Khaled Mashal

2023-06-13T07:06:12Z

45.50.164.192:

{{Short description|Palestinian politician (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khaled Mashal {{Nobold|{{lang|ar|خالد مشعل}}}}
| nationality = [[Palestinians|Palestinian]]
| image = Khaled Meshaal 01.jpg
| office = Chairman of the [[Hamas|Hamas Political Bureau]]
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 6 May 2017
| deputy = [[Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook]]{{sfn|AFP|2013}} [[Ismail Haniyeh]]{{sfn|AFP|2013}}
| predecessor = Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook
| successor = [[Ismail Haniyeh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|5|28|df=y}}{{sfn|Charbel|2003}}
| birth_place = [[Silwad]], [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|West Bank]]{{sfn|Charbel|2003}}
| party = [[Hamas]]
| spouse =
| residence = [[Silwad]], [[West Bank]] (1956–1967){{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=61}} [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] (2001–2012) [[Doha]], [[Qatar]] (since 2012)
| alma_mater = [[Kuwait University]]
}}

[[File:Flag of Hamas.svg|thumbnail|Flag of Hamas with the [[Shahada]] written on it]]

'''Khaled Mashal''' ({{lang-ar|خالد مشعل|Khālid Mashʿal}}, [[Levantine Arabic]]: {{IPA-ar|xaːled meʃʕal|}}, born 28 May 1956) is a former leader of the Palestinian organization [[Hamas]].

After the founding of Hamas in 1987, Mashal became the leader of the Kuwaiti branch of the organization.{{sfn|''BBC'' February|2006}} In 1992, he became a founding member of Hamas' [[politburo]]{{sfn|Rabbani|2008b|p=60}} and its chairman.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=59}} He became the recognized head of Hamas after Israel assassinated both Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]] and his successor [[Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi]] in the spring of 2004.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=59}}{{sfn|Tesch|Lotha|2020}} Under his leadership, Hamas stunned the world by winning a majority of the seats in the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|Palestinian legislative election]] in 2006. Mashal stepped down as Hamas' politburo chairman at the end of his term limit in 2017.{{sfn|''Haaretz''|2017}}{{sfn|MEMO|2018}}

The [[Six-Day War]] in 1967 forced Mashal's family to flee the [[West Bank]] and he has since then lived in other parts of the Arab world exile. For that reason, he was considered part of Hamas' "external leadership".

== Early life and education ==
Mashal was born in 1956 in [[Silwad]] in the [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|Jordanian-occupied]] [[West Bank]].{{sfn|''The Majalla''|2012}} He attended Silwad Elementary School until fifth grade.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=61}} His father, Abd al-Qadir Mashal,{{sfn|McGeough|2009|p=24}} was a farmer (''[[fellah]]'') and had moved to [[Kuwait]] in 1957 to work in agriculture and as an [[imam]].{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=61}} He had participated in the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936–1939 Arab revolt]] with the Palestinian guerilla leader [[Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni]].{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=61}}

Following the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], during which Israel occupied the West Bank, his family fled{{sfn|Crowley|2014}} to Jordan and, after a month or two, they joined Abd al-Qadir in Kuwait,{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=61}} where Mashal completed high school.<ref>{{harvnb|Bensman|2006| ps=: Mufid and Khaled both graduated from a Kuwaiti high school.}}</ref> He entered the prestigious Abdullah al-Salim Secondary School in the early 1970s{{sfn|Livingstone|2009}} and joined the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in 1971.{{sfn|''BBC'' February|2006}}{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=61}}

Mashal enrolled in [[Kuwait University]] in 1974,{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=61}} and soon become involved in student politics. He headed the Islamic Justice list (''qa’imat al-haq al-islamiyya'') in the [[General Union of Palestinian Students]] (GUPS) elections in 1977.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=65}} The list was based on the Palestinian Islamic movement, a part of the Muslim Brotherhood.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=65}} The GUPS elections were cancelled and he founded the Islamic League for Palestinian Students (''al-rabita al-islamiyya li tolaab filastin'').{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=65}} He graduated with a bachelor of science degree in physics in 1978.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|pp=66–67}}

As a 19-year-old, Mashal visited historical Palestine in 1975 for two months for the first time since the occupation began in 1967. He was able to travel extensively in both Israel and the occupied territories. The trip deepened his feelings for his homeland and his sense of the losses in 1948 and 1967.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=66}}

