IndianPedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:Main Page

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IndianPedia:Contact us

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#REDIRECT [[IndianPedia:Contact]]
== Contact Indianpedia ==
For general questions about the encyclopedia, start on the [[Indianpedia:Community_portal|community portal]] or leave a note on an article's talk page.

For site/account issues, contact the site administrators through your hosting/project channel.

[[Category:Indianpedia]]

IndianPedia:General disclaimer

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== General disclaimer ==
Indianpedia content is provided as-is for general information. Pages may be incomplete, outdated or incorrect.

* Indianpedia does not give professional advice (legal, medical, financial or otherwise).
* Contributors are volunteers; content is not an official statement of any government or organisation unless clearly sourced as such.
* Use your own judgment and verify important facts from reliable sources.

See also: [[Indianpedia:About]].

[[Category:Indianpedia]]

IndianPedia:General disclaimer

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IndianPedia:Contact us

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IndianPedia:Privacy policy

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SuperAdmin:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Privacy Policy}}

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INDIANPEDIA · PRIVACY
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Privacy Policy
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How IndianPedia handles information relating to visitors, readers, editors, and registered users.
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== Overview ==

IndianPedia respects the privacy of people who visit and contribute to the website.

This Privacy Policy explains, at a general level, what information may be processed when you visit, read, edit, or create an account on IndianPedia and how that information may be used to operate, secure, and improve the project.

IndianPedia is operated as a collaborative encyclopedia and uses MediaWiki software.

'''This policy should be read together with [[IndianPedia:Copyrights|Copyrights]], [[IndianPedia:Disclaimers|Disclaimers]], and [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]].'''

== Information we may collect ==

The information processed by IndianPedia depends on how you use the website and which features and extensions are enabled.

It may include:

* Username and account information.
* Email address, if provided.
* Password information in protected form through the MediaWiki authentication system.
* IP address and other technical information associated with requests or edits.
* User-agent, browser, device, and operating-system information where technically available.
* Pages viewed or requested.
* Edits, comments, page histories, and other contributions.
* Account preferences and settings.
* Information contained in communications sent to IndianPedia administrators.
* Technical logs used for security, troubleshooting, abuse prevention, and maintenance.

The exact information collected can vary according to the MediaWiki version, configuration, hosting environment, and installed extensions.

== Information collected when browsing ==

You can generally read IndianPedia without creating an account.

Like most websites, the server may process technical information necessary to deliver pages and protect the service.

This may include information such as:

* IP address
* Date and time of a request
* Requested page or resource
* Browser or user-agent information
* Referring information
* Technical error information

This information may be recorded in server or application logs depending on the hosting and software configuration.

== Registered accounts ==

When you create an IndianPedia account, you choose a username and password.

An email address may be requested or optionally provided depending on the configuration of the website.

'''Do not use your password for your username, and do not disclose your password to anyone.'''

If you provide an email address, it may be used for account-related functions such as password recovery or permitted notifications.

IndianPedia administrators should not ask you to provide your password.

== Public contributions ==

IndianPedia is a collaborative encyclopedia.

Edits, article histories, talk-page discussions, usernames, timestamps, and other contributions may be publicly visible as part of the project's normal operation.

'''Do not publish private or sensitive personal information in an article, talk page, edit summary, user page, or other public IndianPedia location.'''

Once information has been published in a public page history, simply deleting the current page text may not remove it from the revision history.

Where appropriate, authorised administrators may use MediaWiki's revision-deletion tools to restrict visibility of certain revisions.

== Contributions from unregistered users ==

Depending on IndianPedia's configuration, users may be able to edit without logging into an account.

Edits made without an account may be associated publicly or internally with an IP address or other technical identifier.

IP addresses may also be processed for security, abuse prevention, vandalism investigation, and technical administration.

== Cookies and local browser storage ==

IndianPedia and MediaWiki may use cookies or similar browser technologies to provide essential functions.

These technologies may be used for purposes such as:

* Maintaining login sessions.
* Remembering user preferences.
* Supporting security features.
* Maintaining necessary website functionality.
* Improving the user experience.

The exact cookies and browser storage used depend on the MediaWiki installation and its extensions.

MediaWiki supports configurable cookie behaviour, and extensions may add additional cookies or related technologies.

== Analytics and third-party services ==

IndianPedia may use third-party services for functions such as:

* Website analytics
* Security and abuse prevention
* Spam prevention
* Performance monitoring
* Embedded media
* Infrastructure and hosting

If third-party services are enabled, they may process technical information according to their own privacy policies.

'''IndianPedia should not be understood to endorse a third-party service merely because it is technically used by the website.'''

If analytics or advertising services are added in the future, this policy should be updated to identify them and explain the relevant data practices.

== Advertising ==

IndianPedia may display advertising or sponsorship in the future.

If advertising technology that uses cookies, identifiers, personalised advertising, or similar tracking mechanisms is introduced, this Privacy Policy should be updated before or when such technology is deployed, as appropriate.

Users should consult the relevant third-party provider's privacy documentation for information about its processing practices.

== How information may be used ==

Information processed by IndianPedia may be used for legitimate project and technical purposes, including:

* Providing and maintaining the website.
* Creating and maintaining user accounts.
* Processing edits and contributions.
* Preventing spam, vandalism, fraud, and abuse.
* Investigating security incidents.
* Troubleshooting technical problems.
* Enforcing IndianPedia policies.
* Communicating with users about their accounts or reports.
* Maintaining backups and system integrity.
* Improving website performance and reliability.
* Complying with applicable legal obligations.

IndianPedia should collect and use information only to the extent reasonably necessary for these purposes.

== Information sharing ==

IndianPedia does not intend to sell users' personal information.

Information may be accessible to authorised administrators, technical operators, hosting providers, or service providers when reasonably necessary to operate, maintain, secure, or improve the website.

Information may also be disclosed where required or permitted by applicable law, legal process, or legitimate security requirements.

Public contributions are different from private account information: material intentionally published on IndianPedia may be publicly available.

== Security ==

IndianPedia takes reasonable technical and organisational measures to protect information under its control.

However, no website, server, database, or internet transmission can be guaranteed to be completely secure.

Users should:

* Use a strong, unique password.
* Never share their password.
* Avoid publishing sensitive personal information.
* Keep their email account secure.
* Report suspected account compromise promptly.

== Data retention ==

Information may be retained for as long as reasonably necessary for the purposes for which it was collected, including:

* Operating the website.
* Maintaining article and contribution histories.
* Preventing abuse.
* Maintaining security records.
* Resolving disputes.
* Meeting legal obligations.
* Maintaining backups and system integrity.

Different types of information may have different retention periods.

MediaWiki's normal operation can require maintaining historical information associated with edits and account activity.

== User rights and requests ==

Depending on applicable law, users may have rights concerning personal information processed by IndianPedia.

Depending on the circumstances, these may include rights to:

* Request information about personal data held about them.
* Request correction of inaccurate personal information.
* Request deletion or anonymisation where legally applicable.
* Raise concerns about the handling of personal information.
* Request information about relevant processing activities.

Because IndianPedia is a collaborative encyclopedia, deletion of an account does not necessarily mean that all contributions or public revision history can simply be erased.

Requests concerning personal information should identify the account or information involved and provide enough information for IndianPedia to understand the request.

See [[IndianPedia:Contact|Contact IndianPedia]].

== Account deletion and anonymisation ==

Users who wish to stop using an account may contact IndianPedia regarding available account-management options.

