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Chola Nadu

2022-02-21T17:16:16Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}
[[File:Cholanadu.gif|thumb|371x371px|The middle and southern portion of Chola Nadu]]
'''Chola Nadu''' was a [[list of regions of India|region]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in southern [[India]]. It encompasses the lower reaches of the [[Kaveri River]] and its delta, and formed the cultural homeland and political base of the [[Chola Dynasty]] which ruled large parts of South India and parts of Sri Lanka between the 9th and 13th centuries CE. [[Uraiyur]] (now part of [[Tiruchirapalli]] city) served as the early Chola capital, then medieval Cholas shifted to [[Thanjavur]] and later cholas king [[Rajendra Chola I]] moved the capital to [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] in [[Ariyalur]] in the 11th century CE.

The boundaries of the region roughly correlates with those of the British India districts of [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore]] and [[Trichinopoly District (Madras Presidency)|Trichinopoly]]. Culturally, the region also includes [[Pudukkottai District]], [[Nagapattinam district]] , [[Thiruvarur District|Thiruvarur district]], [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladudhurai district]], [[Ariyalur District]], [[Perambalur District]] and the territory of [[Karaikal]].<ref name="gazetteersp172">{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli (pt. 1-2)|page=172|publisher=Superintendent, Govt. Press|year=1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwejournal.org/vol11no2/rainfall-profile-of-cauvery-delta-zone-of-tamil-nadu/}}</ref>

== Location ==
[[File:Grand Anicut kallanai.JPG|thumb|right|Kallanai / Grand Anicut built by Karikala Cholan, on the River Kaveri, near Tiruchirappalli]]
The Delta region covers Central Tamil Nadu and East-Central Tamil Nadu. The region is sandwiched between the historical regions of [[Tondai Nadu]] in the north, the Madurai region in the south and [[Kongu Nadu]] in the west and roughly extends from [[Chidambaram]] in north to the southern frontier of the erstwhile [[Pudukkottai state|Pudukkottai kingdom]] and from [[Tiruchirapalli]] in the west to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the east.

According to the ''Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly District'', Vol II, 1931, p 67, "the traditional meeting place of the three Tamil kingdoms was the temple of Cellānti Amman on the banks of the Kāvēri, twelve miles west of Kulittalai and three miles below the junction of the Amarāvati and the Kāvēri. The temple was the common place of worship for the kings of the three Tamil dynasties; a bund which runs to the south of the river marks the boundary between the Cōla and the Pāntya territories, and the Karaipōttanār on the opposite bank of the river was the boundary between the Cōla and the Cēra kingdoms".<ref name="dikshitarp52">{{cite book|title=The Śilappadikāram|author=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1939|author-link=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|page=52|title-link=Śilappadikāram}}</ref>

== Chola Kings ==
{| class="wikitable"
!List of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] kings
|-
![[Early Cholas]]
|-
|
* [[Ellalan]]
* [[Kulakkottan]]
* [[Ilamchetchenni]]
* [[Karikala]]
* [[Nedunkilli]]
* [[Nalankilli]]
* [[Killivalavan]]
* [[Kopperuncholan]]
* [[Kochchenganan]]
* [[Perunarkilli]]
|-
|'''Interregnum (<abbr>c.</abbr> 200 – c. 848)'''
|-
![[Medieval Cholas]]
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Vijayalaya Chola]]
|848–891(?)
|-
|[[Aditya I|Aditya Chola I]]
|891–907
|-
|[[Parantaka I|Parantaka Chola I]]
|907–950
|-
|[[Gandaraditya|Gandaraditya Chola]]
|950–957
|-
|[[Arinjaya|Arinjaya Chola]]
|956–957
|-
|[[Parantaka Chola II|Sundara Chola]]
|957–970
|-
|[[Aditya Karikalan|Aditya Chola II]]
|(co-regent)
|-
|[[Uttama Chola]]
|970–985
|-
|[[Rajaraja Chola I]]
|985–1014
|-
|[[Rajendra Chola I]]
|1012–1044
|-
|[[Rajadhiraja Chola]]
|1044–1054
|-
|[[Rajendra Chola II]]
|1054–1063
|-
|[[Virarajendra Chola]]
|1063–1067
|-
|[[Athirajendra Chola]]
|1067–1070
|}
|-
![[Later Cholas]]
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Kulothunga Chola I]]
|1070–1120
|-
|[[Vikrama Chola]]
|1118–1135
|-
|[[Kulothunga Chola II]]
|1133–1150
|-
|[[Rajaraja Chola II]]
|1146–1173
|-
|[[Rajadhiraja Chola II]]
|1166–1178
|-
|[[Kulothunga Chola III]]
|1178–1218
|-
|[[Rajaraja Chola III]]
|1216–1256
|-
|[[Rajendra Chola III]]
|1246–1279
|}
|-
!Related dynasties
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Telugu Cholas]] of Andhra
|-
|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Chodagangas]] of Kalinga
|-
|[[Rajahnate of Cebu]]
|}
|-
!Chola society
|-
|
* [[Chola government]]
* [[Chola military]]
* [[Chola Navy]]
* [[Chola art]]
* [[Chola literature]]
* [[Flag of Chola]]
* [[Great Living Chola Temples]]
* [[List of Solesvara temples|Solesvara Temples]]
* [[Poompuhar]]
* [[Uraiyur]]
* [[Melakadambur]]
* [[Pazhayarai]]
* [[Thanjavur]]
* [[Tiruvarur]]
* [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]
|}

