Iraq

2022-10-16T09:33:09Z

86.126.198.25:

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Iraq
| native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ar|جمهورية العراق|italics=off}}|{{native name|ku|کۆماری عێراق|italics=off}}}}
| common_name = Iraq
| image_flag = Flag of Iraq.svg
| image_coat = Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg
| image_map = Iraq (orthographic projection).svg
| image_map2 = Iraq - Location Map (2013) - IRQ - UNOCHA.svg
| national_motto = {{native phrase|ar|الله أكبر|italics=off}} "[[Takbir|Allahu Akbar]]" {{small|([[transliteration]]) "[[God in Islam|God]] is the Greatest"}}
| national_anthem = "[[Mawtini]]" {{lang|ar|"موطني"}} ({{Lang-en|"My Homeland"}}) <center>[[File:United States Navy Band - Mawtini.ogg]]</center>
| capital = [[Baghdad]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|20|N|44|26|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = {{unbulletedlist |[[Arabic language|Arabic]]|[[Kurdish languagee|Kurdish]]}}
| religion = [[Islam]]
| demonym = Iraqi
| government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Iraq|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Latif Rashid]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Iraq|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani|Mohammed Al Sudani]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of Speakers of the Council of Representatives of Iraq|Speakers of the Council of Representatives]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mohamed al-Halbousi]]
| leader_title4 = [[Federal Supreme Court of Iraq|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name4 = [[Medhat al-Mahmoud]]
| legislature = [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Council of Representatives]]
| area_rank = 58th 
| area_km2 = 437,072
| area_sq_mi = 169,234 
| percent_water = 1.1
| population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Iraq}}{{UN_Population|ref}}
| population_estimate_rank = 36th
| population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}}
| population_census =
| population_census_year =
| population_density_km2 = 82.7
| population_density_sq_mi = 183.9 
| population_density_rank = 125th
| GDP_PPP = $695 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=63&pr.y=8&sy=2018&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=433&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Iraq |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 34th
| GDP_PPP_year = 2018
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $17,429<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 71st
| GDP_nominal_year = 2018
| GDP_nominal = $223 billion<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_nominal_rank = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $5,601<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 88th
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] {{nobold|from the [[United Kingdom]]}}
| established_event1 = [[Kingdom of Iraq|Kingdom]]
| established_date1 = {{start date|1932|10|03|df=y}}
| established_event2 = [[14 July Revolution|Republic declared]]
| established_date2 = 14 July 1958
| established_event3 = [[Constitution of Iraq|Current constitution]]
| established_date3 = 15 October 2005
| Gini_year = 2012
| Gini_change = 
| Gini = 29.5 
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=World Bank GINI index |publisher=Data.worldbank.org |accessdate=2016-08-17 }}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI_year = 2017
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI = 0.685 
| HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf |title=2018 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=December 14, 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | page=9}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 120th
| currency = [[Iraqi dinar]]
| currency_code = IQD
| time_zone = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]]
| utc_offset = +3
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Iraq|+964]]
| cctld = [[.iq]]
| footnote_a = Constitution of Iraq, Article 4 (1st).
}}
'''Iraq''' is a country in southwestern [[Asia]]. Iraq borders with [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Kuwait]] to the south, [[Turkey]] to the north, [[Syria]] to the north-west, [[Jordan]] to the west, and [[Iran]] to the east. The capital of Iraq is [[Baghdad]].

Iraq has been known by the [[Greek language|Greek]] name [[Mesopotamia]] which means ''(Land between the rivers)'' and has been home to continuous [[wikt:successive|successive]] civilizations since the 6th millennium [[BC]]. The region between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing. Iraq was part of several empires, some were [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]], and [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]]. During the Mesopotamian Campaign of [[World War I]], British Empire troops conquered the [[Ottoman Empire]] provinces of [[Basra]] and [[Baghdad]] and later added the province of [[Mosul]] to make Iraq.

The [[Kurdistan Region]] is an autonomous region. The Kurds have their own culture and speak the [[Kurdish language]].

Ethnic Kurds make up the north’s population a majority.

Most Iraqis are [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].

