinaki Chandra Ghose|P. C. Ghose]], [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref name="TSR Subramanian case"/>
}}

Interference by politicians and politicians-babus nexus in corruption is an ongoing concern.<ref name="TSR Subramanian case"/> In October 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]], in the case of ''[[TSR Subramanian|TSR Subramanian & Ors vs Union of India & Ors]]'' <ref name="WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO(s). 82 OF 2011">{{cite web|title=WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO(s). 82 OF 2011|url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/wc%208211p.txt|access-date=31 October 2013}}</ref> ordered both [[Government of India]] and [[State governments of India|State governments]] to ensure fixed tenure to civil servants. The court asked senior bureaucrats to write down the oral instructions from politicians so that a record would be kept of all the decisions. This judgement was seen on the similar lines of the Supreme Court's 2006 judgement in Prakash Singh case on [[Indian police reforms|police reforms]].<ref name="Prakash Singh Case">{{cite web|title=Prakash Singh Case|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1090328/|access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="SC asks states to file affidavit on police reforms">{{cite news|title=SC asks states to file affidavit on police reforms|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/SC-asks-states-to-file-affidavit-on-police-reforms/Article1-945679.aspx|access-date=16 October 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=16 October 2012}}</ref> The judgement was welcomed by various bureaucrats and [[Media of India|the media]] who hoped that it will help in giving freedom and independence to the functioning of bureaucracy.<ref name="TSR Subramanian case">{{cite news|title=Supreme Court favours law to regulate transfer, posting of IAS officers|url=http://www.niticentral.com/2013/10/31/sc-favours-law-to-regulate-transfer-posting-of-ias-officers-152923.html|access-date=31 October 2013|date=31 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103133024/http://www.niticentral.com/2013/10/31/sc-favours-law-to-regulate-transfer-posting-of-ias-officers-152923.html|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="T S R Subramanian case">{{cite news|title=SC to bureaucrats: Don't take oral instructions from netas|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-to-bureaucrats-Dont-take-oral-instructions-from-netas/articleshow/24978551.cms|access-date=31 October 2013|date=31 October 2013|work=The Times Of India}}</ref>

==Reforms==
{{see also | Civil service reform in developing countries }}

===Central Civil Services Authority===
In order to professionalise the Civil Services, then Defence Minister [[A. K. Antony]] led in decision on creation of a Central Civil Services Authority (CCSA) to oversee the higher bureaucracy.<ref name="Antony CCSA">{{cite web|title=Antony's CCSA plan rattles babus|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=660268|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131040859/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=660268|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-31|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2015-08-13}}</ref><ref name="Antony babudom">{{cite web|title=St. Antony's glasnost move spooks babudom|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/article1427397.ece|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=2015-08-13}}</ref>

=== Alignment with strategic national goals ===
Under Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s principle of ''"minimum government and maximum governance"'', government undertook several reforms to align country's civil service with the strategic national goals, including lateral entry, forcibly retiring inept and corrupt officers, etc.<ref name=LateralEnt1/> Previously, newly hired IAS officers were deployed directly in the state cadres.<ref name=LateralEnt1/> From 2014, to align civil servants to the government's agenda, they are first deployed within the central government ministries as assistant secretaries for a few years.<ref name=LateralEnt1/> From 2020–21, government will conduct common foundation course for all Group A services to counter the attitude of elite clique operating in silos.<ref name="htics1">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-attempts-long-awaited-overhaul-in-bureaucracy/story-EWO2IHX6wTSpUNpIfDx6NL.html PM Modi attempts long-awaited overhaul in bureaucracy], Hindustan Times, 5 November 2019/.</ref> Doing away with the earlier discriminatory practice of appointing only IAS officers in the central government, officers from other services with domain experience also are empanelled and appointed; this is said to have widened the pool for selection of competent domain experts.<ref name=LateralEnt1/>

==== 360 degree appraisal ====
In 2014, to align the country's civil service systems with the strategic national goals, government implemented a new [[360-degree feedback|360 degree appraisal]] system which entails ''"Annual Confidential Report"'' (ACR), review of work-related attitude and behavior based on confidential feedback from peers, subordinates, and outsiders stakeholders who have dealt with the officer. This new system replaced the earlier archaic annual performance appraisal based solely on the ACR written by an officer's boss.<ref name=LateralEnt1/>

==== Lateral entry of domain experts ====
From 2018, to attract the best domain expert candidates from across the world for the senior civil servants job, vacancies which were earlier available only through promotion of officers were opened for direct hire or lateral entry as well. This was said to ''"boost the ministry or department's capabilities and proficiency... [and] provide synergies to policy and implementation"''. Initially, domain experts lateral entry candidates were appointed to 10 posts out of total 450 posts of joint secretary in the central government, and a further 40 lateral entrants at the director and deputy secretary level were also inducted.<ref name=LateralEnt1/>

=== Removal and punishment of corrupt officers ===

==== Empowerment of citizens to sue corrupt officers ====
In 2016, the government decided to empower citizens to seek prosecution of corrupt IAS officers.<ref name="IAS Center prosecution">{{cite news|title=Centre to empower common man to punish corrupt babus|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-to-empower-common-man-to-punish-corrupt-babus/articleshow/53322026.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> The Department Personnel and Training (DoPT), [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]], has accepted to receive requests from private persons seeking sanction for prosecution in respect of IAS officers without any proper proposal and supporting documents.<ref name="IAS Center prosecution"/> In 2019, Government of India dismissed 12 (IRS IT) and 15 (IRS Customs and Central Excise) officers for corruption and bribery charges.<ref name ="IRS IT 2019">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-dismisses-12-senior-i-t-officers-for-corruption-misconduct-119061001099_1.html|title=Govt sacks 12 senior I-T officers including a senior officer for corruption|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref name ="IRS CCE 2019">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-15-senior-customs-central-excise-officers-sacked-on-corruption-bribery-charges/332478|title=Govt Sacks 15 Senior Customs, Central Excise Officers Over Corruption, Bribery Charges|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>

