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Government Girls School Kanwari

2021-10-16T07:07:02Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Government Girls School, Kanwari
| colours =
| location = [[Kanwari]], [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| pushpin_map = India Haryana
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = School in Hisar on Map of Haryana

| coordinates = {{coord|28|58|30|N|75|49|12|E|display=inline,title}}
| specialist =
| schooltype = Public funded
| motto =
| founded =
| founder =
| head =
| gender = Girls only
| lower_age = 3
| upper_age = 18
| principal =
| chair =
| pupils =
| faculty =
| district = [[Hisar district]]
| affiliation =
| website = {{url|www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in}}
}}

'''Government Girls School, Kanwari''' is a government funded school located in [[Kanwari]] village of [[Hisar district]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]].<ref name=IP2>[http://www.elections.in/haryana/polling-stations/hansi.html School polling list]</ref>

==History==
A government co-educational primary school existed in Kanwari since 1940s, which was progressively upgraded to middle, high and finally to secondary school. In Early 1990s, a new school was built and old school was converted into girls-only school.<ref name=IP1>[http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/ School education in Haryana]</ref>

==Academics==
The schools offer classes till 10+2.<ref name=IP3>[http://hisar.gov.in/higherEducation.aspx GSK school]</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Govt. School, Kanwari]]
* [[List of Universities and Colleges in Hisar]]
* [[List of schools in Hisar]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]

* [[Thakur Dass Bhargava Senior Secondary Model School]]
* [[Dayanand college]]
* [[Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad]]

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Private schools in Haryana]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in Haryana]]
[[Category:Education in Hisar district]]

{{Haryana-school-stub}}

Chandi Mandir

2021-10-09T18:09:48Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Chandi Mandir
| native_name = चंडी मंदिर

| image = Prachin Chandi mata mandir Gate.jpg
| caption = The front gate of Chandi Mandir which lies within Chandimandir Cantonment


| deity = [[Chandi|Chandi Devi]]
| tradition =
| Peetham =
| functional_status = Functional
| temple_board =
| festivals = [[Navratras]], [[Durga Puja]]
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location = [[Chandimandir Cantonment]] on [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH-5]]
| district = [[Panchkula district]]
| state = Haryana
| country = India
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|30|44|07|N|76|47|28|E|display=title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type =
| architecture_style = [[Hindu temple architecture|Nagara Hindu temple architecture]]
| creator =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =

| facade_direction =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =

| website = {{ Official website | https://mansadevi.org.in }}

| footnotes =
}}
{{Saktism}}

'''Chandi Mandir''' (Hindi, ''Mandir'': "Temple") is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Chandi]] the [[Saktism|goddess of power]], near [[Chandigarh]], located on [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH-5]] Chandigarh-[[Kalka]] highway in [[Panchkula]] city of [[Haryana]] state of [[India]]. It is about 15 km from the city of Chandigarh, which was named after the temple, and about 10 km away from the [[Mata Mansa Devi Mandir|Mansa Devi Shrine]]. The temple is situated amidst beautiful surroundings and the backdrop of the [[Siwalik Hills|Shivalik]] hills.<ref name=chan1>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/chandi-mandir-chandigarh-and-the-divine-namesake/ Chandi Mandir,Chandigarh and the divine namesake], Indian Express, 18 June 2009.</ref>

== Locations ==
Chandi Mandir lies in the [[Chandimandir Cantonment]] which is home of [[Chandimandir Cantonment|Western Command of the Indian army]].

==Temple ==

The Chandi Mandir is managed by the [[Mata_Mansa_Devi_Mandir#SMMDSB|Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board]]. The temple has statues of various [[Hindu]] deities including [[Chandi]], [[Radha Krishna]], [[Hanuman]], [[Shiva]] and [[Rama|Ram]].

== Festivals ==

During the festival of [[Durga Puja]] during [[Navratras]], thousands of people visit this temple.

==Other Chandi temples in India ==

Other popular [[Chandi|Chandi Devi]] temples in India are:

* [[Katak Chandi Temple]], [[Cuttack]] in [[Odisha]] state
* [[Chandi Devi Temple, Haridwar|Chandi Devi Temple]], [[Haridwar]] in [[Uttrakhand]] state

==See also==

* [[Religious tourism]]
* [[Saktism]]
* [[Yatra]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Durga Puja}}
{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana]]
[[Category:Panchkula]]

{{Chandigarh-geo-stub}}
{{india-hindu-temple-stub}}

Government School Kanwari

2021-09-29T13:58:26Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Government School, Kanwari
| colours =
| location = [[Kanwari]], [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| pushpin_map = India Haryana
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = School in Hisar on Map of Haryana

| coordinates = {{coord|28|58|30|N|75|49|12|E|display=inline,title}}
| specialist =
| schooltype = Public funded
| motto =
| founded =
| founder =
| head =
| gender = Co-educational
| lower_age = 3
| upper_age = 18
| principal =
| chair =
| pupils =
| faculty =
| district = [[Hisar district]]
| affiliation =
| website = {{url|www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in}}
}}

'''Government School, Kanwari''' is a government funded school located in [[Kanwari]] village of [[Hisar district]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]].<ref name=IP2>[http://www.elections.in/haryana/polling-stations/hansi.html School polling list]</ref>

==History==
A government co-educational primary school existed in Kanwari since 1940s, which was progressively upgraded to middle, high and finally to secondary school. In early 1990s, a new school was built and old school was converted into girls-only school.<ref name=IP1>[http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/ School education in Haryana]</ref>

==Academics==
The schools offer classes till 10+2.<ref name=IP3>[http://hisar.gov.in/higherEducation.aspx GSK school]</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Govt. Girls School, Kanwari]]
* [[List of Universities and Colleges in Hisar]]
* [[List of schools in Hisar]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]
* [[Thakur Dass Bhargava Senior Secondary Model School]]
* [[Dayanand college]]
* [[Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad]]

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Hisar, India topics}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Private schools in Haryana]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]

{{Haryana-school-stub}}

Hnahlan

2021-09-13T23:48:52Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hnahlan
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| pushpin_map1 = India
| pushpin_map_caption1 = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6937905|N|93.3817264|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Champhai district|Champhai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Champhai]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 1522
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3157
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 271344
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hnahlan''' is a [[border town]] in the [[Champhai]] [[Block (district subdivision)|Rural Development Block]] of [[Champhai district]] of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |title=Mizoram villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806123151/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Hnahlan has 569 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 92.95%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1504_PART_B_DCHB_CHAMPHAI.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Champhai |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Mizoram |access-date=2015-08-22 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 3157 || 1602 || 1555
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 575 || 296 || 279
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 3059 || 1525 || 1534
|-
| Literates || 2400 || 1256 || 1144
|-
| Workers (all) || 1735 || 877 || 858
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1725 || 872 || 853
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 1563 || 744 || 819
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 3 || 1 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Other || 158 || 126 || 32
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 10 || 5 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 6 || 3 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 4 || 2 || 2
|-
| Non-workers || 1422 || 725 || 697
|}

== Economy and border haat trade ==

Hnahlan is one of the 4 [[Borders of India#Hat|Border Haats]] (markets) in Mizoram, others being at [[Sangau]], [[Vaphai]] ([[Saikhumphai]]) and [[S.Zote|Zote]], all of which boost the local trade and economy.<ref name=up8>[https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/india-myanmar-likely-to-set-up-four-border-haats/1600444 Outlook India India, Myanmar likely to set up four ''Border Haats''], Outlook India, 20 Aug 2019.</ref> Hnahlan is one of the largest grapes producing area in the region.

== Transport and connectivity ==

[[Zokhawthar]] (75 km south) provides connectivity to [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]] (IMT),<ref name=up4>[https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-role-of-bimstec-in-revitalising-indias-northeast/ The Role of BIMSTEC in Revitalising India’s Northeast], ORF, 23 Jun 2021.</ref> and [[Asian Highway Network]] and [[AH1#India_North-East|Asian Highway 1]] (AH1).<ref name=ah1>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/new-road-rail-links-to-make-manipur-gateway-to-se-asia-cm/article25441980.ece New road, rail links to make Manipur gateway to SE Asia: CM], The Hindu, November 08, 2018.</ref> [[Lengpui Airport]] in [[Aizawl]] (260 km west) is the nearest airport in India. [[Sairang]] railhead of [[Bairabi–Sairang line]] 270 km west is the nearest railway station.

== See also ==

* [[Borders of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Champhai district}}
{{Mizoram}}

[[Category:Villages in Champhai block]]

Char Dham Railway

2021-09-12T17:13:05Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name =Char Dham Railway 
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =100px
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type =
| system = Broad Gauge
| status = Under-construction
| locale = [[Uttarakhand]]
| start = Start at [[Doiwala]] for [[Yamunotri]] and [[Gangotri]] routes, Start at [[Karnaprayag]] for [[Kedarnath]] and [[Badrinath]] routes
| end = End at [[Palar, India|Palar]] for [[Yamunotri]], End at [[Maneri, India|Maneri]] for [[Gangotri]], End at [[Sonprayag]] for [[Kedarnath]] route, End at [[Joshimath]] for [[Badrinath]] route
| stations =
| routes = Two separate Y-fork railways with a total of four individual routes
| ridership2 =
| open =
| close =
| owner =
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength_km = 327
| linelength_mi =
| linelength =
| tracklength_km= 327
| tracklength_mi=
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{convert|1676|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed =
| elevation_m = 1733
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Char Dham Railway,''' the [[Indian Railways]]'s under construction twin [[railway line]]s, will complement the [[Char Dham Highway]] project by connecting the holiest places of [[Hinduism]] called [[Chota Char Dham]], from the existing [[Doiwala]] railway station near [[Dehradun]] to [[Gangotri]] and [[Yamunotri]] via a fork at [[Uttarkashi]] and another set of twin rail links from the upcoming railway station at [[Karnaprayag]] to [[Kedarnath]] and [[Badrinath]] via a fork at [[Saikot]]. The line is also of strategic military importance and has been designated a national project.<ref name=char1>[http://www.india.com/business/chardham-to-get-rail-connectivity-indian-railways-pilgrimage-linking-project-to-cost-rs-43-29-crore-2124237/ Chardham to get rail connectivity; Indian Railways pilgrimage linking project to cost Rs 43.29k crore, India.com, 12-May-2017]</ref><ref name=char2>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/railway-minister-lays-foundation-stone-for-final-location-survey-on-char-dham-route/articleshow/58659661.cms Railway minister lays foundation stone for final location survey on char dham route, India Times news, 13-May-2017]</ref>

==Railway routes==

The ''Char Dham Railway'' has two different Y-shaped railways, with total of the following four individual rail lines:

* '''A.''' Gangotri–Yamunotri spurs: Main spur will go to Gangotri which will also Y–fork for another spur to Yamunotri.

**'''A1.''' [[Doiwala–Dehradun–Uttarkashi–Maneri Gangotri Railway]] 131 km long route will have the following 11 stations: [[Doiwala]], Sangatiyawala Khurd, Sarangdharwala, Ampata, Maror, Kandisaur, [[Chinyalisaur]], Dunda, Athali, Ladari and [[Maneri, India|Maneri]].<ref name=curr1/> Pilgrims will road transport from Maneri to [[Harsil]]-[[Gangotri]] via [[National Highway 34 (India)|NH-34]]. This will take the railway and Char Dham road highway at Gangotri closer to the [[Sino-Indian border dispute|large disputed India-China]] border area of [[Nelang|Nelang Valley]] which is currently in India's operational control.<ref name="info.cndsi.com">{{cite news|author=采编|title=中印边境自卫反击作战史|url=http://info.cndsi.com/html/20051126/1747142842.html|accessdate=2005-11-26|website=中国国防资讯网|date=2005-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626012530/http://info.cndsi.com/html/20051126/1747142842.html|archive-date=26 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=tut4>[http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/achilles-heel-in-indias-border-defence-with-china/ Achilles Heel in India's Border Defence with China!], [[Indian Defence Review]], 20 June 2017.</ref> Maneri to Gangotri is further 84 km.

** '''A2.''' [[Uttarkashi–Palar Yamunotri Railway]], 22 km long route will make a "Y" fork connection at Athali from the Gangotri railway above to reach at [[Palar, India|Palar]] railway station from where pilgrims will wtake road and track to [[Yamunotri]].<ref name=curr1/> Palar to Yamunotri is further 42 km.

* '''B.''' Kedarnath–Badrinath spurs: Main spur will go to Kedarnath which will also Y–fork for another spur to Badrinath.

** '''B1.''' [[Karnaprayag–Saikot–Sonprayag Kedarnath Railway]] 99 km long route will have the following 7 stations: [[Karnaprayag]], Siwai, [[Saikot]], Bairath, [[Chopta]], Makkumath and [[Sonprayag]]. Pilgrims will walk 19 km from Sonprayag to [[Kedarnath]]<ref name=curr1/>

** '''B2.''' [[Saikot–Joshimath Badrinath Railway]], 75 km long route will make a "Y" fork connection at [[Saikot]] from the Kedarnath railway above to [[Joshimath]]. It will have the following 4 stations: [[Saikot]], Tripak, Tartoli and [[Joshimath]]. Pilgrims will walk 37 km from Joshimath to [[Badrinath]].<ref name=curr1/> This will take the railway and Char Dham road highway at Badrinath closer to the [[Sino-Indian border dispute|disputed valley on India-China border]] area of [[Bara Hoti]] which is currently in India's operational control.<ref name=tut4/><ref name=tut5>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/After-24-yrs-of-work-strategic-military-outpost-near-India-China-border-connected-with-motorable-road/articleshow/55358605.cms After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India-China border connected with motorable road], [[Times of India]], 11 Nov 2016.</ref>

* Note: [[Rishikesh–Karnaprayag Railway]] is also an under construction new railway link extension from the exiting [[Rishikesh railway station]] to [[Karnaprayag]]. It will have the following 11 stations: [[Rishikesh]], Shivpuri, Byasi, [[Devprayag]], Maletha, [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]], Dhari, [[Rudraprayag]], Gholtir, [[Gauchar]], [[Karnaprayag]].<ref name=curr1/><ref name=char3>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/coming-soon-india-s-longest-railway-tunnel-on-rishikesh-karnprayag-route/story-wS8XHEfypDEXqdmkby3aAN.html Coming soon: India’s longest railway tunnel on Rishikesh–Karnaprayag route, Hindustan Times news, 19-Sept-2016]</ref>

==Strategic importance==
Once this railway line is completed, [[Line of Actual Control|India-China border]] will be closer to the rest of India by [[Indian Railways|railways]]. The time taken to reach the strategic border military stations from [[Delhi]] will be reduced by providing safe and quick mode of public transport for personnel and equipment.<ref name=char1/>

==Challenges==
After the [[Konkan Railway]], [[Mangalore–Hassan–Mysore line|Hassan–Mangalore line]] and [[Jammu–Baramulla line]], this line will be the most challenging railway project in [[Indian Railways]] due to mountainous terrain, a large number of tunnels and high bridges and severe cold weather in flood, landslide and earthquake prone high altitude mountainous area.<ref name=char1/><ref name=char2/>

==Current status==
Char Dham Railway project's 327 km long construction, costing [[Indian rupee|₹]]43,292 [[crore]] (USD $6.6 billion), began with the foundation stone laying and commencement of ₹120 crore ''Final Location Survey'' (FSL) in May 2017 by the [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Minister of Railways]] [[Suresh Prabhu]].<ref name=char1/><ref name=char2/> In January 2018, reconnaissance survey was complete, and final survey using airborne electromagnetic technique was underway by Turkish-Ukrainian company, which will be completed in 2 years, after which track laying would begin in December 2019. As of July, 2020 New Rishikesh railway station is ready and operational. Bridge over [[Chandrabhaga River (Purna River tributary)|Chandrabhaga river]] is being laid. Also a bridge over [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda river]] in [[New Tehri|Tehri]] is under construction. Both these bridges will be ready by 2021 as per plan. Land for all railway stations is acquired and work is going on in small phases over the entire route.<ref name=curr1>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livehindustan.com%2Futtarakhand%2Fdehradun%2Fstory-good-news-for-chardham-rail-line-approved-budget-for-final-survey-work-1739228.html Good news for Chardham rail line, approved budget for this big work], [https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/dehradun/story-good-news-for-chardham-rail-line-approved-budget-for-final-survey-work-1739228.html Live Hindustan], 18 January 2018.</ref>

== See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Char Dham Highway]]
* [[Diamond Quadrilateral]] railway project
* [[Golden Quadrilateral]] road project
* [[Setu Bharatam]] railway crossing-free flyover and underpass project
* [[Future of rail transport in India#Geo|New geostrategic rail lines of India]] under construction
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

{{Transport in India}}
{{Uttarakhand}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Northern Railway Zone|*]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

Chabimura

2021-09-01T23:24:35Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Chabimura/Chakwrakma
| other_language_1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| other_title_1 = ছবিমুড়া
| image = 2)Chabimura, the archaeological site at Devtamura.jpg
| caption = Rock cravings of Durga in '''Chabimura'''
| artist = Unknown
| year = 15th to 16th century
| medium = Sand rock
| subject = God and Goddess in Rock carving
| height_imperial = 
| width_imperial =
| length_imperial =
| city = Gomti district, Tripura, India
| owner = Govt. Of Tripura
| website = http://tripuratourism.gov.in/chabimura
}}

'''Chabimura''' or '''Chobimura''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]:ছবিমুড়া) also known as '''Chakwrakma''' or '''Chakrakma''' is famous for its panels of rock carving on steep mountain wall on the bank of [[Gumti River (Tripura)|Gomati river]] in Indian state [[Tripura]].<ref name="SharmaSharma2005">{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Suresh Kant|last2=Sharma|first2=Usha|title=Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, Religion, Politics, Sociology, Science, Education and Economy. Tripura. Volume eleven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8Mq1NU9Ml4C&pg=PA213|year=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-045-1|page=213}}</ref> There are huge carved images of [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Kartikeya|Kartika]], Mahisasura Mardini [[Durga]] and other Gods and Goddesses.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tripura : Vibrant and colorful|last=Information and Cultural Affairs Department|first=Tripura Government|publisher=Govt. Of Tripura|year=July 2011|location=Agartala|page=92}}</ref>

It is situated on the bank of [[Gumti River (Tripura)|Gomati river]] at [[Haakwchak or Haakchak]] [[Amarpur, Tripura|Amarpur]] subdivision under [[Gomati district]], 82 km away from main city and capital [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]], India, 30 km away from [[Udaipur]] and 7.5 km away from Amarpur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/tripura-tourists-enjoy-boat-ride-to-debtamura-through-rain-forest-117041901259_1.html|title=Tripura: Tourists enjoy boat ride to Debtamura through rain forest|last=ANI|date=2017-04-19|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-04-13}}</ref>

==Durga in Chabimura==
The biggest idol of '''''Maa [[Durga]]''''' in rock carvings is about 20 feet high. The carvings images date back to 15-16th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tripuratourism.gov.in/chabimura|title=Chabimura {{!}} Tripura Tourism Development Corporation Ltd.|website=tripuratourism.gov.in|access-date=2018-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413185712/http://tripuratourism.gov.in/chabimura|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Beautiful images are curved with a lot of dexterity on the rocky faces of [[Devtamura]] which is steep at 90 degrees. The hill ranges are covered with thick jungles and one can reach this abode of gods only after trekking through these jungles.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US7S9h2psRcC&pg=PA54&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Land of Fourteen Gods: Ethno-cultural Profile of Tripura|last=Bera|first=Gautam Kumar|date=2010|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788183243339|language=en}}</ref>

==See also ==

* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites]]
* [[National Geological Monuments of India]]
* [[List of Hindu temples]]
* [[Tourism in India]]
* [[Yatra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Chabimura (archaeological site)}}

{{coord missing|Tripura}}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Tripura}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{Geography of India by state or territory}}
{{Monuments in India}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[Category:Gomati district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tripura]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tripura]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Rock art in India]]
[[Category:Rock reliefs in India]]
[[Category:Shiva in art]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Mahendragarh

2021-08-27T20:43:32Z

58.182.176.169:

{{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Mahendragarh district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahendragarh
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.28|N|76.15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 262
| population_total = 29,128
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Ahirwati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 123029
| registration_plate = HR-34
| website = {{URL|www.mahendragarh.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Mahendragarh''' is a city and a [[municipal committee]] in [[Mahendragarh district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gurgaon-per-capita-income-10-times-that-of-mahendragarh/1061719/0 |title=Gurgaon per capita income 10 times that of Mahendragarh |publisher=Indian Express |date=2013-01-19 |access-date=2014-07-06}}</ref> It is {{convert|100|km}} from [[Gurgaon]] and comes under [[National Capital Region (India)]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahendragarh, Bhiwani included in NCR|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Haryana/Mahendragarh-Bhiwani-included-in-NCR/Article1-1085356.aspx|publisher=Hindustan Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907025838/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Haryana/Mahendragarh-Bhiwani-included-in-NCR/Article1-1085356.aspx|archive-date=7 September 2013|access-date=2014-07-06}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Earlier named ''kanaud'', in early 1860s it was renamed after [[Mahendra Singh of Patiala|Maharaja Mahendra Singh]] (r. 1721-1748 CE) of [[Patiala State]] who was gifted this area by the [[Company rule in India|British East India Company rule]] for his help in crushing the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name=tribh1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020622/windows/main2.htm Magnificent havelis of Nangal-Sirohi], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 22 June 2002.</ref>

==Geography==
Mahendragarh is located at {{Coord|28.28|N|76.15|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/10/Mahendragarh.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Mahendragarh]</ref> It has an average elevation of 262 metres (859 feet). [[Mahendragarh district]] is bounded on the north by [[Bhiwani]] and [[Rohtak]] districts, on the east by [[Rewari district]] and [[Alwar district]] of Rajasthan, on the south by [[Alwar district|Alwar]], [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]] and [[Sikar district]]s of Rajasthan, and on the west by [[Sikar district|Sikar]] and [[Jhunjhunu district]]s of [[Rajasthan]]. It has five tehsils of [[Kanina khas]],[[Narnaul]], [[Ateli]], Nangal Choudhary And [[Mahendergarh]].