== Chola Empire ==
The genealogy of the Chola empire as found in the Tamil literature and in the many inscriptions left by the later Chola kings contains a number of kings recorded for whom there is no verifiable historic evidence. There are as many versions of this lineage as there are sources for them. The main source is the Sangam literature – particularly, religious literature such as ''Periapuranam'', semi-biographical poems of the later Chola period such as the temple and cave inscription and left by medieval Cholas.

Irrespective of the source, no list of the kings has a high level of historic fact and, while they generally are similar to each other, no two lists are exactly the same. Modern historians{{Who|date=January 2016}} consider these lists not as historically reliable sources but as comprehensive conglomerations of various Hindu deities and Puranic characters attributed to local chieftains and invented ancestry of dynasty attempting to re-establish their legitimacy and supremacy in a land they were trying to conquer.

== History ==

The history of the region begins with the rise of the [[Early Cholas|Early Chola kingdom]] in the 4th century BC. The Early Cholas ruled from the town of [[Uraiyur]] near Tiruchirapalli and their kingdom comprised the whole of the present-day Cauvery Delta. Flourishing centres of Roman trade have been excavated at [[Poompuhar]] (Nagapattinam) stand testimony to a prosperous civilization.

== Culture ==

The Chola Nadu region is renowned as a hub of Tamil culture and civilization. The region has been continuously inhabited since the 1st millennium BC. Arts, crafts and music flourished under the Cholas whose reign is considered to be the golden age in the history of Tamil Nadu. During the hegemony of the Vijayanagar Empire and its successors, the zThanjavur Nayak kingdom, there were frequent migrations of priests, administrators, soldiers and artists from the Telugu and Kannada districts of the north who brought in their traditions, art and dance forms. Despite its rise and initial success in the northern part of Karnataka, Carnatic music actually flourished in the Cauvery Delta. [[Kambar (poet)]] was a renowned medieval Tamil poet and the author of the [[Ramavataram]], popularly known as [[Kambaramayanam]], the Tamil version of [[Ramayana]]. [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] also authored other literary works in Tamil, such as 'Thirukkai Vazakkam',Erezhupathu, Silaiezhupathu, Kangai Puranam, sadagopar anthathi, and Sarasvati Anthati hails from the Cauvery Delta region. The three great Carnatic music composers, [[Tyagaraja]], [[Syama Sastri]] and [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] who form the Great Trinity of Carnatic music hailed from the Chola Nadu region as also the music composers [[Muthu Thandavar]], [[Arunachala Kavi]] and [[Marimutthu Pillai]] who form the Tamil Trinity of Carnatic music.

Apart from music, dance and drama have also flourished in the Cauvery Delta. The Bhagavathar Melas, a series of dance-dramas, written almost entirely in Telugu, were introduced by migrants who sought refuge in the town of [[Melattur, Tamil Nadu|Melattur]] following the collapse of the Vijayanagar kingdom at the [[Battle of Talikota]].

Bharatanatyam, a popular dance form by Bharatha muni, flourished in the dance of ''sadir'' which was practised in the temples of Chola Nadu by ritual temple dances or ''devadasis''. Patronized and financed by dharmakarthas and rich mirasidars, ''sadir'' was popular until the early years of the 20th century when a strong voiced campaign resulted in the devadasi practised being outlawed. Sadir has, since, purged itself of its erotic symbolism and movements and gradually evolved into the commoners' dance Bharathanatyam.

== Demographics ==
The Chola Nadu region had a population of over 10 million with a density of above 400 persons per km2 in 2001. Due to fertile soil and favourable climate, the region has been the most densely populated in the Tamil country since ancient times.

More than 90% of the population speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. There is a significant [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking minority, who had descended from migrants who had mostly moved in during the Vijayanagar and [[Thanjavur Nayak]] periods. There are smaller populations speaking [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]] and [[Urdu]]. There are also a considerable body of [[Thanjavur Marathi (language)|Marathi]] speaking people who are mostly present in the urban areas of [[Thanjavur District]] and the city of [[Tiruchirappalli]].

