Ahom kingdom

2021-07-05T15:05:52Z

47.29.65.46:

{{short description|Kingdom in the Brahmaputra Valley in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{stack|{{Infobox former country
|native_name = {{lang|as|আহোম ৰাজ্য}}
|conventional_long_name = Ahom kingdom
|common_name = Ahom kingdom
|status = historical [[sovereign state]]
|event_start = established by [[Sukaphaa|Chaolung Sukaphaa]]
|year_start = 1228
|event1 = [[Suhungmung|re-organization under King Suhungmung]]
|date_event1 = 1497
|event2 = [[Moamoria rebellion]]
|date_event2 = 1769
|event_end = [[Bengal Presidency|Britain seizes control]]
|year_end = 1826<ref name="end-year">"After 1770 started its period of decline-civil wars and depopulation followed by foreign occupations culminating in the final eclipse of 1826 by its take-over by the British." {{harvcol|Guha|1983|p=9}}</ref>
|image_coat = Ahom_insignia_plain.svg
|image_map = Ahom-kingdom-c1826p.png
|image_map_caption = The Ahom Kingdom, circa 1769
|capital = [[Charaideo]], [[Garhgaon]], [[Rangpur (Ahom capital)|Rangpur]], [[Jorhat]]
|common_languages = [[Assamese language|Assamese]],<br/>[[Ahom language|Ahom]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]], [[Ahom religion]], [[Buddhism]], [[Ekasarana Dharma]]
|government_type = [[Aristocracy|Aristocratic]] [[hereditary monarchy]]<ref>"(T)he Ahom system was in reality both 'monarchical' and 'aristocratical' as Captain Welsh pointed out long ago" {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=3}}</ref>
|leader1 = [[Sukaphaa]]
|year_leader1 = 1228–1268
|leader2 = [[Suhungmung]]
|year_leader2 = 1497–1539
|leader3 = [[Sukhrungphaa]]
|year_leader3 = 1696–1714
|title_leader = [[Chao Pha]]
|p1 = Kamarupa
|s1 = Konbaung Dynasty
|flag_s1 = National flag of the Konbaung dynasty.svg
|s2 = Colonial Assam
|flag_s2 = Flag of British Bengal.svg

|today = [[India]]
}}

{{Ahom Dynasty}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{Assam History}}
{{Culture of Assam}}
}}
The '''Ahom kingdom''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑ:|h|ɑ:|m|,_|ˈ|ɑ:|h|ə|m}}, 1228–1826)<ref name="end-year"/> was a [[Medieval India#Late medieval era|late medieval]]<ref name="Gogoi2006">{{cite book|author=Nitul Kumar Gogoi|title=Continuity and Change Among the Ahom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrN5_kseuDcC&pg=PA65|year=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-281-9|pages=65–}}</ref> kingdom in the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra Valley]] in [[Assam]]. It maintained its sovereignty for nearly 600 years having successfully resisted [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] expansion in [[Northeast India]]. Established by [[Sukaphaa]], a [[Tai peoples|Tai]] prince from [[Mong Mao]], it began as a [[Mueang|mong]] in the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra based on wet rice agriculture. It expanded suddenly under [[Suhungmung]] in the 16th century and became multi-ethnic in character, casting a profound effect on the political and social life of the entire Brahmaputra valley. The kingdom became weaker with the rise of the [[Moamoria rebellion]], and subsequently fell to repeated [[Burmese invasions of Assam]]. With the defeat of the Burmese after the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] and the [[Treaty of Yandabo]] in 1826, control of the kingdom passed into [[East India Company]] hands.

