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Karkaṭa

2020-10-20T15:55:03Z

76.216.7.10:

'''Karkaṭa''', also referred to as '''Karka''' or '''Karkatha''', is a month in the [[Hindu calendar|Indian solar calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p8"/><ref name=sewell5>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/5 5]–11, 23–29}}</ref> It corresponds to the zodiacal sign of [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]], and overlaps approximately with the later half of July and early half of August in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p8"/>

In Vedic texts, the Karka month is called '''Suchi''' (IAST: Śuchi), but in these ancient texts it has no zodiacal associations.<ref name="Dershowitz2008p123">{{cite book|author1=Nachum Dershowitz|author2=Edward M. Reingold|title=Calendrical Calculations|title-link= Calendrical Calculations |year= 2008|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-88540-9|pages=123–128}}</ref> The solar month of Karkata overlaps with its lunar month [[Shraavana]], in Hindu lunisolar calendars.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher John Fuller|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC|year=2004|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-69112-04-85|pages=291–293}}</ref><ref name=sewell10/> The Shraavana marks the middle of the monsoon season on the Indian subcontinent, and is preceded by the solar month of [[Mithuna (month)|Mithuna]], and followed by the solar month of [[Siṃha]].<ref name=sewell5/>

The Karkata month is called ''Adi'' in the Tamil Hindu calendar.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p8">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, N-Z (Vol 1 & 2)|year=2002|publisher=[[The Rosen Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/8 8]|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/8}}</ref> The ancient and medieval era Sanskrit texts of India vary in their calculations about the duration of Karkata, just like they do with other months. For example, the ''Surya Siddhanta'' calculates the duration of Karkata to be 31 days, 11 hours, 24 minutes and 24 seconds.<ref name=sewell10/> In contrast, the ''Arya Siddhanta'' calculates the duration of the Karkata month to be 31 days, 11 hours, 13 minutes and 36 seconds.<ref name=sewell10>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/10 10]–11}}</ref>

The Indian solar month names are significant in epigraphical studies of South Asia. For example, ''Karkaṭa'' month, along with other solar months are found inscribed in medieval era temples. The ''Karkaṭa'' month (spelled as ''Karkataka'') is found inscribed in Chola Empire monument such as the Valisvara temple near Tamil Nadu–Andhra Pradesh border.<ref>{{cite book|author=E Hultzsch|title=Epigraphia Indica|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MxE9AAAAYAAJ |year= 1906|publisher=Education Society Press|pages=268, 281–282}}</ref>

Karka is also an astrological sign in Indian horoscope systems, corresponding to [[Cancer (astrology)]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bangalore V. Raman|title=Studies in Jaimini Astrology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gW2DIFHrxfgC |year=2003|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-1397-7|pages=10–19}}</ref>

Karkata is also the sixteenth month in the [[Darian calendar]] for the planet [[Mars]], when the [[Sun]] traverses the constellation Cancer as seen from Mars.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Nepali calendar}}

[[Category:Hindu solar months]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}

Kanyā

2020-10-20T15:52:53Z

76.216.7.10:

{{For|the Hungarian politician|Kálmán Kánya}}
'''Kanyā''' is one of the twelve months in the [[Hindu calendar|Indian solar calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p533"/><ref name=sewell5>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=cxxi, 5–11, 23–29, 150}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Vasudeva Rao|title=Living Traditions in Contemporary Contexts: The Madhva Matha of Udupi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-utNEpTZWUkC |year=2002|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|isbn=978-81-250-2297-8|pages=48–53}}</ref>

