BIMARU states

2021-05-26T05:16:37Z

2409:4064:2501:557:51A4:6B2B:3578:4CB9:

BIMARU ([[Hindi]]: बीमारू ''Bīmārū'') is an acronym formed from the first letters of the names of the [[India]]n states of [[Bihar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was coined by [[Ashish Bose (demographer)|Ashish Bose]] in the mid-1980s. BIMARU has a resemblance to a [[Hindi language|Hindi]] word ''bīmār'' (बीमार) meaning "sick". This was used to refer to the poor economic conditions within those states. Several studies, including those by the [[United Nations|UN]], showed that the performance of the BIMARU states were dragging down the [[GDP]] growth rate of India. During the period of 2008-2011, some of these states started to develop faster than some of the major states and the concept of BIMARU was being considered to be outdated.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Don't call them Bimaru states now
|publisher=hindustantimes.com
|date=July 19, 2010
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Don-t-call-them-Bimaru-states-now/Article1-574379.aspx
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408010834/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Don-t-call-them-Bimaru-states-now/Article1-574379.aspx
|archive-date=2011-04-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = BIMARU towns fuelling India's economic resurgence
| publisher = economictimes
| date = September 24, 2010
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-24/news/27568301_1_regions-bimaru-growth-in-personal-income
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Maharashtra faring worse than BIMARU states
|publisher=hindustantimes
|date=December 1, 2010
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Maharashtra-faring-worse-than-BIMARU-states-says-study/Article1-633178.aspx
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125093407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Maharashtra-faring-worse-than-BIMARU-states-says-study/Article1-633178.aspx
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=January 25, 2013
}}</ref> However in the recent years, this concept has reemerged due to faltering growth rates of the states.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bimaru-redux-niti-aayog-ceo-says-bihar-madhya-pradesh-uttar-pradesh-rajasthan-keeping-india-backward/1143709/|title=BIMARU redux: NITI Aayog CEO says Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan keeping India backward|date=2018-04-24|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/bimaru-states-the-shoe-still-fits/article7527355.ece|title=BIMARU States: the shoe fits even now|last=S|first=Rukmini|date=2015-08-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The present-day states of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Uttarakhand]] were part of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, respectively, at the time the BIMARU acronym was coined.

==Historical background==
In the mid 1980s, economic analyst Ashish Bose coined an acronym BIMARU, in a paper submitted to then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Ashish Bose – The man who coined the term 'Bimaru'
|publisher = Mint
|url = http://www.livemint.com/2007/07/11001558/Ashish-Bose--The-man-who-coin.html
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071116104507/http://www.livemint.com/2007/07/11001558/Ashish-Bose--The-man-who-coin.html
|archive-date = 2007-11-16
}}</ref> Several studies, including those by the UN, showed that the performance of the BIMARU states affected the GDP growth rate of India.<ref>{{cite news|title='Bimaru' states hampers India's growth |work=The Times of India |date=7 September 2005 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1223697.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725224025/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1223697.cms |archive-date=July 25, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title = BIMARU or bimari?
|work = The Hindu
|date = 12 August 2005
|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081200521000.htm
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516022937/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081200521000.htm
|archive-date = 16 May 2008
}}</ref>

==Recent developments==

In recent times some of these states have seen real push in terms of economic growth. Although, some of these states have experienced high growth rates, they still lag other more progressive states. [[Bihar]]'s GSDP grew by 80% over the period 2006-2007, which was higher than in the past 2 years and one of the highest recorded by the Government of India for that period. They have laid greater emphasis on education and learning by appointing more teachers and opening a software park. People from Bihar, [[Uttar Pradesh]] contribute significantly to [[Indian Army|ARMY]], [[Central Industrial Security Force|C.I.S.F]], [[Border Security Force|B.S.F]], [[National Security Guard|N.S.G]], [[Indian Air Force|I.A.F]] and many other [[Para military]] forces because of their large young population in India. Recently these states are working for their improvement by developing infrastructures, IT-parks and giving a better invitation to the businessmen for investment. Also [[Madhya Pradesh]] enlisted at second position in [[United Nations Organization|U.N.O.]] GDP development ranking's with a record of 225%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unidow.com/india%20home%20eng/statewise_gdp.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724114441/http://unidow.com/india%20home%20eng/statewise_gdp.html |archive-date=2012-07-24 }}</ref>

==Population growth==
The BIMARU states have some of the highest fertility rates in India. In 2010, the [[total fertility rate]] was 3.9 for Bihar, 3.5 for Uttar Pradesh, 3.2 for Madhya Pradesh, and 3.1 for Rajasthan, compared to 2.5 for India as a whole. This leads to high population growth in these states than rest of India.<ref>"Annual estimates of Total Fertility rate by residence, India and bigger States, 2005-10" Planning Commission, Government of India. Accessed 21 June 2012. {{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0904/tab_137.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-06-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515171220/http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0904/tab_137.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-15 }}</ref>

==Literacy rates==
The literacy rates in these states according to the 2011 census are Bihar 63.8%, Rajasthan 67.1%, Jharkhand 67.6%, Madhya Pradesh 70.6% and Uttar Pradesh 71.7% against a national average of 74.04%. While they trail the national average in the current literacy rate, they are registering very healthy growth rates in literacy comfortably outpacing states like Andhra Pradesh (67.7%) and [[Chhattisgarh]] (71%), which have comparable literacy levels (the exception being Rajasthan).

