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Girgaon Chowpatty

2021-05-31T19:30:35Z

95.24.3.34:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Girgaon Chowpatty
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Girgaum Chowpatty
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Ganpati Visarjan.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Girgaon Chowpatty during [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesh Visarjan]]
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.951|N|72.811|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
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| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
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}}
[[File:The Chowpattee of Former Days, Bombay (9142699685).jpg|thumb|Chowpatty in 1860s]]
'''Girgaon Chowpatty''' ([[IAST]]: ''Giragāva Chaupāṭī''), is a public [[beach]] along the [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Queen’s Necklace]] adjoining [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] in the [[Girgaon]] area of [[Mumbai]], India. It is served by the [[Charni Road railway station]]. The beach is noted for its [[Ganesh Visarjan]] celebrations when thousands of people from all over Mumbai and [[Pune]] come to immerse the idols of Lord Ganesh in the [[Arabian Sea]]. It is also one of the many places in the city where the 'Ram Leela' play is performed onstage every year. An effigy of Ravan erected on the sand is burnt at the end of the 10-day performance.

On the road running along the beach, the lone surviving terrorist of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 attacks]], [[Ajmal Kasab]], was caught and arrested. A bronze bust of [[Tukaram Omble]], the policeman who helped to arrest Kasab, was erected on 26{{nbsp}}November 2009.

==Etymology==
Chowpatty is an Anglicised form of ''Chau-pati'' (four channels or four creeks in Marathi) as per (Bombay City Gazetteer, I. 27). This name is analogous to that of Satpaty, a village in the Mahim Taluka of the Thane District, which is approached through a Channel or Creek, containing seven divisions of water.

==Pollution==
The water surrounding the beach is heavily polluted, and swimming should be avoided. [[Fecal coliform]] was recorded in the water in 2013 at levels of 1455 per 100 [[Litre#SI prefixes applied to the litre|mL]], far above the acceptable standard of 500 per 100 mL. The presence of fecal coliform in the water has been attributed to waste from [[storm drain]]s, open [[defecation]], and the discharge of [[sewage|raw sewage]] from [[sewerage|sewer]] pipes not connected to the city [[sanitary sewer|mains]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/Mumbais-coastal-waters-go-from-bad-to-worse/articleshow/23490494.cms |title=Mumbai's coastal waters go from bad to worse |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 October 2013 | first=Clara | last=Lewis |access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref>

On 30 August 2016, the sand on the beach is said to be turning black due to a possible oil slick in the area. The specific cause of the blackening is unknown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-oil-slick-at-girgaum-beach-leaves-activists-2250165|title=Why the sand at Mumbai's famous Girgaum chowpatty is turning black {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2016-08-30|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref>

==Images==
<gallery>
File:Chowpatty Beach (Bombay).jpg|Girgaon Chowpatty with [[Nariman Point]] skyline in the background
File:Chowpatty beach monsoon.jpg|Girgaon Chowpatty with Malabar Hills in the background
File:Vendors on Chowpatty Beach.jpg|Corn cob vendors on Girgaon Chowpatty
File:Mumbai, India, Family on the beach.jpg|Walking
File:Mumbai, India, Girgaon Chowpatty Beach.jpg|Walking
File:Mumbai, India, Bombay, Mumbai city skyline at night.jpg|Twilight at Girgaon Chowpatty
File:Mumbai, India, Bombay, Mumbai skyline at sunset.jpg|Sunset at Girgaon Chowpatty
File:Girgaum Chowpatty.jpg|View of Girgaon Chowpatty from [[Malabar Hill]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

3. http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/CitiestoVisits/Mumbai/MumbaiAttractions.html

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}

[[Category:Beaches of Mumbai]]