== Involvement in Hamas ==

After graduating, Mashal became a teacher and taught physics in Kuwait until 1984.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=67}} In 1983, the Palestinian Islamic movement convened an internal, closed conference in an Arab state, which included delegates from the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza Strip]] and [[Palestinian refugee]]s from Arab states. The conference laid the foundation stone for the creation of Hamas.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=68}} Mashal was part of the project's leadership.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=68}} After 1984, he devoted himself to the project on a full-time basis.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=68}} When [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] invaded Kuwait in August 1990, he and the rest of Hamas' leadership in Kuwait relocated to Jordan.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008b|pp=60–61}}

Mashal was a founding member of Hamas' politburo,{{sfn|Rabbani|2008b|p=60}} and was elected chairman in 1996,{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=59}} following the imprisonment of his predecessor Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook in 1995.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008b|p=60}}

=== Assassination attempt ===
On 25 September 1997, [[Mossad]] agents acting under orders from Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and his security cabinet attempted to assassinate him. The agents entered Jordan on fake [[Canadian passport]]s and disguised as tourists.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=59}} Two of them waited at the entrance of the Hamas offices in Jordan's capital Amman, and, as Mashal walked into his office, one of them came up from behind and held a device to Mashal's left ear that transmitted a fast-acting poison.{{sfn|McGeough|2009|p=184}} Mashal's bodyguards were suspicious prior to the attack and were able to chase the agents down and capture them.{{sfn|Crowley|2014}} Other agents were also found and captured.{{sfn|Crowley|2014}} In an interview, he described the attack as "a loud noise in my ear ... like a boom, like an electric shock."{{sfn|Crowley|2014}} Initially, he thought the agents had failed to hurt him but later in the day he developed a severe headache and began vomiting.{{sfn|Crowley|2014}} He was rushed to a Jordanian hospital where his condition rapidly deteriorated.

Immediately after the incident, Jordan's [[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]] demanded that Netanyahu turn over the [[antidote]] for the poison, threatening to sever diplomatic relations and to try the detained Mossad agents.{{sfn|Hartley|Cossali|2004|p=231}} King Hussein feared that the death of a Hamas leader would trigger riots in his kingdom, perhaps even a civil war. Netanyahu refused, and the incident quickly grew in political significance. With Israeli-Jordanian relations rapidly deteriorating, King Hussein threatened to void [[Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace|the historic 1994 peace between the two countries]] should Mashal die.{{sfn|Abu Hilalah|2013}} U.S President [[Bill Clinton]] intervened and compelled Netanyahu to turn over the antidote.{{sfn|CNN|1997}}

The head of Mossad, [[Danny Yatom]], flew to Jordan, with Netanyahu's consent, bringing an antidote to treat Mashal.{{sfn|al O'ran|2008|p=72}} The doctors at [[King Hussein Medical Center]], where Mashal lay in a [[coma]], observed Mashal's symptoms to be consistent with an [[opioid overdose]].{{sfn|Abu Hilalah|2013}} They administered the antidote, which saved Mashal's life.

According to [[Ronen Bergman]] based on internal IDF sources, Mashal's antidote only secured the release of the two Mossad [[Kidon]] agents that were carrying out the assassination attempt. At least six other Mossad agents involved in the operations were holed up in the Israel Embassy. [[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]] would only release them if Israel release [[Ahmed Yassin]] and a large number of other Palestinian prisoners. [[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]] needed the demands to be “enough to enable the king to be able to publicly defend the release of the hit team.”<ref>{{Cite book |author=Bergman, Ronen |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1107670006 |title=Rise and kill first : the secret history of Israel 's targeted assassinations |isbn=978-1-4736-9474-3 |chapter=Chapter 26 |year=2019 |oclc=1107670006}}</ref>

In a 2008 interview, Mashaal said of the attempt on his life: "[It] made me more positive about life. I became more courageous in the face of death. My faith became stronger that a man does not die until his time comes. That is, I will die when God decides, not when Mossad decides. It also made me more resolute in fulfilling my responsibilities."{{sfn|Spanner|2008}}

=== Expulsion from Jordan ===

In August 1999, Hamas "external leadership" was expelled from Jordan by King [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II]].{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=59}} The King feared that the activities of Hamas and its Jordanian allies would jeopardize peace negotiations between the Palestinian Authority and Israel, and accused Hamas of engaging in illegitimate activities within Jordan.{{sfn|Maddy-Weitzman|2002|pp=352–353}} In mid-September 1999, authorities arrested several Hamas leaders, including Mashal and Ibrahim Ghosheh on their return from a visit to Iran, and charged them with being members of an illegal organization, storing weapons, conducting military exercises, and using Jordan as a training base,{{sfn|Maddy-Weitzman|2002|pp=352–353}}{{sfn|Levitt|2006|p=45}} charges they denied.{{sfn|Maddy-Weitzman|2002|p=353}} Mashal was expelled from Jordan, and initially made [[Qatar]] his home.{{sfn|Tucker|2019|p=808}} In 2001, he moved to [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].{{sfn|''BBC'' February| 2006}}

=== Election victory ===

Hamas won a majority of the seats in the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|Palestinian legislative election]] in 2006.