A recent survey by [[National University of Educational Planning and Administration]] (UNEPA) has determined that only 21% of all primary school teachers in [[Bihar]] and 12.8% in UP are Matriculates or lower.

Renowned educationists have asked for a complete overhaul of the educational system, particularly at the primary level.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Inclusive education
| publisher = Business Standard
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage.php?storyflag=y&leftnm=4&subLeft=2&chklogin=N&autono=288901
}}</ref>

==Health care==
The life expectancy in BIMARU states is lower than other Indian states. In fact, it is lower than the average life expectancy of India as a whole, implying that these states bring down the overall average as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/health/infofiles/life.htm|title=India Together: Life expectancy in India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407054148/http://indiatogether.org/health/infofiles/life.htm|archive-date=2014-04-07}}</ref>

==Economic growth==
Corruption remains one of the key factors reflecting poverty levels throughout the world and these states generally fare worse in the corruption indexes usually published.<ref>{{cite web
|title=TII-CMS India Corruption Study 2007
|publisher=CMS India / Transparency International India
|date=June 2008
|url=http://www.cmsindia.org/highlights.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617033827/http://www.cmsindia.org/highlights.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2012-06-17
}}</ref>

It is one of the enigmas that in spite of the large representation in the parliament, these states could not get adequate resources for their development.<ref name="children_ganga">{{cite web
|title=The Children of the Ganga and the Politics of Allocation
|publisher=Centre for Policy Alternatives, New Delhi
|url=http://cpasindia.org/reports/05-Children-Ganga-Politics-Allocation.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165554/http://cpasindia.org/reports/05-Children-Ganga-Politics-Allocation.pdf
|archive-date=2007-09-30
}}</ref>

Another factor determining the BIMARU states' economic situation is the lack of investment in irrigation and flood control. In spite of the highest incidence of floods in this region, the investment to manage this has been rather meager.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}} Even though the socialist era in India was known for large infrastructure projects, the most modern irrigation system of Bihar is the British built [[Son River|Son]] Command Canal System which was opened for use in the 1890s. This is in sharp contrast to projects like [[Bhakra Nangal]] Dam in Punjab.

Yet another factor is the lack of perspective in the planning exercise. For example, even though large portions of the national highway schemes: the Golden Quadrilateral and the East West corridor pass through the so-called BIMARU states, its alignment would not serve the population of these states. Let alone the main alignment, there is no provision even for by-passes to serve towns such as Ranchi, Patna, Dhanbad, Gaya or Jamshedpur.

Since 2005, Bihar is seeing a revival. Latest figures show that it is self-sufficient in food{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}.
The state recently fought to have the debilitating provisions of the central sugar policy revoked. The result is that 25 new sugar factories have been committed by private entrepreneurs in the state over the last year or so.

Since 2000, there has also been a change in the geographic composition of these states, with Bihar being bifurcated into Bihar and [[Jharkhand]]; Madhya Pradesh being bifurcated into Madhya Pradesh and [[Chhattisgarh]]; and Uttar Pradesh being bifurcated into Uttar Pradesh and [[Uttarakhand]].

==See also==
* [[Cow belt]]
* [[Standard of living in India]]
* [[States of India by size of economy]]
* [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)]]
* [[Rural Development Foundation, India]]
* [[Economy of India]]
* [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]
* [[Green Revolution in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [[Jeffrey D. Sachs]], Nirupam Bajpai, and Ananthi Ramiah. "Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India". CID Working Paper No. 88, March 2002. [[Center for International Development]] at [[Harvard University]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. [http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidwp/088.htm]
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/02/07/stories/2004020700100800.htm The Hindu]
* [http://www.cpasind.com/reports/05-Children-Ganga-Politics-Allocation.pdf The Children of Ganga]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.cpasind.com/reports/03-De-urbanisation-Bihar.pdf Deurbanisation of Bihar]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210512/http://www.cpasind.com/reports/07-Centrally-Planned-Inequality-Punjab-Bihar.pdf Centrally planned Inequality]

{{coord missing|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bimaru}}
[[Category:Economy of India by state or union territory]]

IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

BIMARU states