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Jibanananda Das

2026-05-06T21:42:19Z

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{{Short description|Bengali poet (1899–1954)}}
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{{Infobox writer 
| name = Jibanananda Das
| image = Jibanananda Das (1899–1954).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Jibanananda Das
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Jibanananda Das
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1899|02|17}}
| birth_place = [[Backergunge District|Bakerganj]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1954|10|22|1899|2|18}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Poet, writer, and professor
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| nationality = [[British Indian]] (1899–1947) Indian (1947–1954)
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Brajamohan College]] [[University of Calcutta]]
| period =
| genre = Poetry, novels, short stories, criticism
| subject =
| movement = [[Bengali poetry#Modern Bengali poetry|Bengali Modernism]]
| notableworks = ''[[Banalata Sen (book)|Banalata Sen]]'', ''[[Rupasi Bangla]]'', ''[[Akashlina]]'', ''[[Banalata Sen]]'', ''[[Campe (poem)|Campe]]'', ''[[Bodh (poem)|Bodh]]''
| spouse = Labanyaprabha Das (née Gupta)
| partner =
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Kusumkumari Das]] (mother)
| awards = Nikhil Banga Rabindra Sahitya Sammelan Award (1952) [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1955)
| signature = Jibanananda Das signature.svg
| signature_alt =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Jibanananda Das'''{{efn|{{IPA|bn|'dʒibonˌanondoː daʃ}}}} (17 February 1899 – 22 October 1954)<ref name="s">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:জীবনানন্দ দাশ |trans-title=Jibanananda Das |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/Samsad-Bangali-Charitabhidhan-Ed2/page/১৭৯/mode/1up |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |page=179}}</ref> was an Indian poet and writer who wrote in the [[Bengali language]]. Often referred to as the ''Rupashi Banglar Kabi'' ({{lit|'Poet of Beautiful Bengal'}}),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.prothomalo.com/pachmisheli/article/1154181/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF |title=Banglar Mukh Ami Dekhiyachi |date=23 April 2017 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |access-date=7 June 2018 |publisher=Transcom Group |language=bn |script-title=bn:বাংলার মুখ আমি দেখিয়াছি |trans-title=I've Seen the Face of Bengal}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> he is regarded as one of the most prominent Bengali poets after [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], although he received limited recognition during his lifetime.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Hajar Bacharer Bangali Sangskriti |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |publisher=Abasar |year=2016 |isbn=978-984-415-190-1 |location=Dhaka |pages=316 |language=bn |script-title=bn:হাজার বছরের বাঙালি সংস্কৃতি |trans-title=Bengali Culture across the Millennia |chapter=Bangla Bhasha o Sahitya |script-chapter=bn:বাংলা ভাষা ও সাহিত্য |trans-chapter=Bengali Language and Literature |author-link=Ghulam Murshid}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/article/703870 |title=Barishale Jibanananda Mela |date=6 December 2015 |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607123213/http://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/article/703870 |archive-date=7 June 2018 |publisher=Transcom Group |location=Dhaka |language=bn |script-title=bn:বরিশালে জীবনানন্দ মেলা |trans-title=Jibanananda Fair in Barishal |quote=বাংলা সাহিত্যে রবীন্দ্রনাথ ও নজরুল ইসলামের পর শ্রেষ্ঠ কবি জীবনানন্দ দাশ। নতুন প্রজন্ম জীবনানন্দ দাশকে ভুলতে বসেছে। জীবনানন্দের প্রকৃতি প্রেম ও দর্শন নতুন প্রজন্মের মধ্যে ছড়িয়ে দিতে হবে। ... বলেন রবীন্দ্র ভারতী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের সাবেক উপাচার্য পবিত্র সরকার। Jibanananda Das is the greatest poet after Rabindranath and Nazrul Islam. The young generation is forgetful of Jibanananda. We should promulgate his love and view of nature among the new generations. ... said Pabitra Sarkar, the ex-VC of Rabindra Bharati University.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alokitobangladesh.com/online/details/14964 |script-title=bn:জীবনানন্দ দাশের কবিতার সংখ্যা কত? |website=Alokita Bangladesh |language=bn |access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Jibanananda Das |last=Salekeen |first=Seraj |publisher=Kathaprokash |year=2018 |series=Jibani Granthamal [Biography Series] |location=Dhaka |pages=7 |script-title=bn:জীবনানন্দ দাশ |language=bn |quote=আমৃত্যু নির্জন, অথচ মৃত্যুপরবর্তী কিছুকালের মধ্যে সমকালীন বাংলা কবিতার অন্যতম জনপ্রিয় কবিতে পরিণত হন জীবনানন্দ দাশ। Despite being desolate till death, Jibanananda Das became one of the popular poets of contemporary Bengali poems immediately after his death.}}</ref>