Defying pressure from [[Quartet on the Middle East|the Quartet]], Mashal announced on 29 January 2006 that Hamas had no plans to disarm but added that Hamas was willing to join arms with other Palestinian factions and form an army "like any independent state".{{sfn|''Al Jazeera''|2006}} Israel's Defense Minister [[Shaul Mofaz]] threatened to have Mashal assassinated.{{sfn | ''BBC'' January | 2006}}

=== Prisoner swap ===
Mashal was involved in negotiating a prisoner exchange deal which released captured Israeli soldier [[Gilad Shalit]] in exchange for over 1,000 [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel]].{{sfn|Tucker|2019|p=808}} Shalit was seized inside Israel near the southern Gaza Strip border by a coalition of Palestinian paramilitary groups, including Hamas, who had crossed the border through a tunnel near the [[Kerem Shalom]] border crossing.{{sfn|Tamimi|2009|p=241}} On 10 July 2006, Mashal stated Shalit was a [[prisoner of war]] and demanded a prisoner swap for his release which Israel refused.{{sfn|Myre|2006}}

On 18 June 2008, Israel announced a bilateral [[ceasefire]] with Hamas which began formally on 19 June 2008. The agreement was reached after talks between the two camps were conducted with [[Egypt]]ian mediators in [[Cairo]]. As part of the ceasefire, Israel agreed to resume limited commercial shipping across its border with Gaza, barring any breakdown of the tentative peace deal, and according to one Israeli security source, negotiations on the release of Shalit were expected to resume.{{sfn |''BBC'' June|2008}} However, on 29 July 2008, Palestinian Authority President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] voiced his strong opposition to the release of 40 Hamas members of the Palestinian parliament in exchange for Shalit.{{sfn|Blau|2008}} On 2 October 2009, after the swap of 20 Palestinian prisoners for a proof-of-life video, Mashal vowed to capture more soldiers in order to secure the release of more Palestinian prisoners.{{sfn|''Haaretz''|2009}}

In October 2011, Shalit was released and handed over to Israel in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian prisoners.{{sfn|Katz|Hendel|2012|p=138}}

=== Exile from Syria ===

In February 2012, as the [[Syrian civil war]] progressed, Mashal left Syria and returned to Qatar.{{sfn|Tucker|2019|p=808}} Hamas distanced itself from the Syrian government and closed its offices in [[Damascus]]. Soon after, Mashal announced his support for the [[Syrian opposition]], prompting Syrian state TV to issue a "withering attack" on him.{{sfn|Barnard|Mourtada|2012}}

=== Tour of the Gaza Strip ===
{{main|25th anniversary of Hamas}}

In December 2012, following the [[2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip|eight-day conflict]] between Israel and Hamas and the negotiated truce,{{sfn|''Al Jazeera''|2012}} Mashal visited Gaza for the first time, beginning a four-day-long visit to the territory, for the [[25th anniversary of Hamas]]'s founding.{{sfn|Tucker|2019|p=808}}

Upon arriving at the Rafah border crossing between Egypt and Gaza, Mashal prostrated himself on the ground in prayer,{{sfn|''Al Jazeera''|2012}} and was moved to tears by his reception.{{sfn|al-Mughrabi|2012}} Mashal called his visit his "third birth" and wished for a fourth birth: "The first was my natural birth. The second was when I recovered from the poisoning. I ask God that my fourth birth will be the day we liberate all of Palestine."{{sfn|''The New York Times''|2012}} He told the cheering crowds, "We politicians are in debt to the people of Gaza."{{sfn|''Ma'an News Agency''|2010}} Traveling through [[Gaza City]] on the first day of his tour, Mashal visited the home of Yassin, as well as the home of [[Ahmed Jabari]], the deputy chief of Hamas's military wing, who was assassinated at the start of the Israeli offensive in the previous month.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|2012}}

