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Arang

2021-06-01T20:00:45Z

92.5.2.97:

{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
[[File:Raja Muraddhawaja, Muratdhawaja, Arang, Mandiro ka shahar..jpg|alt=Raja Muraddhawaja (Muratdhawaja) and his wife cutting their son's body (Anga) by a saw (Ara). in the form of saints Shri Krishna and Balram, Arjun as Lion.|thumb|Raja Muraddhawaja (Muratdhawaja) and his wife cutting their son's body (Anga) by a saw (Ara). in the front of saints Shri Krishna and Balram, Arjun as Lion.]]
'''Arang''', also known as "'''''The town of temples'''''" of Chhattisgarh, is a block and a [[Nagar Palika]] in [[Raipur District]] in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]], India. It is situated near the eastern limits of [[Raipur]] City and close to [[Mahasamund]] City. Arang is an ancient town, which was ruled by the [[Haihaiyavansi Kingdom|Haihayas]] [[Rajput]] dynasty. It is famous for its many [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temples which belong to the 11th and 12th centuries; these are the Mand Deval Jain temple, the Mahamaya temple, the Panchmukhi temple and the Hanuman temple. Due to the Archaeological finds of a copper plate inscription dated to the [[Gupta Empire]], known as the Arang Plate of [[Rajarsitulyakula|Bhimasena II of the clan of Rajarsitulya]], has established the town's ancient history as a Hindu and Jain religious centre, which was then under the rule of Hindu kings. The Mand Deval Jain temple is the most ancient of these temples dated to the 11th century where three huge images of [[Digambara]] [[tirthankara]]s are deified in the [[sanctum sanctorum]]; these are carved in black stone and polished.

Economic activity in the town is mostly related to small scale industries of rice and pulse mills, and many types of forest products. Religious tourism is receiving attention.

==History==
The name Arang is formed of two words '''''ara''''' meaning "[[saw]]" and '''''anga''''' meaning "body". According to a legend, god [[Krishna]] appeared disguised as a Brahmin before '''''king Murddhawaja (Mordhwaj)''''' of the [[Haihayas|Haihaya dynasty]]. The pious king offered him whatever dakshina he wanted.<ref name="Cunningham188474"/> The disguised Brahmin asked for one half of the king's body. The king immediately ordered that he be sawed off, and one half given as dakshina. As he was about to be cut in half, a tear drop fell from one of the eyes.<ref name="Cunningham188474"/> The Brahmin asked the king if the tear drop reflected his regret in accepting his request. The king replied no, adding that the half of the body which he did not ask for weeps as it too would like to be a part of the dakshina. Krishna then revealed himself and blessed the king for his devotion.<ref name="Cunningham188474">{{cite book|author=Alexander Cunningham| authorlink= Alexander Cunningham| title=Report of a Tour in the Central Provinces and Lower Gangetic Doab in 1881-82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xs8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA74|year=1884|page=74}}</ref>

Arang was ruled in ancient times by the [[Haihaiyavansi Kingdom|Haihayas]] [[Rajput]] dynasty.{{Sfn|Garg|1992|p=578}} Archaeological finds establishes that the town had an ancient history as the centre of [[Hindu]] and [[Jain]] religious faiths.{{Sfn|Provinces|1909|p=259}} Arang also finds mention in the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{Sfn|Surjan|Verma|1996|p=18}}

An archaeological antiquary in the form a copper plate inscription dated to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]], known as the Arang Plate of [[Rajarsitulyakula|Bhimasena II of the clan of Rajarsitulya]] was unearthed at Arang. It attests to the reign of this dynasty over Chhattisgarh, particularly of Bhimasena II and five rulers who preceded him. It is inferred that they were vassals of the [[Gupta Empire]].{{Sfn|Misra|2003|p=8}}

Archaeological finds in Arang also included few Jain images made of gem stones, which are now preserved in the Digambar Jain temple at Raipur.<ref name="(India)Krishnan1973">{{cite book|author1=Madhya Pradesh (India)|author2=V. S. Krishnan|title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Dewas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIphAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Government Central Press}}</ref>