Born in [[Barisal]] to a [[Bengali Hindu]] family, Das studied English literature at [[Presidency College, Kolkata]], and earned a master's degree from [[Calcutta University]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Name me a word: Indian writers reflect on writing |date=2018 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-22258-6 |editor-last=Alexander |editor-first=Meena |location=New Haven |pages=42-46}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=[[Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh]] |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor-last=Islam |editor-first=Sirajul |editor-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=2nd |location=Dhaka |chapter=Das, Jibanananda |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Das,_Jibanananda}}</ref> He experienced persistent difficulty securing stable employment and faced financial hardship throughout his life. He taught at several colleges but never granted tenure. Following the partition of India, he permanently settled in Kolkata. Das died on 22 October 1954, eight days after being struck by a [[tramcar|tram]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jibanananda Das |last=Salekeen |first=Seraj |publisher=Kathaprokash |year=2018 |series=Jibani Granthamal [Biography Series] |location=Dhaka |pages=80 |script-title=bn:জীবনানন্দ দাশ |language=bn}}</ref> Witnesses had later reported that the tram had sounded its whistle, but Das did not stop and was hit. Some accounts have speculated that the incident may have been a suicide.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |title=Jibanananda Daser Prakashita-Aprakashita KabitaSamagra |date=1998 |publisher=Abasar |isbn=984-446-008-5 |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Abdul Mannan |editor1-link=Abdul Mannan Syed |location=Dhaka |page=618 |language=bn |chapter=Parishishta}}</ref>

Das was relatively unrecognised during his lifetime. Although he wrote profusely, he published little of his work, partly due to his introverted nature. Much of his writing remained unpublished,<ref name=":3" /> and only seven volumes of his poetry appeared during his lifetime.<ref name=":2" /> After his death, it was discovered that, in addition to poetry, Das had written 21 novels and 108 short stories. His notable works include ''[[Ruposhi Bangla]]'', ''[[Banalata Sen (book)|Banalata Sen]]'', ''Mahaprithibi'', and ''Shreshtha Kavita''.<ref name=":3" /> His early poetry reflects the influence of Kazi Nazrul Islam,<ref name=":3" /> but by the latter half of the 20th century, his own work had become a major influence on the development of modern Bengali verse.<ref>{{cite book |last=Das Gupta |first=Chidananda |year=1972 |title=Jibanananda Das |series=Makers of Indian Literature |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=13 |oclc=313728800 |quote=For the younger generation of Bengali poets today, he [Das] has practically come to take the place of [[Tagore]]. His influence on them is all-pervading.}}</ref>

Das received the Rabindra-Memorial Award for ''Banalata Sen'' in 1953 at the All Bengal Rabindra Literature Convention.<ref name=":3" /> His collection ''Shrestha Kavita'' won the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Bengali|Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1955.<ref name=":3" /> A film inspired by his short story Jamrultola, titled 'Sunder Jibon' and directed by Sandeep Chattopadhyay ([[Chatterjee]]), was produced by [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Sundar Jeebon {{!}} National Award winning short film {{!}} A diploma film@SRFTI |date=20 June 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_9ta3y1j8A |language=en |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Chatterjee |first=Sandeep |title=Sundar Jeebon |date=3 May 2002 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9046130/ |type=Short |others=Debolina Addhya, Ardhendu Banerjee, Santanu Bose, Sharmistha Chakravarty |publisher=Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film]] at the [[50th National Film Awards]], with [[Santanu Bose|Shantanu Bose]] in the lead role.

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
[[File:Child Jibanananda Das.jpg|thumb|left|Das in his childhood|207x207px]]
[[File:Jibanananda Das Old.jpg|250x250px|thumbnail|Young Jibanananda Das]]
Das was born in 1899 in [[Barisal]], a district town in the [[British Raj]], into a Bengali [[Baidya]] family. His ancestors originated from the [[Bikrampur]] region (now [[Munshiganj District|Mushiganj]]) of the [[Dhaka Division]], from the now-extinct village of Gaupara in the kumarvog area of the [[Louhajang Upazila]] on the banks of the river [[Padma]].<ref name="Das,_P._2003_1">{{harvnb|Das, P.|2003|p=1}}</ref> Das' grandfather Sarbānanda Dāśagupta was the first to settle permanently in Barisal. He was an early exponent of the reformist [[Brahmo Samaj]] movement in Barisal and was highly regarded in town for his philanthropy. He erased the ''-gupta'' suffix from the family name, regarding it as a symbol of [[Vedic period|Vedic]] [[Brahmin]] excess, thus rendering the surname to ''Das''.<ref name="Das,_P._2003_2">{{harvnb|Das, P.|2003|p=2}}</ref>

Jibanananda's father, Satyānanda Dāś, was a schoolmaster and publisher, and Jibanananda's mother, [[Kusumkumari Das|Kusumakumārī Dāś]], was a poet who explored social issues.<ref name="Das,_P._2003_6">{{harvnb|Das, P.|2003|p=6}}</ref>Jibanananda was the eldest son and had two siblings, Aśōkānanda and Sucharita.