Addressing tens of thousands of attendees of Hamas's 25th anniversary in Gaza City's Katiba Square, Mashal reiterated his movement's refusal to concede any part of historical Palestine, stating "Palestine from [[Jordan river|the river]] to [[Mediterranean Sea|the sea]], from the north to the south, is our land and we will never give up one inch."{{sfn|Greenberg|2012}}{{sfn|al-Mughrabi|2012}} However, he also lent support to Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas' successful initiative for international recognition of the [[State of Palestine]] at the [[United Nations]], adding his belief that diplomacy helped the Palestinian cause, but was needed in conjunction with "resistance."{{sfn|Greenberg|2012}} At the conclusion of his visit Mashal stressed that Palestinian reconciliation was critical, stating that "Gaza and the West Bank are two dear parts of the greater Palestinian homeland."{{sfn|al-Mughrabi|2012}}

=== Retirement ===
Mashal resigned as chairman of the politburo in 2017 and was succeeded by [[Ismail Haniyeh]], a Gaza strip resident and leader of the Hamas-dominated Gaza strip government. The handover marked a transfer of power from Hamas leaders living abroad to those living in Gaza.{{sfn|Tesch|Lotha|2020}}

== Views ==

Mashal believes that U.S. Middle East policy is hypocritical and not about democracy. The U.S. has no problem with a dictator that supports the U.S., but a democratic leader that is against it is treated like an enemy, he argues.{{sfn|Rabbani|2008b|p=72}}

=== Hamas ===
Mashal describes Hamas as follows:{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=69}}
{{blockquote|text=Hamas can be characterized as a comprehensive movement. It is an Islamic movement, a nationalist movement, a militant movement, a political movement – in addition to its cultural and social dimensions, its service functions, and its institution building. So you cannot say that Hamas is only a religious, or only a political, or only a military, or only a religious and social movement. It is not, for example, just an armed wing or a political party. It is all of these things. It is a fusion of all these dimensions.}}
He does not believe that there is a contradiction between Hamas' and religious diversity:{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=70}}
{{blockquote|text=The other aspect is that being an Islamic movement in Palestine or the Arab world does not mean you are opposed to the Palestinian or Arab Christian, or even to the liberal or secular Palestinian or Arab. To the contrary, we are taught to reinforce the culture of coexistence, dialogue, cooperation, of give-and-take, and to avoid fanaticism, whether in religion, thought, or affiliation.}}
He views the goal of Hamas to be to "end the Zionist occupation; to liberate the land and the holy places; to reclaim Palestinian rights; to secure the return the refugees to their nation, lands, and homes; and to reclaim Jerusalem."{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=70}} Mashal wants the future Palestinian state to be one that "is open to the world, far from fanaticism, and one that promotes tolerance and accepts all."{{sfn|Rabbani|2008a|p=72}}

=== Peace with Israel ===

Mashal believes that peace with [[Israel]] requires two things: that the Palestinian refugees that fled from, or were expelled by, Israeli forces in the 1948 in which Israel was established are allowed to return and that Israel withdraws from the territories it occupied in the [[Six-Day War|1967 war.]]{{sfn|Rabbani|2008b|p=80}} The international community has called on Israel to let the refugees return,{{sfn|Sayej|2018}} something to which Israel has said it would never agree.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|2008}}

In an op-ed shortly after Hamas' 2006 election victory, Mashal suggested a long-term truce:{{sfn|Meshaal|2006}}
{{blockquote|text=Our message to the Israelis is this: We do not fight you because you belong to a certain faith or culture. ... Our conflict with you is not religious but political. We have no problem with Jews who have not attacked us -- our problem is with those who came to our land, imposed themselves on us by force, destroyed our society and banished our people.

We shall never recognize the right of any power to rob us of our land and deny us our national rights. We shall never recognize the legitimacy of a Zionist state created on our soil in order to atone for somebody else’s sins or solve somebody else’s problem.

But if you are willing to accept the principle of a long-term truce, we are prepared to negotiate the terms. Hamas is extending a hand of peace to those who are truly interested in a peace based on justice.}}

In a 2006 meeting with Russia's foreign minister [[Sergey Lavrov]], Mashal insisted that Israel must withdraw from the territory it occupied in the 1967 war and recognize a [[Palestinian right of return]] if it wants peace.{{sfn | ''ynet'' | 2006}} He declared that Hamas is "for peace in the region ... after the end of the occupation."{{sfn|''The New York Times''|2006}}

In a meeting with former U.S. president [[Jimmy Carter]] in 2008, Mashal clarified that any agreement with Israel would have to be ratified with the Palestinian people in a referendum.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|2008}} Mashal later suggested a 10-year-truce (''[[hudna]]'') if Israel withdrew to the 1967 border. He considered this a proof of recognition: "We have offered a truce if Israel withdraws to the 1967 borders, a truce of 10 years as a proof of recognition".{{sfn | ''NBC News'' | 2008}}