Another historical legend attributed to Arang in particular, and Chhattisgarh in general, relates to the princess Chandini and her lover Lorik. This legend is in the form of folk-poetry which is widely sung in the state. A memorial statue in their honour exists near Arang.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dube|first=S. C.|url=https://archive.org/stream/fieldsongsofchha030637mbp/fieldsongsofchha030637mbp_djvu.txt|title=Field Songs Of Chhattisgarh|year=1947|publisher= The Universal Publishers Ltd.}}</ref>

== Geography and climate==
Arang, a prosperous ancient town, known for its many [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temples, is located on the west bank of the [[Mahanadi River]], a [[Nagar Palika]] in [[Raipur District]] in [[Chhattisgarh]],<ref name="Rotary"/>{{Sfn|Garg|1992|p=578}}{{Sfn|Provinces|1909|p=259}} at {{Coord|21.2|N|81.97|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|267|m|ft}}. It is {{convert|36|km|mi}} from [[Raipur]] on [[National Highway 6 (India)|National Highway 53]] (N.H.53), a four lane expressway to [[Durg]] passing through Arang. It is {{Convert|15|km}} from [[Mahasamund]] city.<ref name="Madras1930">{{cite book|author=Andhra Historical Research Society|location=Rajahmundry, Madras|title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDTXifKeOf4C|year=1930|publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/37/Arang.html|title=Arang|publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.}}</ref> There is also a four lane road from Arang to [[Tumgaon]]. The nearest airport is the [[Mana Airport|Raipur Airport]] situated near Mana Camp, which is {{Convert|23.8|km}} away from Arang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.closestairportto.com/city/india/arang/|title=Closest Airport to Arang|access-date=30 June 2016|publisher= Closestairportto.com}}</ref> Arang Is located beside [[National Highway 53]] that connects [[Kolkata]] to [[Mumbai]].

===Climate===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger classification]], Arang has a Temperate or subtropical hot-summer climate with nomenclature as [[Köppen climate classification#Scheme|Cwa]]. The average annual [[rainfall]] is {{Convert|589|mm}} with July and August recording the maximum. The average [[temperature]] is {{Convert|22.2|C}} with a maximum of {{Convert|40.9|C}} and a minimum of {{Convert|3|C}}. June is the hottest month of the year with average temperature of {{Convert|33.1|C}} and January recording the lowest.<ref name=Data>{{Cite web|url=http://en.climatedata.org/location/487831/|title=Climate: Arang|access-date=31 August 2016|publisher=Climate-Data Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921173522/http://en.climatedata.org/location/487831/|archive-date=21 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{weather box|width=auto
|location = Arang
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan mean C = 10.5
|Feb mean C = 12.6
|Mar mean C = 17.6
|Apr mean C = 22.8
|May mean C = 28.2
|Jun mean C = 33.1
|Jul mean C = 31.6
|Aug mean C = 30.0
|Sep mean C = 28.4
|Oct mean C = 23.4
|Nov mean C = 17.0
|Dec mean C = 11.8
|Jan record high C = 18.0
|Feb record high C = 19.4
|Mar record high C = 24.5
|Apr record high C = 30.2
|May record high C = 36.2
|Jun record high C = 40.9
|Jul record high C = 37.5
|Aug record high C = 35.3
|Sep record high C = 34.7
|Oct record high C = 31.6
|Nov record high C = 25.6
|Dec record high C = 19.9
|Jan record low C = 3.0
|Feb record low C = 5.9
|Mar record low C = 10.7
|Apr record low C = 15.5
|May record low C = 20.3
|Jun record low C = 25.3
|Jul record low C = 25.7
|Aug record low C = 24.7
|Sep record low C = 22.5
|Oct record low C = 15.3
|Nov record low C = 8.5
|Dec record low C = 3.8
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 48
|Feb precipitation mm = 49
|Mar precipitation mm = 57
|Apr precipitation mm = 40
|May precipitation mm = 22
|Jun precipitation mm = 25
|Jul precipitation mm = 107
|Aug precipitation mm = 136
|Sep precipitation mm = 58
|Oct precipitation mm = 12
|Nov precipitation mm = 9
|Dec precipitation mm = 26
|source 1= Climate: Arang<ref name=Data/>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref name=Census>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|work= Arang|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Arang had a population of 16,593. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Arang had an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 60% of the males and 40% of females literate. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref name=Census/> As of 2011, the population reported was 19,091, an increase of 1.3% over the 2001 figure, which gives a density figure of 812.7/km2 over the Nagar Panchayat area of {{Convert|23.49|km2}}.<ref name=City>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-chhattisgarh.php?cityid=2241112000|title= ARANG (Raipur)|publisher=City Population Organization}}</ref>