== Important Personalities ==

The Chola Nadu region has produced a number of noteworthy personalities in the fields of arts, science, film and politics. Long recognized as a hub of Carnatic music, the region is home to most of India's renowned Carnatic musicians. There have also been important individuals in the field of politics. In British times, civil servants and lawyers from Chola Nadu like [[Sir T. Madhava Rao]], [[Sir A. Seshayya Sastri]], [[Sir Mohammad Usman]], [[Sir A. T. Panneerselvam]], [[Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer]], [[Sir P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]], [[T. Ananda Rao]], [[S. Satyamurti]], [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]], [[V. P. Madhava Rao]] and [[R. Raghunatha Rao]] dominated the bureaucracy. The maternal ancestors of [[Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] hailed from [[Kumbakonam]]. Tamil writers [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]], [[Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai]], [[V. V. S. Aiyar]] and [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]], [[Kalki Sadasivam]] journalists [[Kalki Sadasivam]], [[G. A. Natesan]] and [[Kasturi Ranga Iyengar]], Indian independence activist [[G. Subramania Iyer]] who founder ''[[The Hindu]]'', politicians [[M. R. Sethuratnam Iyer]] and [[S. Muthiah Mudaliar]] and Indian media mogul [[S. S. Vasan]] and National award-winning film producer Venus T. Govindarajan were some prominent individuals from the Chola Nadu region. Yesteryear film actors [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[P. U. Chinnappa]] and [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[Papanasam Sivan]] Indian scientist and Nobel Prize winner [[Sir C. V. Raman]] and mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], [[Muthulakshmi Reddi]], [[Sujatha Rangarajan]], [[Jayendra Saraswathi]], [[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]], [[U. Sagayam]], [[Gobinath Chandran]], [[Madhan (writer)|Madhan]], [[N. Gopalaswami]], [[M. S. Swaminathan]], [[Viswanathan Anand]], [[Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]] were other important people from the region.

Recent time politicians include the former Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu [[M. Karunanidhi]] and [[Jayalalithaa]] whose ancestors are from Tiruchirapalli, Former
Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu [[K. Anbazhagan]], Former President of India [[R. Venkataraman]], [[Kaduvetti Guru]], PMK, Former Cabinet Minister and Leader of the House R.M.Veerappan and late Veteran Congress leader [[G.K. Moopanar]], [[Ko. Si. Mani]] Former minister for local administration of Tamil Nadu, Former Union Minister [[Andimuthu Raja]], VCK Leader [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]], [[V. K. Sasikala]] Buinesswoman turned politician, [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]], [[La Ganesan]], [[H. Raja]], [[Karunas]], [[S. Ve. Shekher]] and Union Ministers [[G.K. Vasan]], [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]], [[Murasoli Maran]], [[T. R. Baalu]], [[S. S. Palanimanickam]], [[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] . Film personalities such as directors [[K. Balachander]], [[S. Shankar]] and [[Mani Ratnam]] and actors [[T. Rajendar]], [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Arvind Swamy]], [[Hema Malini]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]], [[Rajesh (actor)|Rajesh]] and [[Dhivyadharshini]] are from the Cauvery Delta region.

== See also ==
* [[Coromandel Coast]]

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite web|title=History of the Chola Empire or Chola-mandalam|url=http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo40/chola_mandalam_empire.htm|publisher=Louis Gerber}}
* {{cite book|title=Dialogue and history: constructing South India, 1795-1895 |url=https://archive.org/details/dialoguehistoryc00irsc |url-access=limited | author=Eugene F. Irschick|page=[https://archive.org/details/dialoguehistoryc00irsc/page/n104 105]|publisher=University of california Press|year=1994}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|title=The Saints of the Cauvery Delta|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|author=R. Krishnamurthy|year=1979|place=Delhi}}
* {{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Chola Nadu|author=M. S. Ramesh|publisher=Thirumala-Thirupathi Devasthanams|year=2000}}

{{Chola Nadu}}{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Regions of Tamil Nadu]]

Dravidar Kazhagam

2022-02-19T05:43:52Z

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{{Short description|Anti-caste social movement}}{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{advert|date=April 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}

}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Dravidar Kazhagam
| colorcode = black
| leader = [[K. Veeramani]]
| founder = [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]
| founded = {{start date|1944|08|27|df=y}}
| predecessor = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
| successor = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] And [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| newspaper = [[Viduthalai (Tamil daily)|Viduthalai]]
| ideology = [[Humanism]] [[Social justice]] [[Feminism]] [[Rationalism]] Anti-[[Casteism]]
| flag = Flag DK.png
| website = http://www.dravidarkazhagam.org
| country = India
}}
[[File:PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg |thumb|Periyar E V Ramaswamy, the founder of Dravidar Kazhagam]]
{{Dravidian politics-col}}