It is situated at the bank of [[Dohan River]] (which was a seasonal river), which is at the verge of extinction.

==History==

''Fort of Kanod'' was built by [[Maratha empire|Maratha]] ruler [[Tatya Tope]] in 1755 CE. In 1860, it came under the [[Patiala State]] during the [[British raj]]. ruler of Patiala, Narendra Singh, changed the name of Kanod Fort to Mahandragarh after his son Mahendra. Because of the name of the fort, this town came to be known as Mahendragarh and the name of Narnaul Nizam was changed to Mahendragarh Nizam.<ref name=ta2>Sohan Singh Khattar and Reena Kar, 2021, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=M60zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308&dq=history+of+loharu+fort&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjj563egdLyAhVc7XMBHdPrDcwQ6AEwAHoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20loharu%20fort&f=false Know Your State Haryana], Arihant Publications, pp 308.</ref>

It is said that Malik Mahadud Khan, a servant of [Babar]] had settled a habitation here.

In 1948, with the formation of [[PEPSU]], Mahendragarh territory from Patiala State, Dadri territory (Now Charkhi Dadri) from Jind and Bawal territory from Nabha State were constituted into [[Mahendragarh district]] with the headquarters at [[Narnaul]]. At that time, there were three tehsils, namely; Narnaul, [[Charkhi Dadri]] and [[Bawal]] and Mahendragarh was a sub-tehsil.

In 1949, Mahendragarh sub-tehsil was made a tehsil. In 1950, Bawal tehsil was broken up and 78 villages were transferred to [[Gurgaon district]] forming Bawal as a sub-tehsil and remaining villages were added to Narnaul and Mahendragarh. In 1956 the [[Rewari]] tehsil (except 61 villages ) was excluded from Gurgaon district and included in Mahendragarh district. The Charkhi-Dadri sub-division was excluded from Mahendragarh district and included in the newly constituted district of Bhiwani. In 1977, 81 villages of Rewari tehsil was constituted into Bawal tehsil. In 1978 the district comprised 4 tehsils (Mahendragarh, Rewari, Narnaul and Bawal). On 1 November 1989, Rewari and Bawal tehsils (taken from Mahendragarh district) and Kosli tehsil except 10 villages (taken from Rohtak district) were constituted into a new district of Rewari. Presently Mahendragarh district has 3 sub-divisions ([[Kanina khas]], Narnaul and Mahendergarh), 5 tehsils ([[Kanina khas]], Mahendragarh, [[Nangal Chaudhary]], [[Ateli]], Narnaul) and 1 sub-tehsil ([[Satnali]]).

==Demographics==
As of 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|publisher=Census Commission of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|access-date=2008-11-01}}</ref> Mahendragarh had a population of 23,977. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Mahendragarh has an average literacy rate of 76, higher than the national average of 75%: male literacy is 89%, and female literacy is 67%. In Mahendragarh, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age. [[Hindus]] constitute 98% of the population.

In spite of being a district headquarters, there is no administrative office. All the relevant work is done in [[Narnaul]]. The very first ''guggul ([[Commiphora wightii]]) vatika'' (place where medicinal plants are planted) was established here.

Now many government offices have opened in Mahendragarh near Government Boys college in new Court.

==Notable personalities==
* [[Ramdev|Swami Ramdev]] - yoga guru
* [[Rao Tula Ram]] - freedom fighter
* [[Gujarmal Modi]] - founder of Modi Industries and Modi Nagar
* [[Satish Kaushik]] - Indian film director, producer and actor

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mahendragarh district topics}}
{{Villages of Mahendragarh District}}

[[Category:Mahendragarh| ]]

Jadh Ganga

2021-08-23T15:06:17Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Bhagirathi river map.JPG|right|thumb|300px| Jadh Ganga]]
'''Jadh Ganga''', ({{lang-hi|जाध गंगा}}) also called [[Jahnavi River]] is a tributary of [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]] in [[Uttarakhand]] state of [[India]].

==Course==
{{ anchor | Geo | Geography | Lambi | Lambi river | Lambi River | Lambi Gad | Lambi gad }}

Jadh Ganga rises, north of [[Mana Pass]], from '''Lambi glacier''' where the river is known as '''Lambi Gad''' ('''Lambi river'''). This area administered by India lies near the [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]], the [[Sino-Indian border dispute|disputed defacto border]] between India and China, which is also claimed by China as part of [[Zanda County]] of [[Tibet]].

Lambi Gad flows from south to north, and after it takes a westward turn it is called the '''Mendi Gad''' (''''Mendi river''', also '''Mana Gad''' or '''Mana river'''). The Mendi Gad, while continuing west, at ~3 km confluences with a south-to-north flowing rivulet which originates from the ''Surali Bamak'' glacier in the south, at further ~2 km confluences with a south-to-north flowing rivulet which originates from the ''Tara Bamak'' glacier in the south, at further ~2 km confluences with a south-to-north flowing '''Gull Gad''' ('''Gull river''') which originates from the ''Mana Bamak'' glacier in the south, at further ~8 km confluences with a northeast-to-southwest flowing '''Nilapani Gad''' ('''Nilapani river''') which originates from the ''Nilapani Bamal'' glacier in the northeast.

After this confluence of point Mendi Gad and Nilapani Gad, the ''Mendi Gad'' is known as the ''Nilapani Gad'', which continues another ~5 km west and confluences with the northeast-to-southwest flowing '''Jadhang Gad''' ('''Jadhang river''') at ''[[Naga, Uttrakhand|Naga]]''. Sites along the Jadhang River are [[Sang,_Uttarakhand|Jadhang]] (Sang), [[Pulam Sumdo]], [[Jadhang peak]] (5290 m), [[Sonam peak]], (5262 m), [[Tirpani]], [[Pulam Sumda]], [[Tsangchok]], and [[Sumla]] near LAC.

After the Naga, the river is known as Jadh Ganga till it exits [[Nelang]] valley, after which it is also known as the '''Jahanvi River'''. The Jahanvi River (Gadh Ganga) then confluences with the [[Bhagirathi River]] at [[Bhaironghati]] just west of [[Gangotri]].

==Territory dispute ==
The valley of Jadh Ganga is claimed by China.<ref name="info.cndsi.com">{{cite news|author=采编|title=中印边境自卫反击作战史|url=http://info.cndsi.com/html/20051126/1747142842.html|accessdate=2005-11-26|website=中国国防资讯网|date=2005-11-26|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626012530/http://info.cndsi.com/html/20051126/1747142842.html|archivedate=26 June 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Indians control the whole extent of Jadh Ganga.

Some of the villages in the area are [[Sang,_Uttarakhand|Sang]], [[Jadhang]], [[Nelang]] and [[Pulam Sumda]], which all lie in the valley of the Jadh Ganga.<ref name=lac4>{{Cite web |url = https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/indias-border-dispute-with-neighbors/1859854 |title = India's border dispute with neighbors |website = aa.com.tr |access-date = 2020-07-18 }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Nelang#Geo|Geography of Jadh Ganga and tributaries]]
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Line of Actual Control]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Rivers of India]]
[[Category:Rivers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rivers of China]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tibet]]

{{India-river-stub}}
{{China-river-stub}}

Mana Pass

2021-08-23T13:22:34Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Mana Pass
| photo = Mana Village, Badrinath, Uttarakhand, India.jpeg
| photo_caption = Mana Village, Badrinath, Uttarakhand, India
| elevation_m = 5632
| elevation_ref = ([[SRTM]]2)
| traversed =
| map = Tibetan Plateau
| map_caption = Location of Mana Pass
| map_relief = 1
| location = [[China]]–[[India]] border
| coords = {{coord|31|04|06|N|79|25|00|E|type:pass|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| range = [[Garhwal Himalayas]]
| topo =
}}

'''Mana Pass''' is one of the [[Extreme points of Earth|highest vehicle-accessible passes in the world]], containing a road constructed in the 2005-2010 period for the Indian military by the [[Border Roads Organisation]] and visible on 2011 imagery on visual globe systems such as [[Google Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Seema|title=Women bikers attempt record at Mana Pass|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Women-bikers-attempt-record-at-Mana-Pass/articleshow/49277548.cms|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> The well-graded gravel-dirt road is higher on the Indian side than the new road on the Tibetan side, and rises to {{convert|5610|m|ft|0}} on the Indian side of the border, 250 m west of the low point of the {{convert|5632|m|ft|0}} Mana Pass [[SRTM]].

==Geography==
{{ see also | Nelang#Geo | l1= Geography of Jadh Ganga and tributaries }}

Mana Pass is located within the [[Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve]], 47 km north of the town of [[Mana, India]] and 52 km north of the Hindu [[pilgrimage]] town of [[Badrinath]] in [[Uttarakhand]]. It is the source of the Saraswati River, the longest stem of one of the longest [[Ganges]] tributaries, the [[Alaknanda River]].<ref name=toi>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.tourism-of-india.com/mana.html
|title = Tourism in Mana, India 
|location = New Delhi, India
|access-date = 2009-06-23
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090413205345/http://www.tourism-of-india.com/mana.html
|archive-date = 2009-04-13
}}</ref> That river trickles through several scenic small ponds between the pass and Lake Deo Tal three km southwest of the pass. Mana pass is also the [[key col]] for climbing [[Chaukhamba]] peak.

Mana as a name derives from "Manibhadra Ashram", the ancient name of the town of Mana.<ref name=toi />

==History==
Mana Pass was an ancient trade route between [[Uttarakhand]] and Tibet. Mana Pass led from Badrinath to the kingdom, now province, of [[Guge]] in Tibet. The Portuguese [[Jesuits]] [[António de Andrade]] and [[Manuel Marques (Guge)|Manuel Marques]] became the first known [[Europe]]ans to enter Tibet across Mana Pass in 1624. The pass continued as a minor trade route until its closure in 1951 by the Chinese. On April 29, 1954, [[China]] and [[India]] signed an agreement granting pilgrims and indigenous travelers the right to travel between the two countries through Mana Pass.

==Access==
The pass is reached from the south by an extension of [[National Highway 7 (India)|India National Highway 7]] (NH-7, old number NH-58) that connects [[Fazilka]] with [[Badrinath]], though beyond Badrinath the graded road is subject to landslides. Group of enthusiast motorcycle riders often can be seen on this road. Free Souls Rider Motorcycle Club was first non military citizens to scale the heights of Mana Pass and hold the record in The Limca Book Of Records.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.limcabookofrecords.in|title=Limca Book of Records|website=www.limcabookofrecords.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Holdich, Sir Thomas H; Tibet the Mysterious, (1906) University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts
* MacGregor, John. Tibet: A Chronicle of Exploration, (1970) Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, SBN 7100-6615-5

==External links==
*[http://bameduniya.tripod.com/tradingroutes.html Trading Routes of the Himalayas]
*[http://www.tpprc.org/documents/agreements/1954.pdf Agreement Between India and China]

{{Mountain passes of China}}
{{Mountain passes of India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mountain passes of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of Tibet]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:India–Tibet relations]]

Apostolic Prefecture of French Colonies in India

2021-08-07T18:26:04Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Refimprove|date=October 2016}}
The '''Apostolic Prefecture of French Colonies in India''' (sometimes confusingly called 'of Pondicherry') was an exempt pre-diocesan jurisdiction for Latin Catholic missions in the colonial enclaves constituting [[French India]].

== History ==
In 1777 it was established as '''[[Apostolic Prefecture]] of the [[French India|French Colonies]] in [[India]]''', not entitled to a [[titular bishop]], without a direct predecessor.

On 1886.09.01 it was suppressed, its territory being reassigned to the previously co-existent Metropolitan [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry|Archdiocese of Pondicherry]] (now Metropolitan Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore).

== Ordinaries ==
(all [[Roman Rite]] and missionary priests from Europe, notably from Latin congregations)

;''Apostolic Prefects of the French Colonies in India''
* Sebastien de Nevers, [[Capuchin Franciscans]] (O.F.M. Cap.) (born [[France]], as probably most of his successors) (1776.09.28 – 1980.11.27)
* Donatus Aurelinensis, O.F.M. Cap. (1780.11.27 – 1786.09.11)
* Hilarius Pictaviensis, O.F.M. Cap. (1786.09.11 – 1788.11.24)
* Damasus d’Oleron, O.F.M. Cap. (1788.11.24 – ?)
* Benedictus di Monterotundo, O.F.M. Cap. (1792.02.21 – ?)
* Pierre-Jean-Norbert Calmels, (1828.06.14 – 1859)
* Pierre Brunie (1859 – ?)

== See also==

* [[Goa Inquisition]]
* [[List of Catholic dioceses in India]]
* [[Persecution of Hindus]]
* [[Roman Catholicism in India]]

== Source and external links ==
* Adrien Launay, [https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.2&collapsing=disabled&rk=278971;2&query=dc.relation%20all%20%22cb307498792%22 ''Histoire des Missions de l'Inde. Pondicherry, Maissour, Coimbatour''], 5 volumes, Paris 1898
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/pond1.htm GCatholic.org]

{{Subject bar |portal1= Catholicism |portal2= India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:French Colonies in India, Apostolic Prefecture}}
[[Category:Former Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Apostolic prefectures]]
[[Category:French India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1777]]
[[Category:Religious organizations disestablished in 1886]]

Bidadari Resolutions

2021-08-07T16:29:46Z

58.182.176.169:

The '''Bidadari Resolutions''' were set of resolutions adopted by the nascent [[Indian National Army]] in April 1942 that declared the formation of the INA and its aim to launch an armed struggle for Indian independence. The resolution was declared at a [[prisoner-of-war camp]] at the [[Bidadari, Singapore|Bidadari]] (Bidadri PoW camp) in [[Singapore]] during Japanese occupation of the island.

==Fall of Singapore==
{{see also | Japanese occupation of Malaya | Battle of Singapore | Malayan campaign }}

The [[fall of Singapore]] on 15 February 1942 brought under the Japanese occupation approximately 45,000 Indian PoWs. The surrender of these PoWs were accepted by [[Major Fujiwara Iwaichi]], separately from that of British PoWs, on the morning of 17th at [[Farrer Park Field]]. Fujiwara passed on their command to [[Mohan Singh (general)|Mohan Singh]], who had formulated the conception of a liberation army for [[Indian independence movement|India's Independence]], accepted their command and invited the PoWs to join his proposed army. A large number of the troops volunteered.
Following this, the plans to formally establish the [[Indian National Army]] as the armed unit of the [[Indian Independence League]] were started. However, officers within the Indian Pow sought to establish clearly the Japanese intentions and designs for the army and clarification of its goals.

==Bidadary resolution==
{{see also | Farrer Park address }}

In April 1942, even as the discussions and the process of setting up the [[Indian Independence League]] and defining the aims of the movement carried on, Mohan Singh convened a meeting of a group of his officers to frame what has now come to be known as the Bidadary resolution. The resolution, declared by [[Mohan Singh Deb]], announced that:<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=94}}</ref> {{cquote|Indians stood above all differences of caste, community, or religion. Independence was every Indian's birthright. An Indian National Army would be raised to fight for it.}}
The resolution further specified that the army would go to battle only when the Congress and the people of India asked it to.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=94}}</ref> It did not however, specify the how army was to interact with the Japanese forces.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=94}}</ref>

==Effects of the resolution==

{{see also | Indian Independence League | Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon }}

Following the Bidadari resolutions, the Indian PoW camps were dissolved and the staff were transferred to the INA supreme command under Mohan Singh. On 9 May, recruiting for the INA began.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=94}}</ref> Mohan Singh had copies of the resolution circulated among the Indian jawans, followed by tours of the mainland camps by Mohan Singh and Fujiwara to encourage the troops to join the INA. In June, [[Bangkok Conference|a conference]] was held in [[Bangkok]] that saw the proclamation of the [[Indian Independence League]] and clearly established the relationship between the INA and the Japanese army and established the IIL as the master organisation of which the INA was to be the armed wing of. The Bidadary resolutions therefore formed the basis on which the subsequent organisations and orders of the first INA was built.

==See also ==

* [[Indian National Army in Singapore]]

* INA related context
** [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]]
** [[First Indian National Army]]
** [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]]
** [[Royal Air Force mutiny]]
** [[History of Singapore]]

* General context
** [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]]
** [[Greater India]]
** [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia]]
** [[History of Singaporean Indians]]
** [[Hinduism in South East Asia]]
** [[Indian diaspora]]
** [[Indianisation]]
** [[Indian Singaporeans]]
** [[List of Hindu temples in Singapore]]
** [[List of Indian organisations in Singapore]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}

===Citations ===
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Lebra
| given1 = Joyce C.
| year = 1971
| title = Japanese trained armies in South-East Asia
| url =
| publisher = New York,Columbia University Press
| ISBN = 0-231-03995-6
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Fay
| given1 = Peter W.
| year = 1993
| title = The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945.
| url =
| publisher = Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
| ISBN = 0-472-08342-2
}}.
{{Indian National Army}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Indian Independence League]]
[[Category:1942 in India]]
[[Category:1942 documents]]
[[Category:India in World War II]]

Kerala State Beverages Corporation

2021-08-04T22:14:51Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kerala State Beverages (M&M) Corporation Ltd. (BEVCO)
| logo = Kerala Beverages Logo.gif
| type = Kerala Public Sector Undertaking
| foundation = 23.02.1984
| location_city = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| location = BEVCO Tower, VikasBhavan P.O., Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram 695033
| locations = 
| key_people = Yogesh Gupta IPS, Chairman & Managing Director
| area_served = Kerala
| industry = Wholesale and Retail trading in IMFL(Indian Made Foreign Liquor) , Beer, FMFL(Foreign Made Foreign Liquor)
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income = α²
| num_employees =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| caption =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.ksbc.kerala.gov.in/}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kerala State Beverages (Manufacturing & Marketing) Corporation Ltd''' ('''BEVCO''') is a [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala|public sector company]] fully owned by the [[Government of Kerala]], it started under civil supplies department at that time under the minister U A Meeran, K Karunakaran Ministry. Since then BEVCO has the authority under law for the wholesale and retail vending of alcohol in [[Kerala]]. It controls the retail sales of [[Indian Made Foreign Liquor]] (IMFL) and [[beer]] in the state.

==History==
As per recommendation of a judicial commission, Kerala Government in 1984 amended the Abkari Act and set up a Public Sector Corporation to procure spirit and arrange blending, bottling, sealing and distribution of [[Arrack (drink)|arrack]] and sale of IMFL throughout the State of Kerala.

