James Lind naturalist

2022-12-14T09:39:22Z

2A00:23C7:C89A:DB01:C00F:DC50:30C0:B295:

{{Short description|Scottish philosopher and physician (1736–1812)}}
{{other people||James Lind (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox medical person
|name = James Lind
|honorific_suffix = {{postnom|country=GBR|size=100%|FRSE|FRCPE}}
|image = Lind silhouette.jpg
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1736|05|17}}
|birth_place = [[Gorgie, Edinburgh]], Scotland
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1812|10|17|1736|05|17}}
|death_place = [[Russell Square, London]], England
|profession = Natural philosopher Physician
|specialism =
|research_field =
|known_for =
|years_active =
|education = [[Edinburgh University]] (MD 1768)
|work_institutions = Surgeon, [[East India Company]] Fellow of the [[College of Physicians, Edinburgh|College of Physicians]]
|prizes =
|relations = [[James Lind]]
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
'''James Lind''' [[Royal Society of London|FRS]] [[FRSE]] [[FRCPE]] (1736–1812) was a Scottish [[natural philosopher]] and physician.

==Life==
James Lind was born in [[Gorgie, Edinburgh]] on 17 May 1736.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=FamilySearch.org|url=https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LC7P-NTG/james-lind-1736-1812|access-date=2021-05-09|website=ancestors.familysearch.org}}</ref>

He studied medicine at [[Edinburgh University]] under [[William Cullen]] and [[Joseph Black]],<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|title=Lind, James (1736-1812)|url=https://androom.home.xs4all.nl/biography/p014378.htm|access-date=2021-11-29|website=androom.home.xs4all.nl}}</ref> and graduated in 1768.<ref name=":28">{{Cite journal|last=Bebbington|first=W. G.|title=A Friend of Shelley: Dr. James Lind|date=1960-03-01|url=https://academic.oup.com/nq/article/7/3/83/4626215|journal=Notes and Queries|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=83–93|doi=10.1093/nq/7-3-83|issn=1471-6941}}</ref> In 1766, he then joined the [[East India Company]] as surgeon. In 1768 he received his doctorate (MD) from Edinburgh upon completing a dissertation on [[marsh fever]] (malaria) in Bengal.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=daisy|date=2017-03-08|title=James Lind|url=https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/heritage/college-history/james-lind|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.rcpe.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref> On 6 November 1770 he was admitted a Fellow of the [[College of Physicians, Edinburgh|College of Physicians]], Edinburgh.<ref name="DNB attribution"/> Lind was also a corresponding member of the [[Lunar Society of Birmingham|Lunar Society]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Guston|first=David|url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/24cb1da5-a512-4de1-b24c-639b6452dbec/628778.pdf|title=Frankenstein: Annotated for Scientists, Engineers, and Creaters of All Kinds|publisher=The MIT Press|year=2017|isbn=9780262533287|pages=xxiv, xxvi}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=1992-07-31|title=Shelley and science|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1992.0025|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=46|issue=2|pages=253–265|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1992.0025|pmid=11623027|issn=0035-9149|last1=King-Hele|first1=D. G.|s2cid=43302716}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last=Ruston|first=Sharon|date=2008-10-01|title=Shelley's Links to the Midlands Enlightenment: James Lind and Adam Walker|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2007.tb00334.x|journal=Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies|language=en|volume=30|issue=2|pages=227–241|doi=10.1111/j.1754-0208.2007.tb00334.x}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=Ruston|first=S|date=2008|title=Shelley's Links to the Midlands Enlightenment: James Lind and Adam Walker|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249496898|url-status=live|website=Research Gate}}</ref>

=== Personality ===
Lind is widely regarded as having an eccentric personality,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2002-05-01|title=Scot's monster role played up|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/1959374.stm|access-date=2021-11-25}}</ref> and considered to be reckless with spending money as captured by the following dialogue: "Why, Dr. Lind, you spend a whole seas of gold", to which Lind replied, "Madam, 'tis true, my very name, behold, Begins with pounds and ends, alas, with pence"<ref name=":28" />

[[Charles Burney]] described Lind as extremely thin, tall, with grey hair as seen around age 70 ('a mere lath'). Dr. [[Fanny Burney]] wrote that Lind was generally acknowledged to have a sweet disposition.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Lind, James (McKechnie Section 1) {{!}} profilesofthepast.org.uk|url=http://www.profilesofthepast.org.uk/mckechnie/lind-james-mckechnie-section-1|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.profilesofthepast.org.uk}}</ref> She also cast doubt whether he obtained much of a private medical practice: "his taste for trickes, conundrums and queer things makes people fearful of his trying experiments on their constitutions, and think of him a better conjuror than a physician; though I don't know why the same man should not be both".<ref name="DNB attribution"/><ref name=":4" />

[[Percy Shelley]] said Lind to be, "...exactly what an old man ought to be. Free, calm-spirited, full of benevolence, and even of youthful ardor: his eye seemed to burn with supernatural spirit beneath his brow, shaded by his venerable white locks, he was tall, vigorous, and healthy in his body; tempered, as it had ever been, by his amiable mind. I owe to that man far, ah! far more than I owe to my father: he loved me, and I shall never forget our long talks, where he breathed the spirit of the kindest tolerance and the purest wisdom,"<ref name=":5" />

In ''A Sketch of My Life,'' Lind's son Alexander Frances Lind wrote: "Would that my feeble pen could render better justice to my father's memory; and would that I had been older to have profited by the instructions he was so peculiarly fitted to afford. I have been told, and I believe it, that few men existed of more universal knowledge; and that very few could be met, whose conversation was do instructive, and whose life and manners were more gently, and unassuming."<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Harvey|first=June|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0fhDwAAQBAJ&q=a+sketch+of+my+life%2C+alexander+frances+lind%2C+james+lind&pg=PA68|title=The Sherwill Journals, 1840-1843: Voyages and Encounters in the Eastern Cape of Southern Africa|date=2020-03-06|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-5275-4827-5|pages=68|language=en}}</ref>

=== Family ===
James Lind was the son of Alexander Lind of Gorgie, [[FRSE]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catalogue of Archives and Manuscripts Collections {{!}} National Library of Scotland {{!}} NLSMSS {{!}} 'Copy of a Memoire or paper upon Lime, read in a Meeting of the Philosophical Society at Edinburgh Aug: 2[d] 1739 containing an Account of the Materials of which it is made, the way of burning or calcining Limestone, and the Nature [and] Properties and uses of Lime by Mr [Alexander] Lind [of Gorgie] Member of the Said Society.'|url=https://manuscripts.nls.uk/repositories/2/archival_objects/40916|access-date=2021-12-03|website=manuscripts.nls.uk}}</ref> (who was the son of George Lind of Gorgie, Sheriff Deputy of Edinburgh, and Jean Montgomery of Smithton<ref name=":20">{{Cite book|last=Foster|first=Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAU5AQAAMAAJ&dq=Robert+Macan+francis+alexander+lind&pg=PA791|title=The Royal Lineage of Our Noble and Gentle Families: Together with Their Paternal Ancestry ...|date=1887|publisher=Hatchards|pages=791|language=en}}</ref>) Lind's great-grandfather was John Lind IV (who was the son of Mary Boyd of Pittfinde).<ref name=":21" /> John Lind IV and Isabel had five children.<ref name=":20" /> Their other notable descendants included [[James Keir]],<ref>Barbara M. D. Smith and J. L. Moilliet, ''James Keir of the Lunar Society'', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Vol. 22, No. 1/2 (Sep. 1967), pp. 144–154, at p. 144. Published by: Royal Society. {{jstor|531194}}</ref> and [[George Lind]] (who was Lord Provost of Edinburgh, and Member of Parliament for Edinburgh),<ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Lind, James (1736 - 1812)|volume=33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sir Bernard Burke|title=Index to Burke's dictionary of the landed gentry of Great Britain & Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2hHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203|year=1853|publisher=Colburn and Company|page=203}}</ref><ref name="Douglas">{{cite book|author=Sir Robert Douglas|title=The Genealogy of the Family of Lind, and the Montgomeries of Smithton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bBXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT11|year=1795|publisher=Privately printed|page=11}}</ref><ref name=":21" /> and Colonel John Lind, and Major-General John Lind (1733 - 1795), and Anne Lind (who was the wife of [[Richard Cooper, the elder|Richard Cooper]]), and the distinguished physician [[James Lind|James Lind of Haslar]] (1716 – 1794) (who is the namesake of the [[James Lind Alliance]]), and [[James Lind (Royal Navy officer)|Sir James Lind]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Lind, James (1736-1812) on JSTOR|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000033179|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-07|website=plants.jstor.org|doi=}}</ref> and [[John Lind (barrister)]], and [[Sir James Grant, 8th Baronet|Sir James Grant]].<ref name=":11" />