In 2007, Mashal made comments which some saw as a "softened stance" towards Israel:{{sfn|Silver|2007}}
{{blockquote|text=As a Palestinian today I speak of a Palestinian and Arab demand for a state on 1967 borders. It is true that in reality there will be an entity or state called Israel on the rest of Palestinian land. This is a reality, but I won't deal with it in terms of recognising or admitting it.}}

=== Yasser Arafat ===

Mashal was a vocal critic of the [[Palestinian Authority]] President [[Yasser Arafat]], often refusing to follow directives issued by the PA regarding ceasefires with Israel. Mashal was considered a key force behind this policy, along with Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]]. However, Mashal did attend Arafat's funeral, in [[Cairo]] on 12 November 2004.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

=== Gaza blockade ===

Mashal believes that by [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockading Gaza]], Israel hopes to increase the suffering of the population so that they will turn against Hamas. He rejects the Israeli claim that the blockade would be necessary for security reasons. He contends that the blockade is in violation of international law.{{sfn|Livingstone|2009}}

==Reception==
In 2010, the British ''[[New Statesman]]'' magazine listed Khaled Mashal at number 18 in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010".{{sfn|''New Statesman''|2010}} After his appearance at a congress of the Turkish [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP), the U.S. was concerned about the relations between the party and the Hamas.{{sfn | ''U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Turkey'' | 2015}}

==Accusations of corruption==

During the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|2014 Gaza war]], Israel accused Mashal of corruption. In an interview Israel's Prime Minister Netanyahu said: "This guy Khaled Mashal, he’s roaming around, five-star hotel suites in the [[Gulf]] states, he’s having the time of his life, while he’s deliberately putting his people as fodder for this horrible terrorist war that they’re conducting against us". A few days later, Israeli operatives hacked into television networks in Gaza and broadcast a fabricated clip of Mashal talking about his extravagant lifestyle. "In the name of Allah, most gracious, most compassionate," the clip had Mashal say, "I want to start by thanking the excellent staff of the kitchen at my hotel." He went on to explain how much his hotel room cost.{{sfn|Crowley|2014}}

Simultaneously, the Israeli press published stories about widespread corruption within the Hamas leadership, alleging that Mashal and [[Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook|Abu Marzook]] embezzled as much as $2.5 billion each.{{sfn|Tucker|2019|p=808}} Mashal has vehemently denied the corruption accusations.{{sfn|Tucker|2019|p=808}}

==Family life==
Mashal married in 1980 or 1981{{efn|According to Alex Altman, Mashal married in 1981{{sfn | Altman | 2009}} but according to Charbel he married in 1981.{{sfn|Charbel|2003}}}} and is the father of three daughters and four sons.{{sfn|Charbel|2003}}

Mashal's half-brother is the former Al-Sakhra Band singer and former Dallas Public Works and Transportation Department engineer [[Mufid Abdulqader]]. Abduqalder is serving a 20-year prison sentence in the United States for funding Hamas through the [[Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development]].{{sfn|Bensman|2005}}{{sfn|Bensman|2006}}

== Notes and references ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|20em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book
| first1=Cathy | last1=Hartley
| first2=Paul | last2=Cossali
| title=Survey of Arab-Israeli Relations
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvaNAgAAQBAJ
| date=17 June 2004
| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-35527-2
}}
* {{cite book
| first1=Yaakov | last1=Katz
| first2=Yoaz | last2=Hendel
| title=Israel Vs. Iran: The Shadow War
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmyswnGsRSwC&pg=PA138
| date=May 2012|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-668-8|pages=138–}}
*{{Cite book
| title = Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad
| last = Levitt| first = Matthew
| author-link = Matthew Levitt
| publisher= [[Yale University Press]]
| year = 2006
| url = https://archive.org/details/hamaspoliticscha00levi
| isbn = 978-0-300-12258-9
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Maddy-Weitzman | first=Bruce
| title=Middle East Contemporary Survey: Vol. XXIII 1999
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zs57d0logH8C&pg=PA352
| date=May 2002
| publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center|isbn=978-965-224-049-1
| pages=352–
}}
* {{cite book
| first=Paul
| last=McGeough
| title=Kill Khalid: The Failed Mossad Assassination of Khalid Mishal and the Rise of Hamas
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZftAAAAMAAJ|year=2009
| publisher=New Press|isbn=978-1-59558-325-3
}}
* {{cite book
| first=Azzam | last=Tamimi
| title=Hamas: Unwritten Chapters
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JxCAQAAIAAJ
|year=2009|publisher=Hurst & Company
|isbn=978-1-84904-001-3
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Spencer C.
| last = Tucker
| title=Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm6pDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA808
| date=31 August 2019
| publisher=ABC-CLIO
| isbn=978-1-4408-5353-1
| pages=808–
}}
* {{cite book
| first=Mutayyam | last = al O'ran
| title=Jordanian-Israeli Relations: The Peacebuilding Experience
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYd9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT72
| date=14 November 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07248-4
|pages=72–}}
{{refend}}