'''Dravidar Kazhagam''' is a social movement founded by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], also called Thanthai Periyar. Its original goals were to eradicate the ills of the existing caste system including [[untouchability]] and on a grander scale to obtain a "[[Dravida Nadu]]" (Dravidian nation) from the [[Madras Presidency]]. Dravidar Kazhagam would in turn give birth to many other political parties including [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and later the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

== History ==
Founded by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], the roots of the Dravidar Kazhagam lie in the [[Self-Respect Movement]] and [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]. Periyar formed the Self-Respect Movement in 1925, breaking in the process from the [[Indian National Congress]] party, of which he had been a member until then. The Justice Party, formed in 1917, also claimed to promote similar interests. The two entities merged in 1938 under Periyar's leadership. The name was changed to Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944.

==Ideology==
Being completely opposed to Brahminical social, political and ritual dominance of southern India, the primary purpose of the Dravida Kazhagam was to secure the complete independence of a [[Dravida Nadu|Dravidian Republic]] (Dravida Nadu). The party at its inception retained similar values to the Justice Party which had the views of a traditional type of [[Beam balance|balance]] signifying the idea of [[social equality|equality]].<ref name="Saraswathi-1">Saraswathi, S. (2004) ''Towards Self-Respect''. Institute of South Indian Studies, pp. 93 & 94</ref> Also being heavily influenced by Periyar's Self-Respect Movement it also adopted many of its goals and objectives. A few of these similarities was to eliminate the caste, class and creed divide amongst people to foster a balanced society, working towards the elimination of inequality and ensuring that men and women have equal opportunities towards all aspects of life and pushing for the eradication of superstitious beliefs based on religion.<ref>{{cite thesis|type=M.A.|last=Visswanathan|first=Ellappa S.|date=1973|title=The political career of E.V. Ramasami Naicker : a study in the politics of Tamilnad, 1920-1949|publisher=Australian National University, Canberra|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/112063?mode=full|access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref>

==Conflict years==
As the party gained prominence, many in the party wanted to contest in the elections including [[C. N. Annadurai]]. However, Periyar argued that politics will force ideology to the background. With a straining relationship in the organization and Periyar marrying [[Annai E. V. R. Maniammai|Maniyammai]], who was more than 40 years younger than him, some members of the party broke up and formed the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite news| title=The September which split Dravidians: Periyar weds Maniyammai, DMK is born |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/september-which-split-dravidians-periyar-weds-maniyammai-dmk-born-49850 | website=The News Minute}}</ref> Periyar marrying a girl of younger age caused strains within organization and outside it.<ref>{{cite news | title=A stalwart of the Dravidian movement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/A-stalwart-of-the-Dravidian-movement/article16371222.ece#! | website=The Hindu | date=20 April 2020}}</ref> The organization was headed by Maniammai and later by [[K.Veeramani]] after her demise.

==Later years==
Periyar's protests were largely symbolic and did not call for the destruction of private property or physically harming anyone. It based its interests on anti-[[Hindi language|Hindi]] and anti-Brahmin agitations and never became a full-fledged political party.

== Dravidar Kazhagam Flag ==
[[File:Flag DK.png|thumb|The Dravida Kazhagam Flag]]
The flag of Dravidar Kazhagam can trace its origins back to 1937. During that year, Hindi was made into a compulsory subject in South India. In reaction to this, E.V. Ramaswamy organised anti-Hindi protests in which a plain black flag was flown.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hardgrave|first=Robert|title=The Dravidian Movement|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1965|location=Bombay|pages=31}}</ref> From these protests, Periyar gained a large amount of popularity and went onto be elected as the president of the Justice Party a year later. When the Justice Party was rebranded as the Dravida Kazhagam in 1944, the party adopted its official flag. The design features red circle with a black background with the color black representing "the deprivations and the indignities that the Dravidians had to face under the strict Hindu religion" while Red represented "the tireless efforts taken to eliminate the ignorance and blind faith among the people and to free them from any kind of mental and materialistic exploitation".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saraswathi|first=Srinivasan|title=Minorities in Madras State|publisher=Impex India|year=1974|location=Delhi|pages=87}}</ref>

==Activities==
The party often adopted a hard line approach and was often involved in mass attempts to change the system outright. One such incident involved bringing [[Adi Dravida]]s into the inner [[sanctum sanctorum]] of temples and threatening [[Brahmin]] priests to recite hymns in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] instead of [[Sanskrit]]. During [[Independence Day (India)|Indian independence]] in 1947, the party did not accept the same as Periyar viewed Independence as the transfer of power from [[British raj|British]] to the [[Brahmin]]-[[Bania (caste)|Bania]] combine who occupied all important positions. With a firm belief that caste-based reservations are the only way to empower the under-represented, they supported [[Reservation in India|reservations]] in education and employment right from 1919. Periyar was instrumental in introducing reservation in Tamil Nadu from 1921 even before independence {{citation needed|date=July 2020}}.