{{Mumbai-geo-stub}}

Jag Mandir

2021-05-31T18:37:56Z

95.24.3.34:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Historic building
|name= Jag Mandir
|image= JagMandir.jpg
|caption= Jag Mandir with sculpture of eight elephants adorning the entrance and facing the [[Lake Palace]]
|map_type=
|coordinates = {{coord|24.5672|73.6781|region:IN-RJ|display=inline,title}}
|location_town= [[Udaipur]]
|location_country= India
|architect=
|client= [[Maharana]] Jagat Singh I
|owner= [[Arvind Singh Mewar]]
|construction_start_date= 1551
|completion_date= Mid 17th century
|date_demolished=
|cost=
|structural_system= [[Yellow]] [[Sandstone]] and [[Marble]]
|style= [[Rajput]] architecture
|size=
}}
'''Jag Mandir''' is a palace built on an island in the [[Lake Pichola]]. It is also called the "Lake Garden Palace". The palace is located in [[Udaipur]] city in the [[Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. Its construction is credited to three [[Maharana]]s of the [[Sisodia]] [[Rajputs]] of [[Mewar|Mewar kingdom]]. The construction of the palace was started in 1551 by Maharana Amar Singh, continued by Maharana Karan Singh (1620–1628) and finally completed by Maharana Jagat Singh I (1628–1652). It is named as "Jagat Mandir" in honour of the last named Maharana Jagat Singh. The royal family used the palace as a summer resort and pleasure palace for holding parties.<ref name=eternal>{{cite web|url=http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=J|title=Jag Mandir|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=Eternal Mewar: Mewar Encyclopedia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155828/http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=J|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=other>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wzz000004211u00008000.html|title= Palace of Jugmundur in Oodipoor Lake|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=British Library Online Gallery}}</ref><ref name=Mewar>{{cite web|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/tourist-attractions/jagmandir.html|title= Jag Mandir Palace|access-date=2009-12-16}}</ref><ref name=Kishore>{{Cite book|last=KIshore|first=Dr.B.R|author2=Dr. Shiv Sharma|title= India - A Travel Guide|work=Island Palaces|year=2008|page=466|access-date=2009-12-16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&q=Jag+Mandir&pg=PA466|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-284-0067-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajasthantourplanner.com/Jagmandir_Palace_Udaipur.html|title=Jagmandir Palace, Udaipur|access-date=2009-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616100028/http://rajasthantourplanner.com/Jagmandir_Palace_Udaipur.html|archive-date=16 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The palace served as a refuge to asylum seekers on two occasions.<ref name =eternal/><ref name=Bradnock>{{Cite book|last=Bradnock|first=Robert|author2=Roma Bradnock|title= Rajasthan & Gujarat Handbook: The Travel Guide|work=Lake Pichola|page=186|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d8obZYiYJf0C&q=Jag+Mandir&pg=PA186|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2001|isbn= 1-900949-92-X}}</ref>

==Geography==
Jag Mandir is situated in one of the two natural islands in the Pichola lake (named after the village Picholi nearby), on its southern end. The lake was initially created in the 15th century by a local [[banjara]] tribal chieftain for carrying grain across the streams. During the reign of Maharana Udai Singh II, in 1560, the lake was substantially enlarged by constructing dams across two streams. At that time, the Maharana also built the Jag Mandir and the [[Lake Palace]] (Jag Niwas Hotel) on islands in the midst of the lake. [[Udaipur|Udaipur city]] with its [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] and other monuments and temples were built on the periphery of the lake.<ref name=nic>{{cite web|url=http://udaipur.nic.in/lake.htm|title=Lake Pichola|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=National Informatics Centre|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327004855/http://udaipur.nic.in/lake.htm|archive-date=27 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=P|title=Pichola Lake|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=Eternal Mewar: Mewar Encyclopedia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155843/http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=P|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
Jag Mandir's history begins with the Maharana Karan Singh's benevolence shown to [[Emperor]] [[Shahjahan]] (1628–1648). Shahjahan, before he was crowned as [[Mughal Emperor]], was known during his young days as Prince Khurram. As Khurram, he rebelled against his father [[Emperor Jahangir]] in 1623, because he wanted to be the heir to the Mughal throne. Faced with the danger of getting thwarted in his campaign, he sought refuge in the Mewar Kingdom at Udaipur, where he was given safe haven by the then Maharana Karan Singh (it is said that this courtesy was extended because Khurram's mother was a [[Rajput]] [[Hindu]] lady). He was initially kept in the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] along with his wife [[Mumtaz Mahal]] and his two sons, Prince [[Dara Shikoh|Dara]] and Prince [[Emperor Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb]]. Later they were shifted to the Gul Mahal, as a safe refuge, in the midst of the lake (this place since then has also been called Khurram's Palace). Gul Mahal is a domed pavilion that was specially built for Khurram by Maharana Karan Singh. It was later enlarged by his son Jagat Singh into a huge palace and named as the Jag Mandir Palace. Khurram remained under [[Mewar]]'s protection during 1623–1624.<ref name =eternal/><ref name=Mewar/><ref name=Kishore/>