Because article histories are an important part of a collaborative encyclopedia, contributions may remain in project history even after an account is no longer active.

Where appropriate and legally required, IndianPedia may consider anonymisation or other measures consistent with the technical capabilities of MediaWiki and the applicable legal requirements.

== Children's privacy ==

IndianPedia is a general-purpose encyclopedia.

IndianPedia does not intentionally seek unnecessary personal information from children.

Parents or guardians who believe that a child has submitted personal information that should not be publicly available should contact IndianPedia through the appropriate channel.

== Privacy of public figures ==

IndianPedia may contain information about public figures, historical figures, government officials, celebrities, academics, businesspeople, and other notable people.

Information published about a person should comply with IndianPedia's [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|policies]], particularly requirements concerning reliable sourcing, neutrality, and biographies of living persons.

Private personal information should not be published merely because it can be found somewhere online.

== External websites ==

IndianPedia may link to external websites.

Once you leave IndianPedia, the privacy practices of the external website apply.

IndianPedia does not control the privacy practices, security, cookies, tracking technologies, or data processing of external websites.

Review the privacy policy of any external website before providing it with personal information.

== Changes to this Privacy Policy ==

IndianPedia may update this Privacy Policy when the website, MediaWiki configuration, extensions, services, or applicable legal requirements change.

Material changes should be reflected on this page.

The latest version published on this page represents the current IndianPedia privacy notice.

== Contact ==

For privacy-related questions or requests, visit:

'''[[IndianPedia:Contact|Contact IndianPedia]]'''

For matters concerning the main administrator, you may also visit:

'''[[User talk:SuperAdmin|SuperAdmin's talk page]]'''

When contacting IndianPedia about privacy, please provide only the minimum information necessary to identify and resolve your request.

'''Do not send passwords, authentication codes, bank details, or other unnecessary sensitive information.'''

== Important legal information ==

This Privacy Policy is intended to explain IndianPedia's general privacy practices.

It is not legal advice and does not attempt to describe every right or obligation that may apply under every jurisdiction.

IndianPedia's actual data practices depend on its MediaWiki configuration, hosting environment, extensions, third-party services, and operational practices.

Where applicable law provides rights or protections that cannot lawfully be excluded, this policy does not remove those rights or protections.

== Related pages ==

* [[IndianPedia:Contact|Contact]]
* [[IndianPedia:Copyrights|Copyrights]]
* [[IndianPedia:Disclaimers|Disclaimers]]
* [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]
* [[IndianPedia:Administrators|Administrators]]
* [[Help:Editing|Help:Editing]]

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'''Privacy reminder:''' Never post passwords, OTPs, financial information, private identity documents, home addresses, or other sensitive personal information on public IndianPedia pages.

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''IndianPedia · Knowledge of India, for everyone.''
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[[Category:IndianPedia policies]]
[[Category:Privacy]]

IndianPedia:Privacy policy

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== Privacy policy ==
Indianpedia runs on MediaWiki software.

* Public contributions (edits, usernames) are visible on wiki pages and history.
* Technical logs (IP addresses, cookies/session data) may be kept for security, spam control and site reliability.
* Do not post private personal information about yourself or others.

Questions: [[Indianpedia:Contact_us]].

[[Category:Indianpedia]]

IndianPedia:About

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'''Indianpedia''' is a free encyclopedia about India — its people, places, history, culture and ideas.

== Mission ==
Document India with open collaboration. Anyone can read; registered editors can improve pages.

== Get started ==
* [[Special:EditPage|Create or edit a page]]
* [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent changes]]
* [[Special:Random|Random article]]
* [[Help:Contents|Help]]

[[Category:Indianpedia]]

Help:Editing

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Editing IndianPedia}}

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INDIANPEDIA · HELP
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How to edit IndianPedia
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A beginner's guide to creating, editing, sourcing, and improving articles.
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== Welcome to IndianPedia ==

IndianPedia is a collaborative encyclopedia. Anyone with an account can help improve the project by correcting errors, adding reliable sources, improving article structure, creating useful pages, and maintaining existing content.

'''You do not need to be an expert to make a useful edit.'''

The most important principles are:

* Write clearly and accurately.
* Use reliable sources.
* Keep a neutral point of view.
* Do not copy copyrighted material.
* Treat other contributors respectfully.
* When in doubt, discuss the issue before making a controversial change.

== Before making your first edit ==

Before editing an article, consider:

# Is the information accurate?
# Can it be supported by a reliable source?
# Is the information relevant to the article?
# Is the wording neutral?
# Am I copying someone else's copyrighted text?
# Would another contributor understand why I made this change?

For important or controversial subjects, take extra care with sourcing.

== Editing an existing article ==

Open the article you want to improve.

Depending on the editor available on IndianPedia, you may see:

* '''Edit''' — visual editing interface.
* '''Edit source''' — direct wikitext editing.

Make your changes and review the page before publishing.

Use the edit summary field to briefly explain what you changed.

Examples:

<pre>
Fixed spelling and grammar
</pre>

<pre>
Added source for population figure
</pre>

<pre>
Updated information from official government source
</pre>

== Creating a new article ==

Before creating a new article, search IndianPedia to make sure the subject does not already have an article.

A good article should generally:

* Have a clear subject.
* Contain useful encyclopedic information.
* Be written neutrally.
* Use reliable sources.
* Avoid promotional language.
* Meet IndianPedia's applicable notability requirements.

To create a page, use the search box and search for the desired title. If the page does not exist, follow the '''Create this page''' option.

You can also use:

[[Special:EditPage|Create a page]]

== Basic wikitext ==

IndianPedia uses MediaWiki markup (wikitext).

=== Headings ===

Use two equal signs for a section heading:

<pre>
== History ==
</pre>

A subsection uses three equal signs:

<pre>
=== Early history ===
</pre>

Do not use a single equal sign for normal article sections.

=== Bold text ===

Use three apostrophes:

<pre>
'''Important text'''
</pre>

Result:

'''Important text'''

=== Italic text ===

Use two apostrophes:

<pre>
''Italic text''
</pre>

Result:

''Italic text''

=== Internal links ===

Link to another IndianPedia article using:

<pre>
[[India]]
</pre>

You can display different text:

<pre>
[[Republic of India|India]]
</pre>

Result:

[[Republic of India|India]]

=== External links ===

External links can be written as:

<pre>
[https://example.com Example website]
</pre>

Use external links when they provide useful additional information.

=== Bullet lists ===

Use an asterisk:

<pre>
* First item
* Second item
* Third item
</pre>

=== Numbered lists ===

Use a hash:

<pre>
# First item
# Second item
# Third item
</pre>

== References and citations ==

Reliable sources are an important part of IndianPedia.

When adding factual information, provide a citation whenever appropriate.

A basic reference can be inserted using:

<pre>
<ref>Source information</ref>
</pre>

Then place:

<pre>
== References ==
<references />
</pre>

at the end of the article.

=== Example ===

<pre>
India became independent in 1947.<ref>Source title, publisher, date.</ref>

== References ==
<references />
</pre>

Whenever possible, use reliable sources such as:

* Government publications
* Official institutional websites
* Academic publications
* Books from reputable publishers
* Established newspapers
* Reputable news organisations
* Other reliable secondary sources

Do not cite search-engine results themselves as a substitute for the underlying source.

== Writing neutrally ==

IndianPedia articles should be written from a neutral point of view.