=== Education and Career ===
In 1919, Jibanananda received a BA Degree in English literature from [[Presidency College, Kolkata]]. He first poem appeared in the [[Boishakh]] issue of ''Brahmobadi'' journal. The poem was called ''Borsho-abahon'' (''Arrival of the New Year''). Jibanananda sometimes published his works under the pseudonyms Sri or Das Gupta.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Jibanananda earned his MA Degree in English from the University of Calcutta in 1921, taught and tutored students in English, and published his first collection of poems called Jhara Palok (Fallen Feathers) in 1927.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

By the last year of his life, Jibanananda was acclaimed as one of the best poets of the post-Tagore era. In May 1954, he published a volume titled 'Best Poems' (Sreshttho Kobita), which won the Indian [[Sahitya Akademi]] Award in 1955.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

=== Personal Life ===
In May 1930, Jibanananda married [[Labanyaprabha Das]] (née Gupta) and they had a daughter and son named Manjusree and Samarananda.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} Labanyaprabha was the daughter of Rohini Kumar Gupta and Sarojubala Gupta. Her paternal uncle was Acharya of the Brahmo Samaj in Dhaka.[[File:কবিতা ভবন থেকে প্রকাশিত বনলতা সেনের প্রথম সংস্করণ.jpg|thumb|First Edition of Banalata Sen published from Kavita Bhavan of [[Buddhadev Bose]]]]
== Death and Legacy ==
During Jibanananda's evening walk on 14 October 1954, he was struck by a tram while crossing a road near Calcutta's [[Deshapriya Park]]. He was taken to Shambhunath Pundit Hospital, where he died eight days later.[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]'']

His body was cremated the following day at Keoratola crematorium.<ref>{{cite book |last=Das |first=Prabhatkumar |year=2003 |title=Jibanananda Das |edition=2nd |location=Calcutta |publisher=Poshchim-bongo Bangla Akademi |ref={{harvid|Das, P.|2003}}}}</ref> It has been alleged in some biographical accounts that his accident was actually an attempt at suicide.<ref>''আধুনিক বাঙলা কবিতা'' [Modern Bengali Poetry], ed. [[Humayun Azad]], {{oclc|60264629}}.</ref>

During his lifetime he published only 269 poems in different journals and magazines, of which 162 were collected in seven anthologies, from ''Jhara Palak'' to ''Bela Obela Kalbela''.<ref>Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1995), ''I have seen the Bengal's face – Poems from Jibanananda Das'', Creative Workshop, Chittagong (A collection of forty poems by Jibanananda Das, rendered into English by different translators).</ref> Many of his poems have been published posthumously at the initiative of his brother Asokananda Das, sister Sucharita Das and nephew Amitananda Das, and the efforts of Dr. Bhumendra Guha, who over the decades copied them from scattered manuscripts. By 2008, the total count of Jibananda's known poems stood at almost 800. In addition, numerous novels and short stories were discovered and published about the same time.<ref name="blt">''Beyond Land and Time'', ed. [[Faizul Latif Chowdhury]] and Golam Mustafa, 2008, Somoy Prokashon, Dhaka</ref>
[[File:জীবনানন্দ দাশের লেখা ঝরা পালক কাব্যগ্রন্থের প্রথম সংস্করণ.jpg|thumb|Jibananda's first book 'Jhara Palak'|254x254px]]
Jibanananda scholar [[Clinton B. Seely]] has termed Jibanananda Das as "Bengal's most cherished poet since [[Rabindranath Tagore]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Seely |first=Clinton B. |author-link=Clinton B. Seely |year=1990 |title=A Poet Apart: A Literary Biography of the Bengali Poet Jibanananda Das (1899–1954) |location=Newark |publisher=[[University of Delaware Press]] |page=9 |isbn=9788186438138}}</ref> He was known as a [[surrealist poetry|surrealist poet]] for his spontaneous, frenzied overflow of subconscious mind in poetry and especially in diction.<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-269709 Jibanananda Das, the foremost figure of surrealism. The Daily Star, Feb 20, 2013]</ref>

== Major works ==


=== Poetry ===
* ''Jhôra Palok'' (''Fallen Feathers''), 1927.
* ''[[Dhusar Pandulipi]]'' (''Grey Manuscript''), 1936.
* ''[[Banalata Sen (book)|Banalata Sen]]'', 1942.
* ''Môhaprithibi'' (''Great Universe''), 1944.
[[File:Adobe Scan 08-Jul-2022 (1) 1.jpg|thumb|First Edition of Mahaprithibi|319x319px]]
* ''Shaat-ti Tarar Timir'', (''Darkness of Seven Stars''), 1948.
* ''Shreshtho Kobita'', (''Best Poems''), 1954: Navana, Calcutta.
* ''[[Ruposhi Bangla]]'' (''Bengal, the Beautiful''), written in 1934, published posthumously in 1957.
* ''Bela Obela Kalbela'' (''Times, Bad Times, End Times''), 1961, published posthumously but the manuscript was prepared during lifetime.
* ''Sudorshona''(''The beautiful''), published posthumously in 1973: Sahitya Sadan, Calcutta.
* ''Alo Prithibi'' (''The World of Light''), published posthumously in 1981: Granthalaya Private Ltd., Calcutta.
* ''Manobihangam'' (''The Bird that is my Heart''), published posthumously in 1979: Bengal Publishers Private Ltd. Calcutta.
* ''Oprkashitô Ekanno'' (''Unpublished Fifty-one''), published posthumously in 1999, Mawla Brothers, Dhaka.
* ''Krishna Dasami'', Pathak Samabesh, Dhaka. published posthumously in 2015.
* ''Surya Osuryaloke'', Suchoyoni, Dhaka. published posthumously in 2021.