Though it came to be called the Ahom kingdom in the colonial and subsequent times, it was largely multi-ethnic, with the ethnic [[Ahom people|Tai-Ahom]] people constituting less than 10% of the population toward the end.<ref>"The Ahoms were never numerically dominant in the state they built and, at the time of 1872 and 1881 Censuses, they formed hardly one-tenth of the populations relevant to the erstwhile Ahom territory (i.e, by and large, the Brahmaputra Valley without the Goalpara district.)" {{Harvcol|Guha|1983|p=9}}</ref>
People from different ethnic groups became a part of the Ahom population due to the process known as [[Ahomisation]]. The identity of the [[Ahom people]] in this kingdom was fluid, with the king controlling who belonged to it and who did not.<ref>{{harvcol|Saikia|2004|pp=140–141}} By emphasizing the fluidity of this identity, the swargadeos controlled and directed the continuous movement within and beyond this group which, in turn, never allowed for developing any sense of loyalty to or cohesiveness of the group. Ahom was not an identity to die for in precolonial Assam; in fact, nobody could ever claim ownership of this label because it was left to the discretion of the swargodeo to award or demote a person to and from this status</ref> The [[Ahom people|Ahom]]s initially called their kingdom ''Mong Dun Shun Kham'' till 1401 ({{lang-as|xunor-xophura}}; {{lang-en|casket of gold}}), but adopted ''Assam'' in later times.<ref>"Tributes seem to have flowed to their original state in Upper Burma from Mungdungshunkham and probably the covert colonialism ended in 1401 when the boundary between Mungdungshunkham and the Nara kingdom was finally fixed at the Patkai hills. There is reason to believe that the name Mungdunshunkham is closely associated with this covert colonialism of the time and it automatically disappeared when Mungdunshunkham became ''Asom'' after their new name ''Ahom''. {{harvcol|Buragohain|1988|pp=54–55}}</ref> The British-controlled [[Colonial Assam|province]] after 1838 and later the Indian state of [[Assam]] came to be known by this name.

==History==
{{Main|Ahom Dynasty|Ahom-Mughal conflicts|Battle of Saraighat}}
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| header = Ahom architecture
| width = 200
| image1 = Ahom Raja Palace 1.JPG
| caption1 = [[Kareng Ghar]] is a seven-storied royal palace built by [[Rajeswar Singha]]
| image2 = Rang ghar.JPG
| caption2 = [[Rang Ghar]], built by [[Pramatta Singha]] in [[Ahom Kingdom]]'s capital [[Sibsagar|Rongpur]], is one of the earliest pavilions of outdoor stadia in the Indian subcontinent
| image3 = Talatal Ghar.jpg
| caption3 = [[Talatal Ghar]] is a royal palace built by [[Rudra Singha]]
}}
The Ahom kingdom was established in 1228 when the first Ahom king [[Sukaphaa]] came from [[Mong Mao]] and entered the [[Brahmaputra]] valley, crossing the rugged [[Patkai]] mountain range. He was accompanied by his three queens, two sons, several nobles and officials and their families, and soldiers totaling more than nine thousand persons. He crossed the Patkai and reached Namruk ([[Namrup]]) on 2 December 1228 and occupied a region on the south bank with the Burhidihing river in the north, the Dikhau river in the south and the Patkai mountains in the east.<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|1968|p=266}}</ref> He befriended the local groups, the Barahi and the Marans, finally settled his capital at [[Charaideo]] and established the offices of the Dangarias— the [[Burhagohain]] and the [[Borgohain]]. In the 1280s, these two offices were given independent regions of control and the check and balance that these three main offices accorded each other was established. The Ahoms brought with them the technology of wet rice cultivation that they shared with other groups. The people that took to the Ahom way of life and polity were incorporated into their fold in a process of Ahomization.<ref>"(In Upper Assam), the Ahoms assimilated some of their Naga, Moran and Barahi neighbours and later, also large sections of the Chutiya and Kachari tribes. This Ahomisation process went on until the expanded Ahom society itself began to be Hinduised from the mid-16th century onward." {{Harvcol|Guha|1983|p=12}}</ref> As a result of this process the Barahi people, for instance, were completely subsumed, and some of the other groups like some Nagas and the Maran peoples became Ahoms, thus enhancing the Ahom numbers significantly. This process of Ahomization was particularly significant till the 16th century when under [[Suhungmung]], the kingdom made large territorial expansions at the cost of the [[Chutiya kingdom|Chutiya]] and the [[Kachari kingdom|Kachari]] kingdoms.

