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Kosalam

2025-10-27T10:43:16Z

5.194.57.203:

{{Short description|71st raga in the Melakarta}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Carnatic}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Kosalam
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R3|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent = Lydian #2 scale
| similar =
}}

'''Kosalam''' (pronounced kōsalam) is a [[raga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 71st ''[[Melakarta]]'' rāgam in the 72 ''melakarta'' rāgam system of Carnatic music and is the ''prati madhyamam'' equivalent of ''[[Shoolini]]'', which is the 35th ''melakarta''. It is called '''Kusumākaram''' in [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] school of Carnatic music.<ref name="dikshitar">''Sri Muthuswami Dikshitar Keertanaigal'' by Vidwan A Sundaram Iyer, Pub. 1989, Music Book Publishers, Mylapore, Chennai</ref><ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref>

==Structure and Lakshana==
[[Image:Kosalam scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|''Kosalam'' scale with ''shadjam'' at C]]

''Kosalam'' is the 5th rāgam in the 12th ''chakra Aditya''. The mnemonic name is ''Aditya-Ma''. The mnemonic phrase is ''sa ru gu mi pa dhi nu''.<ref name="ragas" /> Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for details on below notation and terms):
*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M2|G3|R3|S|foot=yes}}
(the scale's notes are ''shatsruthi rishabham, antara gandharam, prati madhyamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham, kakali nishadham'')

''Kosalam'' is a ''melakarta'' rāgam and hence, by definition, it is a [[sampoorna raga|''sampoorna'' rāgam]] (it has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale).

== ''Janya'' rāgams ==
''Kosalam'' has a ''[[janya]]'' rāgam (derived scale) associated with it. See [[List of Janya Ragas#Kosalam|List of ''janya'' rāgams]] for list of rāgams associated with ''Kosalam'' and other ''melakarta'' rāgams.

== Compositions ==
A few compositions set to ''Kosalam'' rāgam are:

*''Kusumaakara Shobhitha'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]
*''Sri chakrapura vasini'' by [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]]
*''Idi neeku nyayama'' by [[Mysore Vasudevachar]]
*''Ubhaya kaveri'' by [[Veene Sheshanna]]
*''Ka Guha Shanmukha'' by [[Koteeswara Iyer]]
*''Ō ManasĀ muktiNi ganumu'' by [[Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna]]

Famous Movie song incorporating Kosalam is Sundari Kannal from Dalapathy movie in addition to Kalyani.

The song Paarthene from [[Mookuthi Amman]] by [[Girishh Gopalakrishnan]] is also based on Kosalam.

== Related rāgams ==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of ''Kosalam''.

''Kosalam's'' notes when shifted using ''[[Graha bhedam]]'', yields 3 other ''melakarta'' rāgams, namely, ''[[Keeravani]]'', ''[[Hemavati (ragam)|Hemavati]]'' and ''[[Vakulabharanam]]''. ''Graha bhedam'' is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the ''shadjam'' to the next note in the rāgam. For further details and an illustration refer ''[[Graha bhedam#Keeravani|Graha bhedam on Keeravani]]''.

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Melakarta ragas]]

Jalarnavam

2025-10-27T10:25:43Z

5.194.57.203:

{{Short description|38th raga in the Melakarta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Carnatic}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Jalarnavam
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}

'''Jalarnavam''' (pronounced {{IAST|jalārṇavam}}, meaning ''the ocean'') is a [[raga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 38th ''[[Melakarta]]'' rāgam in the 72 ''melakarta'' rāgam system of Carnatic music.

It is called '''Jaganmōhanam''' in [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] school of Carnatic music.<ref name="dikshitar">''Sri Muthuswami Dikshitar Keertanaigal'' by Vidwan A Sundaram Iyer, Pub. 1989, Music Book Publishers, Mylapore, Chennai</ref><ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref>

==Structure and Lakshana==
[[Image:Jalarnavam scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|''Jalarnavam'' scale with ''shadjam'' at C]]

It is the 2nd rāgam in the 7th ''chakra Rishi''. The mnemonic name is ''Rishi-Sri''. The mnemonic phrase is ''sa ra ga mi pa dha ni''.<ref name="ragas" /> Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for details on below notation and terms):
*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G1|R1|S|foot=yes}}
(the specific notes used in this scale are ''shuddha rishabham, shuddha gandharam, prati madhyamam, shuddha dhaivatham, kaisiki nishadham'')

As it is a ''melakarta'' rāgam, by definition it is a [[sampoorna raga|''sampoorna'' rāgam]] (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the ''prati madhyamam'' equivalent of ''[[Ratnangi]]'', which is the 2nd ''melakarta''.

== ''Janya'' rāgams ==
''Jalarnavam'' has a minor ''[[janya]]'' rāgam (derived scale) associated with it. See [[List of Janya Ragas#Jalarnavam|List of ''janya'' rāgams]] for full list of rāgams associated with ''Jalarnavam'' and other ''melakarta'' rāgams.

==Compositions==
A few compositions set to this scale are:

*''Sri Vidhya Rajagopalam'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]
*''Kanaka mayura'' by [[Koteeswara Iyer]]
*''Maheswari kavuma uma'' by [[Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna]]

== Related rāgams ==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

''Jalarnavam's'' notes when shifted using ''[[Graha bhedam]]'', yields no other ''melakarta'' rāgam, like all 6 rāgams in the ''Rishi chakra'' (''[[Salagam]], [[Jhalavarali]], [[Navaneetam]], [[Pavani (ragam)|Pavani]]'' and ''[[Raghupriya]]'' being the other 5). Only these rāgams have a gap of 3 notes anywhere in their scale, between G1|to M2. Such a gap does not occur in any other ''melakarta'' by definition.

''Graha bhedam'' is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the ''shadjam'' to the next note in the rāgam.