The surname Lind, of which the motto was ''Semper Virescit Virtus'',<ref name=":28" /> is derived from Lynne of [[Ayrshire]] in Scotland. Synonymous variations include Lynne, Linn and Lind used by free Barons from the earliest of recorded history. There were Linns [[of that Ilk]] in Ayrshire, and Linns of Pitmade in Perthshire. James Lind is descended from the Linds of Ayrshire. [[John Balliol|King John Balliol]] mentions [[William de Lynn|William de Lynne]] of that Ilk in a donation, who is a direct forefather in the Lind lineage.<ref name=":21">{{Cite book|last1=Burke|first1=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVI4AQAAMAAJ&q=lind|title=A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the landed gentry of Great Britain and Ireland|last2=Burke|first2=Bernard|date=1849|publisher=Henry Colburn, Publisher, Great Marlborough Street|language=en}}</ref> Lind's mother, Helen Allardice (1697 - 1746) was daughter of [[George Allardice|Sir George Allardice]], Member of Parliament and Master of the Mint of Scotland,<ref name="Burke">{{cite book|author1=John Burke|author2=Bernard Burke|title=The Royal Families of England, Scotland, and Wales: With Their Descendants, Sovereigns and Subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfAxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA289|year=1848|publisher=E. Churton|page=289}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Clan Allardice History|url=https://www.scotclans.com/scottish-clans/clan-allardice/allardice-history/|access-date=2021-11-23|website=ScotClans {{!}} Scottish Clans|language=en-US}}</ref> through whom James Lind was 10th in descent from [[James II of Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burke|first1=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfAxAQAAMAAJ&q=alexander+lind|title=The Royal Families of England, Scotland, and Wales: With Their Descendants, Sovereigns and Subjects, "Lind and Sherwill"|last2=Burke|first2=Bernard|date=1848|publisher=E. Churton|pages=Pedigree LXXX|language=en}}</ref>

Lind married Ann Elizabeth Mealy on 07 Nov 1778.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0tGAAAAcAAJ&q=rev+john+Lockman+windsor+james+lind&pg=PA615|title=The Lady's Magazine Or Entertaining Companion for the Fair Sex: Appropriated Solely to Their Use and Amusement|date=1778|publisher=Baldwin, Cradock & Joy|pages=615|language=en}}</ref> She is mentioned in [[Fanny Burney|Burney]]'s ''Diary,'' she mentioned his wife as "a fat handsome wife who is as tall as himself and about six times as big".<ref name="DNB attribution" /><ref name=":4" /> [[Charlotte Papendiek]] referred to her as "needlewoman and everything to the Duchess of Portland at Bulstrode".<ref name=":28" /> Mealy was daughter of John Mealy of [[Middlesex]] and Elizabeth Parry of Perveddgoed.<ref name="Burke" /> whose pedigree included lineage from [[David Daron]]<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|last=Griffith|first=John Edwards|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hVgegx0mNoC&dq=richard+parry+elizabeth+mealy&pg=PA166|title=Pedigrees of Anglesey and Carnarvonshire Families, with Their Collateral Branches in Denbighshire, Merionethshire, and Other Parts|date=1914|publisher=Bridge Books|isbn=978-0-9508285-5-8|pages=166|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Burke|first=Bernard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni4BAAAAQAAJ&dq=richard+parry+elizabeth+mealy&pg=PA1001|title=A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland "Mealy of Perfeddgoed"|date=1863|publisher=Harrison|language=en}}</ref> who was the [[:Category:Deans of Bangor|Dean of Bangor in 1399]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cotton|first=John Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZLOZKTNrHwC&dq=archdeacon+of+bangor+david+daron&pg=RA1-PA178|title=The Life and Speeches of the Very Reverend J. H. Cotton, B.C.L., Dean of Bangor, and Rector of Llanllechyd: With a Brief Sketch of the Period in which He Lived, to which is Added an Appendix Containing a Chronological List with Biographical Sketches of the Deans of Bangor, from 1162 to the Present Time|date=1874|publisher=Nixon and Jarvis|pages=178–179|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Samuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNlOAAAAYAAJ&dq=archdeacon+of+bangor+david+daron&pg=PP67|title=A Topographical Dictionary of Wales: Comprising the Several Counties, Cities, Boroughs, Corporate and Market Towns, Parishes, Chapelaries, and Townships, with Historical and Statistical Descriptions: Embellished with Engravings of the Arms of the Cities, Bishoprics, Corporate Towns, and Boroughs; and of the Seals of the Various Municipal Corporations. With an Appendix Describing the Electoral Boundaries of the Several Boroughs, as Defined by the Late Act: Also Illustrated by Maps of the Different Counties, and a Map of North and South Wales|date=1842|publisher=S. Lewis|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Breverton|first=Terry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XGoAwAAQBAJ&dq=henry+percy+hotspur+david+daron&pg=PP182|title=Owain Glyndwr: The Story of the Last Prince of Wales|date=2009-05-15|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-4456-0876-1|language=en}}</ref> Ann died at the age of 48 from an [[apoplectic]] fit.<ref name=":28" /> Lind had at least four children by Ann Elizabeth Mealy:<ref name="DNB" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=CH|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_dfAAAAcAAJ&dq=Dr.+James+Lind+of+Windsor&pg=PA627|title=James Lind, M.D., of Windsor|publisher=Gentleman's Magazine, Or Monthly Intelligencer, Volume 80|year=1865|pages=627–631|language=en}}</ref> Their notable children included: Lucy Maria Lind (1783-1858), later Sherwill, who profiled [[Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom]];<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Douglas" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Sue McKechnie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExtmQgAACAAJ&pg=PA272|title=British Silhouette Artists and Their Work, 1760–1860|publisher=P. Wilson for Sotheby Parke Bernet|year=1978|isbn=978-0-85667-036-7|page=272}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sherwill Silhouette Album, 130 silhouettes, some cut and some printed {{!}} Page 1226 {{!}} National Galleries of Scotland|url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/8878/sherwill-silhouette-album-130-silhouettes-some-cut-and-some-printed|access-date=2021-11-22|website=www.nationalgalleries.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sherwill, Lucy Maria, Mrs {{!}}profilesofthepast.org.uk|url=http://www.profilesofthepast.org.uk/artist/sherwill-lucy-maria-mrs|access-date=2021-11-22|website=www.profilesofthepast.org.uk}}</ref> Dorothea Sophia Banks Lind (1786 - 1863), who married [[Isaac Gosset (chaplain)|Isaac Gosset]] (1782 – 1855), and whose daughter Helen Dorothea or Dorothy Gosset married [[William Driscoll Gosset]];<ref>{{cite book|author=Gordon Willoughby James Gyll|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7NCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA230|title=History of the Parish of Wraysbury, Ankerwycke Priory, and Magna Charta Island: With the History of Horton, and the Town of Colnbrook, Bucks|publisher=H. G. Bohn|year=1862|page=230}}</ref> Alexander Francis Lind (1797 - 1832), who was a civil servant for [[Marquess of Ailesbury|Lord Ailesbury]] and for [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Queen Charlotte]], and who was Judge of [[Mirzapur]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Read the eBook List of inscriptions on Christian tombs and tablets of historical interest in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh by Edward Blunt online for free (page 26 of 43)|url=https://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/edward-blunt/list-of-inscriptions-on-christian-tombs-and-tablets-of-historical-interest-in-th-hci/page-26-list-of-inscriptions-on-christian-tombs-and-tablets-of-historical-interest-in-th-hci.shtml|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.ebooksread.com}}</ref> and who married Anna Maria Macan (1802 - 1862) who was the daughter of Robert Macan [[High Sheriff of Armagh]] in 1814.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Macan, Arthur Jacob {{!}} Dictionary of Irish Biography|url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/macan-arthur-jacob-a9931|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.dib.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Macan|first=J|date=2005|title=Robert Macan,Newry Bank 1807-16|url=http://www.newryjournal.co.uk/content/view/928/31/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015122411/http://www.newryjournal.co.uk/content/view/928/31/|archive-date=15 October 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Mary Shelley's ''Frankenstein'' ===
Lind taught at [[Eton College]] while in semi-retirement. Around 1809, he tutored [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]],<ref name="Holmes2005">{{cite book|author=Richard Holmes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zI7RDSSltIC&pg=PA25|title=Shelley: The Pursuit|publisher=Harper Perennial|year=2005|isbn=978-0-00-720458-8|pages=25–6}}</ref> husband of [[Mary Shelley]]. Percy alluded to Lind in two poems from 1817, the old man who rescues Laon in ''[[The Revolt of Islam]]'', and ''Prince Athanase'', where he appears as the wise old teacher magus Zonoras.<ref name=":0" />

