Malaiyamān Thirumudi Kāri

2021-10-06T16:13:02Z

2409:4072:6D0A:3882:0:0:CE4B:C406:

'''Malaiyamān Thirumudi Kāri''' was a Tamil king of a royal house clan of the [[Malaiyamān]] dynasty.<ref name="Topics in South Indian history:from early times up to 1565 A.D., page 54">''Topics in South Indian history:from early times up to 1565 A.D., page 54''</ref><ref name="Social and cultural history of Tamilnadu, Volume 1, page 230">''Social and cultural history of Tamilnad, Volume 1, page 230''</ref> He is one of ''Kadai ezhu vallal'', literally '''the last seven patrons''' of art and literature. The Malaiyamān chiefs ruled over the [[Tirukoilur|Tirukoyilur]] area also known as Kovalur. it was ruled by kovalar kings.It was a strategically important region located on southern the banks of the Pennar river and en route from west coast to the east coast via Arikamedu in ancient [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamilakkam]].<ref name="Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300, page 138">''Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300, page 138''</ref> Thirumudi Kari rose to become a powerful emperor in Tamilakkam before he was killed by the early Chola king [[Killivalavan]].

==Battles==

'''Defeat against Athiyaman'''

In 118 CE, he waged war on [[Dharmapuri|Thagadoor]] against the famous [[Athiyamān Nedumān Añci]]. It was an attempt fuelled by his longtime desire to become an emperor equivalent in power to the Cholas. After a fierce battle, Kāri would lose Kovalur to Athiyamān and would only regain it much later after Peruncheral Irumporai sacks Tagadur.<ref name="History of Tamilnad:to A.D. 1565, page 66">''History of Tamilnad:to A.D. 1565, page 66''</ref>

'''Victory against Ōri'''

In 120 CE, the Chera king ''Paalai paadiya'' Perum Cheral Irumporrai sought his strategic help in the conquest of [[Kolli Hills|Kollimalai]]. Kaari agreed to conquer Kollimalai for the Chera and it was agreed that the Chera should on his behalf invade Thagadoor in order to avenge his earlier defeat. This strange pact was due to the strategically important easy access points favouring the Chera and Kaari in the case of Thagadoor and Kollimalai respectively. Kāri defeated and killed Ōri, another king and took [[Kolli Hills]].<ref name="Studies in Tamil Literature and History, page 56">''Studies in Tamil Literature and History, page 56''</ref> In turn the Chera undertook the march of Thagadoor, which is memorialized in the ''Thagadoor Yaaththirai'' of [[Sangam Literature|Sangam literature]].

==Turn of events==

Thus with the help of the Chera, Kaari was climbing on the ladder to become an emperor. He began to overshadow the Chola King Killi Valavan. This prompted the Chola king to check Kaari's growth with an invasion on Thirukkoiloor. The battles were fierce, but Kaari was determined to win or die. As a result, the Cholas lost 10,000 soldiers in the first five days of the war. But on the sixth day the Malaiyamaan princes, Kaari's three-year-old twin sons, were caught by the intruding Chola spies, giving the Cholas an edge. Killi Valavan began dictating terms and Kaari was forced to venture into the enemy campsite, where he was caught and killed immediately.

The Chola king planned to crush the two princes by walking an elephant over them, but by the timely intervention of poet Kōvūr Kizhār, he changed his mind.

*excerpt from [[Purananuru]] song 46 by Kōvūr Kizhār:

{{Cquote|<center>''You were born into the line of him who relieved the pain of a dove.. ..They are children, still wearing their hair unoiled, and when they see the elephant they forget their tears. Then confused, they look around the field and feel terror, they never imagined.<ref name="The four hundred songs of war and wisdom: an anthology of poems from classical Tamil : the Puranānūru, page 36">''The four hundred songs of war and wisdom: an anthology of poems from classical Tamil : the Puranānūru, page 36''</ref>''</center>}}

The boys were raised with the patronage of the emperor and served as generals of the Chola army under Killi and his son Rasasuyam Vaetta Peru Nal Killi. After the death of [[Vēl Pāri]], another king, poet [[Kapilar]] takes the daughters of the former and leaves them in the care of Brahmins. Later poet [[Auvaiyar]] takes them and marries them to Deiveegan of the Malaiyaman family.<ref name="The culture and history of the Tamils">''The culture and history of the Tamils''</ref>

==Kadai ezhu vallal==

Malayamaan Thirumudi Kaari is considered one of the seven greatest "bestowers" of the last Sangam era – the ''Kadai Ezhu Vallalgal ''. The people of his time considered him the most modest of kings. Nobody left empty-handed after paying a visit to him and the visitor who came on barefoot would usually return mounted on a horse or an elephant of his choice. He called himself not a king but a "rightful servant of his beloved people".