Research by a Kochi-based think tank had suggested liberalization of India's liquor industry to facilitate entry of foreign players, considering the growth of sales in imported spirits across the country. According to think tank CPPR, the liquor market in India is the third largest and fastest growing one in the world . A significant part of this liquor demand is met by domestic production. However, the market operates under the strict regulatory framework of the government and this has led to corruption, cronyism, exorbitant prices, black-marketing and public health concerns, thereby affecting the liquor quality.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/entry-of-foreign-players-will-encourage-best-practices-in-liquor-sector-study/article6516788.ece|title=Entry of foreign players will encourage best practices in liquor sector: Study|last=Kumar|first=V Sajeev|date=2014-10-19|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=2017-10-02|language=en}}</ref>

==Organisation==
[[File:Kerala Beverages Corporation.jpg|thumb|left|150px|KSBC retail outlet in [[Alappuzha]]]]
KSBC is one of the most profitable public sector units in Kerala.<ref>A REVIEW OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN KERALA 2004-2005, Bureau of Public Enterprises, Government of Kerala</ref> The company is headed by a board with six members. The territory along with it sales and warehousing is divided into three regions by the corporation. Each region is headed by a Regional Manager. KSBC has had record sales during Onam, Christmas & New Year with [[Chalakudi]] reporting the highest sales and [[Badiadka]] being the second<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/kerala-sells-alcohol-worth-rs-34-crore-day-290 |title=‘Kerala sells alcohol worth Rs 34 crore in a day’ |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=2009-09-01 |accessdate=2010-10-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119211007/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/kerala-sells-alcohol-worth-rs-34-crore-day-290 |archivedate=2010-11-19 }}</ref> Incidentally Chalakudi records an average daily sale of Rs. 5-7 lakhs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/kerala-tops-in-rum-sales/21/50/390015/ |title=‘Kerala tops in rum sales ’ |publisher=Business Standard |date=2010-03-29 |accessdate=2010-10-04}}</ref> [[Rum]] and [[brandy]] together account for 94% of KSBC sales in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/finance/rum-gives-kerala-a-high-as-state-coffers-swell-news-default-kiysueddbih.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811170504/http://www.sify.com/finance/rum-gives-kerala-a-high-as-state-coffers-swell-news-default-kiysueddbih.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-08-11 |title=‘Rum gives Kerala a high as state coffers swell ’ |publisher=Sify Finance |date=2010-08-24 |accessdate=2010-10-04}}</ref> Kerala is the largest consumer of rum in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/kerala-tops-in-rum-sales/21/50/390015/ |title=‘Kerala tops in rum sales ’ |publisher=Business Standard |date=2010-03-29 |accessdate=2010-10-04}}</ref>

KSBC is having 23 Warehouses( FL-9 Shops) and 270 Retail Outlets (FL-1 Shops) throughout Kerala.<ref>https://www.ksbc.kerala.gov.in/oldsite/units.htm</ref>

==Social impact==
[[File:Alcoholic beverages consumed in kerala 2010.png|thumb|right|Per capita & Consumption of alcoholic beverages in Kerala for the year of 2010]]
With one of the highest per capita consumption of alcohol in India, alcohol-related problems are on the rise,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksmha.org/kerala.htm |title=‘The extent of problem of Mental Health in Kerala ’ |publisher=Kerala State Mental Health Authority |accessdate=2010-10-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717133854/http://www.ksmha.org/kerala.htm |archivedate=2011-07-17 }}</ref> even the [[President of India]] expressed the deep concern over the rising demand of alcohol in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/president-concerned-about-alcoholism-in-kerala----watch/107863-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101094018/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/president-concerned-about-alcoholism-in-kerala----watch/107863-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-01-01 |title=‘President concerned about alcoholism in Kerala ’ |publisher=IBN Live |date=2009-12-28 |accessdate=2010-10-04}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[TASMAC]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kerala State Beverages Corporation}}
*[http://ksbc.kerala.gov.in/ Official Website]

{{portalbar|Beer|Liquor}}
{{Alcohol in India}}
{{Alcohol by countries}}
{{Alcoholic beverages}}
{{Indian beverages}}
{{Beers of the world}}
{{Prohibition |state=collapsed}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Whisky |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Alcohol in Kerala]]
[[Category:Alcohol monopolies]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Companies based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Kerala]]

List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana

2021-07-31T09:25:00Z

58.182.176.169:

{{short description|Wikipedia list article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
This is a list of [[State Protected Monument in India|State Protected Monuments]] as officially reported by and available through the website of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in the [[India]]n state [[Haryana]].<ref name="ASI MNI">[http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp List of State Protected Monuments as reported by the Archaeological Survey of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523134605/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp |date=23 May 2013 }}.</ref> The monument identifier is a combination of the abbreviation of the subdivision of the list (state, ASI circle) and the numbering as published on the website of the ASI. 23 State Protected Monuments have been recognized by the ASI in Haryana. Besides the State Protected Monuments, also the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana|Monuments of National Importance in this state]] might be relevant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_haryana.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Haryana - Archaeological Survey of India|website=asi.nic.in|access-date=2016-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314065302/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_haryana.asp|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== List of state protected monuments ==
{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-HR}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-1
| description = [[Khwaja Khizr Tomb]]
| location = [[Sonipat]]
| address = in [[Sonipat]]
| district = [[Sonipat district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Khwaja Khizr.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-2
| description = [[Bhirrana|Ancient Mound (Bhirrana)]]
| location = [[Bhirrana]] village
| address =
| district = [[Fatehabad district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-3
| description = [[Kunal, Haryana|Ancient Mound (Kunal)]]
| location = [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal village]]
| address =
| district = [[Fatehabad district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-4
| description = [[Farrukhnagar#Sheesh Mahal|Shishmahal]]
| location = [[Farrukhnagar]]
| address = inside [[Farrukhnagar#Farrukhnagar Fort|Farrukhnagar Fort]]
| district = [[Gurgaon district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Sheesh Mahal 030.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-5
| description = [[Dehra Temple]]<ref name=dehra1>[https://www.facebook.com/yashpalgulia01/posts/1675711349402609 Pics of Dehra temple]</ref>
| location = [[Bhond]] village on [[National Highway 248 (India)]], 2 km west of [[Ferozepur Jhirka]]
| address = On the foothill on the west side of village
| district = [[Nuh district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-6
| description = [[Pranpir Badshah tomb]] (Ancient Gombaj)
| location = [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]]
| address = next to "Panchayat Bhawan" & Govt College near [[Mahabir Stadium]]
| district = [[Hisar (district)|Hisar district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-7
| description = [[Asigarh Fort#Char Qutub Dargah|Char Qutub Dargah]]
| location = [[Hansi]]
| address = inside [[Asigarh Fort]] at [[Hansi]] city
| district = [[Hisar (district)|Hisar district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-8
| description = [[Jahaj Kothi Museum|Jahaj Kothi]]
| location = [[Hissar (city)|Hisar]]
| address = inside [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex]] in Hisar city
| district = [[Hisar (district)|Hisar district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-9
| description = [[Tomb of Sheikh Tayyab]]
| location = [[Kaithal]]
| address = near railway line in Kaithal city
| district = [[Kaithal district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Tomb of Sheikh Tayyab.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-10
| description = [[Karnal Mughal Bridge]]
| location = [[Karnal]] city
| address = Mughal Bridge is 8km from Karnal city center
| district = [[Karnal district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-11
| description = [[Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple|Ancient Shiva Temple]]
| location = [[Thanesar]]
| address =
| district = [[Kurukshetra district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Exterior of Shiva Temple.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-12
| description = [[Kurukshetra#Places of interest|Harsh Ka tilla]]
| location = [[Kurukshetra]]
| address = Also called Harsh Ka tilla, next to Shekh Cheli's Tomb
| district = [[Kurukshetra district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Harsha_Ka_Tila.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-13
| description = [[Narnaul#Tomb of Pir Turkman|Mosque of Pir Turkman and Tomb]]
| location = [[Narnaul]]
| address =
| district = [[Mahendragarh district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-14
| description = [[Narnaul#Tripolia gateway|Tripolia Gateway]]
| location = [[Narnaul]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-15
| description = [[Narnaul#Tomb of Ibrahim Khan Sur|Tomb of Shah Nizam]]
| location = [[Narnaul]]
| address =
| district = [[Mahendragarh district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-16
| description = [[Narnaul#Chor Gumbad|Chor Gombaj]]
| location = [[Narnaul]]
| address =
| district = [[Mahendragarh district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-17
| description = [[Narnaul#Shobha Sagar Talab or Janki Sarovar|Shobha Sagar Talab]]
| location = [[Narnaul]]
| address =
| district = [[Mahendragarh district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-18
| description = [[Narnaul#Chatta Rai Bal Mukund Das|Chatta Rai Bal Mukund Das]]
| location = [[Narnaul]]
| address =
| district = [[Mahendragarh district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Chatta Rai Bal Mukund Das.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-19
| description = [[Narnaul#Mirza Ali Jan.E2.80.99s Baoli|Throne of Mirza Ali Jaan and Baoli]]
| location = [[Narnaul]]
| address = [[Narnaul]]
| district = [[Mahendragarh district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-20
| description = [[Bhima Devi Temple Complex]]
| location = [[Pinjore]]
| address = next to [[Pinjore Gardens]]
| district = [[Panchkula district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =Image of Bhima Devi Ruins.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-21
| description = [[Takiya Banwa Fakir]]
| location = [[Panchkula]]
| address =
| district = [[Panchkula district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-22
| description = [[Sugh Ancient Mound]] (Sugh)
| location = [[Jagadhari]]
| address = between Amadalpur & Dayalgarh village in [[Jagadhari]]
| district = [[Yamunanagar district]]
| lon =
| lat =
|image=Ancient Mound site =Sugh=.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-HR-23
| description = [[Chaneti Buddhist Stupa]]
| location = [[Chaneti]]
| address = [[Jagadhri#Chaneti|Chaneti]], [[Jagadhri]]
| district = [[Yamunanagar district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Tosham rock inscription]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
* [[List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India]]
* [[Haryana Tourism]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|State Protected Monuments in Haryana}}

{{Commons category|Monuments of National Importance in Haryana}}

{{Monuments of NI in India}}
{{Protected areas of Haryana}}
{{Protected areas of India}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Biodiversity Worldwide}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Lists of State Protected Monuments in India|Haryana]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Haryana|State Protected Monuments]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Haryana|State Protected Monuments]]

Indian Police Foundation and Institute

2021-07-30T18:50:35Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
The '''Indian Police Foundation and Institute''' is a [[New Delhi]] based research organization, seeks to bring the police and the citizen stakeholders together, to collectively work for improving the professional, ethical and the service delivery standards of the police.

Its subsidiary, the Indian Police Institute is a professional home for the Indian Police, providing a vibrant platform dedicated to applied research, ideas generation, standards- setting, capacity building and evidence-based policing. While a good deal of work in this direction is already being done at the field level by several individual police officers and institutions, there has been a felt need for an independent intellectual forum for research and free flow of ideas, to supplement the efforts already under way, to support the Indian police to cope with the complex problems of policing in a fast-changing world.

The Indian Police Foundation is a response to the groundswell of public demand for an efficient, accountable and people-centric police that functions impartially, respects human dignity and human rights and steadfastly upholds the Rule of Law in all situations. The Foundation believes that a robust Criminal Justice System supported by a professional police force should be an important pillar of the idea of a resurgent and modern India.

The Indian Police Foundation and Institute believes that transformative reforms are possible through appropriate interventions in skill building and attitudinal training, through reforms that are both bold and practical, and through collective action of all stakeholders – the governments, the police, the private sector as well as the civil society, to drive a nationwide campaign for strengthening our grassroots level policing institutions.

The Indian Police Foundation is led by an eminent, multi-disciplinary Board, which is responsible for the governance of the Society, providing visionary leadership and providing strategic guidance to its policies, as well as interfacing with government agencies and leading the policy advocacy. [[Prakash Singh]], a former [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] and Chairman of the Foundation is well known for his persistent and crusading efforts aimed at police reform. Mr. N.Ramachandran, a former DG of Police, is the Founder and President of the Indian Police Foundation. Indian Police Foundation and Institute was inaugurated on 21 October 2015 by [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|United Home Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]].<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=129889 PIB report, 21 October 2015]</ref><ref>[http://policefoundationindia.org/ official website]</ref>

On 14 Dec 2015, it entered into an association with [[Gujarat Forensic Sciences University]], [[Gandhinagar]] (which is the world's first university solely dedicated to [[Forensic science|Forensic]] & [[Criminal investigation|Investigative Science]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gfsu.edu.in/news-updates/gfsu-signs-mou-with-indian-police-foundation-new-delhi |title=GFSU signs MoU with Indian Police Foundation |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407122350/http://www.gfsu.edu.in/news-updates/gfsu-signs-mou-with-indian-police-foundation-new-delhi |archive-date=7 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Narendra Modi says world`s first forensic science university is in Gujarat |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/narendra-modi-says-worlds-first-forensic-science-university-is-in-gujarat_915108.html|date=1 March 2014|publisher=[[Zee News]]|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref>

==See also==

* Crime reporting and tracking
** [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]] (BPRD)
** [[Emergency_telephone_number#112|Call 112]]
** [[Criminal record]]
** [[Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems]] (CCTNS)
** [[Law enforcement in India]]
** [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB)
** [[Sex offender registry]] (SOR)
** [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] (UNODC)

* Other police related
** [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]]
** [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]
**[[Police Foundation (UK)]]
**[[Police Foundation]] of USA

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://policefoundationindia.org/ Official Website]

{{Law enforcement in India}}
{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{Indian Penal Code navbox}}
{{Criminal procedure}}
{{Indian legislations|state=collapsed}}
{{Law}}
{{Asia topic|Law enforcement in}}
{{Asia topic|Mass surveillance in}}
{{Crime in Asia}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Think tanks based in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Kerala Public Service Commission

2021-07-29T19:14:47Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{short description|State government agency}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Kerala Public Service Commission
| image =
| image_border =
| size = 150px
| caption =
| motto = Employment
| type = [[Government of Kerala]]
| purpose = Recruitment
| headquarters = Thulasi Hills, Pattom Palace P.O.,Thiruvananthapuram 695 004 Kerala
| location =
| coords = 
| region_served = [[Kerala]]
| membership =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = MK Sakeer
| num_staff = 1600
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = [http://www.keralapsc.gov.in/ Official Web site]
| remarks =
| Parent = [[Union Public Service Commission]]
}}
The '''Kerala Public Service Commission''' ('''KPSC''') is a body created by the [[Constitution of India]] to select applicants for [[civil service]] jobs in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] according to the merits of the applicants and the rules of reservation.

The Head Office of the KPSC is located at [[Pattom]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the State Capital. It has three Regional Offices and fourteen District Offices.

The [[Union Public Service Commission]] is a body created by the Constitution of India. The Commission advise the Government on all matters relating to civil services referred to it under Article 320 (3) of the Constitution and publish notifications inviting applications for selection to various posts as per the requisitions of the appointing authorities, conduct written test and/or practical tests, physical efficiency test and interview, prepare ranked list based on the performance of the candidates and advise candidates for appointment strictly based on their merit and observing the rules of reservation as and when vacancies are reported.

==History==
In 1923, the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] established a Public Service Commission to examine the salary structure of the Indian Civil Service and the possibility of transferring some of the duties to provincial services. The commission was composed of five Englishmen and four Indians, with [[Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham|Viscount Lee of Fareham]] serving as chairman.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32835|page=4274|date=19 June 1923}}</ref>

The commission also addressed the rate of Indianisation of the Indian Civil Service and the Indian Police. It determined a rate which in 15 years would make the Indian Civil Service with a 50% Indian membership and the same in 25 years for the Indian Police.

It was left largely to the discretion of provincial governments to recruit and exercise control over their services, as deemed proper. As a result of the discretionary powers left to provincial Government, the Government of Madras and Punjab proposed to set up their own public service commissions.

[[Madras Presidency]] was the first province in India to establish their own service commission when the Madras Service Commission was established under an Act of the Madras Legislature in 1929, which included more than half of the present-day state of [[Kerala]] ([[Malabar District]] and [[South Canara]]).

There was a Public Service Commissioner in the erstwhile [[Travancore]] state whose duty was to select candidates for direct recruitment to various categories of posts under the Government. G.D. Nokes was appointed as the first Public Service Commissioner on 14 June 1936. The Office of the Public Service Commissioner, Travancore continued to function till the integration of Travancore and Cochin States.

In [[Cochin]] there was a Staff Selection Board constituted in 1936 to select candidates for initial recruitment to lower posts. In 1947 a three-member Cochin Public Service Commission was constituted under an Act of the State Legislature.

The [[Travancore-Cochin]] State was formed on 1 July 1949 by the integration of the two Princely States of Travancore and Cochin. With the integration of the States of Travancore and Cochin on 1 July 1949 a Public Service Commission for the State of Travancore-Cochin was constituted by an Ordinance. There were three members on the Commission including the Chairman. The functions of the Travancore-Cochin Public Service Commission were generally the same as those laid down in the Government of India Act, 1935. Later, when the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, the Travancore-Cochin Public Service Commission continued to function under the Constitutional Provisions.

The State of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956 consequent on the Reorganisation of States. It comprises the former Travancore-Cochin State (except the present Kanyakumari District and Shencottah Taluk of the present Tamil Nadu) and the Malabar District and the Kasargod Taluk of South Kanara District of the then composite Madras State. The public service commissions of [[Malabar District]] and [[South Canara]] were separated from Madras PSC.

With the formation of the State of Kerala on 1 November 1956 as a result of the reorganisation of States, the Travancore-Cochin Public Service Commission was transformed into the Kerala Public Service Commission. V.K. Velayudhan was the 1st Chairman of Kerala Public Service Commission. The number of the Members of the Commission was increased to Five in 1959, to Seven in 1971, to Eight in 1981, to Nine in 1982, to Thirteen in 1983, to Fourteen in 1984, to Fifteen in 1984 and to the present strength of Eighteen in 2005.

== Duties and functions ==
The duties and functions of the Commission have been laid down in Art. 320 of the constitution of India and Kerala Public Service Commission Rules of Procedure ( come into force from 16th day of August 1976)

#'''Recruitment to services & posts''' under the state through conduct of competitive examinations. This is the regular mode of recruitment where an examination is conducted followed by an interview.
#'''Recruitment to services & posts''' under the Kerala Government by direct selection. This type of recruitment is done to fill immediate/ irregular job vacancies. It is general done through direct interviews, but sometimes, a written test is conducted preceding the interview.
#'''Advising''' on the suitability of officers for appointment on promotion as well as transfer-on-deputation
#'''Advising the Government''' on all matters relating to methods of Recruitment to various services and posts
#'''Disciplinary cases''' relating to different civil services and
#Miscellaneous matters relating to grant of extra ordinary pensions, reimbursement of legal expenses etc. ..
#Kerala PSC advising the government to appoint qualified professional for various posts, through rank list which is created by PSC from top scorers in written, practical and physical examinations.

== Present commission ==
*'''Chairman''': Adv.M.K.Sakeer
*'''Members'''
#N. Selvaraj
#P. Mohandas
#K. Premarajan
#Ashokan Charuvil
#K. Usha
#Thomas V.T.
#M.K. Jeevan
#P. Shivadasan
#T.T. Ismail
#Simmy Rosebell John
#E. Ravindranathan
#S. Shine
#Matthew Lopez
#Parvathi Devi

*'''Secretary''': Saju George

==See also==
* [[Union Public Service Commission]]
* [[Public sector undertakings in Kerala]]
* [[Unemployment in Kerala]]
* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]

==References==

http://thulasi.psc.kerala.gov.in/thulasi

https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/kpsc-suspects-cheating-in-recruitment-test-752392.html

http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/aug/14/misinterpreting-request-as-order-psc-gave-illegal-weightage-for-4-decades-2018543.html
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.keralapsc.gov.in Kerala Public Service Commission]

{{State agencies of Kerala}}
{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{Government of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State public service commissions of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1956]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Kerala]]

Arunachal Pradesh Public Service Commission

2021-07-29T19:12:35Z

58.182.176.169:

{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{short description|State government agency}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Arunachal Pradesh Public Service Commission
|image =
|image_border =
|caption =
|alt = 
|map = 
|msize = 
|malt = 
|mcaption = 
|abbreviation = APPSC
|motto =
|formation = 1 April 1988
|extinction = 
|type = [[Government]]
|status = 
|purpose = Recruitment and Advisory on civil services.
|headquarters =
|location = PSC Building, Vidhan Vihar, [[Itanagar]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]- 791111
|coords = 
|region_served = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|membership = 3 Members
|language = English.
|leader_title = Chairman
|leader_name = Nabam Nipo
|leader_image =
|main_organ = 
|parent_organization = 
|affiliations = 
|num_staff = 
|num_volunteers =
|budget = 
|website = [http://www.appsc.gov.in/ Official Web site]
|remarks = 
}}
The '''Arunachal Pradesh Public Service Commission (APPSC)''' is the state agency authorized by the [[Government of Arunachal Pradesh]] to conduct the [[Civil Services Examination]] for entry-level appointments to the various departments and Services under [[Government of Arunachal Pradesh]] and to advise the government on civil service matters.