Avoid language such as:

<pre>
This is the greatest political party in India.
</pre>

Prefer:

<pre>
The party is one of India's major political parties and has formed governments at both the national and state levels.
</pre>

Avoid promotional claims such as:

* Best
* Greatest
* Number one
* World-class
* Revolutionary
* Unmatched

unless such wording is directly relevant and supported by reliable sources.

== Adding information about living people ==

Take particular care when writing about living people.

Avoid:

* Unsourced allegations
* Defamatory statements
* Gossip
* Private information
* Sensational claims
* Unverified social-media claims

Use reliable published sources and write biographies carefully and neutrally.

See [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]].

== Images and files ==

Only upload images and other media when you have a lawful basis to use them.

Before uploading a file, check:

* Who created it.
* Where it came from.
* Its copyright status.
* Its licence.
* Whether attribution is required.
* Whether IndianPedia permits its use.

See [[IndianPedia:Copyrights|IndianPedia's copyright policy]].

[[Special:Upload|Upload a file]]

== Templates ==

Templates can add consistent formatting and functionality to articles.

For example:

<pre>
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Example
| office = Example office
| term_start = 1 January 2020
}}
</pre>

Do not modify an important template without understanding how it affects pages using that template.

== Categories ==

Categories help readers discover related articles.

Add relevant categories near the bottom of an article:

<pre>
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
</pre>

Avoid adding unrelated or excessive categories.

== Article talk pages ==

Every article has a talk page where contributors can discuss improvements.

Use a talk page when:

* You disagree about an article's wording.
* You want to propose a major change.
* You need clarification about a source.
* An article has a neutrality or sourcing problem.
* You want to discuss a controversial edit.

Sign your discussion comments with:

<pre>
~~~~
</pre>

This automatically adds your username and timestamp.

== Edit summaries ==

An edit summary helps other contributors understand your change.

Good examples:

<pre>
Corrected spelling
</pre>

<pre>
Added government source
</pre>

<pre>
Expanded early life section
</pre>

<pre>
Removed unsupported claim
</pre>

Avoid vague summaries such as:

<pre>
Changes
</pre>

or:

<pre>
Fix
</pre>

when more information would be useful.

== Preview before publishing ==

Whenever possible, use '''Show preview''' before publishing an edit.

Check:

* Formatting
* Links
* References
* Templates
* Spelling
* Paragraph structure
* Categories
* Infoboxes

Previewing helps prevent accidental errors.

== Reverting mistakes ==

If you make a mistake, don't panic.

You can usually edit the page again and correct it.

If another editor makes a clearly unhelpful change, an appropriate revision may be reverted. However, repeated reversions can become edit warring.

For disagreements, use the article's talk page and seek consensus.

== What not to do ==

Do not use IndianPedia to:

* Advertise products or services.
* Promote a business.
* Publish personal attacks.
* Spread misinformation.
* Upload copyrighted material without a lawful basis.
* Publish private or sensitive personal information.
* Impersonate another person or organisation.
* Manipulate articles for political campaigning.
* Create duplicate pages unnecessarily.
* Add unsupported allegations.
* Use multiple accounts to manipulate discussions or evade legitimate restrictions.

== Getting help ==

If you need assistance:

* Ask on the relevant article's talk page.
* Visit the [[IndianPedia:Community portal|Community portal]].
* Review [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]].
* Contact an [[IndianPedia:Administrators|administrator]] for administrative matters.

For technical issues, include the affected page and describe what went wrong.

== Useful links ==

* [[Main Page|IndianPedia Main Page]]
* [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]
* [[IndianPedia:Copyrights|Copyrights]]
* [[IndianPedia:Disclaimers|Disclaimers]]
* [[IndianPedia:Users|Users]]
* [[IndianPedia:Administrators|Administrators]]
* [[IndianPedia:Community portal|Community portal]]
* [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent changes]]
* [[Special:Upload|Upload file]]
* [[Special:EditPage|Create a page]]

== Start contributing ==

The easiest way to begin is to find an article that needs a small improvement.

'''Fix a typo. Add a reliable source. Improve a sentence. Create a useful link.'''

Every constructive contribution helps improve IndianPedia.

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'''Remember:''' IndianPedia is a collaborative project. Be accurate, be neutral, cite reliable sources, respect copyright, and treat other contributors with respect.

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''IndianPedia · Knowledge of India, for everyone.''
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[[Category:IndianPedia help]]
[[Category:Help pages]]

Help:Editing

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IndianPedia:Contact

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Contact IndianPedia}}

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INDIANPEDIA · CONTACT
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Contact IndianPedia
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Find the appropriate place to ask questions, report problems, or contact the project team.
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== Before contacting us ==

IndianPedia is a collaborative encyclopedia. Many questions can be resolved directly through the project's community and discussion pages.

Before contacting an administrator or the project team, consider:

* Checking [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]
* Looking at the relevant article's talk page
* Checking [[IndianPedia:Community portal|Community portal]]
* Searching [[Special:Search|IndianPedia]]
* Reviewing [[Special:RecentChanges|recent changes]]

== 💬 Article questions and discussions ==

For questions or disagreements concerning a specific article, use that article's '''talk page'''.

This allows other contributors to participate in the discussion and keeps the conversation associated with the relevant article.

'''Do not use private contact channels for ordinary editorial disagreements when a public article discussion would be appropriate.'''

== 🛡️ Vandalism, spam, and abuse ==

If you encounter vandalism, spam, harassment, disruptive editing, or another serious violation of IndianPedia policies, report it to an administrator.

You can contact an administrator through:

* [[IndianPedia:Administrators|Administrators]]
* [[User talk:SuperAdmin|SuperAdmin's talk page]]

When reporting an issue, provide:

* The affected page.
* A link to the relevant revision or edit, if available.
* A brief explanation of the problem.
* Any relevant evidence.

Do not publish private information about another person.

== ⚙️ Technical problems ==

For problems involving the website, templates, page rendering, account functionality, broken links, or other technical issues, describe the problem clearly and include the affected page URL.

Technical reports are most useful when they include:

* Page name or URL
* Description of the problem
* What you expected to happen
* What actually happened
* Browser or device information, if relevant
* Screenshots, when useful

You can start a discussion at the [[IndianPedia:Community portal|Community portal]] or contact an administrator.

== 👤 Account and user-rights questions ==

For questions concerning user accounts, permissions, administrator rights, or other user-rights matters, contact an administrator.

See:

* [[IndianPedia:Administrators|Administrators]]
* [[Special:ListUsers|User list]]
* [[Special:ListUsers/sysop|Current administrators]]

== ©️ Copyright concerns ==

If you believe that material on IndianPedia infringes your copyright, please provide enough information for the concern to be reviewed.

See [[IndianPedia:Copyrights|IndianPedia's copyright policy]] for information about copyright, licensing, permissions, and reporting potential infringement.

When making a copyright report, identify:

* The affected IndianPedia page.
* The copyrighted work.
* The location of the potentially infringing material.
* The original source, where available.
* Your relationship to the copyright holder.

'''Do not publish confidential documents or sensitive personal information in a public discussion.'''

== 🔒 Privacy concerns ==

For questions concerning personal information or privacy, see [[IndianPedia:Privacy policy|Privacy policy]].

If personal or sensitive information has been accidentally published on a page, notify an administrator as soon as possible and avoid reposting the information in your report.

== 📚 Content corrections ==

If you find an incorrect, outdated, incomplete, or poorly sourced statement, the preferred approach is to:

# Improve the article yourself, if you can do so reliably.
# Add an appropriate source.
# Discuss the issue on the article's talk page if the matter is disputed.

For significant concerns, you may also contact an administrator.

== 🏛️ Government and institutional requests ==

IndianPedia may receive communications from public authorities, institutions, organisations, researchers, rights holders, and other parties.

Requests should clearly identify:

* The person or organisation making the request.
* The purpose of the request.
* The relevant IndianPedia page or material.
* The specific action being requested.
* Supporting documentation, where appropriate.

IndianPedia may request additional information before considering a request.

== 🤝 General enquiries ==

For general questions about IndianPedia, its community, policies, or development, use the [[IndianPedia:Community portal|Community portal]] where possible.

Public discussion is generally preferred because it allows other contributors to see and participate in relevant conversations.

== 📧 Official contact ==

For matters that genuinely require direct communication, IndianPedia may provide an official project contact address.

'''Official email:''' admin@indianpedia.org

Replace the placeholder above with an email address that is actually monitored by the IndianPedia team.

Do not publish a personal email address unless you intentionally want it to become a permanent public project contact.

== 🚨 Urgent matters ==

For urgent site problems such as widespread vandalism, serious security issues, accidental publication of highly sensitive personal information, or major technical failures, contact an administrator and clearly mark the matter as '''Urgent'''.

Where possible, include the affected page and a concise description of the issue.

== What not to send ==

Do not send or publish:

* Passwords
* Authentication codes
* Bank or payment details
* Private identity documents
* Private addresses
* Private telephone numbers
* Confidential business documents
* Sensitive personal information

IndianPedia will not ask you to publish passwords or authentication codes on a wiki page.

== Contacting administrators ==

The current administrator list is available at:

'''[[IndianPedia:Administrators|IndianPedia Administrators]]'''

For the main administrator:

'''[[User talk:SuperAdmin|Contact SuperAdmin]]'''

== Related pages ==

* [[IndianPedia:About|About IndianPedia]]
* [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]
* [[IndianPedia:Copyrights|Copyrights]]
* [[IndianPedia:Disclaimers|Disclaimers]]
* [[IndianPedia:Privacy policy|Privacy policy]]
* [[IndianPedia:Administrators|Administrators]]
* [[IndianPedia:Community portal|Community portal]]
* [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent changes]]

<div style="border:1px solid #d9dee5; background:#f5f6f7; padding:20px; border-radius:12px; margin-top:25px;">

'''Please remember:''' IndianPedia is a collaborative project. For ordinary article questions and editorial discussions, public discussion pages are generally preferable to private communication.

</div>

<div style="text-align:center; color:#687078; font-size:13px; padding:20px;">
''IndianPedia · Knowledge of India, for everyone.''
</div>

</div>

[[Category:IndianPedia]]
[[Category:IndianPedia contact pages]]

IndianPedia:Contact

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IndianPedia:Disclaimers

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SuperAdmin: Protected "IndianPedia:Disclaimers" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Disclaimers}}

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INDIANPEDIA · IMPORTANT INFORMATION
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Disclaimers
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<div style="font-size:17px; color:#e7edf4; margin-top:10px;">
Important information concerning the use and interpretation of IndianPedia content.