== Major collected texts ==
* Bandopdhaya, Deviprasad : Kabya Songroho − Jibanananda Das (tr. Collection of Poetry of Jibanananda Das), 1993, Bharbi, 13/1 Bankim Chatterjje Street, Kolkata-73.
* Bandopdhaya, Deviprasad : Kabya Songroho − Jibanananda Das (tr. Collection of Poetry of Jibanananda Das), 1999, Gatidhara, 38/2-KA Bangla Bazaar, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh.
* Bandopdhaya, Deviprasad : Jibanananda Das Uttorparba (1954–1965), 2000, Pustak Bipani, Calcutta.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1990), ''Jibanananda Das'er Prôbôndha Sômôgrô'', (tr: ''Complete non-fictional prose works of Jibanananda Das''), First edition : Desh Prokashon, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1995), ''Jibanananda Das'er Prôbôndha Sômôgrô'', (tr: ''Complete non-fictional prose works of Jibanananda Das''), Second edition : Mowla Brothers, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, F. L. (ed) : Oprokashito 51 (tr. Unpublished fifty one poems of Jibanananda Das), 1999, Mawla Brothers, Dhaka.
* Shahriar, Abu Hasan : Jibanananda Das-er Gronthito-Ogronthito Kabita Samagra, 2004, Agaami Prokashoni, Dhaka.

== Books on Jibanananda ==
* (1965) 'Ekti Nakkhatro Ase', Ambuj Basu, Mousumi.
* (1970) 'Kobi Jibanananda Das', Sanjay Bhattacharya, Varbi.
* (1971) 'Jibanananda (ek khando)', Gopal Chandra Roy, Sahittya Sadan;
* 'Manus Jibanananda', Labanya Das, Bengal Publishers;
* 'Jibanananda Smriti', Debkumar Basu edited, Karuna Prokasani.
* (1972) 'Suddhatamo Kobi', Abdul Mannan Saiyad, Knowledge Home, Dhaka; 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Bijan Kanti Sarkar, Bijoy Sahitya Mandir; 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Shaymapada Sarkar, Kamini Prokasan.
* (1973) 'Jibanananda das', edited by Birendra Bhattacharya, Onnisto.
* (1975) 'Kobi Jibanananda', Suddhaswatto Basu, Sankha Prokasan.
* (1976) 'Jibanishilpi Jibanananda Das', Asadujjan, Bangladesh Book Corporation, Dhaka.
* (1979) 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Bijan Kanti Sarkar, Bijoy Sahitya Mandir; 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Shyamapada Sarkar, Kamini Prokashan.
* (1980) 'Rupasi Banglar Dui Kobi', Purnendu Patri, Ananda Publishers Ltd.
* (1983) 'Kacher Manus Jibanananda', Ajit Ghose, Bijoy Krishna Girls' College Cheap Store;'Rabindranath Najrul Jibanananda ebong aekjon Probasi Bangali', Kalyan Kumar Basu, Biswagaen;'Adhunikata, Jibanananda o Porabastob', Tapodhir Bhattacharya and Swapna Bhattacharya, Nobark;'Jibananander Chetona Jagot', Pradumno Mitra, Sahityshri;'Jibanananda Das:Jiboniponji o Granthoponji', Provat Kumar Das, Hardo;'Prosongo:Jibanananda', Shibaji Bandopadhaya, Ayon.
* (1984) 'Jibanananda', Amalendu Basu, Banishilpo,;'Uttor Probesh', Susnato Jana;'Jibanananda', edited by Abdul Manna Sayad, Charitra, Dhaka;'Jibanananda Prasongiki', Sandip Datta, Hardo,
* (1985) 'Ami sei Purohit', Sucheta Mitra, A.Mukherji and Co;'Probondhokar Jibananada', Subrata Rudro, Nath Publishing;'Jibanananda Jiggasa', edited by Tarun Mukhopadhaya, pustok Biponi.
* (2003) 'Jibananda : Kabitar Mukhamukhi', Narayan Haldar.
* (2005) 'Amar Jibanananda', Dr. Himabanta Bondopadhyay, Bangiya Sahitya Samsad.
* (2008) 'Essays on Jibanananda Das', edited by Chowdhury F. L., Pathak Samabesh, Dhaka.
* (2009) 'Etodin Kothay Chilen', [[Anisul Hoque]].
* (2014) 'Jibananander Andhokaare', Rajib Sinha, Ubudash, Kolkata-12.
* '''Ekjon Komolalebu''' (Reincarnation as an Orange: The Story of Jibanananda), [[Shahaduz Zaman|Sahaduzzaman]]