==Controversy==
The commission over the course of its existence has displayed utter incompetence leading to dozens of litigation, Protest and strikes including the infamous relay fast that led to the resignation of the Chairman of the Commission. In 2017 the paper set by the commission for preliminary exam turned out to be copy-pasted from various websites which led to the scrapping of the exam conducted that drew huge public flak on the competence and integrity of the current members. In 2018 the exam was conducted again. But was Challenged by some candidates citing inconsistency in commerce optional paper which again led to a huge outcry and legal challenge in 21 more subjects. The case is still ongoing in the Supreme Court.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==See also==

* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
1. https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2018/11/16/grieving-appscce-candidates-begin-hunger-strike/
2. {{Public Service Commissions in India}}

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{Government of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:State public service commissions of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1988]]
[[Category:State agencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-stub}}

Joint Management Entrance Test

2021-07-29T18:57:29Z

58.182.176.169:

{{short description|Entrance exam in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Joint Management Entrance Test''' ('''JMET''') was an admission exam used by some institutes in [[India]] as the first step in the admission to [[postgraduate]] programs in management. Institutes which used the exams included [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) and the IIT Schools of Management. The results of JMET were used to short-list the candidates for subsequent part of the selection process. In 2011 JMET was discontinued and replaced by [[Common Admission Test]] (CAT).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/shot-inarm-for-cat-as-b-schools-seek-credibility/447694/ |title=Shot in the arm for CAT, as B-schools seek credibility |work=business-standard.com |accessdate=11 September 2011}}</ref>

==Process==
The exam was an aptitude test conducted by each of the IITs on a rotation basis. The exam tested the candidate's knowledge of mathematics, data interpretation, logical reasoning and English usage. It was conducted annually in the month of December, and comprised questions in [[multiple choice]] format. From 2007 onwards sectional cut-offs were introduced. Candidates clearing all the four sectional cut-offs receive an All India Rank (AIR). The group discussion and or personal interview calls were given out on basis of a candidates AIR and overall profile which included past academics, extra-curricular and work experience, and it was not mandatory that all candidates who are declared as qualified by the exam will be called group discussion and interview. Calling the candidates for such later process of selection was the prerogative of the admitting institute.

==Format==
The question paper consisted of four sections and 120 questions. Each correct answer carried one mark each and each wrong answer attracted a penalty of 0.25 marks. The duration of the exam was 3 hours.
The four sections include and the number of questions are:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Section number
! Name of Section
! Number of questions
|-
| 1
| Verbal Communication
| 30
|-
| 2
| Logical Reasoning
| 30
|-
| 3
| Quantitative Ability
| 30
|-
|}

==See also==

* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://blog.careermitra.com/2011/08/cat-replaces-jmet-mba-admissions-iits/ CAT replaces JMET for MBA Admissions in IITs]. (careermitra.com published on 24 August 2011)
{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}

[[Category:Management education in India]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology]]
[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-stub}}

Indian Police Service Limited Competitive Examination

2021-07-29T18:40:20Z

58.182.176.169:

To face the shortage of [[Indian Police Service]] officers in India as a result the high attrition in the [[Indian Police Service]], the Ministry of Home Affairs proposed the formation of '''Indian Police Service Limited Competitive Examination''' to be conducted by [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]]. IPS Limited Competitive Examination was held for the first time in 2012. This is in addition to the [[Civil Services Examination]] conducted by [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] itself, for recruitment to the various [[civil services]] including [[Indian Police Service]].The Central Administrative Tribunal(CAT) has struck down the examination following the challenge by some state cadre police officers. Consequent to the CAT verdict, UPSC has withheld the declaration of final results of 2012 examination. Now the Ministry of Home Affairs is trying to sort out the legal matters as soon as possible.

==Eligibility Conditions==
(a)The candidate must hold a degree of any of Universities incorporated by an Act of the Central or State Legislature in India or other educational institutions established by an Act of Parliament or declared to be deemed as a University Under Section-3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956, or possess an equivalent qualification.

(b) A candidate must not have attained the age of 32 years for General Category, 35 years for Other Backward Classes category candidates and 37 years for candidates belonging to a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe.<ref>http://upsc.gov.in/exams/notifications/2012/ips/ips_eng.pdf 'Notification for 2012 Exam</ref>

Part B - Main Examination - Optional

Paper-I
One of the Indian Languages to be selected by the candidate from the 22 languages included in the VIIIth Schedule to the Constitution (Qualifying Paper) am during the job

300 Marks

Paper-II
English (Qualifying Paper)
300 Marks

Paper-III
Essay [in the medium you choose]

Papers

Papers VI, VII, VIII & IX X
Any two subjects (each having 2 papers) to be selected from the prescribed optional subjects (300 marks for each paper)
1200 Mark

==Scheme of Examination==
The Examination will comprise two components viz. Written Examination and Interview for Personality Test.

Note 3: The objective from papers will be qualifying in nature.

==Brief Syllabus==

Paper I:- General Studies covering Current affairs, History of India, Geography of India and the world, Indian polity and Governance, Economic and social development, Environmental issues, General Science
get paper II :- Aptitude test comprising Comprehension, Interpersonal skills, Logical reasoning and analytical ability, Decision making and problem-solving, General mental ability, Basic numeracy, and English Language Comprehension skills

Paper III :- English Language paper. This paper would be of Matriculation standard and qualifying in nature only. Its marks will not be counted for the preparation of merit ranking.

Paper IV :- Essay paper. It will comprise two essays, one on the security aspect and the other on the various developmental aspects of the society.

Paper V:- General Studies paper covering various aspects like Elementary Principles of Public Law, State Policy, Fundamental Rights, Human Rights, Disaster Management, National Security, etc.

Part B
PAPERS OF DESCRIPTIVE TYPE

Paper III : English (200 marks / 3 hours duration):- This will be a qualifying test only
of Matriculation or equivalent standard.
The aim of the paper is to test the candidate’s ability to read and understand serious
discursive prose, and to express his ideas clearly and correctly, in English.
The pattern of questions would be broad as follows (indicative only) :—
# Comprehension of given passages;
# Precise Writing;

'''UPSC Prelims Syllabus'''
Syllabus for GS Paper (Prelims Paper I)
Current events of national and international importance.
History of India and Indian National Movement.
Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.
Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
Economic and Social Development – Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector initiatives, etc.
General issues on Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialisation.
General Science
[[Syllabus]] for CSAT Paper (Prelims Paper-II)
Comprehension
Interpersonal skills including communication skills
Logical reasoning and analytical ability
Decision-making and problem solving
General mental ability
Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. – Class X level)

# Usage and Vocabulary;
# Paragraphs writing;
Note I : Answer all questions in this paper will have to be attempted in English only.

Paper IV: Essay ( 200 Marks/ 3 hours duration)
Candidates will be required to write two Essays. One topic will pertain to Indian Society/
politics/ Economy/Development, Growth, and related aspects. The other topic will pertain
to security and related matters. Candidates will be expected to keep close to the
subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in an orderly fashion and to write concisely.
Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.

Paper V: General Studies (200 Marks/ 3 hours duration)
The questions will be such as to test a candidate’s awareness of a variety of subjects
and are likely to test the candidate’s basic understanding of all relevant issues, and
the ability to analyze and take a view on conflicting socio-economic goals, objectives and
demands. The candidates must give relevant, meaningful and succinct answers.
Note: This paper can be answered by the Candidates either in English or in Hindi.
Attempting answers in any other language or use of ‘mixed’ language (i.e. partly in English and partly in Hindi) is not permissible.
Syllabus:
a) A brief idea about the History and [[Geography]] of India.

b) Constitution of India and Indian Polity: This part will include questions on the Constitution of India, as well as all constitutional, legal, administrative and other issues emerging from the politico-administrative system prevalent in the country.

c) Current National Issues and Topics of Social Relevance -

This part is intended to test the Candidate’s awareness of current national issues and topics of social relevance in present-day India, such as the following :
# The Indian economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.
# Issues arising from the social and economic exclusion of large sections from the benefits of development.
# Other issues relating to the development and management of human resources.
# Health issues including the management of Public Health, Health education, and ethical concerns regarding health-care.
# Law enforcement and related issues such as the preservation of communal harmony.
# Issues relating to good governance and accountability to the citizens including the maintenance of human rights, and of probity in public life.
# Environmental issues, ecological preservation, conservation of natural resources, and national heritage.
# India’s diversity, unity amidst diversity and pluralism as a part of the functioning of Indian Society. Conflicts due to political, economic, social and cultural reasons. Conflict resolution.
# Democratic rights and privileges of citizens. Emerging social changes/trends relevant to governance.
# National Security: Structure and functions of Defense Forces, Para Military Forces, and Police. Origin, growth, and dimensions of fundamentalism, militancy and terrorism. Local, regional, national and international dimensions of organized crime and terrorism; and efforts at countering them. "White-collar" and cybercrime, money laundering and tax-havens. Technology in crime detection, prevention, and investigation, including forensics. Weapons and weapons training that a uniformed officer should be aware of. Food security, energy security, water security, technological self-reliance as a part of security objectives, Disaster Management including natural and man-made disasters.
# Statistical Analysis, graph, and diagrams: This part will test the candidate’s ability to draw conclusions from information presented in statistical, graphical or diagrammatically form and to interpret them.

== See also ==
* [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS)
* [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC)
* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}

[[Category:Civil service tests in India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]

Madra

2021-07-25T22:18:30Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{other uses}}
[[Image:Map of Vedic India.png|thumb|Map of [[Aryavarta]]]]

'''Madra''' ({{IAST3|Madra}}; {{IPA-sa|mɐdɽɐ|}}) is the name of an ancient region and its inhabitants, located in the north-west division of the ancient Indian sub-continent. The kingdom's boundaries are believed to [[Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni|have extended]] from [[Syria]] and portions of [[Mesopotamia]] (possibly as far as [[Iraq#Administrative_divisions|Western Iraq]] ([[Al Anbar]]) to the present day. Some support for this belief lies within the ancient epic, the [[Mahabharata]] that describes the armies of the [[Madra Kingdom]] led by King [[Shalya]], marching from ancient Syria to what would be known today as [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Menon|first1=Ramesh|title=The Mahabharata, A modern rendering|date=2006|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9780595401888}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ganguly|first1=Kisari|title=The Mahabharata|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/index.htm|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Przyluski|first1=Jean|title=Ancient Peoples of the Punjab|date=1960|publisher=K. L. Mukhopadhyaya|location=University of Minnesota|pages=vi, 7-8}}</ref>

The Madra are numerously referenced in [[Sanskrit literature|ancient Sanskrit]] and [[Pali literature]] and some scholarly work references them as being part of the [[Kshatriya]] group during the time of the [[Mahabharata]] (the [[Vedic Period]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Law|first1=Dr. Bimla Charan|title=Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India|date=1924|publisher=University of Calcutta|pages=214–229|url=https://archive.org/stream/someksatriyatrib035136mbp#page/n259/mode/2up}}</ref>

Recent scholarly work references the Madra kingdom existing for at least two thousand years and places its home between the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] and [[Chenab]] rivers of [[Punjab region]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hamadani|first1=Agha Hussain|title=The frontier policy of the Delhi Sultans|date=1986|publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research|page=112}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bajpai|first1=Shiva Chandra (S.C.)|title=Lahaul-Spiti: A Forbidden Kingdom in the Himalayas|date=1987|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|page=11|isbn=9788173871139|edition=Fourth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4mCH1oCKTkC&q=madra+tribe&pg=PA11}}</ref> The Kingdom of Madra was founded by Madra who was the son of Shibi in [[Treta]] [[Yuga]].

== See also ==

* [[36 royal races]]
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni]]
* [[List of Rigvedic tribes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ancient Asia]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Historical Indian regions]]
[[Category:Historical regions of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Historical regions of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]

Dehra Temple

2021-07-24T10:25:21Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Dehra Temple''' is a monument protected by [[Haryana|Haryana State]] at Bhond village. The temple is on National Highway 248(India), 2 km west of Ferozepur Jhirka<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/haryana-bans-mining-construction-30-places-1502558195.html|title=Haryana bans mining and construction at 30 places|date=2018-01-05|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218194827/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/haryana-bans-mining-construction-30-places-1502558195.html|archive-date=2018-12-18|url-status=live}}</ref> on the foothills on the west side of Nuh District, in Haryana.

== About deity ==

The Jain temple was possibly constructed in 1451 CE ([[Samvat]] 1508) as can be inferred from an inscription fixed on the upper portion of the entrance of the pillared hall (Sabhamandapa) of the temple. This temple consists of three sanctumsanctorums for the three Jain Tirthankars; a pillared hall and a circumambulatory path (Pradakshinapath). The temple architecture appears to be heavily influenced by then prevailing Lodhi style of architecture.

The temple had the deity image of Thirthankra. Later it was removed and placed it in the Jaina Temple at Firozpur Jhirka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfDVAAAAMAAJ&dq=Dehra+Mandir+Ferozpur+Jhirka&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Dehra|title=Sculptures from Haryana: Iconography and Style|last=Handa|first=Devendra|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|isbn=9788173053078|language=en|access-date=2018-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145643/https://books.google.com/books?id=dfDVAAAAMAAJ&dq=Dehra+Mandir+Ferozpur+Jhirka&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Dehra|archive-date=2018-12-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|url=http://121.242.207.115/asi.nic.in/protected-monuments-in-haryana/|title=Protected Monuments in Haryana}}
* {{cite web|url=http://archaeologyharyana.nic.in/protection-of-monuments|title=Protection of Monuments}}

{{coord missing|Haryana}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Bilaspur Haryana

2021-07-19T12:59:08Z

58.182.176.169:

{{other uses|Bilaspur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bilaspur Haryana
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = township
| image_skyline = Bilaspur-August2016.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Aerial view of Bilaspur, Haryana
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.32|N|77.32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Yamunanagar District|Yamunanagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 274
| population_total = 9620
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]& Haryanvi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 135102
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HR.E2.80.94Haryana|HR]]-71
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bilaspur''' is a [[census town]] and block headquarter in [[Yamunanagar District]] in the state of [[Haryana]], India.<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web |title=Bilaspur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=64927 |website=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=18 October 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171018230146/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=64927 |archivedate=18 October 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It takes its name from the corrupted form of "Vyas Puri", as it was the [[ashram]] of [[Vyasa|Ved Vyasa]] [[rishi]] where he wrote the [[Mahabharta]] on the banks of [[Sarasvati river]] near [[Adi Badri (Haryana)|Adi Badri]] where Sarasvati river leaves Himalayas and enters the plains.<ref name="SSS">[http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.sg/2015/03/saraswati-darshan-march-2015-ed-dr.html?view=timeslide Sarasvati Sodh Sansthan Publications 2015]</ref> On [[Jagadhari]] road lies another popular religious site of [[Kapal Mochan]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|work= |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bilaspur had a population of 9620. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Bilaspur has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 69% and female literacy of 61%. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Riverfont==

'''Bilaspur Sarasvati Riverfont''' is being developed are a riverfront. In 2021, [[Haryana Sarasvati Heritage Development Board]] initiated projects to develop 5 river fronts under the under [[Adi_Badri,_Haryana#SR|Sarasvatio Revival Project]] on the rejuvenated [[Sarasvati river]] at [[Mini_Zoo_%26_Black_Buck_Breeding_Centre,_Pipli|Pipli]], [[Pehowa#Prithudak_Teerth|Pehowa]], Bilaspur, [[Dosarka]] (on Panchkula-Yamunanagar [[National Highway 344 (India)|NH-344]] near Sirsgarh) and the [[Theh Polar]] (near [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilisation]] archaeological site on Kaithal-Guhla [[List of highways in Haryana|SH-11]]). Pipli riverfront will be on the pattern [[Sabarmati Riverfront]].<ref name=de1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/haryanas-saraswati-heritage-board-to-develop-5-riverfronts-285084 Haryana's Saraswati heritage board to develop 5 riverfronts], The Tribune, 19 Jul 2021.</ref>

Bilaspur is one of the important [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] in the [[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]].

==See also==
{{portal|Hinduism}}

* [[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]]
* [[Adi Badri (Haryana)]]
* [[Gita Mahotsav]]
* [[Kaushalya Dam]]
* [[Parikrama]]
* [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)]]
* [[Morni]]
* [[Sarasvati river]]
* [[Sadaura]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Yamunanagar district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:Tourism in Haryana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Haryana]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Dayanand College

2021-07-17T18:37:07Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{unreferenced|date=October 2014}}

{{Infobox university
|name = Dayanand College
|native_name =
|image_name =
|image_size =
|caption =
|latin_name =

|motto =
|established = 1888 1942 (as college)
|closed =
|type =
|affiliation =
|endowment =
|officer_in_charge =
|chairman =
|chancellor =
|president =
|vice-president =
|superintendent =
|provost =
|vice_chancellor =
|rector =
|dean =
|director =
|head_label =
|head =
|faculty =
|staff =
|students = 2,300
|undergrad =
|other =
|city = [[Ajmer]]
|state = [[Rajasthan]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor =
|campus =
|former_names =
|free_label =
|free =
|sports =
|colors =
|colours =
|nickname =
|mascot =
|athletics =
|affiliations =
|website =
|logo =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Dayanand College''' is a [[college]] in [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]], that was established in 1887 in form of a [[Pathshala]] (School) through the efforts of Karmaveer Pt. Jiyalal and Prof. Dattatreya Vable. In July 1942, it became a college. After Dayanana Anglo-[[Vedic]] College (DAV) in [[Lahore]] was closed, this college became the oldest [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College Trust and Management Society|Dayanand College]] run by [[Arya Samaj]] Shiksha Sabha.

==Education Format==
The College imparts education in five faculties: [[Arts]], [[Science]], [[Commerce]], [[Agriculture]] and [[Physical Education]]. There are facilities for research (in various subjects at [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] level) and qualified Professors, that are available. Dayanand College has a [[research]] institute called ‘Dayanand Vedic Shodha Peeth’. Such research institutes are only established in universities. Further, an [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU) Study Centre has been established on campus. in which facilities for the study of 30 subjects at MBA and B.Ed. level are available.

==Features==
[[Laboratory|Laboratories]] for students of the agricultural sciences, the farmland and a working [[dairy]] farm are also on site, so that students gain practical knowledge and the skills of their subjects.

For students of Physical Education, the College boasts a swimming pool, gymnasium complex, a large well-maintained sports fields and a 400-meter cinder track. Such facilities stand out as unique in the region. Besides developing the intellectual capacity of its 2,300 students, training is also imparted under [[National Service Scheme]] (N.S.S.) to 200 students and also in [[N.C.C. Army]], [[Navy]] and [[Artillery]] to 500 cadets. There are two residential hostels for students.