The expansion was so large and so rapid that the Ahomization process could not keep pace and the Ahoms became a minority in their kingdom. This resulted in a change in the character of the kingdom and it became multi-ethnic and inclusive. Hindu influences, which were first felt under Bamuni Konwar at the end of the 14th century, became significant. The [[Assamese language]] entered the Ahom court and co-existed with the [[Tai language]] for some time in the 17th century before finally replacing it.<ref>"In (the 17th) century of Ahom-Mughal conflicts, (the Tai) language first coexisted with and then was progressively replaced by Assamese (Asamiya) at and outside the Court." {{Harv|Guha|1983|p=9}}</ref> The rapid expansion of the state was accompanied by the installation of a new high office, the [[Borpatrogohain]], at par with the other two high offices and not without opposition from them. Two special offices, the Sadiakhowa Gohain, and the Marangikowa Gohain were created to oversee the regions won over from the [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia]] and the [[Dimasa kingdom|Kachari]] kingdoms respectively. The subjects of the kingdom were organized under the [[Paik system]], initially based on the {{transl|as|phoid}} or kinship relations, which formed the militia. The kingdom came under attack from Turkic and Afghan rulers of [[Bengal]], but it withstood them. On one occasion, the Ahoms under Ton Kham [[Borgohain]]<ref>Tom Kham was the son of Phrasengmong Borgohain and Mula Gabhoru, both warriors who were killed in battles against Turbak.</ref> pursued the invaders and reached the Karatoya river,<ref>"The Ahom expeditionary force, led by General Ton Kham and aided by General Kan Seng and General Kham Peng, pursued the retreating enemies across Muslim domains of Kamarupa and Kamata receiving little resistance in them and reached Karatoya, the eastern boundary of Gaur proper, where the victors washed their swords."{{harv|Gogoi|1968|p=302}}</ref> and the Ahoms began to see themselves as the rightful heir of the erstwhile [[Kamarupa kingdom]].<ref>: The Ahom statesmen and chroniclers wishfully looked forward to the Karatoya as their natural western frontier. They also looked upon themselves as the heirs of the glory that was ancient Kamarupa by right of conquest, and they long cherished infructuous their unfulfilled hopes of expanding up to that frontier." {{Harvcol|Guha|1983|p=24}}, and notes.</ref>

The Ahom kingdom took many features of its mature form under [[Pratap Singha]] (1603–1641). The [[Paik system]] was reorganized under the professional ''khel'' system, replacing the kinship-based {{transl|as|phoid}} system. Under the same king, the offices of the [[Borphukan]], and the [[Borbarua]] were established along with other smaller offices. No more major restructuring of the state structure was attempted until the end of the kingdom. The kingdom came under repeated [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] attacks in the 17th century, and on one occasion in 1662, the Mughals under [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]] occupied the capital, Garhgaon. The Mughals were unable to keep it, and in at the end of the [[Battle of Saraighat]], the Ahoms not only fended off a major Mughal invasion but extended their boundaries west, up to the [[Manas river]]. Following a period of confusion, the kingdom got itself the last set of kings, the [[Tungkhungia dynasty|Tungkhungia]] kings, established by [[Gadadhar Singha]].

The rule of Tungkhungia kings was marked by achievements in the Arts and engineering constructions and also festering internal conflicts that tore the kingdom asunder. [[Rudra Singha]] (1696–1714) introduced Islamic prayers in the court that his successors continued.<ref>"(Rudra Singha) accepted a Muslim named Shah Newaj as a priest in the court, who used to pray for the prosperity of the kingdom in Islamic form. This custom introduced by him was followed by his successors." {{harv|Baruah|1978|p=577}}</ref> The later phase of the rule was also marked by increasing social conflicts, leading to the [[Moamoria rebellion]]. The rebels were able to capture and maintain power at the capital Rangpur for some years but were finally removed with the help of the British under Captain Welsh. The following repression led to a large depopulation due to emigration as well as execution, but the conflicts were never resolved. A much-weakened kingdom fell to repeated Burmese attacks and finally after the [[Treaty of Yandabo]] in 1826, the control of the kingdom passed into British hands.