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Melakarta ragas]]

Chandrakauns

2025-10-24T06:43:22Z

5.194.57.203:

{{Short description|Hindustani Classical Music}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox raga
| name = Chandrakauns
| image_name = Chandrakauns scale.svg
| image_alt =
| thaat =
| type = Audava
| time = Late night, 12–3<ref name="Bor" />
| season =
| arohana = S {{underline|G}} M {{underline|D}} N Ṡ<ref name="Bor" />
| avarohana = Ṡ N {{underline|D}} M {{underline|G}} S<ref name="Bor" />
| vadi =
| samavadi =
| pakad =
| chalan =
| synonym = Chandrakosh<ref name="Bor" />
| equivalent =
| similar = {{ubl|[[Malkauns]]<ref name="Bor" />|[[Hindolam]]<ref name="mani" />}}
}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music}}
'''Chandrakauns''' is a [[raga]] in [[Hindustani classical music]].<ref name="Bor">{{cite book |last1=Bor |first1=Joep |last2=Rao |first2=Suvarnalata |title=The Raga Guide: A Survey of 74 Hindustani Ragas |date=1999 |publisher=Nimbus Records with Rotterdam Conservatory of Music |isbn=978-0-9543976-0-9 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCnoMgEACAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Qureshi 2016 p. 385">{{cite book |last=Qureshi |first=R.B. |title=Master Musicians of India: Hereditary Sarangi Players Speak |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-135-87396-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxYfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT385 |access-date=26 May 2021 |page=385}}</ref> It is also used in tail pieces and lighter presentations of [[Carnatic music]].<ref name="mani">{{cite news |last1=Mani |first1=Charulatha |title=Of love and longing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/of-love-and-longing/article5329771.ece |accessdate=29 August 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=8 November 2013}}</ref> In Carnatic music, it is considered a [[Janya]] of [[Melakarta]] 21 [[Keeravani]]

== Film songs ==
=== Language:Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Song
! Film
! Composer
! Singer
|-
| Maalai Pozhuthin Mayakkathile
| [[Bhagyalakshmi (1961 film)|''Bhagyalakshmi'']]
| [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| rowspan="2" | [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Unnai Yen Sandhithen
| ''[[Idhaya Thamarai]]''
| [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|-
| Yaaro Manmadhan
| ''[[Rajathi Rojakili]]''
| [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
| rowspan="3" | [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| Velli Salangaigal
| ''[[Kaadhal Oviyam]]''
| rowspan="10" | [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
| Naanaga Naanille
| ''[[Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey]]''
|-
| Naan Thedum Sevvanthi Poo
| ''Dharma Pathni''
| [[Ilaiyaraja]] & [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| Azhagu Malaraada
| ''[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]''
| [[S. Janaki]], [[T. S. Raghavendra]]
|-
| Padavanthatho Gaanam
| ''[[Ilamai Kaalangal]]''
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Deva Nidhi Yethu
| ''Ezhumalaiyan Magimai''
| [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| Vanam Ennum
| ''[[Villu Pattukaran]]''
|rowspan=2| [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| Vaazhatha Pennin Manam
| ''[[Thanga Thamaraigal]]''
|-
| Ithuvarai Nanoru
| ''Konji Pesalam''
| Tippu
|-
| Unna Ninaichu
| ''[[Raasaiyya]]''
|rowspan=2| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| Nilavukku Ilayavalo
|''[[Ondru Engal Jaathiye..!]]''
| rowspan=2|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|-
| Muthal Eluthe Mogamanal
| ''Nagamani''
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| Vaalvellam Inbam Inbam
| ''Poongatru Puthithanathu''
| MS Geethan
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| Naan Pogum
|''[[Rasathi Varum Naal]]''
|[[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| Parthen Parthen
| ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]''
| [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|[[Yugendran]], Reshmi
|-
| Athalinal Naan Unnai
| ''Naan Paada Ninaipathellam''
| Dheena
|P.Unniskrishnan,Swarnalatha
|-
| Azhagu Penne Azhagu Penne
| ''Sentha''
| T. S. Muralidharan
|[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
| Kaatrile
| ''Madrasapattinam''
| G.V. Prakash Kumar
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|}

=== Language:Hindi ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background:#f4a860" |Song
!style="background:#c2e7ff" |Film
!style="background:#c2e7a3" |Composer
!style="background:#00ffff" |Singers
|-
| ''Tu Chhupi Hai Kahan''
| ''[[Navrang]]''
| [[C Ramchandra]]
| [[Manna Dey]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| San sanan jare o pawan
| ''[[Sampoorna Ramayana]]''
| [[Vasant Desai]]
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| ''Sabar Ka Phal''{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
|''[[Atithee]]''
|[[Kalyanji Anandji]]
|[[Manna Dey]]
|-
| ''Tu Hi Tu Hai Main Dekha Karoon''{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
| ''Sunehri Nagin''
|[[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|}
=== Language:Telugu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#f4a860" |Song
! style="background:#c2e7ff" |Film
! style="background:#c2e7a3" |Composer
! style="background:#00ffff" |Singers
|-
| ''Anuvu Anuvuna Velasina Deva Kanuvelugai Mamu Nadipimpa Rava''
|''[[Manavudu Danavudu]]''
| G.Aswathama
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| Aakasana Suryudundadu Navvave Nava Mallikaa Aashale- I M & II F
|[[Sundarakanda (1992 film)|''Sundarakanda'']]
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]I M & [[K. S. Chithra]]II F
|-
|Kunkuma Poola
|[[Devi (1999 film)|Devi]]
|rowspan=2|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[S P Balasubramaniam]], [[K S Chitra]]
|-
| ''Bharata Vedamuga''
|[[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}

[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]

{{India-music-stub}}