Percy was fascinated with Lind's experiments and demonstrations of [[galvanism]] (e.g. using electricity to animate the muscles of dead frogs causing them to jump, or causing the jerking of reptile muscles), hence Lind has been suggested to have been an inspirational origin of Mary Shelley's ''[[Frankenstein]]''.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Goulding|first=Christopher|date=2002|title=The real Doctor Frankenstein?|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=95|issue=5|pages=257–259|doi=10.1177/014107680209500514|issn=0141-0768|pmc=1279684|pmid=11983772}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite book|last1=Institute|first1=Bathroom Readers'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bClZDwAAQBAJ&dq=James+lind+mary+shelley+witnessed+frogs+night&pg=PT394|title=Uncle John's Bathroom Reader Plunges Into Great Lives|last2=Padgett|first2=JoAnn|date=2012-08-15|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-60710-689-0|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite book|last=Danson|first=Edwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCznAwAAQBAJ&dq=james+lind+1736&pg=PA100|title=Weighing the World: The Quest to Measure the Earth|date=2009-05-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972509-0|pages=101|language=en}}</ref> Specifically, it is thought [[Mary Shelley|Mary Woolstoncraft Shelley]] had a nightmare while staying with Percy Shelley at Byron's House in [[Lake Geneva]] due to Percy reminiscing about Lind's bizarre experiments.<ref name=":25" /> Lind is also thought to be the source for the character of the blind old man, De Lacey,<ref name=":2">{{cite book|author=Mary Ellen Snodgrass|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEAcjezGec4C&pg=PA127|title=Encyclopedia of Gothic Literature|date=14 May 2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0911-4|page=127}}</ref> as well as [[Doctor Waldman|Doctor M. Waldman]]<ref name=":1" /> in the novel ''[[Frankenstein]].''

Lind is also thought to be a trace influential origin of [[Dracula]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Altschuler|first=Eric Lewin|date=2003|title=Hereditary somnambulism in Dracula|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=96|issue=1|pages=51–52|doi=10.1177/014107680309600124|issn=0141-0768|pmid=12519810|pmc=539385}}</ref>

=== Freemasonry ===
Lind was involved in freemasonry in Scotland. He was initiated in the Canongate Kilwinning, Lodge No. 2, on 2 August 1758. He was also active in the Grand Lodge of Scotland, of which he was Senior Grand Warden between 1769 – 1771.<ref>[[iarchive:cu31924030291771/page/n4|History of the Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No. 2, compiled from the records 1677-1888. By Alan MacKenzie. 1888. P.242]].</ref>

== Death ==
Late in life, a portrait of Lind was painted by John Keenan in 1807.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Graves|first=Algernon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEQpAAAAYAAJ&dq=dr.+lind+windsor&pg=PA306|title=The Royal Academy of Arts: A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and Their Work from Its Foundation in 1769 to 1904|date=1906|publisher=H. Graves and Company, Limited|pages=306|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Library|first=Carl H. Pforzheimer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NY-CUysZc8AC&dq=john+keenan+portraits+lind&pg=PA330|title=Shelley and His Circle, 1773-1822|date=1961|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=330|language=en}}</ref>

Lind died at the house of his son-in-law, William Burnie, in [[Russell Square]], London, on 17 October 1812.<ref name="DNB attribution" /> Alexander Francis Lind indicated the cause of death was, "of a suppression of urine, which for nearly five years before his death kept him in ceaseless agony".<ref name=":28" /> He is buried in at [[St George's, Bloomsbury|St George's Church]] on [[Bloomsbury, London|Bloomsbury Way, London]] in the crypt, coffin 6084.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":23" />
[[File:Lind_signature.jpg|right|thumb|alt=James Lind's signature|James Lind's signature<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TGY3AQAAMAAJ&dq=dr.+lind+windsor+lightening+house&pg=PA338|title=The Monthly Magazine: Or, British Register ...|date=1821|pages=338–339|language=en}}</ref>]]

== Career ==
In addition to medicine, Lind was interested in a variety of sciences (botany, astronomy, meteorology, geology, chemistry, etc.), collected antiques and drawings, and was a silhouette artist and played the [[bassoon]] and flute.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /> He was an expert in [[Pliny the Younger|Pliny]] and [[Lucretius]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSLJnGMUw9wC&dq=james+lind+dr.+franklin&pg=PA121|title=The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science|date=2009-07-14|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-37832-3|pages=121|language=en}}</ref>