==Ahom economic system==
The Ahom kingdom was based on the [[Paik system]], a type of [[corvee]] labor that is neither [[feudal]] nor [[Asiatic mode of production|Asiatic]]. The first coins were introduced by [[Suklenmung]] in the 16th century, though the system of personal service under the [[Paik system]] persisted. In the 17th century when the Ahom kingdom expanded to include erstwhile [[Koch Hajo|Koch]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] areas, it came into contact with their revenue systems and adapted accordingly.

==Ahom administration==
{{Main|Swargadeo|Burhagohain|Borgohain|Borpatrogohain|Borbarua|Borphukan}}

=== Swargadeo and Patra Mantris===
The Ahom kingdom was ruled by a king, called ''[[Swargadeo]]'' ([[Ahom language]]: ''Chao-Pha''), who had to be a descendant of the first king [[Sukaphaa]]. Succession was generally by [[primogeniture]] but occasionally the great Gohains (''Dangarias'') could elect another descendant of [[Sukaphaa]] from a different line or even depose an enthroned one.

'''Dangarias''': [[Sukaphaa]] had two great Gohains to aid him in administration: [[Burhagohain]] and the [[Borgohain]]. In the 1280s, they were given independent territories, they were veritable sovereigns in their given territories called ''bilat'' or ''rajya''. The [[Burhagohain]]'s territory was between Sadiya and Gerelua river in the north bank of the Brahmaputra river and the Borgohain's territory was to the west up to the Burai river.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=42}}</ref> They were given total command over the ''paiks'' that they controlled. These positions were generally filled from specific families. Princes who were eligible for the position of Swargadeo were not considered for these positions and vice versa. In the 1527, [[Suhungmung]] added a third Gohain, [[Borpatrogohain]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.450867/page/n66/mode/1up Thao-mung mungteu(Bhatialia Gohain) was made Chao-sheng-lung(Borpatrogohain in Lakni Rungrao 1527.(p.61.)]</ref> The Borpatrogohain's territory was located between the territories of the other two Gohains.

'''Royal officers''': [[Susenghphaa|Pratap Singha]] added two offices, [[Borbarua]] and [[Borphukan]], that were directly under the king. The Borbarua, who acted as the military as well as the judicial head, was in command of the region east of Kaliabor not under the command of the ''Dangarias''. He could use only a section of the paiks at his command for his personal use (as opposed to the Dangariyas), the rest rendering service to the Ahom state. The Borphukan was in military and civil command over the region west of Kaliabor, and acted as the ''Swargadeo's'' viceroy in the west. Borbaruas were mostly from different [[Bodo-Kachari people|Kachari]] communities, while Borphukans were from the [[Chutia people|Chutia]] community.<ref>"Most of the Borbaruas were selected from Moran, Kachari, Chiring and Khamti families. The office of the Governor general, lower Assam, was appointed from a Chutiya family." {{Harvcol|Gogoi|2006|p=9}}</ref> The Borbarua and Borphukan offices were not hereditary and thus could be chosen from any families.

'''Patra Mantris''': The five positions constituted the ''Patra Mantris'' (Council of Ministers). From the time of Supimphaa (1492–1497), one of the ''Patra Mantris'' was made the ''Rajmantri'' (Prime Minister, also ''Borpatro''; [[Ahom language]]: ''Shenglung'') who enjoyed additional powers and the service of a thousand additional paiks from the Jakaichuk village.