==== News ====
{{refbegin|2}}

* {{cite web
| title=Hamas floats Palestinian 'army'
| website=BBC News
| date=28 January 2006
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4658872.stm
| ref={{sfnref | BBC January | 2006}} | access-date=1 November 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Israel agrees to Gaza ceasefire
| website=BBC News | date=18 June 2008
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7460504.stm
| ref={{sfnref | BBC June | 2008}}
| access-date=1 November 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Hamas appoints Haniya as deputy head: party official
| date=4 April 2013
| url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/hamas-appoints-haniya-as-deputy-head-party-official-44266
| access-date=31 October 2020
| agency=Agence France-Presse
| ref={{sfnref | AFP | 2013}}
}}
* {{cite web
| last=Khoury | first=Jack
| title=Hamas elects new politburo chief: Haniyeh replaces Meshal as political leader
| website=Haaretz | date=6 May 2017
| url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/hamas-elects-new-politburo-chief-haniyeh-replaces-meshal-1.5468866
| access-date=31 October 2020
| ref={{sfnref | Haaretz | 2017}}
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Former Hamas chief Khaled Meshaal slams US embassy move
| website=Middle East Monitor
| date=25 February 2018
| url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180225-former-hamas-chief-khaled-meshaal-slams-us-embassy-move/
| access-date=31 October 2020
| ref={{sfnref | MEMO | 2018}}
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Hamas leader wants Palestinian army
| publisher=Al Jazeera | date=29 January 2006
| url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/1/29/hamas-leader-wants-palestinian-army
| ref={{sfnref | Al Jazeera | 2006}}
| access-date=31 October 2020
}}
* {{cite news
| title=Hamas: Peace with Israel for withdrawal to '67 borders
| website=ynetnews | date=3 March 2006
| url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3223438,00.html
| ref={{sfnref | ynet | 2006}}
| access-date=31 October 2020
| last1=Agencies | first1=News }}
* {{cite web
| title=In Moscow, Russians put pressure on Hamas
| website=The New York Times | date=3 March 2006
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/03/world/africa/in-moscow-russians-put-pressure-on-hamas.html
| ref={{sfnref | The New York Times | 2006}}
| access-date=31 October 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Carter Says Hamas and Syria Are Open to Peace
| website=The New York Times | date=22 April 2008
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/22/world/middleeast/22mideast.html
| ref={{sfnref | The New York Times | 2008}}
| access-date=31 October 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Hamas offers truce in return for 1967 borders
| publisher=NBC News | date=21 April 2008
| url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24235665
| ref={{sfnref | NBC News | 2008}}
| access-date=31 October 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Israel Rejects Hamas Terms for Exchange of Prisoners
| website=The New York Times | date=11 July 2006
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/world/middleeast/11mideast.html
| last=Myre | first=Greg
| access-date=1 November 2020}}
* {{cite web
| last=Blau | first=Uri
| title=Abbas vows to dismantle PA if Israel frees Hamas prisoners for Shalit
| website=Haaretz | date=30 July 2008
| url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5008890
| access-date=1 November 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Hamas vows to try to kidnap more IDF soldiers
| website=Haaretz | date=2 October 2009
| url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5407565
| ref={{sfnref | Haaretz | 2009}}
| access-date=1 November 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Hamas chief Meshaal makes historic Gaza visit
| publisher=Al Jazeera
| date=7 December 2012
| url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/12/7/hamas-chief-meshaal-makes-historic-gaza-visit
| ref={{sfnref | Al Jazeera | 2012}}
| access-date=1 November 2020}}
* {{cite web
| last=al-Mughrabi | first=Nidal
| title=Hamas chief ends Gaza visit with call for Palestinian unity
| work=Reuters| date=10 December 2012
| url=https://in.reuters.com/article/uk-palestinians-israel-meshaal-idUKBRE8B90TG20121210
| access-date=1 November 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Khaled Meshal, Hamas Leader, Makes First Visit to Gaza
| website=The New York Times
| date=7 December 2012
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/08/world/middleeast/khaled-meshal-hamas-leader-gaza-visit.html
| ref={{sfnref | The New York Times | 2012}}
| access-date=1 November 2020
}}
* {{cite news
| title = Hamas leader Khaled Meshal says group will never recognize Israel
| date = 8 December 2012
| first = Joel
| last = Greenberg
| url = https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-12-08/world/35701545_1_katiba-square-hamas-leader-fatah
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121212002754/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-12-08/world/35701545_1_katiba-square-hamas-leader-fatah
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 12 December 2012
| newspaper = The Washington Post
}}
* {{cite web
| url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9710/05/israel
| title=Netanyahu in spotlight as assassination plot unravels
| website=[[CNN]]
| access-date=2003-09-26
| date = 1997
| url-status=bot: unknown
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308162315/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9710/05/israel
| archive-date= 8 March 2008
| ref={{sfnref | CNN | 1997}}
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Syrian State TV Lashes Out at Hamas Leader
| website=The New York Times | date=2 October 2012
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/03/world/middleeast/syrian-state-tv-lashes-out-at-hamas-leader-khaled-meshal.html
| first1 = Anne | last1 = Barnard
| first2 = Hania | last2 = Mourtada
| access-date=1 November 2020}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=545819
| date = 9 December 2012
| website = Ma'an News Agency
| title = Mashaal: Today Gaza, tomorrow Jerusalem
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130205042347/http://maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=545819
| archive-date = 5 February 2013
| ref={{sfnref | Ma'an News Agency | 2010}}
}}
* {{cite web
| last=Silver | first=Eric
| title=Hamas softens Israel stance in calls for Palestinian state
| website=The Independent | date=11 January 2007
| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/hamas-softens-israel-stance-in-calls-for-palestinian-state-431624.html
| access-date=1 November 2020}}
{{refend}}