==See also==
* [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College Trust and Management Society]]
* [[Arya Samaj]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Arya Samaj by country}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|26.4242615|N|74.6343472|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Colleges in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Arya Samaj]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1942]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]

D.A.V. College Lucknow

2021-07-17T18:31:34Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox college
|name = D.A.V. P.G. College, Lucknow
|image =
|motto = ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad#Popular mantras|Tamso Maa Jyotirgamaya]]''
|motto_lang = hi
|mottoeng = "Lead us from Darkness to light"
|established = 1956
|type = [[Public college|Public]]
|principal = Dr.Anjani Kumar Mishra<ref>http://www.davdegreelu.org/Managenent.htm</ref>
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|address = Pt. Ras Bihari Tiwari Marg
|affiliations = [[Lucknow University]]
|city = [[Lucknow]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = [[Urban Area|Urban]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.davdegreelu.in}}
}}

'''D.A.V. P.G. College, Lucknow''' is a Government-aided degree college affiliated to the [[University of Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web| title =Affiliated College Directory| work =Lucknow University| url =http://lkouniv.ac.in/oldsite/collegelist104.asp| accessdate =2014-09-24| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140216114103/http://lkouniv.ac.in/oldsite/collegelist104.asp| archive-date =16 February 2014| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = D.A.V. P.G. College|work=Jagran Josh| url = http://www.jagranjosh.com/institutes-colleges/dav-pg-college-875 | accessdate = 2014-09-24 }}</ref> The college has its origin in a school started in the premises of [[Arya Samaj]] temple in Ganeshganj locality in 1918. In 1926, the school shifted to the present premises, and graduate classes were started in 1956.<ref>{{cite web | title = About us | work = D.A.V. P.G. College, Lucknow | url = http://www.davpglu.org/ABOUT%20US.htm | language = Hindi | accessdate = 2014-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140929110231/http://www.davpglu.org/ABOUT%20US.htm | archive-date = 29 September 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>
{{cite web | title = D.A.V. Degree College |work=[[Navbharat Times]] | url = http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/lucknow/lucknow-university/d-a-v-degree-college-lucknow-/articleshow/20380584.cms | accessdate = 2014-09-24 }}</ref>

Spread over 25 acres, the main campus is situated in Arya Nagar, near Naka Hindola, 1 km from [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Charbagh Railway Station]]. It offers graduate courses in [[Arts]], [[Law]] and [[Science]] stream. It also offers Master courses for Arts and Law streams. It has two campuses, one for Law and another for Arts And Science. In 2012, ''[[India Today]]'' placed the college amongst top 5 "Best Science Colleges in Lucknow".<ref>{{cite web | title = Best ScienceColleges 2012 in Lucknow India Today Survey |work=India Today| url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/bestcolleges/2012/citycolleges.jsp?Y=2012&ST=Science&CT=Lucknow |date=2012| accessdate = 2014-09-24 }}</ref>

[[File:Davlko2.jpeg|thumbnail]]
[[File:Davlko3.jpeg|thumbnail|Campus]]

==See also==

* [[Arya Samaj]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.davpglu.org }}

{{Coord|26.836320|N|80.915901|E|display=title}}
{{Arya Samaj by country}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Law schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Lucknow]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Arya Samaj]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}

Lohari Ragho

2021-07-12T01:35:33Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Lohari Ragho
| alternate_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India
| map_alt =
| map_size = 270
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|29|16|29|N|76|4|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| region =
| type = Settlement
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
| area =
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built =
| abandoned =
| epochs = 3200–2600 BC
| cultures = [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
| dependency_of =
| occupants = farmer
| event =
| excavations =
| archaeologists =
| condition =
| ownership =
| management =
| public_access =
| website = 
| notes =
}}

'''Lohari Ragho''' is a village and [[Indus Valley Civilization]] archaeological site located in [[Hisar district]] of [[Haryana]] state in India. It has 3 separate mounds, each 1 to 1.5 km apart within the peripheralo suburban zone of [[Rakhigarhi]] city cite, where artifacts belonging to [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Mature Harappan]] and [[Siswal#Sothi-Siswal_culture|Sothi-Siswal cultural period]] (sub-culture of [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Late Harappan]] phase) have been confirmed based on filed visits.<ref name=thr1/> These mounds, unprotected and under risk of encroachment and threat of obliteration, are yet to be excavated, fenced, protected or conserved.

It is 8 km southwest of its erstwhile urban center of Rakhigarhi, 60 km from its IVC cultural ancestor [[Siswal#Sothi|Siswal]], 55 km northeast of district headquarter [[Hisar_(city)|Hisar]], 133 km northwest of national capital [[New Delhi]], and 175 km southwest of state capital [[Chandigarh]].

==Background ==

===Site location of 3 mounds ===

Lahori Ragho can be reached from Hansi on Hansi-Jind State Highway SH-12<ref name=thr1/> which runs in northeast direction from Hansi. At 15.2 km on SH-12 from Hansi bypass, where there is Bharat Petroleum's filling station near Majra Payau, another subsidiary road in northwestern direction off SH-12 goes to Lohari Ragho which is another 7 km.

Lohari Ragho has following 3 separate mounds near Lohari Ragho village, at least 1 km apart, hence each one must be treated as a separate site.<ref name=thr1/>

* ''Lohari Ragho Mound-I:'' This one is the village in northwest corner of village [[Village_accountant#Lal_Dora|lal dora]] near where the unpaved track to Datta village starts.
* ''Lohari Ragho Mound-II:'' This one is 950 m west of first one, it lies on the unpaved track which leads to Datta village.
* ''Lohari Ragho Mound-III:'' This one is 1.5 km southwest of the second one, it lies in the farms.

===Lohari Ragho - an ancient outer suburb of Rakhigarhi city ===

Bolstering the status of Rakhigarhi as the largest [[Indus Valley Civilization]] metropolis on the banks of [[Drishadvati river]] (through whose paleochannel presently flows the [[Chautang]] river ), at least 23 other Indus Valley Civilization sites within 5 km (at 4 sites), 10 km (at least 10 sites) and 15 km (at least 9 sites) radius of Rakhigarhi have been discovered up to 2001. Some of the raw materials were procured from the nodal ''Rakhigarhi'' site and finished products were brought back to the nodal ''Rakhigarhi'' site for marketing.<ref name="ASIR1">{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf |title=ASI Rakhigarhi Excavation Report for 1997-98 and 199-2001 excavations, Author: Dr. Amrendra Nath, Publisher: Archaeological Survey of India, Published: 2004 |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319114204/http://asi.nic.in/pdf_data/rakhigarhi_excavation_report_new.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Within 5 km radius are [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Early Harappan|early Harappan (4600 BCE - 2800 BCE)]] site of [[Gamra]] and [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Mature Harappan|mature Harappan (2600 BCE - 1400 BCE)]] sites of [[Budana]], [[Haibatpur]] and Lohari Ragho 3.<ref name="ASIR1"/>

Within 5 km to 10 km radius, early Harappan sites are Lohari Ragho 1, Lohari Ragho 2 and [[Kheri Lochab]]-[[Kheri Jalab]]. Mature Harappan small farmstead sites are [[Milakpur]] and [[Gunkali]]. Small farmstead sites of [[Kinnar, Hisar|Kinnar]], [[Nara, Hisar|Nara]] and [[Mirchpur]] have material from both mature and late Harappan period. [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Collapse and Late Harappan|late Harappan (after 1400 BCE)]] sites are [[Sothi|Sotha]] and
[[Khera Gandawala|Gandaswala Khera]].<ref name="ASIR1"/>

Within 5 km to 10 km radius are early, mature and late Harrpan sites. To the north-west of Rakhigarhi are [[Panihari village|Panhari]], [[Gyanpura]], [[Sothi|Sotha]], [[Kagsar]], [[Sulchani]] and south-west of Rakhigarhi are [[Sisai, Hisar|Sisai 1, 2 and 3]], [[Rajpura, Narnaund|Rajpura 2]], [[Pali, Narnaund|Pali]] and [[Masudpur]].<ref name="ASIR1"/>

===History of excavation ===
There has been no excavation but visits by several archaeologists who have confirmed the presence of 2 phases of Harappan culture.

These mounds were first reported by Dhoop Sing and Chanderpal Sing of [[Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|Haryana Department of Archaeology]] (HAD) (IAR-1980-8:16) as [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Late Harappan site]] which was written about in an article by [[J.P. Joshi]] (1984) which attributed these mounds to Sothi-Siswal period (a sub-culture of Late Harappan phase). Tejas Garge, Director of Maharashtra Archaeology department, who visited these sites also confirmed presence of additional Mature Harappan phase as well.<ref name=thr1/>

==Archaeology of the site ==

===3 separate mounds ===

Three mounds belonging to the [[Sothi]]-[[Siswal]] ceramic period were found during excavations in 1980. Archaeological remains were reported first time by Dhoop Singh and Chanderpal Singh from the HAD. A lot of Harappan ceramics have been found on the site such as globular jars, vases, bowls, basins and fast wheel pottery made of [[Black and red ware culture|red ware]].<ref name=thr1>Garge, T., (2010). [http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/article/view/aa.10203/35 Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal.] Ancient Asia. 2, pp.15–40. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/aa.10203</ref>

===Pottery culture and artifacts===

[[Redware]] pottery culture is [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent|typical of IVC]], which has been found at this site, some [[Slipware|slipped]] (glazed - either for fusing two pieces together or for decoration and protection) and some unslipped.<ref name=thr1/> Slipware is the pottery on which [[Slip (ceramics)|slip]] has been applied either for glazing or decoration. Slip is liquified clay or clay slurry, with no fixed ratio of water and clay, which is used either for joining [[leather-hard]] (semi-hardened) clay [[Glossary_of_pottery_terms#B|body]] (pieces of pottery) together by [[slipcasting]] with [[Molding (process)|mould]], [[Pottery#glazing|glazing]] or [[Pottery#Decoration|decorating]] the pottery by paining or dipping the pottery with slip, see [[glossary of pottery terms]].<ref name=clay1>[https://thepotterywheel.com/what-is-slip-in-pottery/ What is slip in pottery], thepotterywheel.com, accessed 10 July 2021.</ref>

Tejas Garge, found the following the pottery at the site, these were all shards except a small bowl and a lota where specifically mentioned to be whole artifact:<ref name=thr1/>

* Redware, associated with IVC culture

** Slipped redware
*** small-sized, [[Lota (vessel)|Lota]] complete and unbroken: [[wikt:spout|spouted]] [[wikt:globule|gobular]] pot
*** medium-large, jar, globular in shape with short out turned beaked rim, medium fabric.
*** jar, gobular shaped, medium fabric
*** medium size, jar ,with short externally projecting rim, having medium-to-fine fine fabric.
*** medium sized, jar, out turning beaded rim
*** large, bowl, shallow shaped with inverted/incurred rim and horizontal groove on the neck
*** basin, slip with flaring slides and an out turned rim,
*** jar, medium fabric with wavy incisions
*** jar/vase, medium fabric with wavy incisions

** Unslipped redware
** bowl, with convex profile and inside-out rim, medium fabric
** jar, with narrow mouth and external inside-out rim, fine-to-medium fabric
** pot, shallow shaped, horizontal line incisions on the shoulder
** bowl (bottom portion only)
** small-medium size, pot, out turned beaded rim.
** medium size, jar with narrow mouth and externally projecting rim.
** medium size, basin,out turned beaked rim and projecting shoulders.

** Slipped redware with black color:
*** jar/vase, with prominent flutings on the exterior, ''"black slipped"'' red ware fast wheel pottery
*** bowl (complete / unbroken), small size, slip with a horizontal black colour band on neck

* Greyware ([[Painted Grey Ware culture]]) is associated with [[vedic era]], which shows this site had overlap of later harappan and early vedic period.
** Slipped
*** dish (piece of narrow shaft only), having a gray ware stand, fine fabric.

== See also ==

* [[Indus Valley Civilization]]

** [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
*** [[Bhirrana]], 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
*** [[Kalibanga]], an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase
*** [[Rakhigarhi]], one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
*** Kunal, pre harappan cultural ancestor of [[Rehman Dheri]]

** [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
*** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
*** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]

** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]

** [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]
*** [[Bara culture]], subtype of Late-Harappan Phase
*** [[Black and red ware]], belonging to neolithic and Pre-Harappan phases
*** [[Kunal, Haryana#Culture|Kunal culture]], subtype of Pre-Harappan Phase
*** [[Siswal#Sothi|Sothi-Siswal culture]], subtype of Pre-Harappan Phase
*** [[Cemetery H culture]] (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] of [[Vedic period]]

** [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum]]

* [[History of Haryana]]
** [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
** [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Indus Valley Civilization}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Villages in Hisar district]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Pre-Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Karoh Peak

2021-07-10T15:42:57Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Karoh Peak
| other_name =
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 1467
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref=
| range = [[Sivalik Hills]] of [[Himalayas]]
| parent_peak =
| map = India Haryana#India
| location = [[Panchkula district]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| map_caption = Location of Karoh peak in [[Haryana]]
| map_size = 300
| label =
| label_position = left
| listing = [[List of Indian states and territories by highest point]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30|44|37|N|77|04|37|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref=<ref name = peakbagger/><ref name=wikimapia/>
| range_coordinates =
| topo =
| easiest_route = Hike / scramble
}}
'''Karoh Peak''' is a {{convert|1467|m|ft|0|adj=on}} tall mountain peak in the [[Sivalik Hills]] range of greater [[Himalayas]] range located near [[Morni Hills]] area of [[Panchkula district]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]. It is highest point in the state of Haryana<ref name = uchicago>{{cite web | title= Gazetteer of India | url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_376.gif | publisher = University of Chicago | access-date = 24 March 2016}}</ref>

The British rulers had incorrectly recorded the height to be 1499 meters in [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] but later measurements by the [[Survey of India]] found the actual height to be about 100 feet lower and official height was revised down.<ref name="uchicago" />

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Morni]] Hills, Panchkula district, 1267 m peak
* [[Dhosi Hill]], Narnaul - Hill of [[Chyavana]] Rishi creator of [[Chyawanprash]], 740 m peak
* [[Tosham]], 240 m average elevation
* [[Madhogarh, Haryana]], 214 m average elevation
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana|Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana|State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
* [[List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India|National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana]]
* [[List of India cave temples|India cave temples]]
* [[List of caves#India|Caves in India]]
* [[List of rock-cut temples in India|Rock-cut temples in India]]
* [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
*[[List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites|Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
*[[List of Indian states and territories by highest point|Highest point of Indian states and territories]]
*[[List of mountains in India]]
* [[Haryana Tourism]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name = peakbagger>
{{cite peakbagger| name = Karoh Peak |pid=53260| access-date = 24 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=wikimapia>
{{cite web | url = http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=30.743772&lon=77.076892 | title = Karoh Peak (1467m)
| publisher = Wikimapia| access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1529109340717297&id=1487557271539171 Photos of Karoh Deota temple and archaeological ruins on the Karoh peak]

{{Haryana}}
{{Protected areas of Haryana}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Mountains of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Mountains of Haryana]]
[[Category:Highest points of Indian states and union territories]]
[[Category:One-thousanders of Asia]]
[[Category:Sarasvati River]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rebuilt buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana]]

Indian tea culture

2021-07-09T15:03:21Z

58.182.176.169:

{{short description|Culture in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2010}}
[[File:Cherry Resort inside Temi Tea Garden, Namchi, Sikkim.jpg|thumb|Cherry Resort inside Temi Tea Garden, [[Namchi]], Sikkim]]
[[File:View of tea plantations at Munnar.jpg|thumb|Tea Garden on way to [[Devikulam]], [[Kerala]].]]
[[File:India - Varanasi chai tea - 1420.jpg|thumb|[[Masala Chai]] kettles of a street vendor in [[Varanasi]], India.]]
[[File:Cooking tea.jpg|thumb|Cooking indian tea or Chai using a regular sauce pan in the US.]]
[[India]] is the second largest producer of tea in the world after [[China]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Tea Board of India|title=Indian Tea culture|url=http://www.teaboard.gov.in/|publisher=Govt. of India|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> including the famous [[Assam tea]] and [[Darjeeling tea]]. Tea is the 'State Drink' of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/assam-cabinet-s-nod-to-tea-as-state-drink-of-assam-112101702023_1.html|title=Assam cabinet's nod to tea as 'state drink' of Assam|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=17 October 2012|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/assam-cabinet-s-nod-to-tea-as-state-drink-of-assam-112101702023_1.html|title=Assam cabinet's nod to tea as 'state drink' of Assam|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2012-10-17|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> Following this the former Planning Commission (renamed Niti Aayog) Deputy Chairman, Montek Singh Ahluwalia had plans to officially recognise tea as the Indian "National Drink" in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|title=India to declare tea national drink in 2013|website=The Times of India |archive-date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530164827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/drinks-corner/31382411_1_national-drink-indigenous-tea-212th-birth-anniversary}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tea-to-get-hotter-with-national-drink-tag/articleshow/12929946.cms|title=Tea to get hotter with national drink tag? – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> According to the [[ASSOCHAM]] report released in December 2011, India is the world's largest consumer of tea, consuming nearly 30% of global output. India is also the second-largest exporter of tea, after [[Chinese tea|China]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews-archive.php?id=3238&month=12&year=2011 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185956/http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews-archive.php?id=3238&month=12&year=2011 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The practice of [[Ayurveda]] has resulted in a long-standing tradition of [[herbal tea]]s. Traditional Indian kitchens have long utilised the medicinal benefits<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waleja|first=Sonam Gopichand|date=2018-09-28|title=Tea & its benefits|url=https://medium.com/@walejasonam/tea-its-benefits-9557a106399e|access-date=2020-08-03|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref> offered by various plants and spices such as [[holy basil]] (Tulsi), [[cardamom]] (Elaichi), [[Black pepper|pepper]] (Kali Mirch), [[liquorice]] (Mulethi), [[Mentha|mint]] (Pudina), etc., and traditionally, teas made with these plant leaves or spices have been in use for centuries for maladies ranging from the serious to the trifling. Tea is also mixed with these traditional herbs. The taste of chai (sweet and milky) helps disguise the stronger and more bitter flavours of some of the medicinal additives, while others such as cardamom, clove and [[ginger]] add a pleasing flavour and aroma to the tea along with health benefits.

For many years, documentation of tea in India was lost in history. Records re-emerge during the first century CE, with stories of the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monks [[Bodhidharma]] and Gan Lu, and their involvement with tea. Research shows that tea is indigenous to eastern and northern India, and was cultivated and consumed there for thousands of years. Commercial production of tea in India did not begin until the arrival of the [[British East India Company]], at which point large tracts of land were converted for mass tea production.

Today, India is one of the largest tea producers in the world, with over 70% of domestic tea being consumed within India itself. The Indian tea industry has grown to own many global tea brands, and has evolved to one of the most technologically equipped tea industries in the world. Tea production, certification, exportation, and all other facets of the tea trade in India is controlled by the [[Tea Board of India]].

==Ancient India==
Tea cultivation in India has somewhat ambiguous origins. Though the extent of the popularity of tea in [[History of India|ancient India]] is unknown, it is known that the tea plant was a wild plant in India that was indeed brewed by local inhabitants of different regions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-20|title=History of Tea in India {{!}} Namhah|url=https://www.namhah.com/2019/01/20/history-of-tea-in-india/|access-date=2021-01-05|language=en-US}}</ref> But there is no substantial documentation of the history of tea drinking in the Indian subcontinent for the pre-colonial period. One can only speculate that tea leaves were widely used in ancient India since the plant is native to some parts of India. The [[Jingpo_people#Singpho_people|Singpho tribe]] and the [[Khamti people|Khamti tribe]], inhabitants of the regions where the ''[[Camellia sinensis]]'' plant grew native, have been consuming tea since the 12th century. It is also possible that tea may have been used under another name. Frederick R. Dannaway, in the essay "Tea As Soma",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/delawareteasociety/Home/tea-as-soma|title=Tea As Soma pt. 1 – Delaware Tea Society|website=sites.google.com}}</ref> argues that tea was perhaps better known as "[[Soma (drink)|Soma]]" in Indian mythology. The tea plant is native to East Asia and the Indian subcontinent, but the origins and [[history of tea]] are not precise. Many of the origin myths for tea are found in Chinese mythology, and the first verifiable records for tea consumption also point towards China.

==Dutch exploration==
The next recorded reference to tea in India after the 12th century dates to 1598, when a Dutch traveler, [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]], noted in a book that the leaves of the Assam tea plant were used by Indians as a vegetable, eaten with garlic and oil, and as a drink.<ref>Jane Pettigrew, ''The Tea Companion'', Running Press, 2004.</ref><ref>William Harrison Ukers, ''The romance of tea: an outline history of tea and tea-drinking through sixteen hundred years'', A.A. Knopf, 1936.</ref>

The same year, another reference to tea in India was recorded, by a different group of Dutch explorers.<ref>Weisburger & Comer in {{Harvcolnb|Kiple|Ornelas|2000|p=715}}</ref>

==Early British surveys==
In an 1877 pamphlet written by Samuel Baildon, and published by W. Newman and Co. of Calcutta, Baildon wrote, "...various merchants in Calcutta were discussing the chance of imported China seeds thriving in Assam, when a native from the province present, seeing some tea said, 'We have the plant growing wild in our jungles.'" It is then documented that the [[People of Assam|Assamese]] nobleman, [[Maniram Dewan|Maniram Dutta Barua]] (also known as Maniram Dewan), showed British surveyors existing fields used for tea cultivation and wild tea plants growing in the Assamese jungle.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

==East India Company==
{{see also|British East India Company}}
[[File:Assam.jpg|thumb|An 1850 depiction of the tea cultivation process in [[Assam, India]].]]
In the early 1820s, the [[British East India Company]] began large-scale production of tea in [[Assam]], India, of a tea variety traditionally brewed by the Singpho tribe. In 1826, the British East India Company took over the region from the Ahom kings through the Yandaboo Treaty. In 1837, the first English tea garden was established at Chabua in Upper Assam; in 1840, the '''Assam Tea Company''' began the commercial production of tea in the region, run by indentured servitude of the local inhabitants. Beginning in the 1850s, the tea industry rapidly expanded, consuming vast tracts of land for tea plantations. By the start of the 20th century, Assam became the leading tea-producing region in the world.<ref>Adivasis in Assam http://www.indiatogether.org/2008/may/soc-assamadi.htm</ref>
But despite the discovery of the indigenous ''Camellia sinensis'' plant, the tea industry in India began with 42,000 seedlings germinated from a consignment of 80,000 seeds procured from China—2000 were planted in the hill districts of South India, and 20,000 each in the hill districts in Kumaon in North India and Upper Assam on the Northeast frontier. It was only later that the indigenous plants were used.<ref>http://ietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2652/8/08_chapter3.pdf{{dead link|date=February 2018}}</ref>
Today, the Chinese strain produces [[Darjeeling tea]] and the indigenous [[Assam tea|Assamese variety]] produces the remainder of the tea produced in India.