== Awards ==
The [[Kolkata Poetry Confluence]], in collaboration with [[Bhasha Samsad]], has instituted the [[Jibanananda Das Award]] for poetry translation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theantonymmag.com/kolkata-poetry-confluence-multilingual-poetry-translation-competition/ |title=Kolkata Poetry Confluence – Multilingual Poetry Translation Awards |date=19 February 2022 |publisher=Antonym Magazine |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> Jibanananda Das awards for translation were given away in ten different languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kolkatapoetryconfluence.org/announcements/ |title=Kolkata Poetry Confluence – Translation Awards Announcement |publisher=Kolkota Poetry Confluence |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

A literary award named ''Jibanananda Puroshkar'', also known as the [[Jibanananda Prize]], has been instituted in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/festival-for-distributing-jibanananda-prize-45167 |title=Festival for distributing Jibanananda Prize |author=Sushanta Ghosh |publisher=The Daily Star |date=12 October 2014 |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref> It confers annual awards to the best works of poetry and prose by Bangladeshi authors.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/english/entertainment/news/bd/74373.details |title=Jewel Mazhar and Abdul Mannan get Jibanananda Puroshkar |publisher=Bangla News |date=18 February 2019 |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

=== Biography ===
* Bhattacharya, Bitoshoke (2001), ''Jibanananda'', Banishilpo Publishers, Kolkata.
* Banerjee, Deviprarad (1986), ''Jibanananda Das – Bikaash Protishthaar Itirbitta'' (tr: ''A chronicle of development and achievements of Jibanananda Das''), Bharat Book Agency, Calcutta.
* Seely, Clinton B. : 'A Poet Apart' (A comprehensive literary biography of Jibanananda Das), 1990, Associated University Press Ltd, USA
* Ray, Gopal (1971), ''Jibanananda'', Sahitya Sadan, Calcutta.
* Das, Prabhatkumar (2003), ''Jibanananda Das'' (2nd edition), Poshchim-bongo Bangla Akademi, Calcutta.
* Dassarma, Pradip (2009), ''Nil Hawar Samudre: a [[biographical novel]] on Jibanananda Das'', Pratibhash Publishers, Kolkata

=== Literary analysis ===
* Bose, Ambuj (1965), ''Ekti Nakshetra Ashe'' (tr. ''A star arrives''), Mausumi, Calcutta.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1994), ''Jibanananda Das'er "Aat bochor aager ekdin"'', Dibbyo Prokash, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1995), ''Jibanananda Das'er "Godhuli-shondhi'r Nritto"'', Dibbyo Prokash, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1999), ''Jibanananda Das'er "Mrityur Aage'', Dibbyo Prokash, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1999), ''Jibanananda Bibechona'', Anya Prokash, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (2000), ''Proshôngo Jibanananda'', Dibbyo Prokash, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, Pranab (editor) (2001), ''Jibanananda Niye Probôndho'' (tr: ''Essays on Jibanananda''), Jatiyo Grontho Prokashon, Dhaka
* Das, Prabhatkumar (1999), ''Jibanananda Das'', Poshchim-bongo Bangla Akademi, Kolkata.
* Dutta, Birendra (2005), ''Jibanananda: Kobi Gôlpokar'' (tr: ''Jibanananda: Poet and Short Story Writer''), Pustok Biponi, Kolkata .
* Gupta, Dr. Kshetra (2000), ''Jibanananda: Kobitar Shorir'', Shahitto Prokash, Kolkata.
* Mukhopadhyay, Kamal (editor) (1999), ''Jibanananda Onnikhon'', Shilindhro Prokashon, Kolkata
* Roychoudhury, Samir (editor) (2001), Postmodern Bangla Poetry, Haowa#49 Publishers, Kolkata.
* Rudro, Subrata (1985), ''Probôndhokar Jibanananda'' (tr: ''Jibanananda the Essayist''), Nath Publishing, Kolkata
* Roychoudhury, Malay (2002), ''Postmodern Jibanananda'', Graffiti Publishers, Kolkata.
* Shahriar, Abu Hasan (editor) (2003), ''Jibanananda Das: Mullayon o Patthodhhar'' (tr: ''Jibanananda Das: Assessment and Critical Readings''), Shahitto Bikash, Dhaka
* Syed, Abdul Mannan (editor) and Hasnat, Abul (editor) (2001), ''Jibanananda Das: Jônmo-shôtobarshik Sharok-grontho'', Ôboshôr Prokashona Shôngstha, Dhaka.
* Sinha, Rajib (2014),'Jibananander Andhokaare', Ubudash, Kolkata-12.{{ISBN|978-93-82982-10-4}}
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (2022), ''Jibanananda Patrabali'' (letters of Jibanananda Das), Pathak Samabesh, Dhaka.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource|Author:Jibanananda Das|Jibanananda Das}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Banglapedia}}
* {{LCAuth|n81082067}}
* {{OL author}}
* {{Amazon author page}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Jibanananda Das}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Jibanananda}}
[[Category:Jibanananda Das| ]]
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Kaliachak I