== Politics ==
From 1968 to 2003, Iraq was run by the [[Ba'ath Party]]. [[Saddam Hussein]] was the [[President]] from 1979 until the disbandment of the [[Ba'ath Party]].

After the 1990 [[invasion of Kuwait]] many countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, France, Italy, Pakistan, and others fought to free Kuwait. Later, some agents believed to be sent by Saddam Hussein tried to kill former President George H. W. Bush with a truck bomb in Kuwait.

The Kurdistan Region gained autonomy in the 1990s. Kurdistan region has its own parliament.

The March [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] was led by [[United States|American]], [[British]], Australian, Danish and Polish forces. They forced the Ba'ath Party to surrender. The publicly stated reason for the invasion was that Saddam Hussein refused to let United Nations inspectors look for suspected nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. In the past, Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons to kill the Kurds. Iraq had done research in making biological and nuclear weapons.

The country was initially split into 3 zones, the American zone, the British zone, and the Polish zone similar to the way Germany was divided in 1945. Forces from Denmark controlled areas in the British zone. A new temporary government was formed on June 28, 2004. The coalition forces were in the country.

There were many U.S., British and multi-national troops in the country until December 15, 2011 when the [[Iraq War]] had ended. Tensions between religious groups ([[Shia]] and [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s, as well as [[Christian]]s) lead to a great deal of [[instability]] in the country.

== Geography ==
[[File:Iraqi Governorates (numbered).png|left|thumb|The [[provinces of Iraq]]]]
The country area lies between two rivers; for this reason the area was called [[Mesopotamia]] in ancient ages. The rivers [[Euphrates]] and [[Tigris]] bound what is called the [[Fertile Crescent]]. Iraq also has a small coastline along the Persian Gulf, and this coastline was considered the heart of the [[petroleum]] trade in Iraq before the [[First Gulf War]]. The weather is extremely hot and dry because Iraq is far from seas and [[ocean]]s and even the close ones are blocked by mountains so that the rainy wind can not reach the inlands. This region has fertile land because of the two rivers.

Iraq is divided into 18 provinces (''muhafazah'').

{| align="center"
|-----
|
# [[Baghdad Province|Baghdād]] (بغداد)
# [[Salah ad Din Province|Salāh ad-Dīn]] (صلاح الدين)
# [[Diyala Province|Diyālā]] (ديالى)
# [[Wasit Province|Wāsit]] (واسط)
# [[Maysan Province|Maysān]] (ميسان)
# [[Basra Province|Al-Basrah]] (البصرة)
# [[Dhi Qar Province|Dhī Qār]] (ذي قار)
# [[Al Muthanna Province|Al-Muthannā]] (المثنى)
# [[Al-Qādisiyyah Province|Al-Qādisiyyah]] (القادسية)
|
<ol start=10>
<li>[[Babil Province|Bābil]] (بابل)
<li>[[Karbala Province|Al-Karbalā']] (كربلاء)
<li>[[Najaf Province|An-Najaf]] (النجف)
<li>[[Al Anbar Province|Al-Anbar]] (الأنبار)
<li>[[Ninawa Province|Nīnawā]] (نينوى)
<li>[[Dahuk Province|Dahūk]] (دهوك)
<li>[[Arbil Province|Arbīl]] (أربيل)
<li>[[Kirkuk Province|Kirkuk]] (كركوك)
<li>[[As Sulaymaniyah Province|As-Sulaymāniyyah]] (السليمانية)
</ol>
|}

== Economy ==
Iraq has a large amount of [[petroleum|oil]]. Iraq is the world's number four in petroleum production and the world's number two in petroleum reserves. In the past, Iraq sold much of this oil to other countries. After Iraq invaded Kuwait in August [[1990]], the [[United Nations]] stopped Iraq from selling the oil. The United Nations later allowed Iraq to sell some oil to buy food, clothes, and medicine so the people would not suffer as much. This was called the "[[Oil-for-Food]]" program.

==Related pages==
* [[Iraq at the Olympics]]
* [[Iraq national football team]]
* [[List of rivers of Iraq]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons-inline|Iraq}}

{{asia}}
{{Middle East}}

[[Category:Mesopotamia]]
[[Category:Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]

IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

Iraq