As a member of the Society, Lind was closely acquainted with many prominent scientists of his era exemplified by [[James Watt]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=James Watt|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/SCwatt.htm|access-date=2021-05-08|website=Spartacus Educational|language=en}}</ref> Watt confided in Lind in discussing his [[Watt steam engine|steam engine]], and in Watt's publication, ''Description of a New [[Perspective machine|Perspective Machine]]'', he opens by referring to Lind: "The perspective machine was invented about 1765, in consequence of my friend Dr. James Lind having brought from India a machine [...] invented by Mr. Hurst."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Watt|first=James|title=Description of a new perspective machine - Page 259 - Science Hall of Fame - National Library of Scotland|url=https://digital.nls.uk/scientists/archive/74916639|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-12|website=digital.nls.uk|page=259}}</ref>

=== Career highlights ===

==== Astronomy and Naval Voyages ====
[[File:Lind_telescope.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Neat and organised handwritten page from William Godwin's journal.|James Lind's 2-foot refracting telescope made by [[Jesse Ramsden]] with a lens by [[Peter Dollond]] and mounting by John Miller. Used by Lind to view the 1769 transit of Venus.<ref name=":9" />]]In astronomy, Lind utilized a telescope<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Kevin|date=2006|title=A Glimpse at the Astronomy Heritage of the Science Museum, London|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2006JAHH....9..159J|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-12|journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage|volume=9|issue=2|page=159-165|bibcode=2006JAHH....9..159J}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=Eric|date=1956|title=The Lunar Society and the improvement of scientific instruments: I|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00033795600200246|journal=Annals of Science|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=298|doi=10.1080/00033795600200246|issn=0003-3790}}</ref> to observe the [[transit of Venus]] from [[Hawkhill]] and reported his account to the [[Royal Society]] in 1769, and printed with remarks from [[Nevil Maskelyne]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lind|first=J|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifZbAAAAcAAJ&dq=james+lind+clock+watch&pg=PA655|title=XLIV. An Account of the late Transit of Venus, observed at Hawkhill, near Edinburgh.|date=1809|pages=655|language=en}}</ref> [[Andrew Pringle, Lord Alemore|Lord Alemore]] had built Lind an observatory at his house in Hawkhill for this purpose (as noted in a letter from [[Lord Loudoun]])<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Emerson|first=Roger L.|date=1985|title=The Philosophical Society of Edinburgh 1768–1783|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/article/abs/philosophical-society-of-edinburgh-17681783/7D59A74C435F799844D615DC374E4BDB|journal=The British Journal for the History of Science|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=255–303|doi=10.1017/S0007087400022391|pmid=11620799|s2cid=19803589 |issn=1474-001X}}</ref> also known as "the observatory of Hawk-hill westward".<ref name=":29">{{Cite book|last=Hewitt|first=Rachel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q57yDwAAQBAJ&dq=james+lind+cruickshank&pg=PR49-IA26|title=Map of a Nation: A Biography of the Ordnance Survey|date=2011-07-07|publisher=Granta Publications|isbn=978-1-84708-452-1|language=en}}</ref> Lind likewise observed an eclipse of the moon at the same location, the account of which was likewise read to the Royal Society.<ref name=":4" /> Lind kept up a correspondence with [[Patrick Wilson (astronomer)|Patrick Wilson]] about [[William Herschel]]'s astronomical works.<ref>Christopher Goulding, ''Shelley's Cosmological Sublime: William Herschel, James Lind and "The Multitudinous Orb"'', The Review of English Studies New Series, Vol. 57, No. 232 (Nov. 2006), pp. 783–792, at p. 788. Published by: Oxford University Press.
{{jstor|501525}}</ref> Lind also traveled with [[Caroline Herschel]] to view a comet in [[Slough]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Herschel|first=Mrs John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2bvAAAAMAAJ&q=Lind|title=Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel|date=1876|publisher=J. Murray|isbn=978-1-108-01366-6|pages=65|language=en}}</ref> Like William Herschel, Lind believed in [[cosmic pluralism]]<ref name=":17" /> and recently has been suggested to have observed a [[UFO]] at Windsor.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fort|first=Hugh|date=2020-07-11|title=Extraordinary tale of how the first UFO was seen over Berkshire|url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/news/berkshire-history/extraordinary-tale-how-first-ever-18570652|access-date=2021-11-24|website=BerkshireLive|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Lind_equatorial.jpg|right|thumb|alt=James Lind in Iceland making an observation with an equatorial made by Ramsden|James Lind in Iceland making an observation with an equatorial made by Ramsden<ref>{{Cite book|last=McConnell|first=Anita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7baoDQAAQBAJ&dq=james+lind+1736&pg=PT52|title=Jesse Ramsden (1735–1800): London's Leading Scientific Instrument Maker|date=2016-12-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-92536-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The British Library MS Viewer, "ms_15511_f013r"|url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ms_15511_f013r|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-01|website=www.bl.uk}}</ref>]]

Lind's wife, Ann Elizabeth Mealy, was suggested to have been the first to observed volcanic activity on the moon despite Herschel receiving credit for the observation.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":17" /> The red flashes they observed were later determined to not be volcanic.<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Grasse Tyson|first=N|title=Death by Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandaries|year=2007}}</ref>

As a naturalist, Lind collected plant specimens during voyages aboard ''Drake'' (1762-1763) and ''Hampshire'' (1765-1767) with significant collections made at the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]] and the [[Comoros]] en route to India and south-east Asia.<ref name=":0" /> Lind visited:

* China in 1766 (having brought back a specimen of [[Lemon-grass|lemon grass]] that was sampled in [[tea]]),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Society|first=Dorset Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4JnAAAAMAAJ&q=Lind+1736+electricity|title=The Thomas Backett Papers, Dorset Record Society, Issue 3|date=1964|pages=16|language=en}}</ref> later in 1789 Lind also visited [[Soho Square]] to draft an important spreadsheet that cross-referenced Chinese plants from Chinese texts and Latin texts (Lind also spoke Chinese,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scotland|first=Society of Antiquaries of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxcnAQAAIAAJ&dq=Dr.+James+Lind+of+Windsor&pg=PA214|title=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland|date=1878|pages=214|language=en}}</ref> in addition to his knowledge of Latin previously used to write his dissertation) which enabled botanists to place accurate orders of exotic flora.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goodman|first1=Jordan|last2=Jarvis|first2=Charles|date=2017|title=THE JOHN BRADBY BLAKE DRAWINGS IN THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, LONDON: JOSEPH BANKS PUTS THEM TO WORK, "Lind MSS, Library and Archives, Natural History Museum"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48505833|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|volume=34|issue=4|pages=251–275|doi=10.1111/curt.12203|jstor=48505833|issn=1355-4905}}</ref> Lind also contributed to Fanny Burney's efforts to develop a chapter on Chinese music in the fifth volume of the History of Music.<ref name=":28" /> Lind's witty sarcasm is showcased as he told [[Pieter Camper]] "the Chinese do not wish to bring up their children, but drown them in the river".<ref name=":28" /> Lind was later requested to join the [[Macartney Embassy]] in China in 1792 but Lind declined.<ref name=":27">{{Citation|title=BACK MATTER|date=2000|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9781848160262_bmatter|work=The Letters of Sir Joseph Banks|pages=347–420|publisher=IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS/WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING|language=en|doi=10.1142/9781848160262_bmatter|isbn=978-1-86094-204-4|access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref>
* Iceland in 1772 with [[Joseph Banks]], [[Uno von Troil]] and [[Daniel Solander]] where they were among the first to reach the summit of [[Hekla volcano]],<ref name=":26">{{Cite book|last1=Crook|first1=Nora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGc69j5o_OIC&dq=james+lind+1736&pg=PA21|title=Shelley's Venomed Melody|last2=Guiton|first2=Derek|date=1986-08-21|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-32084-9|pages=21|language=en}}</ref> and Lind measured the height of [[Geysir]] in [[Haukadalur]] with a [[Quadrant (instrument)|quadrant]].<ref name=":27" />
* South Africa in 1779.<ref name=":0" />