2026-04-09T22:59:06Z

74.116.26.10:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaliachak I
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = Beautiful mosque in the pink sky.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = 150-year old [[Minaret]] of Salepur Jame Mosque in Kaliachak I
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.803|N|88.029|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 106.60
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 392,517
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 732201
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]]/ telephone code
| area_code = 03512
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldah Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldah Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mothabari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mothabari]], [[Sujapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sujapur]]
| website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kaliachak I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Malda Sadar subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
===Gauda and Pandua===
[[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] was once the "capital of the ancient bhukti or political division of Bengal known as [[Pundravardhana]] which lay on the eastern extremity of the [[Gupta Empire]]." During the rule of the [[Sena Dynasty]], in the 11th-12th century, Gauda was rebuilt and extended as Lakshmanawati (later Lakhnauti), and it became the hub of the Sena empire. Gauda was conquered by [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] in 1205. During the Turko-Afghan period, "the city of Lakhnauti or Gauda continued to function initially as their capital but was abandoned in 1342 by the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi sultans]] in favour of [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] because of major disturbances along the river course of the [[Ganges|Ganga]]." "Pandua then lay on the banks of the [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]], which was the major waterway of the sultanate at the time. However, when the Mahananda too began to veer away from the site of Pandua in the mid-15th century, Gauda was rebuilt and restored to the status of capital city by the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi sultans]]"... With the ascent of [[Akbar]] to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] throne at Delhi... the Mughals annexed the ancient region of [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] in 1576 and created the Diwani of Bengal. The centre of regional power shifted across the Ganga to [[Rajmahal]], Following the demise of the independent sultanate, the regional importance of the Gauda or Malda region declined irreversibly and the city of Gauda was eventually abandoned.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 3-4: Malda in Historical Perspective | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Malda district===
With the advent of the British, their trading and commercial interests focused on the new cities of Malda and English Bazar. Malda district was formed in 1813 with "some portion of outlying areas of Purnia, Dinajpur and Rajshahi districts". A separate treasury was established in 1832 and a full-fledged Magistrate and Collector was posted in 1859. Malda district was part of Rajshahi Division till 1876, when it was transferred to Bhagalpur Division, and again transferred in 1905 to Rajshahi Division. With the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947, the [[Radcliffe Line]] placed Malda district in India, except the Nawabganj subdivision, which was placed in East Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 6-8: Brief History of the District |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 6 January 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Kaliachak-I in Malda (West Bengal).svg|thumb|Map]]
Kaliachak I community development block is located at {{coord|24.803|N|88.029|E|format=dms}}

Kaliachak I CD Block is part of the Diara, one of the three physiographic sub-regions of the district. "The Diara is a relatively well drained flat land formed by the [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] deposition of newer [[alluvium]] in the transitional zone between the Barind upland and the marshy Tal tract. The soil is light with sandy appearance and is very fertile. Mango gardens are common and mulberry is also grown in this natural division." It covers 32.16% of the total area of the district. 42.81% of the population of the district live in this sub-region.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=censusmap>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 639: Map of Kaliachak I CD Block|publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 October 2018}}</ref>

Left bank erosion of the [[Ganges]] upstream of [[Farakka Barrage]] has rendered nearly 4.5 lakh people homeless in Manikchak, Kaliachak I, II and III and Ratua blocks over the last three decades of the past century. The worst hit area is between Bhutnidiara and Panchanandapore in Kaliachak II block. According to the Ganga Bhangan Pratirodh Action Nagarik Committee, 750 km2 area was lost in 30 years in the Manikchak and Kalichak areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | title = A Report on the Impact of Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric, November 1999 | work = The social impact of erosion, pp 13-14 | first = Manisha | last = Banerjee | publisher = South Asia Network On Dams, Rivers and People, New Delhi: 110 088 India | access-date = 17 February 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234303/http://sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

See also - [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts]]

Kaliachak I CD Block is bounded by [[Kaliachak II]] CD Block on the north and on a part of the west, [[English Bazar (community development block)|English Bazar]] CD Block on the east, and [[Kaliachak III]] CD Block on the south and on a part of the west.<ref name=censusmap/>

Kaliachak I CD Block has an area of 106.60 km2.<ref name=admin>{{cite web| url = http://malda.nic.in/ |title = Kaliachak I at a Glance|access-date = 14 February 2011|work = Maldah District |publisher = District administration}}</ref> It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 14 [[gram panchayat]]s, 232 gram sansads (village councils), 66 [[mouza]]s and 49 inhabited villages. [[Kaliachak#Police station|Kaliachak]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 October 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Kaliachak.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Maldah, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Maldah with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 29 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 | title = BDO Offices under Malda District | work = Deoartment of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 8 November 2018 | archive-date = 12 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181012074655/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Kaliachak I block/ panchayat samiti are: Jaluabathal, Bamongram Mosimpur, Jalalpur, Sujapur, Gayeshbari, Nawada Jadupur, Kaliachak-I, Kaliachak-II, Kaliacahk-III, Alipur-I, Alipur-II, Mozampur, Alinagar, Silampur-I and Silampur-II.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Malda district - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==


===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Kaliachak I CD Block had a total population of 392,517, of which 269,058 were rural and 123,459 were urban. There were 200,451 (51%) males and 192,066 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 66,018. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 15,033 (3.83%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 1,542 (0.39%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref>