==Legacy==
The organization laid the foundation for further [[Tamils|Tamil people]] involvement into politics. It enthused a new Tamil spirit that later on led to the formation of many parties that would eventually challenge the [[Indian National Congress]] stranglehold. Though it failed to achieve its grandiose idea of an independent Dravidian nation, it fostered a spirit of unity amongst the Dravidians, especially in opposing [[Hindi language]] in the seventies.

Dravida Kazhagam strongly rooted for the implementation of [[Mandal Commission]] report, which was later adopted by the [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V.P. Singh]] led government in 1990.<ref name="Gopalakrishnan">Gopalakrishnan, ''Periyar: Father of the Tamil race'', p. 52.</ref> It has also involved itself in the [[Srilankan Tamils]] issue and has been vocal in the support of [[LTTE]].

==References==

<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.dravidarkazhagam.org Dravidar Kazhagam] - official homepage of Dravidar Kazhagam

{{Dravidian politics-hor}}

[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:1938 establishments in India]]

Kallakudi demonstration

2022-02-19T05:30:27Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{short description|Political protest}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Karunanidhi1.jpg|M. Karunanidhi led the protest when he was 29. He would go on to become the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|225x225px|thumb]]
The '''Kallakudi demonstration''' was organised by the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) on 15 July 1953 in [[Kallakudi]] in the erstwhile [[Tiruchirappalli district]] against naming the place as Dalmiapuram. Ramakrishna Dalmia, a businessman from Bihar, established a cement factory in Kallakudi and the place was renamed Dalmiapuram on his request. DMK opposed the move as a suppression of South Indians by North India. It was the first notable demonstration by [[M Karunanidhi]], the five-time Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and his party, the DMK. The DMK party blocked passenger trains during the protest.

The police opened fire on the demonstration killing two civilians and injuring 16 others. Twelve policemen were injured, including The Deputy Superindent of Police and the Circle Inspector and ten other constables. The demonstration was the first notable demonstration by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and for [[M Karunanidhi]] who would go on to become the five-time Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.

The government ordered an open judicial enquiry into the incident headed by the District Magistrate of Madurai and the Principal Subordinate Judge of Tuticorin. The judicial enquiries and later court proceedings lead to Karunanidhi and the four others arrested getting sentenced to five months in prison and a fine of 35 Rupees on each. The demonstration was a part of [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]], which has lasting political impact on [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Background ==
The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party under the leadership of Anna, wanted to launch a demonstration against the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] for three reasons. First, it was against the Hindi policies imposed by [[Rajaji]], the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, and the plan was to demonstrate outside his house. Second, the party wanted to protest against Nehru who called Tamilians as "nonsense". The third reason was to oppose the request made by industrialist Ramakrishna Dalmia who established cement factory in Kallakudi and wanted to rename it as Dalmiapuram. In Annadurai's own words, "I am sending a brother to the war against educational programme and another one to the Kallakudi battlefield".<ref>{{cite journal|title= Mother, Mother-Community and Mother-Politics in Tamil Nadu|first=Lakshmi|last=C.S.|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=25|issue=42/43|pages=WS72–WS83|date=27 October 1990|jstor=4396895}}</ref> Ramakrishna Dalmia, 46-year-old, who inherited a sugar mill in Bihar, started two cement industries, one each in Bihar and Kallakudi. He was challenging the [[Associated Cement Companies]] (ACC), by importing foreign machinery. While the industry at Rohat Nagar in Bihar was started without any issue, he faced opposition in Kallakudi against naming the place as Dalmiapuram.<ref name=newsminute />