</div>

</div>

__TOC__

== General disclaimer ==

IndianPedia is a collaborative knowledge project. Its articles are written, edited, and maintained by contributors with different backgrounds and levels of expertise.

Although contributors and administrators work to improve accuracy and reliability, '''IndianPedia does not guarantee that every statement is complete, current, accurate, or error-free.'''

Information may change over time, and individual articles may contain mistakes, omissions, outdated information, or disputed claims.

Readers should consult reliable primary and secondary sources when accuracy is important.

== No professional advice ==

IndianPedia provides general informational and encyclopedic content.

IndianPedia content is '''not professional advice''' and should not be treated as a substitute for advice from a qualified professional.

This includes, but is not limited to:

* Medical or healthcare advice
* Legal advice
* Financial or investment advice
* Tax advice
* Accounting advice
* Immigration advice
* Engineering or technical advice
* Safety advice
* Educational or professional advice

When a decision could affect your health, safety, finances, legal rights, employment, immigration status, or other significant interests, consult an appropriately qualified professional.

== Medical information ==

IndianPedia articles concerning medicine, diseases, treatments, medicines, symptoms, nutrition, or health are provided for general educational purposes.

'''Do not use IndianPedia as a substitute for a doctor, pharmacist, or other qualified healthcare professional.'''

Do not make medical decisions based solely on an IndianPedia article.

In an emergency, contact the appropriate emergency service or healthcare provider.

== Legal information ==

IndianPedia articles concerning laws, regulations, courts, legal proceedings, rights, or government procedures are provided for general information.

Laws and regulations can change and may differ between jurisdictions.

'''IndianPedia is not a law firm and its articles do not constitute legal advice.'''

Consult a qualified legal professional for advice concerning a specific legal matter.

== Financial information ==

Information concerning businesses, companies, markets, investments, taxation, banking, securities, cryptocurrencies, or financial matters is provided for general informational purposes.

'''IndianPedia does not provide investment, financial, tax, or accounting advice.'''

Financial information may become outdated. Readers should consult qualified professionals and authoritative sources before making financial decisions.

== Government and public information ==

IndianPedia may contain information about governments, public officials, laws, regulations, public institutions, elections, political parties, and public policy.

Such information is provided for encyclopedic purposes and should not automatically be interpreted as an official statement by any government, political party, public authority, or institution.

Where official information is important, readers should consult the relevant government or institutional source.

== Historical information ==

Historical articles may describe events, people, places, movements, and interpretations that are disputed or subject to continuing scholarly debate.

IndianPedia attempts to present significant viewpoints fairly and to rely on appropriate sources, but readers should consult scholarly literature and reliable historical sources for detailed research.

== Biographies ==

Biographical information, particularly information concerning living people, should be interpreted carefully.

IndianPedia does not guarantee that every biographical detail is complete or current.

Potentially sensitive, controversial, or defamatory claims should be supported by reliable sources and handled according to IndianPedia's policies.

== Political and election information ==

IndianPedia may contain information about political parties, politicians, elections, candidates, governments, and political events.

IndianPedia is '''not affiliated with or controlled by any political party or election authority''' unless explicitly stated otherwise.

Election results, electoral procedures, candidate information, and political developments can change. Readers should consult the relevant election authority or official government source for authoritative information.

== Third-party links ==

IndianPedia articles may contain links to external websites.

IndianPedia does not control external websites and does not necessarily endorse their content, products, services, opinions, policies, or accuracy.

External websites may change or become unavailable after a link is added.

Users should review the privacy policies, terms, and other conditions of external websites before using them.

== User-generated content ==

IndianPedia is a collaborative project, and content may be created or modified by registered and unregistered contributors.

Contributions reflect the responsibility of their authors and do not necessarily represent the views of IndianPedia, its administrators, or other contributors.

Administrative status does not automatically imply endorsement of a contributor's edits.

== No guarantee of availability ==

IndianPedia may occasionally be unavailable because of maintenance, technical problems, software updates, hosting issues, security incidents, or other circumstances.

IndianPedia does not guarantee uninterrupted or error-free availability of the website or its services.

== Accuracy and completeness ==

IndianPedia makes reasonable efforts to improve the quality of its content, but no encyclopedia can guarantee complete accuracy or completeness.

Users should consider:

* The date an article was last updated.
* The quality and independence of its sources.
* Whether the information concerns a rapidly changing subject.
* Whether the subject is disputed.
* Whether additional authoritative sources should be consulted.

== Copyright and licensing ==

Copyright and licensing information is governed by the applicable terms and policies described at [[IndianPedia:Copyrights]].

The presence of material on IndianPedia does not necessarily mean that every part of the material is free of copyright restrictions.

Users who wish to reuse IndianPedia content should review the applicable licence and copyright information before doing so.

== Privacy ==

IndianPedia may collect and process certain information in accordance with its privacy practices.

For information about how personal information is handled, see [[IndianPedia:Privacy policy]].

'''Do not publish passwords, private documents, financial information, personal addresses, or other sensitive personal information on public IndianPedia pages.'''

== No endorsement ==

Mentioning a person, company, organisation, product, service, website, or other entity on IndianPedia does not necessarily constitute an endorsement.

Similarly, inclusion in an article, category, list, or search result does not imply that IndianPedia recommends or approves of the subject.

== User responsibility ==

Users are responsible for evaluating information before relying on it.

Where a matter is important, sensitive, time-critical, or potentially consequential, users should verify information against authoritative and up-to-date sources.

== Corrections ==

If you identify an error, outdated statement, missing source, or other problem, you are encouraged to improve the relevant article or raise the issue on its talk page.

For serious concerns, users may contact an administrator through the appropriate channel.

== Legal notice ==

This disclaimer describes IndianPedia's general approach to the use of information on the website.

It does not attempt to exclude rights or protections that cannot lawfully be excluded under applicable law.

Nothing on this page should be interpreted as legal advice.

== Related policies ==

* [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]
* [[IndianPedia:Copyrights|Copyrights]]
* [[IndianPedia:Privacy policy|Privacy policy]]
* [[IndianPedia:Administrators|Administrators]]
* [[IndianPedia:Community portal|Community portal]]
* [[IndianPedia:Contact|Contact]]

</div>

[[Category:IndianPedia policies]]
[[Category:Disclaimers]]

IndianPedia:Disclaimers

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IndianPedia:Copyrights

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INDIANPEDIA · COPYRIGHT
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Copyrights
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Copyright and licensing requirements for IndianPedia content and media.
</div>

</div>

__TOC__

== Overview ==

IndianPedia respects the intellectual property rights of authors, photographers, artists, publishers, organisations, and other rights holders.

Contributors must not add copyrighted material to IndianPedia unless they have the legal right or appropriate permission to do so, or the material can lawfully be used under an applicable copyright exception.

'''When in doubt, do not upload or copy the material.'''

== Copyrighted text ==

Do not copy substantial portions of text from books, newspapers, websites, magazines, academic publications, or other copyrighted sources into IndianPedia.

Articles should be written in the contributor's own words and should not reproduce copyrighted sources.

Brief quotations may sometimes be appropriate when legally permitted and properly attributed. Quotations should be limited to what is reasonably necessary for the purpose.

'''Changing a few words, translating copyrighted material, or rearranging sentences does not automatically make copied material acceptable.'''

== Sources and references ==

Sources may be used to research and verify information without copying their copyrighted expression.

For example, an editor may read a newspaper article, verify the facts, and then write an original summary in their own words while citing the source.

A citation does not by itself give permission to copy copyrighted material.

== Images and other media ==

Images, photographs, videos, audio recordings, graphics, maps, logos, and other media may be protected by copyright.

Before uploading media, contributors should determine:

* Who created the work.
* Whether the work is still protected by copyright.
* Whether it has been released under a suitable free licence.
* Whether permission has been obtained from the copyright holder.
* Whether a specific legal exception may apply.
* Whether the intended use complies with IndianPedia's policies.

== Free and openly licensed material ==

Where possible, contributors should use material that is in the public domain or released under a licence compatible with IndianPedia's applicable licensing requirements.

The licence and attribution requirements of the original creator must be respected.