The Icelandic expedition of 1772 took place after initial unsuccessful plans for both [[Joseph Banks|Banks]] and Lind to sail with [[James Cook]] on his [[Second voyage of James Cook|second voyage]]<ref name=":5" /> as mentioned in [[A Voyage Round the World]]; Lind was to be hired as astronomer and to receive £4000 for the voyage. Consistent with the misidentification of the James Lind cousins, some sources credit the cousin [[James Lind|James Lind (1716-1794)]] as the astronomer candidate for Cook's second voyage,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kodicek|first1=Egon|last2=Young|first2=Frank|title=CAPTAIN COOK AND SCURVY|url=https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/history/Kodicek_1969.pdf|url-status=live|page=52}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=James C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxnhDwAAQBAJ&q=4%2C000+payment+voyage++james+lind&pg=PA176|title=Captain James Cook and the Search for Antarctica|date=2020-05-30|publisher=Pen and Sword History|isbn=978-1-5267-5360-1|pages=176, 281|language=en}}</ref> however there is no doubt regarding the identity of James Lind (1736-1812) as noted in his son's memoirs ''A Sketch of My Life''<ref name=":10" />'','' and supported with the following excerpts from the Society minutes: <blockquote>Dr James Lind is recommended to the Board of Longitude ‘as a person who will be extremely useful in the intended voyage for discoveries in remote parts; on account of his skill and experience in his profession, and from his great Knowledge in Mineralogy, Chemistry, Mechanics, and various branches of Natural Philosophy; and also from his having spent several years in different climates, in the Indies'.-R.S.,<ref>Beaglehole's edition of Cook's journals, vol II, p. 913; 8 February. Royal Society, Minutes of Council.</ref> It was not really Cook but Joseph Banks who wanted Lind as part of his large entourage, and after Banks had failed to get his will with regards to the expedition ships of Cook's second voyage and decided not to go, they went to Iceland, the [[Hebrides]] and the [[Orkney Islands]] together instead in 1772.<ref>Council Minutes, vol. VI, p. 131. 10</ref></blockquote>

Lind is likewise credited with first discovering the latitude of [[Islay]],<ref name=":3" /> and developed a map of the island which was accepted by the geographical authority of era; Lind gave the map to [[Thomas Pennant]].<ref name="DNB" /><ref name=":4" /> In reference to intellectual curiosity and government funding opportunities, Lind said, " [...] I am turned Longitude mad and I have go a most novel Sextant made by my friend Ramsden, which altho only Six inches Radius it is divided to half seconds. A magnifier magnifies the [[Nonius (device)|nonius]] and Telescope magnifies the Observation."<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edney|first=Matthew|date=1994|title=Mathematical Cosmography and the Social Ideology of British Cartography, 1780-1820|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1151193|journal=Imago Mundi|volume=46|pages=101–116|doi=10.1080/03085699408592791|jstor=1151193|issn=0308-5694}}</ref>

In 1774, Lind applied to professorship at Edinburgh competing against [[Andrew Duncan (physician, born 1744)|Andrew Duncan]], [[William Buchan (physician)|William Buchan]], [[Daniel Rutherford]] and others, but Lind was not selected for the position.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Emerson|first=Roger L.|date=1988|title=The Scottish Enlightenment and the End of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4026861|journal=The British Journal for the History of Science|volume=21|issue=1|pages=33–66|doi=10.1017/S0007087400024377|jstor=4026861|pmid=11621404|s2cid=40316609 |issn=0007-0874}}</ref>

Lind invented the Lind Type Tube [[Anemometer]] (portable wind gauge) in 1775,<ref>{{Cite web|title=James Lind {{!}} Science Museum Group Collection|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp16490/james-lind|access-date=2021-05-08|website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk|language=en}}</ref> a prototype of which he had sent to [[Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet|Sir John Pringle]].<ref name=":4" /> Lind also designed a rain gauge<ref name=":28" /> as well as a [[barometer]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harley|first1=J. B.|last2=Walters|first2=Gwyn|date=1977|title=William Roy's Maps, Mathematical Instruments and Library: The Christie's Sale of 1790|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1150526|journal=Imago Mundi|volume=29|pages=9–22|doi=10.1080/03085697708592449|jstor=1150526|issn=0308-5694}}</ref> which he took to the summit of [[Arthur's Seat]] in collaboration with [[William Roy]].<ref name=":29" />

==== Military ====
In 1776, Lind and Captain Alexander Blair developed the first rifled canon.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Danson|first=Edwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCznAwAAQBAJ&dq=James+Lind+cannon+rifling&pg=PA101|title=Weighing the World: The Quest to Measure the Earth|date=2009-05-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972509-0|pages=101|language=en}}</ref> It fired a special one pound led shot and was equipped with a telescopic sight. It was not successfully adopted, although the technologies described became widely used in future weapons.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Carman|first=W. Y.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu6oCgAAQBAJ&dq=James+Lind+telescopic+sight&pg=PA50|title=A History of Firearms: From Earliest Times to 1914|date=2015-10-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-41116-1|pages=50|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hime|first=HWL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jEcAQAAMAAJ&dq=rifle+telescopic+sights+1776+lind&pg=PA94|title=National Service, "Chronology of Events Connected with the Materiel of Artillery"|date=1919|publisher=Military Training Publishing Corporation|pages=94|language=en}}</ref>

==== Windsor ====
[[File:James_Lind_(1736).jpg|right|thumb|alt=Neat and organised handwritten page from William Godwin's journal.|NE corner of the terrace at Windsor Castle, study for a print; with figures including [[Tiberius Cavallo]], Dr James Lind, Dr [[John Lockman (priest)|Lockman]], [[Caroline Herschel]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Roberta J. M. Olson |author2= Jay M. Pasachoff|title=The Comets of Caroline Herschel (1750-1848), Sleuth of the Skies at Slough |journal=Culture and Cosmos |volume=16 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–26 |year=2012 |arxiv=1212.0809}}</ref> [[Thomas Sandby]] looking out towards the comet on 18 Aug 1783<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Lind, James (1736-1812) - Silhouette of George III|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1047678-am|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.rct.uk|language=en}}</ref> (background not shown), one pointing. 1783 Watercolour, over graphite<ref>Royal Collection Trust. https://www.rct.uk/collection/914577/the-meteor-of-1783-seen-from-the-east-end-of-the-north-terrace; Oppé, A.P., 1947. The Drawings of Paul and Thomas Sandby in the Collection of His Majesty The King at Windsor Castle, London – O(S) 53</ref>]]

Lind was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London 18 December 1777. Around the same time he seems to have settled at [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]], where he later became physician to the royal household for [[George III|King George III]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Milne|first=Iain|date=2012|title=Who was James Lind, and what exactly did he achieve|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=105|issue=12|pages=503–508|doi=10.1258/jrsm.2012.12k090|issn=0141-0768|pmc=3536506|pmid=23288083}}</ref><ref name="DNB attribution"/> Lind lived on [[Park Street, Mayfair]] and was a neighbor of [[Jean-André Deluc]].<ref name=":28" />