===Other officials===
The [[Borbarua]] and the [[Borphukan]] had military and judicial responsibilities, and they were aided by two separate councils (''sora'') of ''Phukans''. The Borphukan's ''sora'' sat at Guwahati and the Borbarua's ''sora'' at the capital. Superintending officers were called ''Borbaruas''. Among the officers, the highest in rank was the Borphukans. Six of them formed the council of the [[Borbarua]], but each had also his separate duties. The Naubaicha Phukan, who had an allotment of thousand men managed the royal boats, the Bhitarual Phukan, the Na Phukan, the Dihingia Phukan, the Deka Phukan, and the Neog Phukan formed the council of Phukan. The [[Borphukan]] also had a similar council of six subordinate Phukans whom he was bound to consult in all matters of importance, this council included Pani Phukan, who commanded six thousand ''paiks'', Deka Phukan who commanded four thousand ''paiks'', the Dihingia Phukan, Nek Phukan and two Chutiya Phukans.

The Baruas of whom there were twenty or more included Bhandari Barua or treasurer; the Duliya Barua, who was in charge of the royal palanquins; the Chaudang Barua who superintended executions; Khanikar Barua was the chief artificer; Sonadar Barua was the mint master and chief jeweler; the Bez Barua was the physician to the Royal family, Hati Barua, Ghora Barua, etc.
Other official included twelve Rajkhowas, and a number of Katakis, Kakatis, and Dolais. The Rajkhowas were governors of given territories and commanders of three thousand ''paiks''. They were the arbitrator who settled local disputes and supervised public works. The Katakis were envoys who dealt with foreign countries and hill tribes. The Kakatis were writers of official documents, and the Dolais expounded astrology and determined auspicious time and dates for any important event and undertaking.

===Governors===
Members of the royal families ruled certain areas, and they were called ''Raja''.
* ''Charing Raja'', the heir apparent to the ''[[Swargadeo]]'', administered the tracts around Joypur on the right bank of the Burhidihing river.
* ''Tipam Raja'' is the second in line.
* ''Namrup Raja'' is the third in line

Members of the royal families who occupy lower positions are given regions called ''mel''s, and were called ''meldangia'' or {{transl|ass|melkhowa}} ''raja''. ''Meldangia Gohain''s were princes of an even lesser grade, of which there were two: ''Majumelia Gohain'' and ''Sarumelia Gohain''.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=43}}</ref>

Royal ladies were given individual ''mel''s, and by the time of Rajeshwar Singha, there were twelve of them. The most important of these was the ''Raidangia mel'' given to the chief queen.<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=43}}</ref>

Forward governors, who were military commanders, ruled and administered forward territories. The officers were usually filled from the families that were eligible for the three great Gohains.
* ''Sadiya Khowa Gohain'' based in Sadiya, administered the [[Sadiya]] region that was acquired after the conquest of the [[Chutia kingdom]] in 1524.
* ''Marangi khowa Gohain'' administered the region that was contiguous to the Naga groups west of the Dhansiri; acquired from the [[ Kachari kingdom]] in 1526.
* ''Solal Gohain'' administered a great part of [[Nagaon]] and a portion of Chariduar after the headquarters of the [[Borphukan]] was transferred to [[Gauhati]].
* ''Kajalimukhiya Gohain'' served under the Borphukan, administered Kajalimukh and maintained relations with Jaintia and Dimarua.<ref name="Gogoi2002">{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2002|p=44}}</ref>
* ''Khamjangia Gohain'' administered the region of Khamjang(part of Naga hills).
* ''Banrukia Gohain'' administered the region of Banruk(part of Sibsagar district).
* ''Tungkhungia Gohain'' administered the region of Tingkhong.
* ''Banlungia Gohain'' administered the region of Banlung(Dhemaji) that was acquired after the conquest of the [[Chutia kingdom]] in 1524.
* ''Bhatialia Gohain'' administered the region of [[Habung]] acquired from the [[Chutia kingdom]] in 1524. Later Borpatrogohain was created in its place.
* ''Dihingia Gohain'' administered the region of Mungklang(Dihing) that was acquired after the conquest of the [[Chutiya kingdom]] in 1524.
* ''Kaliaboria Gohain'' administered the region of Kaliabor.
* ''Jagiyal Gohain'' served under Borbarua, administered Jagi at Nagoan and maintained relations with seven tribal chiefs, called ''Sat Raja''.<ref name="Gogoi2002" />
* ''Mohongia Gohain'' and ''Mohongor Gohain'' based in the salt mines of [[Sadiya]] and Mohong(Naga hills) conquered from [[Chutia kingdom]] and [[Nocte people|Nagas]].