The irony of this act of hospitality shown by Karan Singh to Khurram is that his father Maharana Amar Singh had been defeated in the war in 1614 by Khurram. Later, prince Karan Singh had acted as an envoy to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[court]], and the ruler of Mewar accepted the Mughal emperor as the Emperor of India. This relationship helped Khurram who was in 1623 given refuge in Jag Mandir by Maharana Karana Singh. Following the death of [[Emperor Jahangir|Jahangir]] in 1627, Khurram ascended the throne of the Mughal Empire. It is said that Khurram was bestowed the title of Shah Jahan at the Badal Mahal in Udaipur before he left Udaipur for his crowning as the Mughal emperor. As an act of reward, Khurram not only restored six districts to the Mewar kingdom, which had been earlier annexed by the Mughals, but also presented a unique [[ruby]] jewel to Jagat Singh, son of Rana Karan Singh. After Karan Singh's death in 1628, Jagat Singh (1628–1652) became the Maharana. He was responsible for many additions to the Gul Mahal and called it the Jag Mandir, after himself. For building this remarkable structure, Maharana Jagat Singh was hailed as one of the best architects of the Mewar dynasty. Khurram, after becoming Emperor Shahjahan, particularly favoured the Maharana of Udaipur, which enabled the Mewar kingdom to regain its past glory.<ref name =eternal/>

[[File:Jag Mandir Palace, Udaipur, Rajasthan - 1873.jpg|thumb|220px|Jag Mandir Palace from above, on Lake Pichola, Udaipur. ca. 1873]]
Following the unusual friendship between the Mughals and the Mewar kingdom, peace prevailed, except for occasional threats posed by Aurangzeb. However, the real threat, which almost decimated Mewar kingdom for many years, came from the marauding [[Marathas]]. The hope of survival revived when in 1817, the British came to their rescue with the "Treaty of Paramountcy" promising restoration of all the hereditary territories and protecting the state from any future invasions. Thereafter, peace and prosperity ensued in Mewar Kingdom. The pride and glory of Sisodia Rajputs were fully restored.<ref name =eternal/>

During the revolt in 1857, Maharana Swroop Singh (1842–1861) saved a number of European families, mostly women and children from [[Neemuch]], which were given refuge in the Jag Mandir Palace. The revolt was popularly known as the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]], and was also called the [[Indian Mutiny]], (or the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|first War of Independence]]) against the [[British Raj]].<ref name =eternal/>

After the [[Independence of India]] from the [[United Kingdom|British rule]], on 15 August 1947, at the initiative of Maharana Bhupal Singh, the Mewar kingdom merged with the Indian union in 1949 along with other princely states of Rajasthan.<ref name =eternal/>

==Structure==
[[File:The Gul Mahal on Jag Mandir, Pichola Lake, Udaipur.jpg|right|thumb|Gul Mahal, the earliest structure before renovation]]
[[File:Jag Mandir Palace on Lake Pichola.jpg|thumb|Carved statues of elephants at the jetty entry, Jag Mandir Palace.]]
The impressive series of structures in the three-storied Jag Mandir Palace include:
*Gul Mahal, which was built first as refuge for prince Khurram;
*the elegant facade flanked by four carved statues of elephants on either side at the jetty entry on the lake from Udaipur;
*the Garden Courtyard and the Darikhana on its northern side;
*Bara Patharon ka Mahal (palace of the 12 stones);
*the Zenana Mahal – a southern extension to the Gul Mahal;
*and the Kunwar Pada ka Mahal.<ref name =eternal/><ref name=Kishore/>

Details of these structures and of the garden are elaborated below.

;Gul Mahal
Gul Mahal was the first structure built in 1551, during the reign of Maharana Amar Singh, which was further developed during the reign of Maharana Jagat Singh to house the Mughal Prince Khurram. It was initially a small sandstone (yellow sandstone) palace with an imposing dome (which gives the appearance of a crown). The [[crescent]] of [[Islam]] is fixed on top of this dome. The Gul Mahal has three circular domed chambers, one above the other. Entry to these chambers is from a columned hall. Two marble [[chhatris]] with sloping [[cornice]]s rise above the main façade. The massive marble slabs affixed to the interior walls were inlaid with coloured [[rubies]], [[onyx]], [[jasper]], [[cornelian]] and [[jade]]. This type of decoration is reported to have been replicated by the Mughals in their [[Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah]] at [[Agra]], in 1626. The palace is also said to have housed a throne carved from a single block of [[serpentine group|serpentine]], which has not been traced. The Mahal is surrounded by a roomy circular apartment built in white and black marble with murals and paintings considered an uncommon feature in Rajput architecture. On the western wing of the palace, this type of design has been repeated in three other pavilions.<ref name =eternal/><ref name=other/><ref name=Ward>{{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Philip|title= Northern India, Rajasthan, Agra, Delhi: a travel guide|work=Udaipur|pages=191–92|access-date=2009-12-16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KubCD2jHjEsC&q=Jag+Mandir&pg=PA191|publisher= Pelican Publishing Company|year=1989|isbn= 0-88289-753-5}}</ref>