Among miscellaneous tasks the King had assigned to Lind, in Jan 1782 Lind planted at cabbage garden intended to protect hares over winter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lind, James (1736-1812) - Silhouette of George III|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1047678-am|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.rct.uk|language=en}}</ref> Lind also advised Joseph Banks, who was George III's adviser for the Royal Botanic Gardens, and Major William Price on agricultural projects such as growing [[mangelwurzel]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Watkins|first1=C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FK1kzJCIhEC&dq=james+lind+windsor&pg=PA59|title=Uvedale Price (1747-1829): Decoding the Picturesque|last2=Cowell|first2=Ben|date=2012|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-1-84383-708-4|pages=53|language=en}}</ref> and [[lima bean|lima beans]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bewell|first=Alan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtrWDQAAQBAJ&dq=james+lind+banks+lima+beans&pg=PA22|title=Natures in Translation: Romanticism and Colonial Natural History|date=2017-01-02|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-1-4214-2096-7|pages=22|language=en}}</ref>

Lind was interested in forensics.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ph.D.-HSG|first=Cort MacLean Johns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ce4UEAAAQBAJ&dq=james+lind+forensic&pg=PA365|title=The Industrial Revolution - Lost in Antiquity - Found in the Renaissance|date=2021-02-18|publisher=Cort MacLean Johns Ph.D.- HSG|isbn=978-94-6345-844-3|pages=365|language=en}}</ref> When the coffin of [[Edward IV]] was opened and remains examined at Windsor in 1789 or 1799,<ref name=":28" /> Lind made an analysis of the remains and liquid found in it,<ref name="DNB attribution">{{DNB|wstitle=Lind, James (1736-1812)|volume=33|inline=1}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> noting: "The appearance of this liquor was very much like that of walnut-pickle. A dark brown colour, which was rendered very dense by a quantity of matter, principally consisting of very small particles of a woody substance [...] It was inodorous and tasteless, excepting a small degree of roughness or astringency; just like water which has remains some time in a rotten wooden vessel".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-10-31|title=Researchers investigate medieval mystery|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/oct/31/highereducation.research|access-date=2021-11-22|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

===== Publishing =====
While at Windsor, Lind also had a private press where he published numerous works including [[Sir Robert Douglas, 6th Baronet|Sir Robert Douglas]]'s [[Peerage of Scotland]] and ''The Genealogy of the Families of Lind and the Montgomeries of Smithson,'' as well as miscellaneous other books, pamphlets, and experimented with typography.<ref name="DNB" /><ref name=":4" /> Lind also wrote several mysterious encrypted books in characters regarded as "Lindian [[Ogham]]"<ref name=":4" /> which was suggested by [[Charles Knight (publisher)|Charles Knight]] (whose father was acquainted with Lind) to have been an [[encryption]] for [[Illuminati]] correspondence.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Knight|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mEBAAAAQAAJ&q=lindian|title=Passages of a working life during half a century. Re-issue|date=1873|pages=44|language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, Lind collected autographs and may have been interested in [[phantasmagoria]].<ref name=":26" />[[File:Lindian_Ogham.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Lindian Ogham|Lindian Ogham]]
Lind communicated extensively with [[Tiberius Cavallo|Cavallo]].<ref>[http://christophergoulding.homestead.com/files/JRSM_Frankenstein.pdf Christopher Goulding, ''The Real Professor Frankenstein?'', J. R. Med. Soc. 2002; 95, 257–259, at p. 258 (PDF)]</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":16" /> For example, Lind communicated with Cavallo on the art of silhouette making and made silhouette portraits of George III, Queen Charlotte, and others using the 'Lind process'.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr James Lind {{!}} Collections Online {{!}} British Museum|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG35860|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-30|website=www.britishmuseum.org}}</ref>

===== Scientific and medical experiments =====
Lind suggested the use of [[electroshock therapy]] to treat insanity (particularly in the context of treating [[George III]]'s mental illness)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schwarcz|first=J|date=2017|title=Frankenstein's Chemical Roots|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/general-science/frankensteins-chemical-roots|url-status=live|website=McGill University}}</ref> as he had extensively studied and experimented with [[galvanism]],<ref name=":0" /> and communicated with [[Tiberius Cavallo]] on the subject.<ref name=":7" /> In one correspondence, Lind reported successful treatment of a condition similar to postpartum femoral neuropathy (leg paralysis after birth) using 'medical electricity'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Monell|first=SH|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdA0AQAAMAAJ&dq=Dr.+James+Lind+of+Windsor&pg=PA475|title=Manual of Static Electricity in X-ray and Therapeutic Uses|date=1901|publisher=ER Pelton|location=Google Books|pages=475–476|language=en}}</ref> Lind may have designed a primitive [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] machine to revive a patient.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Conocimiento|first=Ventana al|date=2018-11-26|title=The Scientific Origins of Frankenstein|url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/bioscience/the-scientific-origins-of-frankenstein/|access-date=2021-11-24|website=OpenMind|language=en-US}}</ref> In a letter to James Watt, Lind references an electric machine that treats [[ophthalmia]].<ref name=":22" /> Lind also believed "animal electricity" was a vital life force.<ref name=":18" />

Lind had also invented the "[[Thunder house|Thunder House]]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Howard|first=George Shelby|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXZYJiUvuwQC&dq=james+lind+thunder+house&pg=PA794|title=THE NEW ROYAL CYCLOPAEDIA, And ENCYCLOPAEDIA; OR, COMPLETE MODERN AND UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES|date=1788|publisher=ALEX. HOGG, AT THE KING'S ARMS, No. 16, PATERNOSTER-ROW|pages=794|language=en}}</ref> which repeated and verified [[Benjamin Franklin|Benjamin Franklin's]] lightening rod experiments, and he also attached a long rod to his chimney with a long chain connected to the ground, with a wire connected to the chain entering him room to charge electric [[Leyden jar|Layden jars]] and also to make to bells ring.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ferguson|first1=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaIZWNvXYsQC&dq=james+lind+dr.+franklin&pg=PA17|title=Lectures on Electricity|last2=Partington|first2=Charles Frederick|date=1825|publisher=Sherwood & Company Paternoster-Row.|pages=17, 46–47|language=en}}</ref> The relationship between Lind and Franklin is documented in letters to James Watt, as well as letters between [[David Hume]] and Franklin where Lind is referred to as [[Freemasonry|Brother]] Lin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hume|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2VPBvzolYsC&dq=james+lind+1736&pg=PA193|title=New Letters of David Hume|date=2011-07-07|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969323-8|pages=193|language=en}}</ref> Lind also experimented with [[Franklin's electrostatic machine|Franklin's sparking electrostatic machine]] to animate reptile muscles.<ref name=":25" />

Lind constructed an earthquake machine (seismograph)<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=Hart|first=Scott de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIEOCwAAQBAJ&dq=earthquake+james+lind&pg=PA39|title=Shelley Unbound: Discovering Frankenstein's True Creator|date=2013-07-22|publisher=Feral House|isbn=978-1-936239-64-1|pages=39|language=en}}</ref> which Hugh Davies Griffith of [[Chester]] inquired if Lind detected seismic activity after an 1801 earthquake.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Griffith|first=HD|date=1801|title=Copy of a letter received by Dr James Lind from Hugh DaviesGriffith, 2 June 1801 (Series 79.05) - No. 0001|url=https://transcripts.sl.nsw.gov.au/page/copy-letter-received-dr-james-lind-hugh-daviesgriffith-2-june-1801-series-7905-no-0001|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-03|website=transcripts.sl.nsw.gov.au|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bagshaw|first=Samuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9ufAAAAMAAJ&dq=chester+earthquake+1801&pg=PA81|title=History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Shropshire: Comprising a General Survey of the County, with a Variety of Historical, Statistical Topographical, Commercial, and Agricultural Information..|date=1850|publisher=author|pages=81|language=en}}</ref>