Census towns in Kaliachak I CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): [[Chhota Suzapur]] (11,216), [[Bara Suzapur]] (15,808), [[Chaspara]] (7,731), [[Nazirpur, Malda|Nazirpur]] (8,778), [[Jalalpur, Malda|Jalalpur]] (5,460), [[Bamangram]] (13,550), [[Jadupur]] (7,585), [[Silampur]] (12,664), [[Baliadanga]] (12,379), [[Alipur, Malda|Alipur]] (17,347) and [[Karari Chandpur]](10,949).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Kaliachak I CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): [[Sultanganj, Malda|Sultanganj]] (21,149), Khas Chandipur (9,629), Mahespur (12,250), Khaltipur (6,881), Bahadurpur (7,753), Krishnapur (4,953), [[Kaliachak]] (4,192), Alinagar (9,289), Nabinagar (8,259), Dalugram (7,846), Bakharpur (12,148), Masimpur (9,279), Gayesbari (9,745), Chhirampur (4,714), Jagadishpur (5,581), Uttar Dariapur (11,813), Azimpur (11,548), Serpur (12,838), Maksudpur (4,874), Jaluabadhal (4,787), Selimpur (6,315), Harochak (4,712), Dakshin Raypur (6,442), Dakshin Lakshmipur (12,732), Majumpur (8,158) and Kadamtala (5,781).<ref name=census2011/>


'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=200
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 0.42,33.16,29.62,26.24
|y2 = 26.00,29.78,24.78,21.22
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.77,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Kaliachak I CD Block
|y2Title=Malda district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}
Note: The CD Block data for 1971–1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is for Kaliachak I, II & III taken together

The decadal growth of population in Kaliachak I CD Block in 2001–2011 was 26.24%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Maldah, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 50 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 April 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Kaliachak PS or Kaliachak I, II & III CD Blocks taken together in 1991–2001 was 29.62%. The decadal growth of population in Kaliachak PS or Kaliachak I, II & III CD Blocks taken together in 1981-91 was 33.16% and in 1971–81 was 0.42%.<ref name="humandev1">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 11-14 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref> The decadal growth rate of population in Malda district was as follows: 30.33% in 1951–61, 31.98% in 1961–71, 26.00% in 1971–81, 29.78% in 1981–91, 24.78% in 1991–2001 and 21.22% in 2001–11.<ref name="growthmalda">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = Malda - Table 2.3 Growth of Population by sex on different census years in the district of Malda | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001–11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 April 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 13.93 in 2001–2011, 17.77% in 1991–2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Provisional population totals Paper I: West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref> 24.73% in 1981–1991 and 23.17% in 1971–1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Malda district has the second highest decadal population growth rate, for the decade 2001–2011, in West Bengal with a figure of 21.2% which is much higher than the state average (13.8%).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1906_PART_B_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Maldah| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 15 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref> Uttar Dinajpur district has the highest decadal growth rate in the state with 23.2%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1904_PART_B_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref> Decadal growth rate of population is higher than that of neighbouring Murshidabad district, which has the next highest growth rate.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1907_PART_B_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf| title = Census of India 2011 District Census Handbook Murshidabad| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref>

Population density in the district has intensified from 162 persons per km2 in 1901 to 881 in 2001 (i.e., around five times), which is highest amongst the districts of North Bengal. However, unlike the densely populated southern regions of West Bengal, urbanisation remains low in Malda district. North Bengal in general, and Malda in particular, has been witness to large scale population movement from other states in India and other districts of West Bengal, as well as from outside the country. The District Human Development Report for Malda notes, "Malda district has been a principal recipient of the human migration waves of the 20th century."<ref name="humandev1"/>

There are reports of [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]] coming through the international border. Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bangladesh-government-warns-india-of-increased-infiltration-by-jihadis-jmb-huji | title = Bangladeshi Govt warns India of increased infiltration by jihadis | date = 21 March 2017 | publisher = the quint |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/12105-infiltration-decreasing-through-india-bangla-border | title = Infiltration decreasing through India Bangla border | date = 23 December 2017 | publisher = Sunday Guardian |access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Kaliachak I CD Block was 213,041 (65.25% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 113,570 (68.13% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 99,471 (62.25% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 5.88%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Malda district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kaliachak I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|89.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|10.56}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.15}}
}}

Islam is the predominant religion, accounting for nearly 90% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