*excerpt from [[Purananuru]], song 123 by [[Kapilar]]:

{{Cquote|<center>''Anyone, if he drinks toddy in the morning and gets happily drunk by the time he holds court, can give away chariots. But Malaiyan whose good fame never lessens, gives without getting drunk more tall ornamented chariots than there are drops in the clouds that form over the rich Mullūr mountain<ref name="Poets of the Tamil Anthologies, page 170">''Poets of the Tamil Anthologies, page 170''</ref>''</center>}}

'''Modesty'''

During peacetime, the king of Mulloor and Thirukkoiloor would usually start his daily routine in the [[paddy field|paddy]] (''nel''), ''saamai '' and ''thinai'' fields working with his plough and sickle. He was strong and said to be so kind-hearted that he would rather plough his fields by hand than to trouble bulls to work for him.

In one story about Kaari, the Tamil poet and saint Avvaiyaar II happened to pass by his field on course a long journey. Kaari quickly recognized the tired "mother" and without introducing himself requested that she look after his field for a few minutes and help herself to his rations in the meantime, so that he could go to a nearby pond to fetch some water. The king was away for long during which time the saint ate well and fell asleep. When sun rose the next day, Kaari returned to the field to find old mother angry. Kaari revealed his identity and explained that since she was a great friend of Athiyamaan of Thagadoor, who was his archrival, he feared she would not agree if he asked her to rest in his land. So he had to make her stay a while and bestow his land with her saintly presence. Avvaiyaar, flattered, blessed his country with perennial prosperity.

==From inscriptions and literature==

There are a lot of inscriptions available about various chiefs from the Malaiyaman family. They mostly suffixed the title ''Chēdirāyan'' to the name of the reigning [[Chola]] king whom they served. For example, we have Vikramasola Chēdirāyan and his son Vikramasola Kovalarayan, Kulottungasola Chēdirāyan etc.<ref name="The role of feudatories in later Chōḷa history, page 172">''The role of feudatories in later Chōḷa history, page 172''</ref> They were rulers of ''Miladu'' and also bore titles such as ''Milad-udaiyan'' meaning ''lord of Miladu'', ''Maladu-mannar'' or ''king of the inhabitants of hills'', ''Malaiya-manattarkukku arasar'' or ''the king of inhabitants of the great country of hills or Malayarayar.'' ''Miladu'' or ''Maladu'' is a very pure [[Tamil language|Tamil]] form of ''Malainadu'' or the hill country. Meyporunayanar, a Chēdi king from Tirukovalur is mentioned in the [[Periyapuranam]].<ref name="Nālandā and its epigraphic material, page 94">''Nālandā and its epigraphic material, page 94''</ref><ref name="Epigraphia Indica, Volume 7, page 115">''Epigraphia Indica, Volume 7, page 115''</ref><ref name="South Indian Inscriptions">''WhatsInIndia: [http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/tanjavur_temple/no.36_40_1st_niche_west_enclosure.html]''</ref> Another important person from the same line was Pillai Perumāl Chēdirāyan, a contemporary of poet [[Kambar, Tamil|Kambar]].<ref name="A topographical list of the inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, collected till 1915: with notes and references, Volume 1, page 136">''A topographical list of the inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, collected till 1915:
with notes and references, Volume 1, page 136''</ref>

We have a lot of chiefs of the Malaiyaman family making donations to temples in and around Tirukoyilur. For example, we find that [[Kulothunga Chola II]] gifted some lands for the puja at the local [[Vishnu]] temple at the request of Kulottungasola Chēdirāyan(ARE 124 of 1900). We have another chief called Rajendra Chola Chēdirāyan making donations to the temple(ARE 388 of 1909) in [[Tirukkoyilur]]. Yet another chief, Malaiyan Chēdirāyan endowed one vēli of land to the temple at Somasikiranur.<ref name="Vishveshvaranand Indological journal, Volume 17, page 136">''Vishveshvaranand Indological journal, Volume 17, page 136''</ref><ref name="Vishveshvaranand Indological journal, Volume 17, page 138">''Vishveshvaranand Indological journal, Volume 17, page 138''</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300 By Radha Champakalakshmi
*Topics in South Indian history: from early times up to 1565 A.D. By A. Krishnaswami
*Social and cultural history of Tamilnad, Volume 1 By N. Subrahmanian
*Studies in Tamil Literature and History By Ramachandra Dikshitar
*History of Tamilnad: to A.D. 1565 By N. Subrahmanian
*The culture and history of the Tamils By Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri
*The four hundred songs of war and wisdom: an anthology of poems from classical Tamil : the Puranānūru, Translations from the Asian classics, By George L. Hart, Hank Heifetz
*Poets of the Tamil Anthologies By George L. Hart III
*The role of feudatories in later Chōḷa history By M. S. Govindasamy
*Nālandā and its epigraphic material By Hiranand Sastri
*Epigraphia Indica, Volume 7 By Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarkar, Archaeological Survey of India, India. Dept. of Archaeology, India. Archaeological Survey
*A topographical list of the inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, collected till 1915: with notes and references, Volume 1 By Vijayaraghava Rangacharya
*http://www.whatisindia.com

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of Mulloor]]|before=[[Vēlmagan Malaiyan]]|after=[[Malaiyamaan Thirumudikkilli and Thaervann Malaiyan]]|years=106C.E.–122C.E }}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malaiyaman Thirumudi Kari}}
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]
[[Category:2nd-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kadai ezhu vallal]]

IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

Malaiyamān Thirumudi Kāri