==Economy==
Economic activity is in the form of small scale industries of rice and pulses mills.<ref name="Jain2010">{{cite book|author=Dr. Lal|author2=Jain|name-list-style=amp|title=Chhattisgarh Pre-B. Ed. Examination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBxi6BRZMWsC&pg=RA1-PA25|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7482-934-4|pages=1–}}</ref> It is a commercial town where various types of forest products are marketed in Earlier Days.<ref name="DeshmukhI.C.S.1996">{{cite book|author1=Deshmukh|author2=I.C.S.|title=Course Of My Life|edition=Centenary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvNKkhI0LGIC&pg=PA70|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0824-8|page=70}}</ref>Now People Have Switched to other options for Earning. Arang is also a market place for neighbouring villages.

Arang is one of the three locations chosen for community development in its Chandkhuri development block.{{Sfn|Pradesh|1964|p=59}}

==Temples==
{{Main|Arang Jain temple}}

Arang has many Jain and Hindu temples that are dated to the 11th and 12th centuries. Archaeological excavations carried out in the town has confirmed the town's ancient history as a Hindu and Jain religious centre, which prospered under the rule of Hindu kings.{{Sfn|Provinces|1909|p=259}}

The ancient temples in Arang, which are tourist attractions are: the Mand deval temple, the Mahamaya temple, the Danteshwari temple, the Chandi Maheshwari temple, the Panchmukhi Mahadev temple, and the Panchmukhi Hanuman temple. Of these, the Mand Dewal temple and Bagh Deval temple are particularly ancient and well-known.{{Sfn|Provinces|1909|p=259}}

===Bhand Dewal temple===
[[File:Ruins of the great Jain temple, Bhand Dewal, at Arang.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the [[Bhand Dewal|Mand Dewal]] ]]

Bhand Dewal temple, a Jain temple dated to the late eleventh century, is in the Mahakosala area of Arang. It is built in the [[Bhumija]] style of architecture.{{Sfn|Jain|1972|p=446}} The plinth of this temple has detailed ornamentation. It has a [[Socle (architecture)|socle]] plinth that supports a pedestal, and two rows of sculptures on the wall. The temple layout plan is in a star shape known as stellate (meaning: shaped like a star, having points, or rays radiating from a center) with six "offsets". The temple rises to five floors, which is considered an unusual feature.<ref name=Rotary>{{Cite web|url=http://rotarycosmo.com/rotary_about_cg.php|title=Chhattisgarh State|publisher=Rotary Club}}</ref>{{Sfn|Jain|1972|p=446}}<ref name= Beglar>{{Cite web|last=Beglar|first= Joseph David |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho000001003u01276000.html|title=Three sculptures of Jain tirthankaras in the Bhand Dewal Temple, Arang|year=1873|publisher=On Line Gallery British Library}}</ref>

The temple faces west and is in rundown condition. In the past, a ''[[mandapa]]'' (an outdoor pavilion) and a porch probably existed as part of the temple. The temple has three free standing large images of Jain [[tirthankara]]s deified in the [[garbha griha]] or sanctum sanctorum.<ref name= Beglar/> These are carved ornately in black stone and highly polished. The three tirthankaras are [[Ajitanatha]], [[Neminath]] and [[Shreyanasanatha]].<ref name=Ganesh>{{Cite web|url=http://ganapati.perso.neuf.fr/anglais/achat/achat.html|title=Ganesh au Chhattisgarh|publisher= Ganesh, dieu de l'hindouisme}}</ref> The central figure is adorned with the symbol of a wheel holding two deers in the left hand, and a globe on the right hand. The base of this image has a "winged figure" carving. Carved images also embellish the exterior faces of the temple.<ref name= Beglar/>