==== Forced retirement of corrupt and inept officers ====

In 2011, the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT), [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]], created a proposal to retire and remove incompetent, inefficient and unproductive [[All India Service]] officers after 15 years of service,<ref name="AIS lazy retire">{{cite magazine |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lazy-and-incompetent-babus-to-retire-early/1/162137.html |title=Lazy and incompetent babus of the All India Services to retire early|date=30 November 2011 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=9 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="corruption compulsory retirement">{{cite magazine |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/graft-taint-may-lead-to-retirement-for-babus/1/179684.html |title=Corruption taint may lead to compulsory retirement for babus|date=21 April 2012 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="AIS retire 15 incompetence">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/proposal-to-retire-incompetent-officers-after-15-year-service/20111130.htm |title=Proposal to retire incompetent officers after 15-year service|date=30 November 2011 |publisher=Rediff News |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=3 February 2012}}</ref> which was accepted and rule 16(3) of the All India Services (death-cum-retirement benefits) Rules of 1958 was amended on 31 January 2012.<ref name="AIS lazy retire"/><ref name="AIS retire 15 incompetence"/><ref name="Govt of India notification for amending Rule 16(3) of the All India Service (DCRB) Rules, 1958">{{cite web|title=ssc institutes in gwalior|url=https://blog.shikshacoach.com|publisher=shiksha coach}}</ref>

In 2016, the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] dismissed 72 and prematurely retired another 33 Indian Revenue Service officers for the first time for non-performance and on disciplinary grounds.<ref name="Finance Ministry 2016">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/for-good-governance-finance-ministry-fires-72-tax-officers-retires-33-more-116050600022_1.html|title=For good governance, Finance Ministry fires 72 tax officers, retires 33 more|access-date=12 May 2016|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref name="PIB">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=144910|title=Government takes strict action against defaulting/non performing tax officials/officers|access-date=12 May 2016|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name="IRS absent">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/absent-for-years-government-sacks-11-irs-officers/|title=Absent for years, government sacks 11 IRS officers|access-date=21 December 2016|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="108 IRS">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/108-irs-officers-under-cbi-probe-for-alleged-corruption-government/articleshow/48375107.cms|title=108 IRS officers under CBI probe for alleged corruption: Government|access-date=21 December 2016|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="IRS corruption 2">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/CBI-seizes-2-crore-in-old-currency-from-city-residence-of-IRS-officer/articleshow/55716239.cms|title=CBI seizes 2 crore in old currency from city residence of IRS officer|access-date=21 December 2016|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2019, to send a message that the job posting with government bureaucracy is no longer "permanent for the dishonest, corrupt and inefficient" officers, the government fired 22 corrupt officers from the Indian Revenue Service (IRS) and another 284 [[Central Secretariat Service]] officers were under performance audit by a review panel headed by the [[Cabinet Secretary of India|Cabinet Secretary]].<ref name=LateralEnt1>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/modi-govt-is-shaking-the-foundation-of-indias-ias-led-civil-service-one-reform-at-a-time/291893/ |title=Modi govt is shaking the foundation of India's IAS-led civil service — one reform at a time |access-date=28 May 2020 |publisher=The Print}}</ref><ref name="CSS DOPT 2019">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-to-retire-central-secretariat-service-officers-now-284-of-them-under-scanner/286418/|title=Modi govt to retire Central Secretariat Service officers now, 284 of them under scanner|access-date=3 November 2019|publisher=The Print}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian order of precedence|Order of Precedence of India]]
* [[Indian Civil Service]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

==External links==

===Official===
* [http://upsc.gov.in/ UPSC] Union Public Service Commission, India
* [http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/7th-pay-commission-orop-civilian-government-employees-2884131/ 7th Pay Commission chief recommends 'One Rank, One Pension' for Govt employees] by ''The Indian Express''
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-instructs-DoPT-for-speedy-empanelment-of-officers-from-all-central-services/articleshow/48138681.cms Prime Minister instructs DoPT for speedy empanelment of officers from all central services] by ''The Times of India''
* {{cite magazine
|url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/not-only-ias-mha-opens-doors-for-all-services.html
|title=Not only IAS, MHA opens doors for all services
|magazine=[[The Week]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108165643/http://www.theweek.in/news/india/not-only-ias-mha-opens-doors-for-all-services.html
|archive-date=8 January 2017
|url-status=dead
}}

===All India Civil Services===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110701121438/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_I_Updated_Upto_31Oct2010/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_I_Rule_10.pdf The All India Services Conduct Rules of 1968]

====Central Civil Services====
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111010202110/http://persmin.gov.in/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/CCSRules_1964/ccs_conduct_rules_1964_details.htm The Central Civil Services Conduct Rules of 1964]
* [http://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure] 14th Edition by Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions

===Others===
* [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPPRISECDEV/0,,contentMDK:20584873~menuPK:496677~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:496671,00.html Governance in India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111019142400/http://cgg.gov.in/workingpapers/CivilServicesReform.pdf Civil Service Reform in India - Problems and Reforms]

{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}

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[[Category:Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]

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