Writing in ''The Cambridge World History of Food'' {{Harvcol|Kiple|Ornelas|2000|pp=715–716}}, Weisburger & Comer write:

<blockquote>
The tea cultivation begun there [India] in the nineteenth century by the British, however, has accelerated to the point that today India is listed as the world's leading producer, its 715, 000 tons well ahead of China's 540, 000 tons, and of course, the teas of Assam, [[Ceylon]] (from the island nation known as [[Sri Lanka]]), and [[Darjeeling]] are world famous. However, because Indians average half a cup daily on per capita basis, fully 70 percent of India's immense crop is consumed locally.
</blockquote>

==Modern tea production in India==

India was the top producer of tea for nearly a century, but recently China has overtaken India as the top tea producer due to increased land availability.<ref name=Sanyal>{{Harvcoltxt|Sanyal|2008}}</ref> Indian tea companies have acquired a number of iconic foreign tea enterprises including British brands [[Tetley]] and [[Typhoo]].<ref name=Sanyal/> India is also the world's largest tea-drinking nation.<ref name=Sanyal/> However, the per capita consumption of tea in India remains a modest 750 grams per person every year due to the large population base and high poverty levels.<ref name=Sanyal/> From Rs 19,500 crore in 2011 ({{Inflation|US|2800000000|2011|fmt=eq|cursign=[[United States dollar|US$]]}}), the total turnover of the Indian tea industry is expected to be Rs 33,000 crore by 2015 ({{Inflation|US|4766000000|2015|fmt=eq|cursign=[[United States dollar|US$]]}}) according to the ASSOCHAM report of 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosal |first1=Sutanuka |title=Tea industry's annual turnover to reach Rs 33K crore by 2015: ASSOCHAM – timesofindia-economictimes |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-17/news/30528703_1_indian-tea-industry-tea-production-tea-estates |website=The Economic Times |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015703/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-17/news/30528703_1_indian-tea-industry-tea-production-tea-estates |archive-date=5 March 2016 |date=17 December 2011}}</ref> The same report pegs 90 per cent of all Indian households as regular tea drinkers. The reasons stated are "tea is cheap, affordable, and addictive." However, the annual per capita [[List of countries by tea consumption per capita|tea consumption]] in India was only 0.52 kg per person in 2009.

''The Cambridge World History of Food'' {{Harvcol|Kiple|Ornelas|2000|pp=715–716}}, writes:

<blockquote>
In general, even though India leads the world in tea technology, the methods employed to harvest the crop vary with the type of tea and terrain. Fine-leaf tea is hand plucked, and hand shears are used on mountain slopes and in other areas where tractor-mounted machines cannot go. A skilled worker using hand shears can harvest between 60 to 100 kg of tea per day, whereas machines cut between 1,000 and 2, 000 kg. The latter, however, are usually applied to low grade teas that often go into [[teabag]]s. The tea "fluff" and waste from processing is used to produce [[caffeine]] for soft drinks and medicine.
</blockquote>

==Geographical varieties of tea in India==
As per the Tea Board under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India,<ref>http://www.teaboard.gov.in/home</ref> the tea varieties found in India are Darjeeling, Assam, Nilgiri, Kangra, Munnar, Dooars-Terai, Masala Tea and [[Sikkim tea]]. Most of the teas have been named after the regions they are produced in and they are also statutorily protected as Geographical Indicators.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}

=== Darjeeling tea ===
Darjeeling tea is grown at elevations ranging from 600 to 2000 metres above sea level with over 300 cm rainfall on average. They were first planted in the 1800s and now they have their own unique brand in the world.<ref>https://www.twinings.co.uk/tea/darjeeling</ref>

According to the Tea Board of India, a consumer must check for ''Darjeeling'' logo and the Tea Board's certification and license numbers, or else one may not be having authentic Darjeeling tea.<ref name="teaboard.gov.in">http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/NQ==</ref>

The Tea Board claims Darjeeling tea is best drunk in porcelain teaware without any sugar or milk.<ref name="teaboard.gov.in"/>

==Consumption of tea in India==
<gallery class="center" caption="" widths="200px" heights="170px">
Masala Chai.JPG|Northern India's most popular way to drink tea, [[masala chai]], served with [[tea biscuit]]s.
Darjeeling-tea-first-flush-in-cup.jpg|A cup of [[Darjeeling tea]].
Tibetan butter tea.jpg|[[Butter tea]] or ''gur gur'' in the [[Ladakhi language]], in a bowl; popular in Himalayan regions of India, particularly in [[Ladakh]], [[Sikkim]], and [[Arunachal Pradesh]].
A cup of tea in West Bengal.jpg|A cup of milk tea in [[Kolkata]].
</gallery>
According to National Sample Survey Organisation data, India consumes 15 times more tea than coffee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/coolest-start-ups-2018/my-cup-of-tea/story/285128.html|title=My Cup of Tea- Business News|website=www.businesstoday.in|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> Tea is made both at home and outside. Outside the home, tea is most commonly and easily found at the tea stalls that dot just about every street in India. Post the success of coffee chains of Barista and Cafe Coffee day, the tea stall has become a part of the urban landscape with several tea themed cafe chains taking root in metro cities in recent years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/corporate/chaayos-by-two-iit-entrepreneurs-brings-tea-in-cafe-format/story/216655.html|title=Chayoos brings tea in a modern, funky cafe format- Business News|website=www.businesstoday.in|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> Tea is now a cultural institution, even celebrated as in the recent art exhibition titled "Chai Wallah and other stories" by the artist Vijay Gille.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/kadak-chai/article4250743.ece|title=Kadak chai|first=Prabalika|last=M.borah|date=29 December 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> "Chai Wallah" is the Hindi title accorded to the man who runs the tea stall. The 2014 general elections also saw the election of [[Narendra Modi]] who worked for his father's tea stall as a child.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is a chai wallah? |url=http://chaiwallahsofindia.com/2013/04/chai-wallah/|work=Chai Wallahs of India|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> The phrase "Chai-Pani" literally meaning, tea and water, is used to offer welcome drinks and facilitate guests in houses of India.

According to the historian Lizzi Collingham, the taste for tea was developed in India through a dedicated push on the part of the producers of tea once tea production in India gained momentum.<ref>[[Masala chai#History]]</ref> Initially, free samples of tea were offered from horse-drawn carts belonging to various companies. As early as 1907, [[Brooke Bond]], an English tea company started experimenting with a fleet of horse-drawn vans for distributing teas. The British tradition of taking tea with a little milk and sugar was introduced along with the samples.

Unlike the British cup of tea, tea in India is not served in a set where the leaves are steeped separately. Typically, tea in India is consumed with both milk and sugar but the tea leaves are not prepared separately by being steeped. Instead, the tea leaves are boiled along with additions and then boiled again after the addition of milk and sugar. Sometimes the tea leaves themselves are used as flavouring. In many parts of the country, the most special tea is one where the tea leaves are boiled solely in milk.

There are many other popular variations depending on regional and cultural affiliations. By and large, tea drinkers in India drink [[milk tea]]. In Southern India, Masala Chai is not popular; instead, tea brewed with milk and sugar is the prime beverage. Popular tea brews in [[Assam]] are Sah, Ronga Sah (red tea without milk) and Gakhir Sah ([[milk tea]]). In West Bengal and [[Bangladesh]] it is called Cha. In Hindi speaking north India, popular tea brews are [[Masala Chai]], Kadak Chai (typically a feature of the mountain community of North India, this is a very strongly brewed tea, almost to the point of bitterness), Malai Mar Ke Chai (where a generous dollop of full fat cream is spooned into the cup of tea) are some of the more popular variations.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Indian girls making tea over open fire.jpg|Indian schoolgirls in their uniforms making tea over an open fire.
File:TeaCups.JPG|Indian red clay teacups, unglazed, are used by some vendors.
File:Tea shop.jpg|An Indian tea shop with a variety of fresh snacks on offer.
File:A Tea stall in Hokenakal..JPG|A tea stall in Hokenakal, Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu.
File:Street tea-stall in Varanasi.jpg|[[Chaiwala]] at a stall in Varanasi, a pot of chai is on the stove, and a tray of clean glasses is visible on the table in the background.
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Crush, Tear, Curl]], or CTC, a method of processing black tea popular in India
*[[Guwahati Tea Auction Centre|Tea Auction Centre of Assam]]
*[[History of tea in India]]
*[[Limtex]]
*[[List of trade unions in Indian tea gardens]]
*[[Nilgiri tea]]
*[[Tata Tea]]
*[[Tea-tribes]]
*[[Tocklai Experimental Station]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*[https://www.thetrendybharat.ooo/?m=1 Facts About Tea]

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kiple |editor1-first=Kenneth F. |editor2-last=Ornelas |editor2-first=Kriemhild Coneè |title= The Cambridge World History of Food |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521402149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSSkDNzKQacC&dq=isbn%3A0521402166 |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sanyal |first1=s |title=Tea Tourism: A Concept That's Catching On |journal=The Hindu Business |date=2008 }}

{{Teas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Tea Culture}}
[[Category:Tea culture by country]]
[[Category:Indian tea|Culture]]
[[Category:Indian culture|tea]]

Hussainiwala

2021-07-08T11:51:57Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{POV|date=December 2019}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hussainiwala
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Hussainiwala-border.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Flag lowering ceremony at Hussainiwala border, far side is Pakistan and near side is India
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30|59|51.56|N|74|32|49.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Firozpur
| established_title = 
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| unit_pref = Metric
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest village
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ganda Singh Wala]]
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}}
'''Hussainiwala''' is a village in [[Firozpur district]] in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state, India. It lies near the bank of the [[Sutlej]] river. The village is on the border with [[Pakistan]], opposite the Pakistani village of [[Ganda Singh Wala]]. It is one of the border crossing between two nations which is currently closed, however, a daily [[Borders_of_India#Ceremonies|beating retreat border ceremony]] is jointly held by both nations.

It is 10 km northwest of district head quarter Ferozepur,<ref name=dis1/> 100 km south of holy city of [[Amritsar]], 135 km west of industrial hub at [[Ludhiana]], 120 km northwest of regional transport node of [[Bathinda]], 235 km west of state capital [[Chandigarh]], 265 northwest from [[National_Capital_Region_(India)#Counter_magnets|NCR CM]] city [[Hisar Military Station|Hisar]], and 400 km northwest from national capital [[Delhi]]

== Etymology ==
The village is named after the [[Muslim]] [[Peer]] "Ghulam Hussainiwala" (Saint Hussaini wala or Saint "who is of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husain]]"), whose tomb is in the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) compound at Hussainiwala.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

Across the border, the Ganda Singh Wala village was named after a Sikh soldier of [[British Indian Army]], [[Ganda Singh Datt]].

== History ==
=== Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 ===
Hussainiwala Battle was a battle fought and won after the partition of India. It is the first post Independence battle honour and the 22nd won by the 2 Maratha Light Infantry since its inception in 1768.

At the outbreak of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], the [[2nd Battalion, Maratha Light Infantry Regiment|2nd Maratha Light Infantry]] (Kali Panchwin) was based in Mathura when it deployed a small unit to Hussainiwala in the Firozpur sector of Punjab.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

During 1965 war, the Kali Panchwin successfully repulsed Pak attack on Hussainiwala headworks in Ferozepur sector. The valour displayed by the Maratha soldiers resulted in thwarting the nefarious designs of enemy infantry brigades and tank companies on the night of September 19/20, 1965. The determined retaliation to attack by the mighty 24 soldiers resulted in the enemy fleeing from the scene, leaving behind heavy arms, tanks, ammunition and four prisoners of war.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} Romeo Battery of 82 Light Regiment was in direct sport of (Kali Panchwin).

In its illustrious history spanning more than two hundred and fifty years, the unit has carved a niche for itself in the annals of military history. The battalion has won one Ashok Chakra, two Kirti Chakra, one Vir Chakra, six Shaurya Chakra, two Yudh Seva Medals, twelve Sena Medals, one Bar to Sena Medal, two Vishishtha Seva Medals, ten Mention-in-Despatches, one Bar to Mention-in Despatches and ninety commendation cards. The Colours of the battalion emblazoned with 22 Battle Honours is a proud testimony of that battlefield where these handful of Marathas filled the air with the war cries of Har Har Mahadev and Bol Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Ki Jai. The enemy baffled and panic struck thinking the information they received of just a handful of soldiers posted there was wrong, they mistook it for an entire battalion.

Hussainiwala Day is always a rejuvenating occasion wherein serving persons get a chance to meet veterans and revive the glorious days of the Kali Panchwin. Kali Panchwin, as the battalion is affectionately called, always recalls the memories of Hussainiwala amongst some of its heroes like Lt Col TTA Nolan, 2/Lt PS Rana, Sub Ramdas Somwanshi, Nk Vishnu Kadam, Nk Laxman Shinde, Nk Shamrao Chavan, L/Nk Narayan More,
Sep Daga Nikam, Sep Baban Falke, Sep Vasu Naik, Sep Raghunath Chalke, Sep Shankar Bhosale and Sep Mahadeo Paste. The battalion lives true to its motto, Kartavya Maan Sahas meaning 'Duty, Honour and Courage'.

It defended the Hussainiwala headworks against an attack by a full infantry brigade supported by armoured columns of the Pakistan Army. The tower on the other side of the river was captured and razed to ground. Lt KM. Palande, Lt. Feroz Doctor, Lt. S Deshpande showed great courage and ingenuity by targeting aggressive patrols and targeting the enemy. The adversary launched a determined attack on the forward two companies supported by tanks, using heavy artillery fire and air support in this engagement. The enemy attack was stalled by accurate artillery fire, the murderous fire of the Vickers machine guns and 106 mm RCL guns. The enemy attack broke up in the face of stiff resistance and enemy retreated, leaving behind two destroyed tanks and two working tanks, with several dead in the fields. The commanding officer Lt. Col TTA Nolan along with Battery Commander Captain SKS Wallia were killed by an enemy artillery shelling the next morning while supervising operations. It was a major loss. Kali Panchwin was awarded the battle honour "Hussainiwala" for its role in the 1965 War.

=== Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 ===

In the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]] many memorials of Bhagat Singh and others were destroyed by Pakistani artillery.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} Two companies of the [[Punjab Regiment (India)|15th Punjab]] (formerly First Patiala) were attacked by four brigades of the Pakistan Army on 3 December 1971 at 18:35 hours.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} Nearly 4,000 Pakistani men attacked the Indian side with 15 tanks and heavy artillery support. The Indian commanders included Major Waraich, Major Singh's and Major Kanwaljit Sandhu, who was badly injured. Major SPS Waraich was reported captured, as were many [[Junior Commissioned Officer|JCO]]s and men as the squadrons were taken by surprise and had little time to get to their bunkers. A Pakistani radio news telecast reported (in [[Urdu]]) that ''Maj Waraich hamari hiraasat mein hain'' (Maj Waraich is in our custody). There was a subsequent report that Maj Waraich was in a [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa| North West Frontier]] jail. Their current status is unknown. They are listed as missing by the Indian Government along with 52 others including a Maj Ashok Suri who wrote a letter to his father in 1975 from [[Karachi]] stating that he was alive and well. Pakistan denies holding any of the soldiers [[Missing in Action]].{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

== India–Pakistan border crossing ==

The border crossing, 10 km from district head quarter Ferozepur,<ref name=dis1>[https://ferozepur.nic.in/places-of-interest/ Ferozepur district places of trousit interest], Nic.in, accessed 8 July 2021.</ref> has a ruined fort, National Martyrs Memorial and a daily beating retreat flag ceremony, all 3 in the same compound manned by India's BSF.

=== India–Pakistan border crossing ===

The border crossing is now closed for travelers, although a flag retreat ceremony is still held daily. Until 1970, it was the principal road crossing between India and Pakistan,<ref>[http://www.paulmason.info/viarishikesh/viarishikeshch16.htm Paul Mason (2006) ''Via Rishikesh'': an account of hitchhiking to India in 1970]</ref> and was a trade route for truckers, mostly for the import of Kandahari Angoor (dehydrated grapes) and other fruits and food products from Pakistan and [[Afghanistan]]. The border crossing was replaced by the border crossing at [[Wagah]], a little further north. In 2005 there were proposals to reopen the border,<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_8-9-2005_pg5_1 Daily Times, 8 September 2005]</ref> but it remained closed. Hussainiwala Headworks is located at this village across the Sutlej river which supplies irrigation water to Bikaner canal and Eastern canal<ref>{{cite web |url=http://odysseuslahori.blogspot.com/2015/10/sulemanki-headworks-bloom-desert.html |title=Sulemanki Headworks, Bloom the Desert |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Hussainiwala-Ganda Singh Wala border ceremony ===
{{anchor | Ceremony India | Borders ceremony }}
{{see also | Borders_of_India#Beating retreat | l1= Border ceremonies | Indo-Pakistani border | Wagah-Attari border ceremony | Borders of India }}

At the Hussainiwala-Ganda Singh Wala border crossing, a flag [[beating retreat]] ceremony is held every day at 6 pm since 1970. It is jointly held by the military of both nations. It is open for the public and tourists as a tourist attraction. It is similar to the Mahavir/Sadaki near [[Fazilka]] and [[Wagah_border_ceremony|Wagah/Atari border ceremony]].<ref>[http://ferozepur.nic.in/html/indopakborder.html District Firozpur website: Retreat Ceremony at Husainiwala]</ref><ref name=cer1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/indo-pak-border-839044-2016-10-10 5 crossing points in India: All you need to know], India Today, 10 OCt 2016.</ref><ref name=cer2>[https://changing-guard.com/changing-guard-worldwide/wagah-india.html Beating Retreat Wagah India], CHanging Guards, accessed 8 July 2021.</ref> Attendees are seated in close proximity here, as compared to Wagah where crowds are kept far apart. And unlike the [[Jingoism|jingoistic]] display at Wagah which draws nationalistic tourists from all over India and Pakistan, the Hussainiwala ceremony is a more intimate ceremony attended mostly by local Punjabis from either side of the border. As a result, the atmosphere is not as tense, and Indian and Pakistani attendees often smile and wave to one another, and even cheer for each other's guards as they perform the border spectacle. At one point during the ceremony, and Indian BSF soldier and a Pakistani Ranger cross over the borderline to collect the flags of their respective nations.

=== The National Martyrs Memorial ===

Hussainniwala is the site of the [[Hussainiwala National Martyrs Memorial|National Martyrs Memorial]], which marks the location where [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sukhdev]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]] were cremated on 23 March 1931. It is also the cremation place of [[Batukeshwar Dutt]], who was also involved in bombing the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] with Singh, as well as that of Singh's mother, Vidyawati. After the [[Partition of India]], the cremation spot became a part of Pakistan but on 17 January 1961 it was returned to India in exchange for 12 villages near the [[Sulemanki Headworks]] (Fazilka).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-indian-sikhs-need-binoculars-for-darshan-across-the-border/articleshow/65824527.cms|title=Why Indian Sikhs need binoculars for darshan across the border}}</ref>

An annual fair takes place at the memorial on 23 March, which is the anniversary of Singh's death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gazfzpr5.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-10-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150557/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gazfzpr5.htm |archivedate=2015-10-01 }}</ref> The day is also observed across the state of Punjab.