===Bhand Deval temple===
Bhand Deval temple, which was inferred initially as a Jain temple, is dated to the 11th century. It has similar architectural features as the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho temple]].<ref name="SurjanVerma1996">{{cite book|author1=Lalit Surjan|author2=Vinod Verma|title=Reference Deśabandhu Madhya Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyRuAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Deshbandhu Publication Division|page=249|isbn=9788190073318}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Champaran (Chhattisgarh)]], held sacred as the birthplace of [[Saint]] [[Vallabhacharya]] is nearby.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Wikivoyage}}
*{{cite book|last= Garg |first=Gaṅgā Rām |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&pg=PA578|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-376-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Jain |first=Kailash Chand |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA446|year=1972|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0824-9}}
*{{cite book|last= Kumar |first=Brajesh |title=Pilgrimage Centres of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqei_Wo1qXwC&pg=PA122|year=2003|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-185-3}}
*{{cite book|last= Misra |first=Om Prakash |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA8|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-874-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Pradesh |first=India (Republic). Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya|title=District Census Handbook, Madhya Pradesh, Census of India, 1961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGsWAQAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh}}
*{{cite book|last= Provinces|first=Central |title=Raipur district|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA0mAQAAIAAJ|year=1909|publisher=Printed at the Pioneer Press}}
*{{cite book|last1= Surjan |first1=Lalit |last2= Verma |first2=Vinod |title=Reference Deśabandhu Madhya Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyRuAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Deshbandhu Publication Division|isbn=9788190073318 }}

{{Raipur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raipur district]]

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve

2021-05-15T18:13:26Z

92.5.2.97:

{{Short description|Indian Biosphere Reserve}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve
| map = India#India Kerala #India Tamil Nadu
| label = Agasthyamalai BR
| label_position = right
| iucn_category =
| location = [[Kollam District]], [[Thiruvananthapuram District]], [[Pathanamthitta District]], [[Kanyakumari District]] and [[Tirunelveli District]]s
| nearest_city = [[Nagercoil]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Ambasamudram]]
| coordinates = {{coords|8|39|0|N|77|13|0|E|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{convert|3500.36|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| established = 2001
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [http://www.envfor.nic.in/report/0102/chap01.html#role Ministry of Environment & Forests] 
[http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/br_agasthiyar.html [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]]] 
Listed under UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves}}
The '''Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve''' is a [[biosphere reserve]] in India established in 2001, located in the southernmost end of the [[Western Ghats]] and includes {{convert|3500.36|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of which 1828 km2 is in [[Kerala]] and 1672.36 km2 is in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It encompass the wildlife sanctuaries [[Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]].<ref>Kerala Forests & Wildlife Dept, Biosphere Reserves.[http://www.keralaforest.org/html/wildlife/bio.htm Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve]</ref><ref name="AGASTHIYARMALAI BIOSPHERE RESERVE">Tamil Nadu Forest Department (2007) retrieved 2 September 2007 [http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/br_agasthiyar.html AGASTHIYARMALAI BIOSPHERE RESERVE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230000326/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/br_agasthiyar.html |date=2008-12-30 }}</ref>

Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve became part of [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]] in 2016.<ref name="UNESCO" >UNESCO, World Network of Biosphere Reserves, Agasthyamalai. retrieved 19 March 2016 [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/20_sites_added_to_unescos_world_network_of_biosphere_reserve/#.Vu834_krLIU World Network Of Biosphere Reserves]</ref> Is also under UNESCO's world list of biosphere reserve

==Location==
ABR straddles the border of [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kollam District|Kollam]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram District|Thiruvananthapuram]] Districts in [[Kerala]] and [[Tirunelveli District|Tirunelveli]] and [[Kanyakumari District|Kanyakumari]] Districts in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[South India]] at the southern end of the [[Western Ghats]]. The Biosphere lies Between 8° 8' to 9° 10' North Latitude and 76° 52' to 77° 34' East Longitude. Central location is {{coord|8|39|N|77|13|E|}} .