As per 2014 District Statistical Handbook: Malda (quoting census figures), in the 2001 census, Muslims numbered 274,825 and formed 88.39% of the population in Kaliachak I CD Block. Hindus numbered 35,896 and formed 11.54% of the population. Christians numbered 36 and formed 0.01% of the population. Others numbered 178 and formed 0.06% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook| title = District Statistical Handbook Malda 2014| work = Table 2.10 (a)| publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implemntation, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 27 October 2018| archive-date = 21 January 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook| url-status = dead}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kaliachak I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 97.12 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Khotta Bhasha|Khotta]] |value2 = 2.74 |color2 = purple
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.14 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 97.12% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 2.74% [[Khotta Bhasha|Khotta]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the [[Human Development Report]] for Malda district, published in 2006, the percentage of rural families in [[Below Poverty Line (India)|BPL]] category in Kaliachak I CD Block was 20.0%, the lowest amongst the CD Blocks of Malda district and considerably lower than the district average. Official surveys have found households living in absolute poverty in Malda district to be around 39%.<ref name="humandev2">{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 102-104 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the report, "An overwhelmingly large segment of the rural workforce depends on agriculture as its main source of livelihood, the extent of landlessness in Malda has traditionally been high because of the high densities of human settlement in the district… Although land reforms were implemented in Malda district from the time they were launched in other parts of West Bengal, their progress has been uneven across the Malda blocks… because of the overall paucity of land, the extent of [[Land reform in India|ceiling-surplus]] land available for redistribution has never been large… The high levels of [[rural poverty]] that exist in nearly all blocks in Malda district closely reflect the livelihood crisis… "<ref name="humandev2"/>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Kaliachak I CD Block'''
|value1 = 4.48
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 12.32
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 30.63
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 52.57
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Kaliachak I CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 7,821 and formed 4.48%, agricultural labourers numbered 21,494 and formed 12.32%, household industry workers numbered 53,457 and formed 30.63% and other workers numbered 91,750 and formed 52.57%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref> Total workers numbered 174,522 and formed 44.46% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 217,995 and formed 55.54% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 October 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 49 inhabited villages in Kaliachak I CD Block. All 49 villages (100%) have power supply. 48 villages (97.06%) have drinking water supply. 22 villages (44.9%) have post offices. 43 villages (87.76%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 33 villages (67.35%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 13 villages (26.53%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 2 villages (4.08%) have agricultural credit societies. 8 villages (16.33%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Maldah, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 80-81 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 November 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
"Large parts of the Diara, now the most intensely settled region within Malda, began to attract a new population from the early 20th century, after the alluvial chars exposed by the Ganga’s westward migration were opened for revenue settlement… Agricultural land in the Tal and Diara is mostly irrigated and intensively cropped and cultivated… Rainfall in the district is moderate…"<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 91-100 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Kaliachak I CD Block had 69 fertiliser depots, 7 seed stores and 70 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013–14.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda | work = Tables 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Kaliachak I CD Block produced 732 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 307 hectares, 1,937 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 439 hectares, 45 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 23 hectares, 6,618 tonnes of wheat from 1,961 hectares, 319 tonnes of maize from 75 hectares, 9,980 tonnes of jute from 719 hectares, 1,803 tonnes of potatoes from 58 hectares and 2,740 tonnes of sugar cane from 26 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Kaliachak I CD Block was 3,536 hectares, out of which 312 hectares were irrigated by deep tube wells, 2,946 hectares by shallow tube wells and 278 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Mango===
25,500 hectares of land in Malda district produces mango varieties such as ''langra'', ''himasagar'', ''amrapali'', ''laxmanbhog'', ''gopalbhog'' and ''fazli''. The core area of mango production is Old Malda, English Bazar and Manikchak CD Blocks, from where it has spread to Kaliachak I & II, Ratua I & II and Chanchal I CD Blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Maldah, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 20-21: A short note on mango production in the district | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 November 2018}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Malda district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line|collapse=yes}}
In 2013–14, Kaliachak I CD Block had 2 ferry services and 3 originating/ terminating bus route.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The stations between New Farakka and Malda Town on the [[Howrah-New Jalpaiguri line]] are: [[Chamagram railway station|Chamagram]], [[Khaltipur railway station|Khaltipur]], [[Jamirghata railway station|Jamirghata]] and [[Gour Malda railway station]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/14005/6401/441| title= 53417 Bardhaman-Malda Town Passenger| work= Time Table |publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 6 November 2018}}</ref>

[[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] (old number NH 34) passes through Kaliachak I CD Block.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Kaliachak I CD Block had 110 primary schools with 25,787 students, 12 middle schools with 5,029 students, 11 high schools with 30,596 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 32,028 students. Kaliachak I CD Block had 1 general degree college with 5,250 students, 1 technical/ professional institution with 100 students and 508 institutions for special and non-formal education with 24,256 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Kaliachak I CD Block, amongst the 49 inhabited villages, 3 villages did not have a school, 18 villages had more than 1 primary school, 27 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 16 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Malda, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 720-21, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 3 November 2018}}</ref>

[[Kaliachak College]] was established at [[Sultanganj, Malda|Sultanganj]], Kaliachak I, in 1995.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://collkaliachakege.edu.in/Home | title = Kaliachak College | publisher = KC | accessdate = 11 August 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Kaliachak I CD Block had 1 rural hospital, 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 2 nursing homes with total 90 beds and 11 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 42 family welfare subcentres. 13,009 patients were treated indoor and 157,816 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Silampur Rural Hospital at PO [[Kaliachak]] (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Kaliachak I CD Block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Sujapur (with 10 beds), Jadupur (Naoda-Jadupur PHC) (with 2 beds) and Pirojpur (Narayanpur PHC) (with 2 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 14 November 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kaliachak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Malda}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Gour-Pandua}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Malda topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Malda district]]