It is near the border crossing where joint daily beating retreat ceremony is held by both nations.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Hussainiwala border 1.jpg
File:Hussainiwala border 2.jpg
File:Hussainiwala border.jpg
File:Hussainiwala border 3.jpg
File:Hussainiwala border 5.jpg
File:Hussainiwala border 6.jpg
File:Hussainiwala border 7.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Attari]]
* [[Munabao]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Firozpur district]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan border crossings]]
{{Firozpur district}}

Gita Mahotsav

2021-07-07T10:30:03Z

58.182.176.169:

{{More citations needed|date=December 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
'''Gita Mahotsav''' is an event centred around the ''[[Bhagvad Gita|Bhagavad Gita]]'', celebrated on the [[Paksha|Shukla]] [[Ekadashi]], the 11th day of the [[waxing moon]] of the [[Margashirsha]] (''Agrahayan'') month of the [[Hindu calendar]]. It is believed the ''Bhagavad Gita'' was revealed to ''[[Arjuna]]'' by ''[[Krishna]]'' in the [[Kurukshetra War|battlefield of ''Kurukshetra'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/intro.html|title=Bhagavad-Gita: Chapter|website=bhagavad-gita.org}}</ref> The text is written in the third person, narrated by ''[[Sanjaya]]'' to King ''[[Dhritarashtra]]'' as it transpired between ''Krishna'' and ''Arjuna''. ''Sanjaya'', the scribe of the blind King ''Dhritarashtra'', was blessed by his guru, ''[[Ved Vyasa]]'', with the power to remotely view the events taking place on the battlefield as they transpired.<ref>Bhagavad Gita Ch 18 Txt 75.</ref>

[[File:International Gita Mahotsav, All Travel Story, kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|International Gita Mahotsav 2019]]

==Gita story==
[[File:The Delivery of the Bhagavad Gita.jpg|thumb|The Delivery of the Bhagavad Gita]]
In the epic [[Mahabharata]], the story of the Bhagavad Gita takes place just before the start of the [[Kurukshetra War]]. After several attempts at reconciliation failed, war was inevitable. Out of pure compassion and sincere love for his devotee and best friend, Arjuna, Lord Krishna decided to become his charioteer during the battle. The day of the war finally came, and the armies faced off on the field of war. Just as the battle was about to start, Arjuna asked Lord Krishna to drive the chariot to the middle of the battlefield, between the armies, to look more closely at the opposing forces. Seeing his grandfather, [[Bhishma]], who raised him with great affection since childhood, and his teacher, ''[[Drona|Dronā]]cārya'', who had trained him to become the greatest archer, Arjuna's heart began to melt. His body started to tremble and his mind got confused. He became unable to perform his duty as a Kshatriya (warrior). He felt weak and sickened at the thought that he would have to kill his relatives, his friends and revered persons in this confrontation. Despondent, he told Krishna of his sudden change of heart and turned to him for advice. The conversation that ensued, Lord Krishna's advice, messages and teachings to Arjuna, is what is known now as the Bhagavad Gita, the ancient scripture and philosophical work.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

==Gita Aarti==
[[File:(1)_Aarti_Thali,_Prayer_Plate_India.jpg|thumb|Aarti]]
The Bhagavad Gita [[Arti (Hinduism)|Aarti]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/stream/HindiBookAartiSangrahCompletebyGitaPress/Hindi%20Book-Aarti-Sangrah%20%28Complete%20%29by%20Gita%20Press#page/n122/mode/1up | title=Hindi Book Aarti Sangrah ( Complete ) by Gita Press | publisher=Gita Press | access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref> ({{lang-hi|भगवद गीता आरती}}) or Gita Aarti] is a prayer found in the [[Bhagavad Gita|Sreemad Bhagavad Gita]] [[shastra]].{{specify}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

The aarti can be spoken, or sung with musical instruments to give more effect to worship. Aartis are usually performed at the end of the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] ritual. It is said that if there was any flaw in the puja, it may be fulfilled by the aarti.<ref name="Archive.org">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/stream/HindiBookAartiSangrahCompletebyGitaPress/Hindi%20Book-Aarti-Sangrah%20%28Complete%20%29by%20Gita%20Press#page/n3/mode/1up | title=What is Aarti and How it should be done by Gita Press | publisher=Gita Press | access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>

=== Lyrics ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Devanagari
! Transliteration
! English Translation
|-
|
:जय भगवद् गीते, जय भगवद् गीते ।
:हरि-हिय-कमल-विहारिणि सुन्दर सुपुनीते ॥

:कर्म-सुमर्म-प्रकाशिनि कामासक्तिहरा ।
:तत्त्वज्ञान-विकाशिनि विद्या ब्रह्म परा ॥ जय ॥

:निश्चल-भक्ति-विधायिनि निर्मल मलहारी ।
:शरण-सहस्य-प्रदायिनि सब विधि सुखकारी ॥ जय ॥

:राग-द्वेष-विदारिणि कारिणि मोद सदा ।
:भव-भय-हारिणि तारिणि परमानन्दप्रदा ॥ जय॥

:आसुर-भाव-विनाशिनि नाशिनि तम रजनी ।
:दैवी सद् गुणदायिनि हरि-रसिका सजनी ॥ जय ॥

:समता, त्याग सिखावनि, हरि-मुख की बानी ।
:सकल शास्त्र की स्वामिनी श्रुतियों की रानी ॥ जय ॥

:दया-सुधा बरसावनि, मातु ! कृपा कीजै ।
:हरिपद-प्रेम दान कर अपनो कर लीजै ॥ जय ॥<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sanatanjagruti.org/bhakti/bhagavad-gita-aarti | title=भगवद् गीता आरती - संगीत साथ | date=27 November 2009 | publisher=Sanatanjagruti.org}}</ref><ref name="Google Books">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItkqDwAAQBAJ&q=bhagavad+gita+aarti&pg=PA374 | title=BHAGAVAD-GITA (VERSES & MEANING) | publisher=Central Chinmaya Mission Trust | author=Swami Chinmayananda| isbn=9788175974715 }}</ref><ref name="gita-society">{{cite web | url=http://www.gita-society.com/pdf/gita-arati.pdf | title=Gita Arati | publisher=Gita Society | access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref>
|
:Jay Bhagavad Geete, Jay Bhagavad Geete
:Hari-Hiy-Kamal-Vihaarini Sundar Supuneete

:Karm-Sumarm-Prakaashini Kaamaasaktihara
:Tattvagyaan-Vikaashini Vidya Brahm para Jay.

:Nishchal-Bhakti-Vidhaayini Nirmal Malahaaree
:Sharan-Sahasy-pradaayini SAB vidhi Sukhakaaree Jay.

:Raag-Dvesh-vidaarini kaarini mod Sada.
:Bhav-Bhay-Haarini Taarini Paramaanandaprada Jay.

:Aasur-Bhaav-vinaashini Naashini Tam Rajanee
:Daivee sad Gunadaayini Hari-Rasika Sajanee Jay.

:Samata, Tyaag Sikhaavani, Hari-Mukh kee Baanee.
:Sakal shaastr kee svaaminee shrutiyon kee Raanee Jay.

:Daya-Sudha Barasaavani, Maatu! Krpa Keejai.
:Haripad-prem daan kar apano kar leejai Jay
|
:Oh song of God yours triumph, oh song of God yours triumph
:You provide path to lotus God's heaven being a beautiful melody

:You lights up the good work, removed all works attachment
:You do philosophy development and provide knowledge of supreme spirit

:You provide steady devotion, purity and remove impurity
:You provide us mighty God's shelter and are by all methods pleasant

:You remove anger, hatred within us, always provide joy
:You destroy fear of death, provide salvation and gift of ultimate bliss

:You destroy demon sentiments and remove darkness & passions
:You provide divine quality and keep us together in God's devotion

:You as voice of the God, teaches us parity and sacrifice
:You are the boss of gross science and queen of all the hearings

:You rain's mercy and nectar! mother, be graceful to us.
:Make me yours by gifting us the path of God's love
|}

==Eligibility==
"According to [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]], those who are "[[Adharma|adharmi]]" (not righteous) are considered as not eligible to know about Bhagavad Gita." Shastra, which may include associated texts and aarti, Lord Krishna while delivering the Bhagavad-Gita on the battlefield of [[Kurukshetra]], just prior to the commencement of the Mahabharata war, has also confirmed the same in the 18 Chapter (verse-18-67).

<blockquote>
You should never disclose this science to one devoid of austerities, nor to one who is not devoted, nor to one adverse (sic) to spiritual advancement and never anyone who is envious of me.
—Bhagavad Geeta<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/verse-18-63.html|title=Bhagavad-Gita: Chapter 18, Verse 67|website=bhagavad-gita.org}}</ref>
</blockquote>

==Celebration==
During the International Gita Mahotsav, more than 300 national and international stalls are set up around the [[Brahma Sarovar]] in [[Kurukshetra]] city.<ref name=asiankuru1>[https://www.asianage.com/travel/101219/the-kurukshetra-trail.html The Kurukshetra trail!], Asian Age, 10 Dec 2019.</ref> Pilgrims also undertake the [[48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra]].

=== 2016 ===
In 2016, the [[Government of Haryana]] organized the International Gita Mahotsav from 6 to 10 December. [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[President of India]], was to inaugurate the Mahotsav; later it was done by [[Kaptan Singh Solanki]], [[List of governors of Haryana|Governor of Haryana]], and [[Manohar Lal Khattar]], [[Chief Minister]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Gita mahotsav begins in Kurukshetra - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Gita-Mahotsav-begins-in-Kurukshetra/articleshow/55843329.cms|access-date=25 December 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
In 2017, the Gita Mahotsav was held on 25 November to 3 December, inaugurated by [[Ram Nath Kovind]], [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mauritius to partner with Haryana for Geeta Mahotsav - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/mauritius-to-partner-with-haryana-for-geeta-mahotsav/articleshow/61272763.cms|access-date=25 December 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== 2019 ===

The International Gita Mahotsav 2019 was inaugurated by Haryana Chief Secretary Keshni Anand Arora on 23 November 2019 on the bank of the ''[[Brahma Sarovar]]'' water pool in [[Thanesar]], Haryana..{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

=== 2020 ===
The Government of Haryana celebrated the International Gita Mahotsav from 17th December to 25 December 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhagavad Gita is major source of inspiration for youth: Khattar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bhagavad-gita-is-major-source-of-inspiration-for-youth-khattar-7120203/ |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Tradition==
Reading [[Bhagavad Gita|Gita]] usually starts with [[Gita Dhyanam]] and the Gita Aarti sometime either found at the beginning or end of all the Gita chapters.<ref name="Sanskritdocuments.org">{{cite web | url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_giitaa/bhagvadnew.html?lang=sa | title=ShrImad Bhagavad Gita | access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/nri-sisters-recite-700-gita-slokas-from-memory/article19437392.ece | title=NRI sisters recite 700 Gita slokas from memory | work=RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM | date=5 August 2017 | access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
** [[48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra]]
** [[Vraja Parikrama|Braj Parikrama]]

* [[Culture of Haryana]]
** [[Nahar_Singh_Mahal#Current_status|Ballabhgarh Kartik Cultural Festival]]
** [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University#Fair|Haryana State Farmer's and Agri-tourism Fair]]
** [[Pinjore_Gardens#Fair_and_Festivals|Pinjore Baishakhi and Mango fairs]]
** [[Surajkund#Surajkund_International_Crafts_Mela|Surajkund International Crafts Mela]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* [http://www.gitajayanti.org.sg/ Gita Jayanti Singapore's official website, under the auspices of the Hindu Endowments Board]

{{Mahabharata}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{HinduFestivals}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Hinduism_footer_small}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahabharata}}
[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Aarti]]

Asaphila

2021-07-03T14:45:36Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Short description|Forested area along the China-India border}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Asaphila
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = Forest
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India#Tibet
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.43|93.17|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet region of China]]
| subdivision_type1 = State/Prefecture
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Shannan Prefecture]]
| subdivision_type2 = Subdivision
| subdivision_name2 = [[Upper Subansiri district|Upper Subansiri]], [[Lhünzê County]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| website = 
}}
'''Asaphila''' or '''Asafila'''{{efn|Variations on the spelling include '''Ashafila''',<ref>[https://www.eastmojo.com/arunachal-pradesh/2020/06/24/how-much-land-did-arunachal-pradesh-lose-to-china-after-1962-war How much land did Arunachal Pradesh lose to China after 1962 war?], EastMojo, 24 June 2020.</ref> '''Asaphi La''',<ref>{{citation |last=Bajwa |first=Lt Gen JS |title=CHINA: Threat or Challenge? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cojkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT156 |year=2017 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-940988-29-0}}</ref> and '''Asa-Pila-Maya'''.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141027/nation-current-affairs/article/chinese-peoples-liberation-army-now-targets-taksing-zone Chinese PLA now targets Taksing zone in Arunachal Pradesh], Deccan Chronicle, 27 October 2014.</ref>}}
is a mountainous forest area near the [[China–India border]] along the [[Subansiri River]] valley.<ref name=Malik/> It is at the southwestern corner of the [[Dakpa Sheri|Tsari region]], straddling [[Lhünzê County]] in the [[Shannan, Tibet|Shannan Prefecture]] of Tibet, and the [[Taksing Circle]] in the [[Upper Subansiri district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India. Occasional border disputes between the two countries in the region are reported.<ref name=Stimson>Travis Wheeler, [https://www.stimson.org/2019/clarify-and-respect-line-actual-control/ Clarify and Respect the Line of Actual Control], Stimson Center, 10 May 2019. Note 56.</ref>

== Description ==
According to former Indian Army chief [[Ved Prakash Malik|V. P. Malik]], Asaphila is a 100 sq km of densely forested mountainous area to the west of the town of [[Taksing]] in Arunachal Pradesh. It spans both sides of the [[Line of Actual Control]] in Tibet and India, including the valleys of [[Subansiri River]] (called Chayul Chu in Tibet) and [[Yume Chu]]. It is sparsely populated. Only foot tracks are available for movement in the area.<ref name="Malik">{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=General (Retd) V. P. |date=12 August 2003 |title=Sino-Indian Asaphila Patrolling Face-off |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/sino-indian-asaphila-patrolling-face-off/ |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=Observer Research Foundation}}</ref>

The nearest [[India-China Border Roads|road link on the Indian side]] is at [[Taksing]], for which the Indian [[Border Roads Organisation]] laid a road by 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BRO extends road connectivity upto Taksing in China border |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=17 May 2018 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bro-extends-road-connectivity-upto-taksing-in-china-border/articleshow/64206177.cms}}</ref>

China has built a trunk road{{efn|The trunk road is labelled as "G219" on OpenStreetMap. Evidently, it is separate from the [[China National Highway 219]] in western Tibet.}} which circles around the Tsari region, passing by the village of [[Lung, Tibet|Lung]] in the Subansiri valley, and through [[Charme, Tibet|Charme]], [[Chösam]] and [[Migyitun]]. Link roads to [[Lung, Tibet|Lung]] and [[Yümai|Yume]] also exist, but they have not yet been extended up to the border with India.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12302649#map=10/28.5053/93.3472&layers=C Chinese Trunk Road (G219) in the vicinity of Asaphila], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 11 February 2021.</ref>

== History ==
=== Sino-Indian War ===
During the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], the Chinese attacked the Indian border posts in the area with a battalion of troops. A post in Asaphila, and others at Shagam La, Tama La and Potrang came under attack on 23 October 1962. The 2nd battalion of [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]], which was deployed in the area, suffered 18 casualties included a [[junior commissioned officer|JCO]]. As a result, on 26 October, the Indian headquarters ordered all the border posts from the Subansiri valley as well as the [[Tsari Chu]] valley to withdraw to [[Taliha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |date=2015-08-06 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 |pages=110}}</ref>

After the war, the Chinese withdrew to their previous positions, except that they retained possession of the [[Longju]] area in the Tsari Chu valley.

=== Border incidents ===
Reports of [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] intrusions in the Asaphila area have been reported in 2003 and 2005.<ref>
{{Cite web |last=Rajan |first=D.S. |title=Will Chinese Intrusions into India's Borders Ever End? |url=https://www.c3sindia.org/archives/will-chinese-intrusions-into-indias-borders-ever-end-by-d-s-rajan/ |website=Chennai Centre for China Studies |date=March 2015}}
</ref> In 2003, a Chinese patrol disarmed an Indian non-military patrol in the area.<ref name="Malik" /> In May 2012 thirty soldiers of the [[People's Liberation Army]] entered Asaphila and destroyed an Indian patrol hut.<ref>
{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Saurabh |title=Growing intrusion by the Chinese army on the LAC has set the alarm bells ringing in South Block. Can the Indian Army maintain restrain? |website=India Today |date=17 October 2012 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/sino-indian-border-dispute-chinese-army-intrusions-118767-2012-10-16}}
</ref> In 2014, Indian soldiers blocked Chinese road construction in the area.<ref>
{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzIlDwAAQBAJ |title=India's National Security: Annual Review 2015–16 |date=2016-10-04 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-39011-6 |pages=77 |chapter=2 (ii)}}
</ref> In 2018 China accused India of large scale transgressions into Asaphila.<ref>
{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Indian Army rejects China's accusations of 'transgression' in Arunachal, says it would continue patrols up to LAC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-objects-to-indias-transgression-in-arunachal-pradesh-india-rejects-protest-5128733/ |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=The Indian Express}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web |title=China Objects to 'Transgression' in Arunachal's Asaphila; That's Our Area, Says India |website=News18 |date=2018-04-08 |others=PTI |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/china-objects-to-transgression-in-arunachals-asaphila-thats-our-area-says-india-1711735.html}}
</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=Rajeev|title=The Border Villages of Arunachal Pradesh: A Story of Neglect|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/the-border-villages-of-arunachal-pradesh-a-story-of-neglect|website=The Caravan|date=8 December 2015}}
* [http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2019-02/13/content_9425840.htm Soldiers patrol in Asaphila area]. China Military Online.

[[Category:China–India border]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of India]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of China]]

Jyotisar

2021-06-29T08:09:25Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
[[File:Jyotisar Banyan.gif|right|thumb|The [[holy tree|holy ''Banyan Tree'']], which is supposed to have witnessed [[Krishna]] delivering the sermon of ''Bhagavad Gita'']]
[[File:Marble chariot.jpg|thumb|Marble Chariot at Jyotisar]]
'''Jyotisar''' is a pilgrimage site near [[Kurukshetra]], [[Haryana, India]].

==Etymology==
'Jyoti' means the light or enlightenment in this context. 'Sar' means the core. Hence, 'Jyotisar' means 'core meaning of light' or 'ultimately of God' i.e. the 'essence of enlightenment'. It is one of the most revered holy sites of the holy city of [[Kurukshetra]]. A ''Vat'' ([[Banyan tree]]) stands on a raised [[plinth]]. Local traditions say that this tree is an offshoot of the holy Banyan tree under which Lord [[Krishna]] delivered the sermon of ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', the doctrine of ''[[Karma]]'' and ''[[Dharma]]'' to his wavering friend [[Arjuna|Arjun]].<ref>[http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/014-joytisar/index.htm Jyotisar] Kurukshetra district website.</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Jyotisar | publisher=[[Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited]] | url = http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5326 | access-date = 2014-08-08 }}</ref> It is here that He showed his ''[[Vishvarupa|Virat rupa]]'' (Universal form).

==Jyotisar religious tourism==
'''Jyotisar tirth''', which is part of [[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]], has been renovated and enhanced by the Kurukshetra Development Board. A marble chariot depicting Lord [[Krishna]] delivering the sermon to [[Arjuna]] marks the site of the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. There is also an old [[Shiva|Shiv]] temple.

In 2021, a 40 feet tall statue of Lord Krishna, made of [[ashtadhatu]] (eight metals) in [[Vishvarupa|viratswaroop]] (universal form), was installed at the cost of INR10 crore (INR100 million) at Jyotisar where Lord Krishna revealed Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna.<ref name=virat1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/work-to-install-lord-krishnas-statue-begins-268702 Work to install Lord Krishna’s statue begins], The tribune, 15 June 2021.</ref> In 2021, it was announced that a virtualBhagavad Gita museum will be built at Jyotisar.<ref name=virat2>[https://haryanaexpress.in/2021/06/29/%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%b8/ केंद्रीय पर्यटन मंत्री से हरियाणा के सीएम की मुलाकात खत्म, एक घंटे की मीटिंग में इन मुद्दों पर बात], haryanaexpress.in, 29 July 2021.</ref> A light and music show is organized by the tourism department at the site, on a regular basis, which recreates episodes from the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.