Lind also experimented with distillation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Werrett|first=Simon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UW2DDwAAQBAJ&dq=james+lind+windsor&pg=PA82|title=Thrifty Science: Making the Most of Materials in the History of Experiment|date=2019-01-11|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61039-9|pages=145–147|language=en}}</ref> He conducted "Experiments upon the Waters at His Majesty's Dog-Kennel".<ref name=":28" />
[[File:Lind's_electrical_machine.jpg|right|thumb|alt=|Letter from James Lind to James Watt: Dear Watt 

I have perfected my great Electrical machine as also a small one which as it pleases much I have sent you a sketch of it as big as the life. I made five of them and they were all taken from me so I believe they will be very saleable – they may be made for 6 or 7 shills. And are worth a guinea in my opinion * – 

Discription [sic] 

A the Ball, B a brass cape, C a flat one, D an iron axes, E a shoulder for the brass cap B to rest against, F an Iron nut to screw the ball fast the part of the axes G being screwed, H a pillar with a brass head for the one end of the spindle to run in, I another with the brass head notched for the other end to run in, K a pin to keep it in, L a thorel’ to give it its motion with a Drill bow, M the cushion which rises and falls with a screw –N. N the piece of Mahogany into which all is fixed – NB the pillars and cushion screw out at pleasure, O, O, two holdfasts for fixing it to any table without spoiling it. They are noble instruments for the use intended and for a thousand other uses yea. 

They are more usefull than Putty, P is the table. I have bottle filled with Dutch leaf and coated on the outside with tin leafe and that coating covered with Gold paper. There is also a little scarlet bag for this bottle to keep it in and one for the Ball. When I want a conducter I set a book having a pin in one corner to take the electric Aether. On this book I dance men charge Ellectric bottles etc etc [hole in paper] is thus filled it is very gentile and compleat apparatus – and fit for the pocket of ye Curious. 

I set out for London in a few weeks. I shall carry two or three of the Drawing Instruments to India with me for part of my venture. I should also be glad to have a dozen of alarms from you which please send soon for my flight may be……[hole in paper] I shall give the money a home. Write me your present life and opinions – and I shall remain ever Mr Watt's Humble servant 

James Lind 

Intend one of ye little electrical machines for a present to Dr [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin]]. 

Please procure for me one of Dr Wilson's thermometers for boiling water if possible. Madrass and China is my destination. Perhaps I might sell some machines (perspective) for you at London – perhaps some may wish to carry some to Bengall. 

*This they may stand you – one about ½ a Guinea

''[ref. MS 3219/4/56/1], James Watt archives at the Library of Birmingham,'' https://theironroom.wordpress.com/2019/02/18/watt-2019-february/]]

In 1787, Lind experimented in treating inflammation and gastrointestinal disorders with [[Mercury (element)|mercury]].<ref name=":19" /> He also invented a "plaster for the cure of White-Swelling" among other medical advancements.<ref name=":28" />

In a letter written in 1796 to Cavallo (originating from Windsor) and published in Cavallo's ''An Essay on the Medicinal Properties of [[Factitious airs|Factitious Airs]] (1798),'' Lind recognized the therapeutic potential of [[carbon monoxide]] as [[Hydrocarbonate (gas)|hydrocarbonate]] for treating lung [[inflammation]], the mechanism of which was recently elucidated in 2000 via the [[mitogen-activated protein kinase]] pathway and remains a focus of pharmaceutical development efforts.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Hopper|first1=Christopher P.|last2=Zambrana|first2=Paige N.|last3=Goebel|first3=Ulrich|last4=Wollborn|first4=Jakob|date=June 2021|title=A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1089860321000367|journal=Nitric Oxide|language=en|volume=111-112|pages=45–63|doi=10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001 | issn=1089-8603|pmid=33838343|s2cid=233205099}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hopper|first1=CP|last2=Meinel|first2=L|last3=Steiger|first3=C|last4=Otterbein|first4=LE|date=July 2018|title=Where is the Clinical Breakthrough of Heme Oxygenase-1 / Carbon Monoxide Therapeutics?|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30039755/|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=24|issue=20|pages=2264–2282|doi=10.2174/1381612824666180723161811|issn=1873-4286|pmid=30039755|s2cid=51712930}}</ref> Lind's discovery for the beneficial effects of carbon monoxide to treat inflammation is regarded as a piece of historical irony since Lind is considered to be the inspiration of Dr. Frankenstein, yet, throughout the 1920s (due to widespread cases of [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] from civilization's expanding industrial activities, illuminating gas leaks, automobile exhaust exposure, etc.) several medical scientists condemned carbon monoxide as "Frankenstein's monster".<ref name=":12" /> Lind's discovery is a significant origin for the field of [[gasotransmitter]]s in the context of carbon monoxide's [[neurotransmitter]] properties and [[Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules|pharmaceutical development]] of carbon monoxide therapeutics. In the same work, Lind designed a novel inhaler for delivery of hydrocarbonate [[Medical gas therapy|therapeutic gas]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1960-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007091217410518|journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=35–45|doi=10.1093/bja/32.1.35|issn=0007-0912|title=2. The First English Ether Inhalers|last1=Slatter|first1=Enid M.|pmid=13831628|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Inspired by Cavallo, Lind was also interested in [[Hot air ballooning|ballooning]] and aerial flight in the late 1790s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Industrial Revolution, Series III, Parts 1 to 3|url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/ind-rev-series-3-parts-1-to-3/Detailed-Listing-Part-1.aspx|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.ampltd.co.uk}}</ref> Along these lines, in 1783 George III also sent Lind with [[Jean-André Deluc]] to [[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]] to inspect a "Machine in the shape of a Bird, which was supposed to be capable of carrying a weight of 800 lbs. thro' the air".<ref name=":28" />

==== Retirement ====
Lind was a peripatetic natural philosophy tutor associated with Eton College while in semi-retirement in the early 1800s where he was acquainted with Shelley and introduced him to science and the writings of [[Plato]], [[Voltaire]], Franklin, [[Marquis de Condorcet|Condorcet]], [[Albertus Magnus]], [[Paracelsus]], and others.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bradley|first=J. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ec6-DAAAQBAJ&dq=james+lind+dr.+franklin&pg=PA3|title=A Shelley Chronology "1809-10"|date=2016-07-27|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-12541-8|pages=3|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":24" />

=== Honors<ref name=":3" /> ===

* 1770 - elected fellow of [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]]
* 1777 - elected fellow of the [[Royal Society]] (18 Dec 1777)
* 1783 - elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] (03 Nov 1783)
* Appointed physician-in-ordinary to the Royal Household