Kanya corresponds to the zodiacal sign of [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]], and overlaps with about the second half of September and about the first half of October in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p533"/> In Vedic texts, the Kanya month is called '''Nabhasya''' (IAST: Nabhasya), but in these ancient texts it has no zodiacal associations.<ref name="Dershowitz2008p123">{{cite book|author1=Nachum Dershowitz|author2=Edward M. Reingold|title=Calendrical Calculations|title-link= Calendrical Calculations |year= 2008|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-88540-9|pages=123–128}}</ref> The solar month of Kanya overlaps with its lunar month [[Ashvin]], in Hindu lunisolar calendars.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher John Fuller|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC|year=2004|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-69112-04-85|pages=291–293}}</ref><ref name=sewell10/> It marks the start of harvests and festival season across the Indian subcontinent. It is preceded by the solar month of [[Siṃha]], and followed by the solar month of [[Tulā]].<ref name=sewell5/>

The Kanya month is called ''Purattasi'' in the Tamil Hindu calendar.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p533">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, N-Z (Vol 1 & 2)|year=2002|publisher=[[The Rosen Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/533 533]|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/533}}</ref> The ancient and medieval era Sanskrit texts of India vary in their calculations about the duration of Kanya, just like they do with other months. For example, the ''Surya Siddhanta'', dated to c. 400 CE, calculates the duration of Kanya to be 30 days, 10 hours, 35 minutes and 36 seconds.<ref name=sewell10/> In contrast, the ''Arya Siddhanta'' calculates the duration of the Kanya month to be 30 days, 10 hours, 57 minutes and 36 seconds.<ref name=sewell10>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/10 10]–11}}</ref>

The Indian solar month names are significant in epigraphical studies of South Asia. For example, ''Kanya'' month, along with other solar months, are found inscribed in medieval era Hindu temples.<ref>{{cite book|author=E Hultzsch|title=Epigraphia Indica|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MxE9AAAAYAAJ |year= 1906|publisher =Education Society Press|pages=7, 280}}</ref>

Kanya is also an astrological sign in Indian horoscope systems, corresponding to [[Virgo (astrology)]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bangalore V. Raman|title=Studies in Jaimini Astrology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gW2DIFHrxfgC |year=2003|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-1397-7|pages=10–19}}</ref>

Kanya is also the twentieth month in the [[Darian calendar]] for the planet [[Mars]], when the [[Sun]] traverses the eastern part of the constellation Virgo as seen from Mars.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Nepali calendar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanya}}
[[Category:Hindu solar months]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}

Makara month

2020-10-20T15:46:48Z

76.216.7.10:

'''Makara''' is a month in the [[Hindu calendar|Indian solar calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p682"/><ref name=sewell5>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/5 5]–11, 23–29}}</ref> It corresponds to the zodiacal sign of [[Capricorn (constellation)|Capricorn]], and overlaps with about the later half of January and approximately early half of February in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p682"/>

In Vedic texts, the Makara month is called '''Sahasya''' (IAST: Sahasya), but in these ancient texts it has no zodiacal associations.<ref name="Dershowitz2008p123">{{cite book|author1=Nachum Dershowitz|author2=Edward M. Reingold|title=Calendrical Calculations|title-link= Calendrical Calculations |year= 2008|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-88540-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/calendricalcalcu00ders/page/n155 123]–128}}</ref> The solar month of Makara overlaps with its lunar month [[Magha (month)|Magha]], in Hindu lunisolar calendars.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher John Fuller|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC|year=2004|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-69112-04-85|pages=291–293}}</ref><ref name=sewell10/> The Makara marks the month with lengthening day lengths on the Indian subcontinent. It is preceded by the solar month of [[Dhanu (month)|Dhanu]], and followed by the solar month of [[Kumbha (month)|Kumbha]].<ref name=sewell5/> The start of this month is almost always January 14, the day of the [[Makara Sankranti]] festival, and periodically the [[Kumbh Mela]].<ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, N-Z (Vol 1 & 2)|year=2002|publisher=[[The Rosen Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n368 411]|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration}}</ref>