Do not remove copyright notices, author information, licence information, or required attribution from material.

== Public domain ==

Material in the public domain may generally be used without obtaining permission from the copyright holder.

However, public-domain status can depend on the country, date of creation, publication history, authorship, and other circumstances.

Contributors should verify public-domain status before uploading material and should provide an explanation of why the material is believed to be in the public domain when appropriate.

== Permission from copyright holders ==

If you own the copyright in a work, you may be able to release it under a licence that permits its use on IndianPedia.

If another person or organisation owns the copyright, permission should be obtained from the copyright holder before using the work unless an applicable legal exception permits the use.

Permission should be sufficiently clear to establish:

* Who owns the copyright.
* What material is covered.
* What use is permitted.
* Whether modification and redistribution are permitted.
* Whether attribution is required.
* Whether commercial use is permitted, if relevant.

'''Permission to view or publish something on a particular website does not automatically mean that IndianPedia may copy or redistribute it.'''

== Attribution ==

When a licence requires attribution, contributors must provide the attribution required by that licence.

Where appropriate, media descriptions should identify:

* Author or creator
* Source
* Copyright status or licence
* Required attribution
* Other relevant licence conditions

== Fair dealing and other copyright exceptions ==

Some jurisdictions provide copyright exceptions such as fair dealing, fair use, quotation, criticism, review, reporting, education, or other limited uses.

The availability and scope of such exceptions vary by jurisdiction.

IndianPedia does not assume that a use is lawful merely because it is educational, non-commercial, informational, or available elsewhere online.

Where an exception is relied upon, contributors should document the legal basis and keep the use as limited as reasonably necessary.

== Logos, seals, and trademarks ==

Logos, seals, insignia, and trademarks may be subject to copyright, trademark, design, or other legal protections.

Their inclusion in an article does not necessarily mean that they are freely licensed.

Use such material only when there is an appropriate legal and encyclopedic basis for doing so.

== Screenshots ==

Screenshots from websites, software, films, television programmes, games, or other copyrighted works may themselves contain copyrighted material.

Do not upload screenshots simply because they can be easily captured.

The copyright status and legal basis for the intended use should be considered before uploading them.

== AI-generated content ==

AI-generated text, images, audio, or other material should not be assumed to be copyright-free.

Contributors are responsible for ensuring that material they submit does not infringe the rights of third parties and complies with applicable law and the terms of any source or generation service used.

Where the copyright status of AI-generated material is uncertain, contributors should use appropriately licensed or original material instead.

== Copyright violations ==

IndianPedia may remove material when there is a credible copyright concern.

If you believe that an IndianPedia page contains material that infringes copyright, provide:

* The affected page.
* The location of the allegedly infringing material.
* The original copyrighted source, if available.
* An explanation of the concern.

Do not post private correspondence, personal documents, or confidential information publicly.

== Removing copyrighted material ==

Editors should promptly remove clearly infringing material when identified.

Where appropriate, administrators may delete revisions containing copyrighted material so that the infringing content is no longer available through the page history.

Copyright concerns should not be used as a means of suppressing legitimate criticism or information.

== Reusing IndianPedia content ==

The rights and licence applicable to IndianPedia text and media depend on the applicable project licence and the individual work.

Before reusing IndianPedia content, check the licence information associated with the relevant page or file and comply with all applicable attribution and licence requirements.

'''Do not assume that every image or media file on IndianPedia is available under the same licence as article text.'''

== Contributor responsibility ==

By submitting content to IndianPedia, contributors represent that they have the necessary rights or legal basis to make the submission.

Contributors should not upload or publish material merely because:

* It appears on Google or another search engine.
* It is publicly visible online.
* Another website has published it.
* It has no visible copyright notice.
* It is old.
* It is being used for educational purposes.
* It is being used without charge elsewhere.

None of these facts, by themselves, establish that material is free of copyright restrictions.

== Copyright complaints ==

Copyright holders or their authorised representatives who believe that material on IndianPedia infringes their rights may contact IndianPedia through the project's designated contact channel.

Complaints should contain sufficient information to identify:

* The copyrighted work.
* The allegedly infringing material.
* The location of the material on IndianPedia.
* The complainant's contact information.
* The complainant's relationship to the copyright holder.
* Any other information reasonably necessary to evaluate the complaint.

IndianPedia may request additional information before taking action.

== Legal notice ==

This page describes IndianPedia's internal copyright and licensing practices. It is not legal advice and does not replace applicable copyright law.

Copyright law differs between jurisdictions and may change over time. Contributors are responsible for complying with applicable law.

Where IndianPedia policies conflict with applicable law, the applicable law governs.

== Related policies ==

* [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]
* [[IndianPedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]]
* [[IndianPedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]]
* [[IndianPedia:Disclaimers|Disclaimers]]
* [[IndianPedia:Privacy policy|Privacy policy]]
* [[IndianPedia:Contact|Contact]]
* [[Special:Upload|Upload file]]

</div>

[[Category:IndianPedia policies]]
[[Category:Copyright]]

IndianPedia:Copyrights

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IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines

2026-07-27T08:17:08Z

SuperAdmin: Protected "IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Policies and guidelines}}

<div style="font-size: 110%; line-height: 1.6;">

'''Policies and guidelines''' are the principles and standards that help contributors create, improve, and maintain content on IndianPedia.

IndianPedia aims to provide reliable, neutral, well-sourced information about India, its people, history, culture, geography, institutions, and related subjects. Contributors are encouraged to be bold in improving articles while respecting the policies below.

__TOC__

== Core principles ==

=== Neutral point of view ===
Articles should be written from a neutral point of view (NPOV). Content should represent significant viewpoints fairly and avoid advocacy, promotional language, personal opinions, or political campaigning.

=== Verifiability ===
Information that may reasonably be challenged should be supported by reliable, published sources. Contributors should provide citations where appropriate.

=== No original research ===
IndianPedia is not a place to publish unpublished research, personal theories, private investigations, or conclusions that cannot be verified through reliable sources.

=== Reliable sources ===
Use sources with a reputation for editorial reliability. Depending on the subject, these may include books, academic publications, reputable newspapers, government publications, official institutional websites, and other established reference works.

== Article standards ==

=== Notability ===
Articles should cover subjects that have received significant coverage in reliable, independent sources. IndianPedia is not intended to be a directory, advertising platform, or personal homepage.

=== Biographies of living persons ===
Information about living people must be handled carefully. Avoid defamatory, sensational, private, or poorly sourced claims. Content about living persons should be based on reliable sources and written conservatively.

=== Copyright ===
Do not copy copyrighted material into IndianPedia unless its use is legally permitted or the material is appropriately licensed. Text and images should be created by contributors, released under a compatible license, or used in accordance with applicable law and IndianPedia's licensing requirements.

=== Images and media ===
Images should have appropriate licensing information and attribution where required. Do not upload material that infringes copyright or violates applicable law.

=== Categories ===
Articles should be placed in relevant categories where appropriate. Categories should help readers navigate related subjects and should not be used excessively.

=== External links ===
External links should provide useful additional information relevant to the article. Links should not be added primarily for advertising, search-engine optimisation, or promotion.

== Contributor conduct ==

=== Assume good faith ===
Contributors should generally assume that other editors are trying to improve IndianPedia. Disagreements should be addressed through discussion and evidence rather than personal attacks.

=== Civility ===
Treat other contributors with respect. Personal attacks, harassment, threats, intimidation, and abusive behaviour are not acceptable.

=== Edit warring ===
Repeatedly reverting another contributor's edits without attempting discussion is discouraged. When disagreements arise, use article talk pages and seek consensus.

=== Conflicts of interest ===
Contributors should disclose relevant conflicts of interest and exercise particular care when editing subjects with which they have a personal, professional, financial, or organisational connection.

=== No impersonation ===
Do not impersonate another contributor, public figure, organisation, or official institution.

=== User accounts ===
Users should normally operate through their own accounts. Accounts must not be used to deceive, harass, manipulate discussions, or evade legitimate administrative actions.

== Administrative principles ==

=== Administrators ===
Administrators are trusted contributors with additional technical permissions. Administrative tools should be used to protect IndianPedia and its contributors, not to advance personal disputes or viewpoints.