== Demonstration ==
As per the official report as discussed during the debate in the assembly, during the early part of 15 July 1953, attempts were made to deface the name of the railway station board. A group of six people who tried to stop the morning passenger train towards Ariyalur were arrested.<ref>{{cite news|title=Karunanidhi Passes Away: Former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister And DMK Patriarch M Karunanidhi Passed Away On Tuesday At The Age Of 94|url=https://dharapassociates.in/2018/08/08/karunanidhi-passes-away-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-and-dmk-patriarch-m-karunanidhi-passed-away-on-tuesday-at-the-age-of-94/news/|date=8 August 2018|accessdate=26 July 2020|publisher=Dharap Associates}}</ref> During the afternoon, around 2 p.m., there was larger crowd who stopped the passenger train bound to Ariyalur. The attempt of persuasion by the subdivisional Magistrate failed and police had to resort to lathi-charge. While the train was moved to the South, the obstruction by the mob and stone-throwing continued. The Deputy Superintendent of Police and the Circle Inspector on duty already sustained injuries and a shootout was ordered by the Magistrate. After the shootout, two people were killed and the crowd started dispersing in all directions. Thirteen people were treated at Lalgudi hospital, while three others in Trichy hospital. In all, the casualties were placed at two, while 16 other civilians injured. Among the police, there were twelve injuries, including that of The Deputy Superindent of Police and the Circle Inspector and ten other constables.<ref name=assembly /> The government ordered an open judicial enquiry into the incident headed by the District Magistrate of Madurai and the Principal Subordinate Judge of Tuticorin.<ref name="assembly">{{cite journal|title=Police Firing in Tuticorin and Dalmiapuram|pages=305–7|journal=Madras Legislative Assembly Debates|publisher=South Asian Open Archives|volume=9|issue=1–15|date=30 July 1953|jstor=saoa.crl.27485064}}</ref> The judicial enquiries and later court proceedings ordered Karunanidhi and the four others arrested were sentenced to five months in prison and a fine of 35 Rupees was levied on each. It was found out that the two killed were passengers in the train not related to the protest.<ref name=newsminute />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Mathialagan VPRaman Anna Rajaji Karunanidhi.jpg| Mathialagan, VPRaman, Anna, Rajaji and Karunanidhi from left to right|250px|thumb]]
The demonstration was the first notable demonstration by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]], which separated from its parent [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] in 1949 and for [[M Karunanidhi]] who would go on to become the five-time Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. It was helping the party build momentum against the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]. The DMK continued running the [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]] along with the secessionist demand for [[Dravida Nadu]]. [[C. Rajagopalachari]], who was the ruling Chief Minister of the state from [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] had to resign in 1954 on account of internal compulsions from his own party men. [[Kamaraj]] who was leading the internal opposition against Rajaji under the aegis of [[E V Ramasami]] (EVR), went on to become the Chief Minister of the state.

Whenever the government introduced Hindi as a compulsory language in schools, anti-Hindi protests happened lead by [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (DK) (erstwhile Justice Party) and [[E V Ramasami]] (EVR).<ref name="williams">{{cite book | first1=Rohit | last1=Wanchoo| first2=Mukesh | last2=Williams| year=2007| title= Representing India: literatures, politics, and identities | publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-569226-6| page=73| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uYTAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> EVR, who was opposing Congress on Hindi grounds so far, softened his stand and started to support Kamaraj through his regime from 1954 to 1963 as one of his demands of a non-Brahmin chief minister was met.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Review: Pre-History and History of the DMK |jstor=3520089 |pages=77–78 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=6 |issue=5 |date=December 1977 |first=Marguerite Ross |last=Barnett}}</ref> While DK was supporting Congress and the Kamaraj regime, DMK continued opposing the Congress moves with mass demonstrations in the themes of separate Dravidian state. Some of the political historians believe that DMK used the demonstration to lobby for high representation in parliament.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Asian Politics and Religion|pages=227–230|publisher=Princenton University Press|first=Robert L.|last=Hardgrave|chapter=Religion, Politics, and the DMK|year=1966|jstor=j.ctt183pvc8.13|isbn=9780691000114}}</ref> On 28 January 1956, Annadurai along with E V Ramasami and Rajaji signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.<ref name="aanli">{{cite book | year=1958| title= Modern India rejects Hindi| publisher=Association for the Advancement of the National Languages of India| page=29| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGcOAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name="copley">{{cite book | first= Antony R. H. | last=Copley| year=1978| title= The political career of C. Rajagopalachari, 1937–1954: a moralist in politics| publisher=Macmillan| page=311| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-uYmpYmXuMC}}</ref> [[M. Karunanidhi]] who became the Chief minister after the death of Annadurai in 1969, renamed the Dalmiapuram station to Kallakudi.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Dent in the Halo|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=5|issue=32|date=8 August 1970|pages=1327–1329|jstor=4360296}}</ref>