The Makara month is called ''Tai'' in the Tamil Hindu calendar.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p682">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, N-Z (Vol 1 & 2)|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/682 682–683]|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/682}}</ref> The ancient and medieval era Sanskrit texts of India vary in their calculations about the duration of Makara, just like they do with other months. For example, the ''Surya Siddhanta'' calculates the duration of Vrschika to be 29 days, 10 hours, 45 minutes and 12 seconds.<ref name=sewell10/> In contrast, the ''Arya Siddhanta'' calculates the duration of the Vrschika month to be 29 days, 10 hours, 57 minutes and 35 seconds.<ref name=sewell10>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/10 10]–11}}</ref>

Makara (crocodile or half animal-half fish being) is also an astrological sign in Indian horoscope systems, corresponding to [[Capricorn (astrology)]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bangalore V. Raman|title=Studies in Jaimini Astrology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gW2DIFHrxfgC |year=2003|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-1397-7|pages=10–19}}</ref>

Makara is also the fourth month in the [[Darian calendar]] for [[Mars]], when the [[Sun]] the Sun traverses the eastern sector of the constellation Capricornus as seen from Mars.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Nepali calendar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makara}}
[[Category:Hindu solar months]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}

Kumbha month

2020-10-20T15:46:25Z

76.216.7.10:

'''Kumbha''' is a month in the [[Hindu calendar|Indian solar calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p430"/><ref name=sewell5>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/5 5]–11, 23–29}}</ref> It corresponds to the zodiacal sign of [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]], and overlaps with about the second half of February and about the first half of March in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p430"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Vasudeva Rao|title=Living Traditions in Contemporary Contexts: The Madhva Matha of Udupi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-utNEpTZWUkC |year=2002|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|isbn=978-81-250-2297-8|pages=48–53}}</ref>

In Vedic texts, the Kumbha month is called '''Tapas''' (IAST: Tapas), but in these ancient texts it has no zodiacal associations.<ref name="Dershowitz2008p123">{{cite book|author1=Nachum Dershowitz|author2=Edward M. Reingold|title=Calendrical Calculations|title-link= Calendrical Calculations |year= 2008|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-88540-9|pages=123–128}}</ref> The solar month of Kumbha overlaps with its lunar month [[Phalguna]], in Hindu lunisolar calendars.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher John Fuller|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC|year=2004|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-69112-04-85|pages=291–293}}</ref><ref name=sewell10/> The Kumbha marks the end of winter for the Indian subcontinent. It is preceded by the solar month of [[Makara (month)|Makara]], and followed by the solar month of [[Mīna]].<ref name=sewell5/> The solar month is significant because it inspires the name of the 12-year cycled Kumbha Mela, where Hindu pilgrims gather by tens of millions to one of four pilgrimage sites, in the weeks before it starts.<ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, N-Z (Vol 1 & 2)|year=2002|publisher=[[The Rosen Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/379 379–381]|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/379}}</ref>

The Kumbha month is called ''Masi'' in the Tamil Hindu calendar.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p430">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, N-Z (Vol 1 & 2)|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/430 430]|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/430}}</ref> The ancient and medieval era Sanskrit texts of India vary in their calculations about the duration of Kumbha, just like they do with other months. For example, the ''Surya Siddhanta'' calculates the duration of Kumbha to be 29 days, 19 hours, 41 minutes and 12 seconds.<ref name=sewell10/> In contrast, the ''Arya Siddhanta'' calculates the duration of the Kumbha month to be 29 days, 19 hours, 24 minutes and 0 seconds.<ref name=sewell10>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|title=The Indian Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich |year=1896|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/10 10]–11}}</ref>

Kumbha is also an astrological sign in Indian horoscope systems, corresponding to [[Aquarius (astrology)]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bangalore V. Raman|title=Studies in Jaimini Astrology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gW2DIFHrxfgC |year=2003|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-1397-7|pages=10–19}}</ref>

Kumbha is also the sixth month in the [[Darian calendar]] for the planet [[Mars]], when the [[Sun]] traverses the eastern sector of the constellation Aquarius as seen from Mars.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Nepali calendar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumbha}}
[[Category:Hindu solar months]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}