=== Administrator accountability ===
Administrative actions should be reasonable, documented where appropriate, and consistent with IndianPedia policies. Administrators should avoid using their permissions in disputes in which they have a significant personal involvement.

=== Blocking ===
Blocks may be used to prevent disruption, harassment, vandalism, spam, abuse, or other serious violations. Blocks should not be used simply to silence disagreement or criticism.

=== Page protection ===
Page protection should be used when necessary to prevent disruption, vandalism, edit warring, or other legitimate risks to the encyclopedia.

=== Deletion ===
Pages may be deleted when they clearly violate IndianPedia policies, are unsuitable for the encyclopedia, are substantially duplicative, or otherwise meet the site's deletion criteria.

=== Abuse of administrative privileges ===
Misuse of administrative permissions may result in review, restriction, or removal of those permissions.

== Editing guidelines ==

* Write clearly, accurately, and objectively.
* Use reliable sources for factual claims.
* Avoid promotional and exaggerated language.
* Do not add defamatory or unsupported claims.
* Do not remove sourced information simply because you disagree with it.
* Use article talk pages to discuss substantial disagreements.
* Provide meaningful edit summaries when making significant changes.
* Correct mistakes when you identify them.
* Respect copyright and licensing requirements.
* Do not use IndianPedia to advertise products, services, organisations, or personal businesses.

== Dispute resolution ==

When contributors disagree:

# Discuss the issue on the relevant article's talk page.
# Explain the disagreement clearly and provide reliable sources.
# Seek a compromise consistent with IndianPedia's policies.
# Avoid repeated reversions and personal attacks.
# Request assistance from experienced contributors or administrators when necessary.

== What IndianPedia is not ==

IndianPedia is not:

* A social-networking site.
* A personal blog.
* An advertising platform.
* A political campaign platform.
* A directory of businesses or individuals.
* A place for defamatory allegations.
* A repository for copyrighted material without permission.
* A place for personal theories or unpublished research.
* A substitute for professional legal, medical, financial, or other expert advice.

== Policy versus guideline ==

'''Policies''' describe standards that contributors are expected to follow.

'''Guidelines''' provide recommended practices that help contributors work effectively and consistently.

Policies and guidelines may be updated as IndianPedia develops. Major changes should preferably be discussed with the community before implementation.

== Related pages ==

* [[IndianPedia:About]]
* [[IndianPedia:Community portal]]
* [[IndianPedia:Administrators]]
* [[IndianPedia:Users]]
* [[IndianPedia:Copyrights]]
* [[IndianPedia:Privacy policy]]
* [[IndianPedia:Disclaimers]]
* [[IndianPedia:Contact]]

== Questions and proposals ==

For questions about these policies or proposals for changes, use the appropriate discussion page or contact an administrator.

</div>

[[Category:IndianPedia]]
[[Category:Policies]]
[[Category:Guidelines]]

IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines

2026-07-27T08:16:50Z

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IndianPedia:Administrators

2026-07-27T08:15:32Z

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INDIANPEDIA · ADMINISTRATION
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Administrators
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Users entrusted with administrative tools to help maintain and protect IndianPedia.
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🛡️ About administrators
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'''Administrators''' are trusted IndianPedia users who have been granted additional technical permissions to help maintain the project.

Administrative tools are intended to support the encyclopedia and its community. Administrators do not have ownership of articles and should exercise their tools in accordance with IndianPedia's policies, community standards, and applicable procedures.

</div>

== 👥 Current administrators ==

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:left;"
! style="background:#071f3d; color:white; padding:12px;" | User
! style="background:#071f3d; color:white; padding:12px;" | Role
! style="background:#071f3d; color:white; padding:12px;" | Responsibilities
! style="background:#071f3d; color:white; padding:12px;" | Contact
|-
| '''[[User:SuperAdmin|SuperAdmin]]'''
| '''Main Administrator'''
| Site administration, technical maintenance, user rights, vandalism and spam management, page protection, and general administrative matters.
| [[User talk:SuperAdmin|Talk page]]
|}

<div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:13px; color:#666;">
''This list should contain only users who currently hold administrator rights on IndianPedia.''
</div>

== 🔧 Administrative responsibilities ==

Administrators may assist with:

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'''🛡️ Site protection'''

Protecting pages when necessary and responding to vandalism, spam, and disruptive activity.
</div>

<div style="flex:1; min-width:240px; border:1px solid #d9dee5; border-radius:12px; padding:18px;">
'''🗑️ Page management'''

Deleting or restoring pages when permitted by IndianPedia policies and procedures.
</div>

<div style="flex:1; min-width:240px; border:1px solid #d9dee5; border-radius:12px; padding:18px;">
'''👤 User management'''

Managing user permissions and taking appropriate action against abusive accounts.
</div>

<div style="flex:1; min-width:240px; border:1px solid #d9dee5; border-radius:12px; padding:18px;">
'''⚙️ Technical maintenance'''

Maintaining templates, modules, categories, site configuration, and other project infrastructure.
</div>

</div>

== ⚖️ Administrative principles ==

Administrators are expected to:

* Act in good faith and in the interests of IndianPedia.
* Apply policies consistently and fairly.
* Avoid using administrative tools to settle personal disputes.
* Respect the editorial independence of contributors.
* Explain administrative actions when appropriate.
* Protect private or sensitive information.
* Use administrative permissions only when necessary for legitimate project purposes.

'''Administrative status does not give an administrator editorial ownership over articles.'''

== 📝 Requesting administrator assistance ==

If you need administrator assistance, you can:

* Contact an administrator through their user talk page.
* Report vandalism or spam with a link to the affected page.
* Raise a technical issue with relevant details.
* Use the community discussion pages for broader policy matters.

For matters concerning the main administrator, visit [[User talk:SuperAdmin|SuperAdmin's talk page]].

== 👤 Becoming an administrator ==

Administrator permissions should be granted to users who have demonstrated constructive participation, familiarity with IndianPedia's policies, and a need for administrative tools.

The project may establish a formal community process for requesting, discussing, granting, reviewing, or removing administrator permissions as the community develops.

== 📊 Administrator tools ==

For a technical list of users currently holding administrative rights, see:

'''[[Special:ListUsers/sysop|Current administrators]]'''

Other useful pages:

* [[Special:ListUsers|User list]]
* [[Special:ActiveUsers|Active users]]
* [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent changes]]
* [[IndianPedia:Community portal|Community portal]]
* [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]

<div style="border:1px solid #d9dee5; background:#f5f6f7; padding:20px; border-radius:12px; margin-top:25px;">

'''Note:''' The user list on this page is informational. MediaWiki's user-rights system and [[Special:ListUsers/sysop|Special:ListUsers/sysop]] should be treated as the authoritative source for current administrator permissions.

</div>

<div style="text-align:center; color:#687078; font-size:13px; padding:20px;">
''IndianPedia administration exists to support the encyclopedia and its community.''
</div>

</div>

__NOTOC__
[[Category:IndianPedia administration]]

IndianPedia:Users

2026-07-27T08:14:05Z

SuperAdmin: Protected "IndianPedia:Users" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

<div style="max-width:1100px; margin:0 auto;">

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INDIANPEDIA · COMMUNITY
</div>

<div style="font-size:38px; font-weight:750; margin-top:8px;">
IndianPedia Users
</div>

<div style="font-size:17px; color:#e7edf4; margin-top:10px;">
Meet the people who help build, maintain, and improve IndianPedia.
</div>

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<div style="border:1px solid #d9dee5; border-radius:14px; padding:24px; margin-bottom:22px;">

<div style="font-size:22px; font-weight:700; margin-bottom:10px;">
👥 The IndianPedia community
</div>

IndianPedia is built by a community of readers, editors, administrators, researchers, and volunteers.

Everyone is welcome to participate constructively and help improve the encyclopedia.

</div>

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✏️ Contributors
</div>

Users who create, edit, improve, source, categorize, and maintain IndianPedia articles.

[[Special:ListUsers|View user accounts →]]

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<div style="font-size:20px; font-weight:700; margin-bottom:10px;">
🛡️ Administrators
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Users entrusted with administrative tools to help maintain the project and protect the community.

[[IndianPedia:Administrators|View administrators →]]

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🌱 New users
</div>

New contributors can learn how IndianPedia works and begin making constructive contributions.

[[Help:Editing|Learn how to edit →]]

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🤝 Want to contribute?
</div>

You don't need special status to help IndianPedia.

You can improve an article, add reliable sources, fix formatting, create useful pages, upload appropriately licensed media, or report problems.

'''Every constructive contribution helps.'''

[[Special:CreateAccount|Create an account]] · [[Help:Editing|Learn to edit]] · [[Special:RecentChanges|See recent changes]]

</div>

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<div style="font-size:20px; font-weight:700; margin-bottom:10px;">
📚 Community resources
</div>

* [[IndianPedia:Community portal|Community portal]]
* [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]
* [[Special:ListUsers|List of users]]
* [[Special:ActiveUsers|Active users]]
* [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent changes]]