Lesser governors were called Rajkhowas, and some of them were:
* Bacha
* Darrang
* Solaguri
* Abhaypur

The dependent kings or vassals were also called ''Raja''. Except for the Raja of Rani, all paid an annual tribute. These Rajas were required to meet the needs for resources and paiks when the need arose, as during the time of war.
* Darrang Raja ruled the later-day Darrang district and were the descendants of Sundar Narayan, a great-grandson of [[Chilarai]] of the [[Koch dynasty]]
* Rani
* Beltola ruled the tracts southwest of Guwahati and were the descendants of Gaj Narayan, a grandson of [[Chilarai]] of the [[Koch dynasty]]
* Luki
* Barduar
* Dimarua
* Tapakuchi

===Paik officials===
The Ahom kingdom was dependent on the [[Paik system]], a form of [[corvee labor]], reorganized in 1608 by Momai Tamuli Barbarua.<ref name="harvcol|Sen|1979|p=553">{{harvcol|Sen|1979|p=553}}</ref> Every common subject was a ''paik'', and four ''paiks'' formed a ''got''. At any time of the year, one of the ''paiks'' in the ''got'' rendered direct service to the king, as the others in his ''got'' tended to his fields. The Paik system was administered by the Paik officials: Bora was in charge of 20 ''paiks'', a Saikia of 100 and a Hazarika of 1000. A Rajkhowa commanded three thousand and a Phukan commanded six thousand ''paiks''.<ref name="harvcol|Sen|1979|p=553"/>

===Land survey===
[[Supatphaa]] became acquainted with the land measurement system of Mughals during the time he was hiding in Kamrup before he succeeded to the throne. As soon as the wars with Mughals were over he issued orders for the introduction of a similar system throughout his dominions. Surveyors were imported from Koch Behar and Bengal for the work. It was commenced in [[Sibsagar]] and was pushed on vigorously, but it was not completed until after his death. Nowgaon was next surveyed, and the settlement which followed was supervised by [[Rudra Singha]] himself. According to historians, the method of survey included measuring the four sides of each field with a ''nal'', or bamboo pole of {{convert|12|ft|m}} length and calculating the area, the unit was the "lucha" or {{convert|144|sqft|m2}} and {{convert|14400|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. is one "[[Bigha]]". Four 'bigha' makes one 'Pura'. A similar land measurement system is still being followed in modern Assam.

==Classes of people==
[[Subinphaa]] (1281–1293), the third Ahom king, delineated the ''Satgharia Ahom'' ("Ahom of the seven houses") aristocracy: the ''[[Ahom Dynasty|Chaophaa]]'', the [[Burhagohain]] and the [[Borgohain]] families, and four priestly lineages—the ''Deodhai'', the ''Mohan'', the ''Bailung'' and the ''Chiring Phukan'' . These lines maintained [[exogamy|exogamous]] marital relationships. The number of lineages increased in later times as either other lineages were incorporated, or existing lineages divided. The king could belong to only the first family whereas the Burhagohain and the Borgohain only to the second and the third families. Most of the Borphukans belonged to the [[Chutia people|Chutia]] ethnic group, whereas the Borbaruas belonged to the [[Moran people|Morans]], [[Dimasa people|Dimasas]], Chiring and [[Khamti people|Khamti]] groups.<ref>"Most of the Borbaruas were selected from Moran, Kachari, Chiring and Khamti families. The office of the Governor general, lower Assam, was appointed from a Chutiya family." {{Harvcol|Gogoi|2006|p=9}}</ref> Later on Naga, Mising and Nara ([[Mogaung]]) oracles became a part of the ''Bailung'' group.<ref>"...a number of oracles were included in the Bailung group. Thus there were the Naga-Bailung, Miri-Bailung and Nara Bailung"{{harvcol|Gogoi|2006|p=9}}</ref> The extended nobility consisted of the landed aristocracy and the spiritual class that did not pay any form of tax.