Critics have pointed out that Karunanidhi in later years as Chief Minister, renamed the Old Mahabalipuram Road to Rajiv Gandhi Salai as opposed to Tamil sentiments. Another criticism about the incident is that it did not create any impact or lasting legacy on socio-political landscape. As per historian Thanjai Nalankilli, "the Dalmiapuram – Kallakudi agitation did not have a burning root cause or a lasting impact on Tamil Nadu. Yet this rather "unimportant" agitation became front-page news and a prominent event in the history of Dravidian parties because of the dramatic lying down before the train and the subsequent high-handed police actions".<ref name="newsminute">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kallakudi-agitation-when-karunanidhi-became-household-name-tamil-nadu-86149|publisher=Newsminute|date=7 August 2018|title=The Kallakudi agitation: When Karunanidhi became a household name in Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Another view from the experts state that Karunanidhi carefully crafted his image during the 6 months of imprisonment utilizing double theme of dead men and earth.<ref>{{cite book|title=Confronting the Body: The Politics of Physicality in Colonial and Post|page=80|editor1-last=Mills|editor1-first=James H.|editor2-last=Sen|editor2-first=Satadru|last=Rangaswamy|first=Nimmi|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=9781843310334}}</ref> As per another view, Anna was upset with Karunanidhi was overdoing the agitation as it lead to the death of siz people.<ref>{{cite book|title=MGR : A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ&q=kallakudi&pg=PT87|last=R.|first=Kannan|isbn=9789386495884|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]

Honorific titles of Indian figures

2022-02-19T05:22:28Z

2409:4072:6413:699B:0:0:B4:48AC:

{{Short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Dynamic list|multiple=yes}}

Popular figures of India have often been conferred with an honorific title by fans and followers. These generally include those that are not formally recognised.

== List ==

'''Key'''