It is composed of Neyyar,<ref>[http://www.keralatourntravel.com/Kerala-WildLife-Neyyar.asp Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527044846/http://www.keralatourntravel.com/Kerala-WildLife-Neyyar.asp |date=2007-05-27 }}</ref> Peppara<ref>[http://www.keralatourntravel.com/Kerala-WildLife-Peppara.asp Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105092414/http://www.keralatourntravel.com/Kerala-WildLife-Peppara.asp |date=2007-01-05 }}</ref> and Shendurney<ref>[http://www.wildkerala.com/html/forest.htm#hendurney Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226175658/http://www.wildkerala.com/html/forest.htm |date=2007-12-26 }}</ref> Wildlife Sanctuaries and their adjoining areas of Achencoil,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaforest.org/html/tourism/Palaruvi.htm |title=Achencoil, Kerala |access-date=15 February 2007 |archive-date=13 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041113225534/http://www.keralaforest.org/html/tourism/Palaruvi.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Thenmala]], Konni,<ref>[http://www.keralaforest.org/html/tourism/konn.htm Konni, Kerala]</ref> [[Punalur]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Divisions and Agasthyavanam Special Division in Kerala.<ref>[http://www.keralaforest.org/html/tourism/agastyar.htm AGASTHYAVANAM BIOLOGICAL PARK, Kerala]</ref> Inclusion of adjoining areas of [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]] in Tamil Nadu has been approved. The reserve now covers parts of [[Tirunelveli District|Tirunelveli]] and [[Kanyakumari District]]s in Tamil Nadu and [[Thiruvananthapuram District|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam District|Kollam]] and [[Pathanamthitta District]]s in Kerala.<ref name="AGASTHIYARMALAI BIOSPHERE RESERVE"/>
[[File:AgasthyarkoodamPeak.JPG|thumb|right|1868 m high [[Agastya Mala]] mountain]]

== Ecology ==
ABR includes the [[Ecoregions in India|Indian Ecoregions]] of tropical wet evergreen forests,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/agasthyamala/article23596901.ece | title=Agasthyamala | date=19 April 2018 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=12 July 2019 }}</ref> [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]], [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]] and [[Shola]]. It is the habitat for 2,000 varieties of medicinal plants, of which at least 50 are rare and endangered species. Animals include the [[tiger|Bengal Tiger]], [[Asian Elephant]], and [[Nilgiri Tahr]]. Agastyamalai is also home to the [[Kanikkaran|Kanikaran]],<ref>Anuradha, R. V., "Sharing with the Kanis, A case study from Kerala, India" {{cite web|url=http://www.biodiv.org/doc/case-studies/abs/cs-abs-kanis.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123233558/http://www.biodiv.org/doc/case-studies/abs/cs-abs-kanis.pdf |archive-date=2006-11-23 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/ic/wssd/doc2/ch10.html |title=Ministry of Forests and Environment-Report Ch10 Biodiversity/Kanis |access-date=19 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410134300/http://www.envfor.nic.in/divisions/ic/wssd/doc2/ch10.html |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> one of the oldest surviving ancient tribes in the world.<ref>{{cite news | title=Environment Ministry to soon declare Agastyamalai a biosphere reserve | date=3 January 2006 | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010301290400.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125111429/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010301290400.htm| url-status=dead| newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=25 January 2013}}</ref> [[Ecotourism]] is popular in the area.
[[File:Thenmala Adventure Zone.jpg|Thenmala Adventure Zone|thumb|right]]
Kanikkarans are the Original tribal Settlers in Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve.<ref>[http://www.nomadline.com/agasthyamalai-biosphere-reserve/ UNESCO World Heritage Site]</ref>

== Management ==
A local committee and a state level Biosphere Management Committee co-ordinate the activities of various departments in the ABR area and ensure the [[scientific management]] of the ABR according to guidelines of the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests.<ref>[http://www.keralaforest.org/html/wildlife/bio.htm Kerala Forests & Wildlife Department]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20040509084830/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/biosphere.htm Wildlife Institute of India]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve}}

{{Protected areas of Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National biosphere reserves of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
[[Category:Geography of Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kollam district]]
[[Category:Geography of Kollam district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Geography of Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2001]]