==See also==
* [[Dharohar Museum]]
* [[Kurukshetra Panorama and Science Centre]]
* [[Shrikrishna Museum]]
* [[Religious tourism in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://Kurukshetra.nic.in District Kurukshetra, Haryana, India]
*[http://www.thedivineindia.com/jyotisar/5902 http://www.thedivineindia.com/jyotisar/5902]

{{coord|29.961|76.769|display=title}}

{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}

[[Category:Jyotisar| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kurukshetra district]]

Johad

2021-06-29T07:22:07Z

58.182.176.169:

{{short description|Traditional rainwater storage wetland in India}}
{{more footnotes|date=April 2015}}
[[File:A Nadi (small johad) in village Laporiya, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|Nadi (small johad) in Laporiya village of Rajasthan.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

[[File:Rithal_village_hariyana_rohtak_0080.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Johad at Rithal village of [[Rohtak district]] of [[Haryana]]]]

A '''johad''' ({{Lang-hi|जोहड}}), also known as a '''pokhar''' or a '''percolation pond''', is a community-owned traditional [[Rainwater harvesting|harvested rainwater]] [[storage tank|storage]] [[wetland]] principally used for [[Water resources in India|effectively harnessing water resources]] in the states of [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab]], and western [[Uttar Pradesh]] of [[North India]], that collects and stores water throughout the year, to be used for the purpose of [[Groundwater recharge|recharging the groundwater]] in the nearby [[water well]]s, washing, bathing and [[Water supply and sanitation in India|drinking by humans and cattle]].<ref name=Joh1>Haruka Yanagisawa, 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9971698536 Community, Commons and Natural Resource Management in Asia:]</ref><ref name=Joh2>[https://scroll.in/article/715676/video-how-indias-water-man-first-revived-a-river-and-a-village-in-rajasthan Video: How India's 'Water Man' first revived a river and a village in Rajasthan], Scroll.in, 23 Mar 2015.</ref><ref name=Joh3>Amanda Suutari and Gerry Marten, [http://www.ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/india-rajasthan-rainwater-harvest-restoration-groundwater-johad.html Water Warriors: Rainwater Harvesting to Replenish Underground Water (Rajasthan, India)], Jun 2015.</ref><ref name=Joh4>Margaret Robertson, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0864314388 Sustainable Futures: Teaching and Learning: a Case Study Approach].</ref> Some johads also have bricked or stones masonry and cemented [[ghat]] (series of steps and/or ramp).<ref name=Joh1/><ref name=Joh2/><ref name=Joh4/>

Here’s how it works- First, the rainwater falls into this pit and fills up. These are connected to other small pits like this. The extra rainwater is filled in the smaller pits. They are then used for cleaning, drinking and washing purposes.

Johads also cater to resident and seasonal [[Bird migration|migrant birds]] as well as wildlife animals from the nearby [[Forest|bani]] (forest). [[Fishery Survey of India|State fisheries departments]] also promote the use of these johads for [[Fisheries management|raising fishes]] on contract basis for [[Fishing in India|commercial fishing]]. Johads are often seen surrounded by embankment, with water well and trees around them. In many parts, [[Climate of Rajasthan|specially in dry state of Rajasthan]], the annual rainfall is very low (between 450 and 600 mm) and the water can be unpleasant to drink. Rainfall during July and August is stored in johads and used throughout the year. Johad in [[Haryanvi language]] and [[Rajasthani language]] are also called ''sarovar'', ''taal'' and ''talab'' in [[Hindi Language|Hindi language]], and water pond or lake in English. A similar structure to a johads, called a ''khadin,'' consists of a very low and long earthen bund in the [[Jaisalmer district]]. Over 4,500 working johads in [[Alwar district]] and surrounding districts Rajasthan were revived by the NGO [[Tarun Bharat Sangh]] by [[Rajendra Singh (environmentalist)|Rajendra Singh]]. Haryana formed the Haryana State Waterbody Management Board to rejuvenate and manage 14,000 ponds in the state, including the development of 60 lakes in Delhi NCR falling within the state.<ref name=HarWater1/><ref name=HarWater2/>

Smaller cemented [[water tank]]s called ''[[taanka]]s'' in parts of Rajasthan are also sometimes mistakenly referred to as johads. Concretized rain-fed ''taanka'' and canal-fed ''diggi'' are different from the johads.

==Johad wetlands==

===Type of construction===
Johads can be of several types, such as dug out in areas to which rainwater can be easily channeled. Alternatively, simple mud and rubble barrier [[check dam]]s may be built across the contour of a slope with a high embankment on the three sides while the fourth side is left open for the rainwater to enter. These catch and conserve rainwater, leading to improved percolation and groundwater recharge. They are very common in most villages of states of [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and the [[Thar desert]] of Rajasthan in India.<ref name=Joh1/><ref name=Joh2/><ref name=Joh3/><ref name=Joh4/>

===Rejuvenation===
{{see also | Aravalli_Range#Green_wall_of_India | l1= The Great Green Wall of Aravalli | Inland_Customs_Line#Great_Hedge | l2= The Great Hedge of India}}

2019 [[Atal Bhujal Yojana]] (Atal groundwater scheme), a 5 years (2020-21 to 2024-25) scheme costing INR 6 billion (US$85 million) for managing demand side with village panchayat level water security plans entailing [[Johad#Haryana Johads rejuvenation|johad rejuvenation]] (wetland) and groundwater recharge, was approved for implementation in 8,350 water-stressed villages across 7 states, including Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.<ref name=":new0">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-approves-rs-6000-crore-scheme-to-manage-groundwater-resources-in-over-8000-villages-across-seven-states/articleshow/72958469.cms Centre approves Rs 6,000 crore scheme to manage groundwater], Times of India, 24 December 2019.</ref>

====Haryana Johads rejuvenation====
{{anchor | Haryana | Haryana Johad | Haryana Johads | Haryana Johads rejuvenation}}
{{see also | Forests_Department,_Haryana#Conservation| l1= Ecology conservation in Haryana }}
[[File:Rithal village hariyana rohtak 0002.jpg|thumb|240px|left|Johad at Rithal village of [[Rohtak district]] of [[Haryana]]]]

In 2007, [[Haryana Irrigation Department]] spent INR435.26 crore (INR4.3 billion or US$7 million) to renovate and restore water bodies in the state for the conservation of water, recharging of ground water, preservation of environment and enhancement of tourism.<ref name=har1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070507/haryana.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> A study by the [[Panjab University]] found 60 fish species of 19 families, 11 commercial and 6 exotic species, in the water bodies of Haryana.<ref name=har2>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060908/haryana.htm#5|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> Water bodies remain under risk from encroachment, shrinking of catchment area and pollution.<ref name=har3>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100730/harplus.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana Plus|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> In 2010, India's first ever [[diatom]] data basing was done in ten different water bodies at ten different stations in Haryana.<ref name=har4>{{cite web|url=https://www.lap-publishing.com/catalog/details//store/ru/book/978-3-659-21699-2/diatoms-atlas-of-fresh-waters-bodies-from-haryana-india|title=Diatoms Atlas of Fresh Waters Bodies from Haryana (India) / 978-3-659-21699-2 / 9783659216992 / 3659216992|website=www.lap-publishing.com}}</ref> A 2015 study of 24 water bodies of Haryana, found 39 morphologically different types of diatoms.<ref name=har5>{{cite web|url=http://anilaggrawal.com/ij/vol_017_no_001/papers/paper002/Paper.pdf|title=MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF DIATOMS IN 24 DIFFERENT WATER BODIES OF HARYANA, INDIA, Journal of Forensic and Texicology, Saini and Kushwaha, 2016, vol 16, number 1|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2016, the [[Government of Haryana]] announced a plan to map the district-wise map of water flow and to create a database of all water bodies within the state.<ref name=har6>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/haryana-plans-district-wise-maps-of-water-flow-116010600631_1.html|title=Haryana plans district-wise maps of water flow|agency=Press Trust of India|date=6 January 2016|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> These water bodies have contributed to the economic development through fisheries in the landlocked state of Haryana. Haryana ranks second in India in terms of the average annual fish production per unit area in the country with 7000 kg per hectare average annual fish production.<ref name=har7>[harfish.gov.in/development-fisheries.htm Haryana fisheries annual production average, July 2016]</ref> Fish production has increased from 600 tonnes in 1966-67 at the time of formation of Haryana to 121000 tonnes of fish during the year 2015-16, providing a livelihood to over 30000 families in fisheries sector.<ref name=har8>{{cite web|url=http://harfish.gov.in/haryana-fisheries.htm|title=Haryana fisheries, July 2016|publisher=|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823013051/http://harfish.gov.in/haryana-fisheries.htm|archive-date=23 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 1 November 2017, [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] announced that [[Government of Haryana]] will form the [[Haryana State Waterbody Management Board]]  to rejuvenate and manage 14,000 ponds in Haryana by digging the silt out every year. This includes development of 50 to 60 lakes in [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] falling within the Haryana state.<ref name=HarWater1>[http://indianexpress.com/article/chandigarh/haryana-to-develop-50-60-small-lakes-water-bodies-in-ncr-manohar-lal-khattar-4918316/ "Haryana to develop 50-60 small lakes, water bodies in NCR: Manohar Lal Khattar"], [[Indian Express]], 1 November 2017.</ref><ref name=HarWater2>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/haryana-to-constitute-pond-management-authority-117110101271_1.html "Haryana to constitute pond management authority "], [[Business Standard]], 1 November 2017.</ref>

Government of Harayana is reviving various johads of [[Gurugram]]. In June 2020, for the revival of pond at [[Gwal Pahari]], the estimates were being prepared to undertake erection of boundary wall, building a walking track around the johad, clearing of bushes and planting of trees and to connect the seasonal rivulet to the johad to ensure it retains water year around.<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/gurgaon-the-ponds-will-return-again-the-greenery-will-dominate-20584626.html Gurgaon ponds will return again and the greenery will dominate], Jagran, 3 August 2020.</ref>

====Rajasthan Johads rejuvenation====
[[File:Rajendra_Singh_interacting_with_Teri_University_Students.JPG|thumb|left|[[Rajendra Singh]], founder of [[Tarun Bharat Sangh]] NGO explaining the use of johad to the students of [[TERI University]] in [[Alwar district]] of [[Rajasthan]]]]

There was a severe drought in [[Alwar district]] in Rajasthan during 1985-86. In 1985, volunteers from the [[Tarun Bharat Sangh]] (TBS), a voluntary organization led by [[Rajendra Singh (environmentalist)|Rajendra Singh]], came to [[Alwar]]. The Alwar District had once thrived, but logging, mining, and other industrial activities resulted in land degradation that intensified flooding and droughts. The traditional water management system using johads was abandoned. TBS revived the tradition of building johads, an example of traditional technology that provided water for use and recharging ground water. Now smaller cemented johads are popularly known as tankas in most parts of the arid state of Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite news |title=50 people who could save the planet |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/05/activists.ethicalliving |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 January 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Unquiet flows the water in this village |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/15/stories/2005041509000500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420020125/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/15/stories/2005041509000500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 April 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 April 2005 }}</ref>

The water revolution spread by tanki and johads in the Alwar district has spread far and wide. Now there are around 5,000 johads all over Rajasthan and this has greatly helped in reducing water shortage and improving water quality.

==Similar water bodies==
[[File:Johad.JPG|thumb|right|View of a ''tanki'' in [[Thathawata]] village in [[Rajasthan]]]]

Following are similar to the johads but are still distinct types of water bodies with specific differentiating features.

===Tanka===
'''[[Taanka]]''' or '''Tanki''' is a rain-fed water storage in the arid areas of the [[Indian subcontinent]], such as [[Rajasthan]], specially in the [[bagar tract]].

===Diggi===
'''Diggi''' is a canal-fed [[Waterworks (disambiguation)|water works]] for rural drinking water supply.<ref name=brink1>August 2010, [http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/On%20The%20Brink_Water%20Governance_Yamuna%20River%20Basin_Haryana_PEACE_SPWD_2010.pdf On The brink: Water governance in the Yamuna river basin in Haryana], Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development, [http://www.peaceinst.org PEACE Institute Charitable Trust], page vi.</ref> It is usually a purpose-dug open pond, smaller than the typical johad, often concretised to prevent the water loss.

==See also==
{{div col}}
* Similar waterbodies
** [[Bawdi]]
** [[Check dam]]
** [[Ghat]]
** [[Liman irrigation system|Liman]]
** [[Taanka]]
** [[Tube well]]
** [[Subak (irrigation)]]
** [[Water well]]
** [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]
** [[Indian states ranking by drinking water]]
* Related regional terms
** [[Doab#Khadir, bangar, barani and bagar|Barani, Nehri, Nalli]]
** [[Bhattiana]]
** [[Chak (village)]]
** [[Deshwali]] dialect
** [[Dhani (settlement type)]]
** [[Doab]]
** [[History of Bikaner|Jangladesh]]
** [[Khadir and Bangar]]
** [[Punjab region]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Haryana}}
{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}
{{Hydrography of Punjab, India}}
{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Drinking water]]
[[Category:Rajasthani architecture]]
[[Category:Irrigation in India]]
[[Category:Alwar district]]
[[Category:Thar Desert]]

Angria Bank

2021-05-29T04:09:43Z

58.182.176.169:

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Angria Bank
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| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
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'''Angria Bank''' is a [[bank (topography)|bank]], a shallow sunken [[atoll]], on the [[continental shelf]] off the west coast of [[India]]. It is located {{convert|105|km|0}} west of [[Vijaydurg (city)|Vijaydurg]], [[Maharashtra]]. It has [[Coral_reef#Platform_reef|platform]] type [[Coral reefs in India|coral reef]].

The name Angria Bank is derived from the name of one of the most successful Naval Admiral of [[Maratha Empire]], [[Kanhoji Angre]], whose name was spelled ''Conajee Angria'' by the british.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grose |first=John-Henry |title=A Voyage to the East-Indies |date=1757 |page=145 |url= https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_Voyage_to_the_East_Indies_with_Observa/CotCAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=conajee+Angria&pg=PA145&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>

==Geography==
The bank is at an average depth of approximately {{convert|35|m|ft}}, and its dimensions are {{convert|40|km|mi}} from north to south and {{convert|15|km|mi|0}} from east to west. It is a [[coral reef]]. The depth may vary; at some points, the water is {{convert|23|m|ft}} deep, and at other points, the seafloor can be {{convert|400|m|ft}} below sea level.The bottom is composed of sand, shells, and coral. The bank is steep-to on all sides, with great depths surrounding it.<ref>[http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux.nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub173/173sec02.pdf Sailing Directions: West Coast of India, Sector 2: Diu Head to Cape Rama, page 40]</ref>

Angria Bank is {{convert|200|km|mi}} north of [[Adas Bank]], a similar submerged feature off the coast of [[Goa]].

==Marine life==
In late December 2019, the Wildlife Conservation Society of India launched an expedition to Angria Bank, discovering a coral reef that hadn't bleached yet. The government of India plans to designate Angria Bank as a marine protected reserve.

Angria Bank is known to have at least one [[laced moray]] eel, a school of [[schooling bannerfish]], and a [[Protoreaster linckii|red knob]] sea star. Several [[common dolphins]] and Indo-Pacific [[bottlenose dolphins]] inhabit the deeper waters of the coast. During the 8-day expedition to Angria Bank that started on the 18th of December, over 150 species of corals and algae were documented with no visible signs of bleaching.<ref name = "Information about the expedition">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaHqqmD2XJM "Expedition to Angria Bank"] 12 March 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.</ref>

==Tourism==
{{As of|2008}}, Angria Bank is accessible by a two-hour boat ride from [[Malvan]], Maharashtra. In 2008, Maharashtra state Finance Minister [[Jayant Patil]] announced a [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 50 million initiative to explore Angria Bank to determine the feasibility of further marine tourism in the area.<ref name="Tourism">[http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20080319/913231.html "Mah govt plans to explore tourism potential of 'Angria Bank'."] WebIndia123.com 19 March 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2008.</ref>

The first ever underwater scientific expedition was carried out by the National Institute of Oceanography in 1985 . It revealed significant biodiversity though the results are yet to be published.

==See also==
*[[Coral reefs in India]]
*[[List of reefs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*William Henry Rosser, James Frederick Imray. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_8BBAAAAIAAJ ''The Seaman's Guide to the Navigation of the Indian Ocean and China Sea Including a Description of the Wind, Storms, Tides, Currents, &c., Sailing Directions; a Full Account of All the Islands; with Notes on Making Passages During the Different Seasons.''] J. Imray & Son, 1867. p. 412.
*Alfred Dundas Taylor, James Horsburgh. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qPkGAAAAQAAJ ''The India directory, for the guidance of commanders of steamers and sailing vessels, founded upon the work of J. Horsburgh.''] [[W. H. Allen & Co.]], 1874. p. 299.

{{coord|16|43|N|72|03|E|display=title|region:IN_type:isle}}

[[Category:Landforms of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Coral reefs]]
[[Category:Underwater diving sites in India]]
[[Category:Undersea banks of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Reefs of India]]

{{marine-geo-stub}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Byse

2020-12-22T11:31:56Z

58.182.176.169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Byse
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
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| subdivision_type = Country
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| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hosanagara]]
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| postal_code = 577418
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| area_code = 608026<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=222951&rlbtype=V |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712225607/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=222951&rlbtype=V |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-12 |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India |accessdate=2012-03-15 }}</ref>
| registration_plate =KA
| iso_code = IN-KA
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Byse''' is a village in the [[Shimoga district]] of Karnataka, India. It is located around 140 km from [[Mangalore]], in the Nagara [[hobli]] of the [[Hosanagara]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://raitamitra.kar.nic.in/bhoochethana/Shimoga.htm | title = Bhoo Chethana | publisher = Karnataka State Department of Agriculture | accessdate = 2012-03-15 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{see also | Archaeology in India }}

[[Megalith|Megalithic structures]] have been found at Byse at a site called ''Nilaskal Byana'' ("the field with the standing stones"). The villagers have long been aware of the presence of these megaliths, and a 1975 thesis by A. Sundara mentions the site as containing [[menhir]]s arranged in no particular order.<ref name="Sundara1975">{{cite book | author=A. Sundara | title=The early chamber tombs of South India: a study of the iron age megalithic monuments of north Karnataka | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tf-AAAAAMAAJ | accessdate=15 March 2012 | year=1975 | publisher=University Publishers | location = Delhi | oclc = 2512820 }}</ref>

In 2007, Professor Srikumar M Menon from the Manipal School of Architecture and Planning, Manipal University noticed the stones during a trip to the Nagara Fort at Byse. Subsequently, the researchers from the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) and [[Manipal University]] surveyed 26 stones during 2007-10. The researchers speculated that the stones could be dated prior to 1000 BCE, though [[carbon dating]] is yet to be done, as of March 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Megalithic-structures-a-chance-discovery/Article1-825602.aspx | title = Megalithic structures a chance discovery | author = Snehal Rebello | newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 2012-03-15 | accessdate = 2012-03-15 }}</ref> Using computer simulation, the researchers concluded that at least one of the stone alignments at Byse has "strong astronomical associations", which indicates that the site could have been an ancient astronomical observatory.<ref name="tifr_alignment_2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.tifr.res.in/%7Earchaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Astronomical%20observatory%20at%20Byse.pdf | title = Stone Alignment with Solar and Other Sightlines in South India | author = Srikumar M. Menon, Mayank N. Vahia and Kailash Rao | publisher = Tata Institute of Fundamental Research | accessdate = 2012-03-15 }}</ref>

The tallest menhir is 3.6 m in height, 1.6 m in width and 25 cm in thickness. Two menheirs are used by the villagers for a form of [[ancestor worship]].<ref name="tifr_alignment_2012"/>

== Geography ==

The Kusannanakere water tank is located in Byse.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://worksoft.kar.nic.in/tankstat/view_work.aspx?gpcode=1524&fyear=6&workId=119&transId=1165 | title = Rejuvination of Kusannanakere at Byse Village | publisher = Rural Development & Panchayat Raj Department, Government of Karnataka | accessdate = 2012-03-15 }}</ref>

== Administration ==

The habitations that fall under the Byse [[gram panchayat]] include:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://online.omms.nic.in/ASPNet/citizens/DG/05DVC/CensusStatus.aspx?state=KN&district=24&block=2&reportLevel=3 | title = Census Data Updation Status: Hosanagar Block | work = Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana | publisher = Government of India | accessdate = 2012-03-15 }}</ref>

* Baise
* Konanahalli
* Kardigere
* Kuppaduru
* Kannamane
* Hokoppalau
* Chikalli
* Dhummadhagadde
* Doddagundi
* Niraballi
* Gundigadde
* Athikodige
* Sulagodu
* Channakodige

== Culture ==
{{Expand section|date=June 2012}}
The Chidambareshwara Devaru and Nethrabylu Choudi Devasthana Hindu shrines are located in Byse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karnatakatemples.kar.nic.in:8080/homepage/html/ABHIYANA/templelist/Shimoga_templelist.html |title=List of temples in the Shimoga District |publisher=Hindu Religious Institutions & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Karnataka |accessdate=2012-03-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130023730/http://karnatakatemples.kar.nic.in:8080/homepage/html/ABHIYANA/templelist/Shimoga_templelist.html |archivedate=2012-01-30 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in India]]