==== Interviews ====
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite web
| last=Livingstone | first=Ken
| title=Khaled Meshal, Hamas leader: "It is possible to reunite the Palestinians"
| website=New Statesman | date=16 September 2009
| url=https://www.newstatesman.com/middle-east/2009/09/israel-palestinian-hamas
| access-date=1 November 2020}}
* {{cite journal
| title = Khalid Mishal: The Making of a Palestinian Islamic Leader Interviewed by Mouin Rabbani
| date = 2008
| volume = 37
| issue = 1
| last = Rabbani
| first = Mouin
| author-link = Mouin Rabbani
| url = https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/42013
| journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]]
| publisher = Institute for Palestine Studies
| pages = 59–73
| ref = {{sfnref|Rabbani|2008a}}
}}
* {{cite journal
| title = A Hamas Perspective on the Movement's Evolving Role: An Interview with Khalid Mishal: Part II
| date = 2008
| volume = 37
| issue = 4
| last = Rabbani
| first = Mouin
| author-link = Mouin Rabbani
| url = https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/42055
| journal = [[Journal of Palestine Studies]]
| publisher = Institute for Palestine Studies
| pages = 59–81
| ref = {{sfnref|Rabbani|2008b}}
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://english.daralhayat.com/Spec/12-2003/Article-20031205-4343f65c-c0a8-01ed-0012-e4cdc62232f8/story.html
| title = The Khaled Mishaal Interview, Part 1 of 7
| publisher = Dar Al Hayat
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051210145051/http://english.daralhayat.com/Spec/12-2003/Article-20031205-4343f65c-c0a8-01ed-0012-e4cdc62232f8/story.html
| archive-date = 10 December 2005
| date = 3 December 2003
| first = Ghassan | last = Charbel}}
* {{cite web
| title=Hamas chief Khaled Meshaal: Who is qualified to judge others?
| website=Mladá fronta DNES | date=30 May 2009
| url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/archiv/hamas-chief-khaled-meshaal-who-is-qualified-to-judge-others.A090529_184237_kavarna_bos
| ref={{sfnref | iDNES.cz | 2009}} | access-date=1 November 2020}}
* {{cite web
| title=Q&A with Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal
| work=Reuters| date=10 January 2007
| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-meshaal-text-idUSL1046412720070110
| access-date=1 November 2020}}
* {{cite web
| title=Hamas: Khaled Meshaal | website=BBC News
| date=19 April 2004 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/hardtalk/3639093.stm
| last = Sebastian | first = Tim
| access-date=1 November 2020}}
* {{cite web
| title=Transcript: Khaled Meshaal interview
| website=BBC News | date=8 February 2006
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4693382.stm
| last = Bowen | first = Jeremy
| access-date=1 November 2020}}
* {{cite web
| title=Talk to Jazeera - Khaled Meshaal - 05 Mar 08 - Pt. 1
| via=YouTube
| publisher=Al Jazeera
| date = 5 March 2008
| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8TTjb54GzM
| access-date=1 November 2020}}
* {{cite web
| title=Talk to Jazeera - Khaled Meshaal - 05 Mar 08 - Pt. 2
| via=YouTube
| publisher=Al Jazeera
| date = 5 March 2008
| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLOFtqK1jPI
| access-date=1 November 2020}}
* {{cite web
| title=Khaled Meshal
| website=Charlie Rose
| url=https://charlierose.com/videos/25113
| access-date=1 November 2020
| date = 28 July 2014
}}
{{refend}}