The {{transl|ass|apaikan chamua}} was the gentry that was freed from the ''khels'' and paid only money-tax. The ''paikan chamua'' consisted of artisans, the literati and skilled people that did non-manual work and rendered service as a tax. The ''kanri paik'' rendered manual labor. The lowest were the ''licchous'', ''bandi-beti'' and other serfs and bondsmen. There was some degree of movement between the classes. Momai Tamuli Borbarua rose from a bondsman through the ranks to become the first [[Borbarua]] under [[Prataap Singha]].

==See also==
{{commons category|Ahom Kingdom}}
* [[Ahom Dynasty]]
* [[Ahom–Mughal conflicts]]
* [[Treaty of Ghilajharighat]]
* [[Ramani Gabharu]]
* [[Koch–Ahom conflicts]]
* [[Mueang]]
* [[Paik system]]
* [[Singarigharutha ceremony]]
* [[All Tai Ahom Students Union]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Baruah| first=S. L.| title = Ahom Policy Towards the Neighbouring Hill Tribes | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=38 | year=1977| pages= 249–256| jstor=44139078}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Baruah| first=S. L.| title = The Muslim Population in Pre-British Assam: Their Social Status and Role in Cultural History | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=39 | year=1978| pages= 570–580| jstor=44139398}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Buragohain|first=Romesh|date=1988|title=Ahom State Formation in Assam: An Inquiry into the Factors of Polity Formation in Medieval North East India|type=PhD|publisher=North-Eastern Hill University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/61119}}
* {{Citation| surname=Gogoi | given=Jahnabi | title=Agrarian system of medieval Assam | publisher=Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi | year=2002}}
* {{Citation| surname=Gogoi | given=Lila | title=The History of the system of Ahom administration | publisher=Punthi Pustak, Calcutta | year=1991}}
* {{Citation| surname=Gogoi | given=Nitul Kumar | title=Continuity and Change among the Ahoms |publisher=Concept Publishing Company, Delhi | year=2006}}
* {{Citation| surname=Gogoi | given=Padmeshwar | title=The Tai and the Tai kingdoms | publisher=Gauhati University, Guwahati | year=1968}}
* {{Citation| surname=Guha | given=Amalendu | title=Medieval and Early Colonial Assam: Society, Polity and Economy | publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co, Calcutta | year=1991}}
* {{Citation| last = Guha| first = Amalendu| title = The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)| journal = Social Scientist| volume = 11 |pages = 3–34| date = December 1983| doi = 10.2307/3516963| issue = 12| jstor = 3516963 | url = http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3259}}
* {{Citation| surname=Kakoty | given=Sanjeeb | title=Technology, Production and Social Formation in the Evolution of the Ahom State | publisher=Regency Publications, New Delhi | year=2003}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Phukan| first=J. N.| title = Relations of the Ahom kings of Assam with those of Mong Mao (in Yunnan, China) and of Mong Kwang (Mogaung in Myanmar) | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=52 | year=1991| pages= 888–893| jstor=44142722}}
* {{Cite conference| last1 = Sen| first1=Debasis|title = A Few Aspects of the Ahom Military System| journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=40 | year=1979| pages= 552–556| jstor=44141994}}
* {{Citation| editor-last=Sharma | editor-first=Benudhar | title=An Account of Assam | publisher=Assam Jyoti | place=Gauhati | year=1972}}
* {{cite book|last1=Saikia|first1=Yasmin|title=Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India|date=2004|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=082238616X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfSmsuO6QugC|language=en}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter I The Ahom Administration |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=III |pages=1–86 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
{{refend}}

{{Assam}}
{{History of Assam}}
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[[Category:Ahom kingdom| ]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Assam]]
[[Category:Tai history]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1228]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:1228 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1826 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in India]]

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Ahom kingdom