===Publications===
*1762 - Lind's inaugural dissertation, ''De Febre Remittente Putrida Paludum quæ grassabatur in Bengalia''
*1768 - dissertation published at Edinburgh.
*1768 - An Essay on diseases incidental to Europeans in hot climates, with the method of preventing their fatal consequences.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Library|first=Faculty of Advocates (Scotland)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZClSAQAAMAAJ&dq=Essay+on+Diseases+Incidental+to+Europeans+in+Hot+Climates+1736&pg=PA557|title=Catalogue of the Printed Books in the Library of the Faculty of Advocates: Homer-Marx. 1876|date=1876|publisher=W. Blackwood and sons|pages=557|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peterson|first=Alyssa A|date=2016|title=We live in the midst of death: Medical Theory, Public Health, and the 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic|url=https://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3419&context=theses|url-status=live|page=33}}</ref>
*1772 - Lind produced a translation of dissertation, ''Treatise on the Fever of 1762 at Bengal''.<ref name="DNB" />
*1769 - In three papers for the Royal Society, Lind discussed: the 1769 [[transit of Venus]] observed at [[Hawkhill]], near Edinburgh; an [[eclipse of the moon]], same place and year, with remarks by [[Nevil Maskelyne]]
*1775 - portable [[wind gauge]].
*1776 - A description of rifled ordnance; Fitted with Sectors, [[Telescopic sight|Telescopes]], &c. In which is contained, an Account of the Nature and Properties of rifles in general.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A description of rifled ordnance; Fitted with Sectors, Telescopes, &c. In which is contained, an Account of the Nature and Properties of rifles in general. By James Lind, M. D.|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/pm57nyts|access-date=2021-05-14|website=Wellcome Collection|language=en}}</ref>
*1787 - An Account of the Efficacy of [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] in the Cure of Inflammatory Diseases, and the [[Dysentery]].<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|last=Lind|first=James|date=1787|title=An Account of the Efficacy of Mercury in the Cure of Inflammatory Diseases, and the Dysentery|journal=The London Medical Journal|volume=8|issue=Pt 1|pages=43–56|issn=0952-4177|pmc=5545546|pmid=29139904}}</ref>
*1789 - A catalogue of such Chinese and Japanese plants whose Chinese characters are known and are botanically described.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqfvAAAAMAAJ&dq=catalog+of+chinese+and+japanese+plants+1789+James+Lind&pg=RA1-PA455|title=Bibliographical Contributions from the Lloyd Library, Cincinnati, Ohio|date=1914|publisher=Lloyd Library|pages=455|language=en}}</ref>
*1798 - A letter from Lind appears in [[Tiberius Cavallo]]'s ''An Essay on the Medicinal Properties of [[Factitious airs|Factitious Airs]].''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cavallo|first=Tiberius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tr1XAAAAYAAJ&q=cavallo|title=An Essay on the Medicinal Properties of Factitious Airs: With an Appendix, on the Nature of Blood|date=1798|publisher=|language=en}}</ref>
*1800 - A Sketch for medical education,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sketch for a medical education {{!}} Great Writers Inspire|url=http://www.writersinspire.org/content/sketch-medical-education|access-date=2021-05-14|website=www.writersinspire.org}}</ref> emphasized importance of mathematics<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lind|first=James|url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/004822726.0001.000|title=Sketch for a medical education|date=2012}}</ref>
*1803 - Copy of a Letter to the late [[Thomas Pennant]] of Downing on [[Typhus fever|Typhus Fevers]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lind|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTM5r_1Hc5oC&q=james+lind+windsor|title=Copy of a letter to the late T. Pennant, Esq. ... on Typhus fever. By J. L.|date=1803|language=en}}</ref>

==== Letters ====
* "[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nk0-omJgDc4C&pg=PA244&dq=beddoes+hydrocarbonate&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPr5CL3-XzAhVpIDQIHV60DAgQ6AF6BAgFEAI#v=onepage&q=beddoes%20hydrocarbonate&f=false Unpublished Remains of Eminent Persons]", p. 239-246, "''Thirteen letters, never before published, from the late James Watt, esq. FRS, the celebrated Mechanician, to Dr. James Lind, FRS of Windsor''." The Monthly Magazine, Volume 50, Part 2, 1820.
* "[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdA0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA475&dq=Dr.+James+Lind+of+Windsor&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0nOq6iOnzAhU0kmoFHUepDB4Q6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=Dr.%20James%20Lind%20of%20Windsor&f=false A Letter from Dr. James Lind to Mr. Cavallo]", p. 475-476, 1784.
*"[https://books.google.com/books?id=WzDjhuqLxW4C&pg=PA56&dq=james+lind+1736&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCjseO98L0AhV6mmoFHeaTCLU4KBDoAXoECAkQAg#v=onepage&q=james%20lind%201736&f=false A bag of gravel is a history to me]", p.56, letter from [[James Hutton]] to James Lind, 1772
*"[https://inlibris.com/item/bn53322/ a new machine to pump water]", letter from [[George Dempster of Dunnichen]] to Lind, 1787
*Miscellaneous letters between Lind and residents of [[Birmingham]], such as John Carmichael of [[Birmingham General Hospital]] (who was formerly engaged to Anne [[Matthew Boulton|Boulton]]), are stored in the archives of the [[Library of Birmingham]]

==== Miscellaneous ====
* "[https://books.google.com/books?id=C-_UAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA94&dq=Dr.+James+Lind+of+Windsor&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVyKmriOnzAhXULH0KHUwOBFMQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=Lind&f=false The Real Shelley: New Views of the Poet's Life, Volume 1]", alternative perspective on Lind's mischievous behavior and use of profanity, p. 94-113.
*"[https://books.google.com/books?id=fxcnAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA214&dq=Dr.+James+Lind+of+Windsor&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ-pOhkunzAhUJmGoFHZSXBT84HhDoAXoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=Dr.%20James%20Lind%20of%20Windsor&f=false Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Volume 12]", account disputing Lind's appointment as physician to George III, potentially case of mistaken identity with ''James Lind M.D. of Haslar,'' 1817'','' p. 214
*"[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_dfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA627&dq=Dr.+James+Lind+of+Windsor&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVyKmriOnzAhXULH0KHUwOBFMQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=Dr.%20James%20Lind%20of%20Windsor&f=false James Lind, M.D., of Windsor]", biography; clarifies distinction from ''James Lind M.D. of Haslar'', p. 626-628.
*Account suggesting Lind was injured by George III<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ffUAAAAMAAJ&dq=lind+mathematics+physic+shelley&pg=RA1-PA153|title=The Quarterly Review, "Life of Shelley"|date=1861|publisher=John Murray|pages=153|language=en}}</ref>
*"The Influence of James Lind MD, FRS on the Scientific and Philosophical Thought of Percy Bysshe Shelley and his circle" by Christopher Goulding (PhD thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2002)"[https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270770]"
*"An old, old man with hair of silver white: a more scientific image of Shelley's mentor at Eton" by Christopher Goulding, Keats-Shelley Review 14.1 (2000) "[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/ksr.2000.14.1.52?journalCode=yksr20]"
*"Shelley's Cosmological Sublime: William Herschel, James Lind and 'The Multitudinous Orb" by Christopher Goulding, Review of English Studies 57.232 (Nov 2006) "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4501525#metadata_info_tab_contents]"

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.jameslind.co.uk jameslind.co.uk, site by Christopher Goulding]
*[http://www.lck2.co.uk/ Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No.2]
*[https://www.grandlodgescotland.com/ Grand Lodge of Scotland]
*[https://jliedu.ch/, James Lind Institute]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lind, James}}
[[Category:1736 births]]
[[Category:1812 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Scottish medical doctors]]
[[Category:British East India Company Marine personnel]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Naval surgeons]]
[[Category:Scottish Freemasons]]
[[Category:Scottish surgeons]]

IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

James Lind naturalist