* In descending order of the subjects' long-term notability, roughly.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Portrait
!Full Name
!Honorific
!Notes
|-
|[[File:Mahatma-Gandhi, studio, 1931.jpg|center|thumb|160x160px|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]]]
|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
|[[Mahātmā|Mahatma]]
|[[Sanskrit]] for "great soul". In popular usage ever since [[Rabindranath Tagore]] used it to refer to him.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-16|title=Who gave the title 'Mahatma' to Gandhi? Gujarat govt says not Tagore, but 'unknown journalist'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/who-gave-title-mahatma-gandhi-gujarat-govt-says-not-tagore-unknown-journalist-39039|access-date=2021-10-14|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> One of the very few biographies on Wikipedia that carry the honorific in title.
|-
|[[File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra)_(cropped).jpg|center|thumb|177x177px|[[Gautama Buddha]]]]
|Gautama
|[[Buddhahood|Buddha]]
|In Buddhism, means "awakened one"
|-
|[[File:Colorised Ambedkar.png|center|thumb|168x168px|[[B. R. Ambedkar]]]]
|Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
|[[Babasaheb (title)|Babasaheb]]
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]] for "respected father" (''[[Mama and papa|Baba]]'' = [[father]] and ''[[Saheb]]'' = [[sir]]). Used by followers initially, now a part of popular culture and usage.
|-
|[[File:Jnehru.jpg|center|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]|206x206px]]
|Jawaharlal Nehru
|[[Pandit]]
|Sanskrit for "learned man". Originally meant exclusively for a man expert in Hindu law and literature.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prime Ministers of India - Jawaharlal Nehru|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/prime-ministers-of-india/jawaharlal-nehru|access-date=2021-10-14|website=www.indiainfoline.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Rabindranath Tagore.jpg|center|thumb|196x196px|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]]]
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Gurudev
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]] for "Godly Teacher" or "Divine Mentor"
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Raja Ram Mohun Roy, 1833.jpg|center|thumb|165x165px|[[Ram Mohan Roy]]]]
|Ram Mohan Roy
|Raja
|Translates to 'king' in most Indian languages. Conferred upon by [[Akbar II]].
|-
|[[File:Sardar patel (cropped).jpg|center|thumb|201x201px|[[Vallabhbhai Patel]]]]
|Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel
|[[Sardar]]
|[[Persian language|Persian]] for "leader or chief". Conferred upon by his long-time mentor [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sardar was the title given to Vallabhbhai Patel by class 9 social science CBSE|url=https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/sardar-was-the-title-given-to-vallabhbhai-patel-class-9-social-science-cbse-5fc5ac0e0464a73dab6278e2#:~:text=The%20title%20%27Sardar%27%20meaning%20chief,skills%20during%20the%20Bardoli%20Satyagraha.|access-date=2021-10-14|website=www.vedantu.com}}</ref> after the [[Bardoli Satyagraha]].
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[File:PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg|center|thumb|211x211px|[[Periyar]]]]
| rowspan="2" |Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy
|Thathai
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] for 'father' or 'father figure'
|-
|Periyar
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] for 'respected one' or 'elder one'
|-
|[[File:Rajkumar 2009 stamp of India.jpg|center|thumb|160x160px|[[Dr. Rajkumar|Dr.. Rajkumar]]]]
|Singanalluru Puttaswamaiah Muthuraj
|Nata Saarvabhouma
|[[Kannada]] for 'Emperor of Actors'. Revered as so by the [[Kannada people|people of Karnataka]].
|-
|[[File:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.jpg|center|thumb|198x198px|[[Subhas Chandra Bose]]]]
|Subhas Chandra Bose
|Netaji
|[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] for "political leader". Conferred upon by the soldiers of [[Indian National Army|the Indian National Army]].
|-
|[[File:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1956 stamp of India.jpg|center|thumb|205x205px|[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]]]
|Bal Gangadhar Tilak
|Lokmanya
|Sanskrit for "accepted by the people (as their leader)".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Freedom Fighter Who Said, "Swaraj Is My Birth Right"|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lokmanya-bal-gangadhar-tilak-death-anniversary-know-about-the-freedom-fighter-who-said-swaraj-is-my-birth-right-2272338|access-date=2021-10-15|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg|center|thumb|211x211px|[[C. Rajagopalachari]]]]
|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
|Mootharignar
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] for "the Scholar Emeritus", for his scholarly contribution to the Tamil literature.
|-
|[[File:Jayaprakash Narayan 1980 stamp of India.jpg|center|thumb|233x233px|[[Jayaprakash Narayan]]]]
|Jayaprakash Narayan
|Loknayak
|[[Hindi]] for "People's leader"
|-
|[[File:VD Savarkar.jpg|center|thumb|211x211px|[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]]]
|Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
|Veer
|Hindustani for "the brave". Popularly used by followers; now a part of popular culture.
|-
|[[File:Vinoba_Bhave_1983_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg|center|thumb|160x160px|[[Vinoba Bhave]]]]
|Vinayak Narahari Bhave
|Acharya
|
Translates to 'respected teacher'.
|-
|[[File:Mahamana Malaviya.jpg|center|thumb|228x228px|[[Madan Mohan Malaviya]]]]
|Madan Mohan Malaviya
|Mahamana
|
|-
|[[File:Sam Manekshaw 2008 stamp of India.jpg|center|thumb|221x221px|[[Sam Manekshaw]]]]
|Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw
|Bahadur
|Meaning '<nowiki/>''the Brave'. [[wiktionary:bahadur|Bahadur]] is an honorific title bestowed upon princes and victorious military commanders by Mughal emperors, and later by their British successors.''
|-
|[[File:Chittaranjan Das 1965 stamp of India.jpg|center|thumb|222x222px|[[Chittaranjan Das]]]]
|Chittaranjan Das
|Deshbandhu
|Hindi for ''Friend of the Nation''
|-
|[[File:Stamp of India - 1991 - Colnect 164177 - Babu Jagjivan Ram - Politician.jpeg|center|thumb|211x211px|[[Jagjivan Ram]]]]
|Jagjivan Ram
|Babuji
|A term of respect for one's father
|-
|[[File:Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar (19 February 1906 – 5 June 1973).jpg|center|thumb|215x215px|[[M. S. Golwalkar]]]]
|Madhavrao Sadashivrao Golwalkar
|Guruji
|Hindi for '''respected teacher''<nowiki/>'
|-
|[[File:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.jpg|center|thumb|160x160px|[[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]]]
|Abdul Ghaffār Khān
|[[Padishah|Badshah]]
|
|-
|[[File:Aluru Venkata Rao.jpg|center|thumb|248x248px|[[Aluru Venkata Rao]]]]
|Aluru Venkata Rao
|Karnataka Kulapurohita
|Translation - "''High priest of the Kannada family"''
|-
|[[File:Sadhguru-Jaggi-Vasudev.jpg|center|thumb|210x210px|[[Jaggi Vasudev]]]]
|Jagadish Vasudev
|[[Satguru|Sadhguru]]
|"Sadhguru", alternatively spelt "[[sadguru]]",<ref name="Sanghvi2018">{{citation|last=Sanghvi|first=Rajesh D.|title=Going Beyond My Guru's for Human Welfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ded_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|page=30|year=2018|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64429-901-2}}</ref> means "real or true [[guru]]".<ref>{{citation|last=Cornille|first=Catherine|title=The Guru in Indian Catholicism: Ambiguity of Opportunity of Inculturation?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpGr1OkD9xMC&pg=PA103|page=103|year=1992|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-0566-9|author-link=Catherine Cornille}}</ref> The term has also been translated as "senior [[sadhu]]; eminent [[preceptor]]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shantipriyadas|first=S.|title=Pramukh Swami Maharaj|date=1998|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|isbn=81-7526-000-9|edition=2nd|location=Amdavad|page=307}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]