==== Op-eds ====
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite web
| title=Alan Johnston, A time for joy and reflection
| last=Meshaal | first=Khaled
| website=The Guardian | date=4 July 2007
| url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jul/05/israel.comment
| ref={{sfnref | The Guardian | 2007}} | access-date=1 November 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| last=Meshaal | first=Khaled
| title='We shall never recognize... a Zionist state on our soil'
| website=Los Angeles Times | date=1 February 2006
| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-feb-01-oe-meshal1-story.html
| access-date=1 November 2020
}}
{{refend}}

==== Other ====
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal
|title = Navigating the Winds of Change
|journal = The Majalla
|date = June 2012
|volume = 1573
|pages = 36–38
|url = http://www.majalla.com/eng/print-edition-pdf/al-majalla-issue-1573.pdf
|access-date = 4 April 2013
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130730045231/http://www.majalla.com/eng/print-edition-pdf/al-majalla-issue-1573.pdf
|archive-date = 30 July 2013
|ref = {{sfnref | ''The Majalla'' | 2012}}
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Profile: Khaled Meshaal of Hamas
| website=BBC News
| date=8 February 2006
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3563635.stm
| ref={{sfnref | BBC February | 2006}}
| access-date=31 October 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| last=Bensman
| first=Todd
| title=Hamas's Rock Star
| website=Washington Examiner
| date=13 February 2006
| url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/hamass-rock-star
| access-date=31 October 2020
}}
* {{cite web
|url = http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2013/01/201312210472621589.html#parttwo
|title = Kill Him Silently
|date = 30 January 2013
|publisher = Al Jazeera
|access-date = 30 January 2013
|last = Abu Hilalah
|first = Yaser
|archive-date = 30 January 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130130060257/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2013/01/201312210472621589.html#parttwo
|url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Palestinian Refugees and the Right of Return in International Law
| website=OHRH
| url=https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/palestinian-refugees-and-the-right-of-return-in-international-law/
| access-date=5 October 2020
| date=2018
| first=Loureen
| last=Sayej
}}
* {{cite magazine
| title=Khaled Mashaal: Hamas Leader Hunted by Netanyahu Haunts Israel
| magazine=Time
| date=19 August 2014
| url=https://time.com/khaled-mashaal/
| first=Michael
| last=Crowley
| access-date=1 November 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| title = Right is might
| website = Third Way Magazine
| date = Summer 2008
| url = https://highprofiles.info/interview/khalid-mishal/
| access-date = 8 May 2023
| first = Huw
| last = Spanner
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Country Report on Terrorism 2014 - Turkey
| website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Turkey
| date=1 June 2015
| url=https://tr.usembassy.gov/country-report-terrorism-2014-turkey/
| ref={{sfnref | U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Turkey | 2015}}
| access-date=1 November 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| title=Khaled Meshaal - Biography & Facts
| website=Encyclopædia Britannica
| date=8 September 2020
| url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khaled-Meshaal
| last1=Tesch
| first1=Noah
| last2=Lotha
| first2=Gloria
| access-date=1 November 2020
}}
* {{cite web
| title=50 People Who Matter 2010 - 18. Khaled Meshal
| date=17 September 2010
| url=https://www.newstatesman.com/middle-east/2010/09/khaled-meshal-strip-king
| access-date=1 November 2020
| website=New Statesman
| ref={{sfnref | New Statesman | 2010}}
}}
* {{cite magazine
| last=Altman
| first=Alex
| title=Hamas Leader Khaled Mashaal
| magazine=Time
| date=4 January 2009
| url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1869481,00.html
| access-date=1 November 2020
}}
* {{cite news
|last = Bensman
|first = Todd
|title = The Terrorist at City Hall
|url = https://www.dmagazine.com/publications/d-magazine/2005/january/the-terrorist-at-city-hall/
|access-date = 26 December 2018
|work = [[D Magazine]]
|date = 1 January 2005
}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mashal, Khaled}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Palestinian Muslims]]
[[Category:Palestinian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Kuwait University alumni]]
[[Category:Hamas leaders]]
[[Category:Palestinian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Silwad]]

IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

Khaled Mashal