;Jag Mandir
Jag Mandir is the main palace, which incorporates the Gul Mahal. The towers of the palace at the corners are octagonal in shape and are topped with [[cupolas]]. A labyrinth of reception halls, residential suites, and internal courts were built inside the palace, all in Rajput and Mughal architectural styles. The Zenana (residence of royal ladies chambers) adjoins the palace. The Kunwar Pada ka Mahal (the Palace of the Crown Prince) is located at the western end.<ref name =eternal/><ref name=jug>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000003251u00000000.html|title= Pichola lake and island of Jagmandir, Udaipur. 'Decr. 1878'|access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=British Library Online Gallery}}</ref><ref name=British>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/j/019pho000430s46u00009000.html|title= Jugmandir Water Palace, [Udaipur] |access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=British Library Online Gallery}}</ref>

;Entry pavilion
The pavilion at the entry to the palace is an impressive white colonnade of cusped arches. The landing jetty is also located for docking of boats arriving from the jetty of Bansi Ghat on the mainland near City Palace in Udaipur. The cruise is through the Pichola Lake. The pavilion is decorated with large elephants carved in stone, four on each side of the entry steps. They face the Lake Palace. The trunks of these elephants were damaged and replaced with [[polystyrene]]. The pavilion marks the perimeter of the island in the scenic backdrop of the [[Aravalli hills]].<ref name =eternal/><ref name=Bradnock/><ref name=pack>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/i/019pho000010s12u00014000.html|title= Island palace Jagmandir, Udaipur 101214| access-date=2009-12-16|publisher=British Library Online Gallery}}</ref>

;Garden
The flower garden in the palace complex is set up in the large Garden Courtyard. It has [[yew]] bushes, [[jasmine]], [[frangipani]] trees, [[bougainvillea]], [[palm tree]]s, [[Tropaeolum|nasturtiums]], [[verbena]] and [[moss rose]]. The courtyard itself is covered with black and white tiles. Fountains and water pools, crisscrossed by walkways with low marble handrails, bedeck the garden surroundings. The present Maharana hosts lavish parties here and also rents the place for private parties.<ref name =eternal/><ref name=Ward/>

;Darikhana
Darikhana is on the northern side of the palace, which is an open-sided terrace built with marble columns. This place is now run as a restaurant by the present Maharana.<ref name =eternal/>

;Bara Patharon ka Mahal
Bara Patharon ka Mahal is located at the eastern wing of the main palace. Mahal is so named because twelve solid marble slabs have been used in its construction.<ref name =eternal/> Hence, it is also known as the "Palace of the Twelve Stones".<ref name =eternal/>

==Visitor information==
The Jag Mandir is approached only by boat from the Bansi Ghat jetty next to the Lake Palace in Udaipur.

==In popular culture==
The 1983 [[James Bond]] film, [[Octopussy]] featured the Jag Mandir as one of its main locations.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="160px" heights="120px">
File:Jugmandir Water Palace, -Udaipur-.jpg|An aerial view of Jag Mandir
File:Palace of Jugmundur in Oodipoor Lake.jpg|Engraving of the Jag Mandir palace, 1829
File:Island palace Jagmandir, Udaipur 101214.jpg|Full View of Island palace Jagmandir, 1910
File:Island palace Jagmandir, Udaipur 101213.jpg|Closer view of the Jagmandir with the Gul Mahal at the back
File:Jag Mandir Palace from above, on Lake Pichola, Udaipur.jpg|Jag Mandir Palace from above, on Lake Pichola, Udaipur.
File:Udaipur, India, Jag Mandir Palace.jpg|Gul Mahal, Jag Mandir Palace.
</gallery>

==References==
{{commons category|Jag Mandir Palace}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Udaipur}}
{{Subject bar|portal2=India |commons=yes |s=yes |s-search=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Udaipur |voy=yes}}

[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur]]