</div>

<div style="text-align:center; color:#687078; font-size:13px; padding:20px;">
''IndianPedia is developed through the voluntary contributions of its community.''
</div>

</div>

__NOTOC__

IndianPedia:Users

2026-07-27T08:13:22Z

SuperAdmin: Created page with "<div style="max-width:1100px; margin:0 auto;"> <div style="background:linear-gradient(135deg,#071f3d,#123e2d); color:white; padding:35px 40px; border-radius:18px; margin-bottom:25px;"> <div style="font-size:13px; color:#ff9933; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:2px; text-transform:uppercase;"> INDIANPEDIA · COMMUNITY </div> <div style="font-size:38px; font-weight:750; margin-top:8px;"> IndianPedia Users </div> <div style="font-size:17px; color:#e7edf4; margin-top:10px..."

Narendra Modi

2026-07-27T08:04:29Z

SuperAdmin: Protected "Narendra Modi" ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narendra Modi
| image = The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg
| caption = Narendra Modi in 2024
| office = Prime Minister of India
| term_start = 26 May 2014
| predecessor = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| constituency = [[Varanasi]]
| office1 = Chief Minister of Gujarat
| term_start1 = 7 October 2001
| term_end1 = 22 May 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Keshubhai Patel]]
| successor1 = [[Anandiben Patel]]
| constituency1 = [[Maninagar]]
| birth_date = 17 September 1950
| birth_place = [[Vadnagar]], Gujarat, India
| political_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Narendra Damodardas Modi''' (born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician serving as the [[Prime Minister of India]]. He is a senior leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and represents [[Varanasi]] in the [[Lok Sabha]].

Modi became Prime Minister following the [[2014 Indian general election]] and was re-elected in 2019. He was sworn in for a third consecutive term on 9 June 2024 following the [[2024 Indian general election]].

== Early life and education ==

Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17 September 1950 in [[Vadnagar]], in present-day Gujarat, India. He grew up in a family of modest means.

Modi became associated with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) at a young age and later became a full-time worker of the organisation.

He studied at the University of Delhi and later obtained a master's degree in political science from Gujarat University.

== Political career ==

=== Bharatiya Janata Party ===

Modi became involved in the organisational activities of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in Gujarat during the 1980s. He subsequently held several organisational positions within the party.

During the 1990s, he worked in BJP organisational activities in several parts of India and became an important party strategist.

=== Chief Minister of Gujarat ===

Modi became the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] on 7 October 2001, succeeding [[Keshubhai Patel]].

He remained Chief Minister until May 2014. During his tenure, his government emphasised infrastructure, industrial development, investment, electricity, water supply and administrative reforms.

The [[Vibrant Gujarat]] investment summits were established during this period to promote Gujarat as an investment destination.

== Prime Minister of India ==

=== First term ===

The BJP won a majority in the [[2014 Indian general election]], and Modi was sworn in as Prime Minister on 26 May 2014.

His first government launched or expanded programmes including [[Make in India]], [[Digital India]], [[Swachh Bharat Mission]], [[Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana]], [[Skill India]] and [[Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana]].

=== Second term ===

The BJP won a majority again in the [[2019 Indian general election]]. Modi was sworn in for a second term on 30 May 2019.

During his second term, the government introduced major policy and legislative changes, including the reorganisation of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] in 2019 and the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]].

=== Third term ===

The BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] formed the government following the [[2024 Indian general election]]. Modi was sworn in for his third consecutive term as Prime Minister on 9 June 2024.

== Policies and initiatives ==

Major initiatives associated with Modi's governments include:

* [[Digital India]]
* [[Make in India]]
* [[Swachh Bharat Mission]]
* [[Ayushman Bharat]]
* [[Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana]]
* [[Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana]]
* [[Skill India]]
* [[Startup India]]
* [[Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao]]
* [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]]

== Economic policies ==

Modi's governments have pursued policies focused on infrastructure development, manufacturing, financial inclusion, digitalisation and economic formalisation.

The [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] was introduced in 2017, replacing several indirect taxes with a unified national tax framework.

In 2016, the government announced the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes]], a decision that generated extensive public and economic debate.

== Foreign policy ==

Modi's governments have placed significant emphasis on India's relations with major powers, neighbouring countries and emerging economies.

India has participated actively in international organisations and forums including the [[G20]], [[BRICS]], [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] and the [[United Nations]].

India hosted the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit]] during Modi's second term.

== International Day of Yoga ==

In 2014, Modi proposed the establishment of an international day dedicated to yoga during an address to the [[United Nations General Assembly]].

The United Nations subsequently designated 21 June as the [[International Day of Yoga]].

== Awards and honours ==

Modi has received numerous international awards and state honours during his political career.

* [[Order of Zayed]] — United Arab Emirates
* [[Order of St. Andrew the Apostle]] — Russia
* [[Grand Collar of the State of Palestine]]
* [[Order of the Druk Gyalpo]] — Bhutan
* [[Legion of Honour]] — France
* [[Order of the Nile]] — Egypt
* [[Seoul Peace Prize]] — 2018

== See also ==

* [[Prime Minister of India]]
* [[List of prime ministers of India]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]]
* [[Lok Sabha]]
* [[Varanasi]]
* [[2024 Indian general election]]

== External links ==

* [https://www.pmindia.gov.in/ Prime Minister's Office]

[[Category:Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of India]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]

User:SuperAdmin

2026-07-27T08:03:34Z

SuperAdmin: Protected "User:SuperAdmin" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

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<div style="background:linear-gradient(135deg,#071f3d 0%,#0b315c 55%,#123e2d 100%); color:white; padding:35px 40px; border-radius:18px; margin-bottom:25px; box-shadow:0 5px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);">

<div style="font-size:14px; letter-spacing:2px; text-transform:uppercase; color:#ff9933; font-weight:700; margin-bottom:8px;">
INDIANPEDIA • ADMINISTRATION
</div>

<div style="font-size:38px; font-weight:750; line-height:1.15; margin-bottom:10px;">
SuperAdmin
</div>

<div style="font-size:18px; color:#e8eef5;">
Main Administrator · Site Administration · Technical Maintenance
</div>

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<div style="display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:20px; align-items:flex-start;">

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<div style="background:#f4f6f8; padding:13px 18px; font-size:20px; font-weight:700; border-bottom:1px solid #d9dee5;">
👤 About
</div>

<div style="padding:20px; line-height:1.7;">

'''SuperAdmin''' is an administrative account on [[IndianPedia]] responsible for the administration, maintenance, and technical management of the project.

The account assists with maintaining the platform, supporting contributors, addressing technical and administrative matters, and helping ensure that IndianPedia's policies and community standards are followed.

</div>
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<div style="border:1px solid #d9dee5; border-radius:14px; overflow:hidden; margin-bottom:20px;">

<div style="background:#fff7ed; color:#9a4d00; padding:13px 18px; font-size:20px; font-weight:700; border-bottom:1px solid #f1d3ad;">
🛡️ Administrative role
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<div style="padding:20px; line-height:1.7;">

'''SuperAdmin serves as a main administrator of IndianPedia.'''

Administrative responsibilities may include:

* Managing administrative and technical functions
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* Addressing vandalism, spam, and disruptive activity
* Assisting editors and contributors
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* Supporting the continued development and maintenance of IndianPedia

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<div style="background:#f4f6f8; padding:13px 18px; font-size:20px; font-weight:700; border-bottom:1px solid #d9dee5;">
📌 Account information
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<div style="padding:18px;">

{| style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
| style="padding:8px 0; color:#666;" | '''Username'''
| style="padding:8px 0; text-align:right;" | SuperAdmin
|-
| style="padding:8px 0; color:#666; border-top:1px solid #eee;" | '''Role'''
| style="padding:8px 0; text-align:right; border-top:1px solid #eee;" | Administrator
|-
| style="padding:8px 0; color:#666; border-top:1px solid #eee;" | '''Project'''
| style="padding:8px 0; text-align:right; border-top:1px solid #eee;" | [[Main Page|IndianPedia]]
|-
| style="padding:8px 0; color:#666; border-top:1px solid #eee;" | '''Talk page'''
| style="padding:8px 0; text-align:right; border-top:1px solid #eee;" | [[User talk:SuperAdmin|Contact]]
|}

</div>
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<div style="border:1px solid #d9dee5; border-radius:14px; overflow:hidden;">

<div style="background:#eef7f1; color:#17633a; padding:13px 18px; font-size:20px; font-weight:700; border-bottom:1px solid #cce4d4;">
💬 Contact
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For administrative matters, please leave a message on the [[User talk:SuperAdmin|SuperAdmin talk page]].

For general questions, please use the appropriate IndianPedia community or discussion pages.

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<div style="font-size:19px; font-weight:700; margin-bottom:8px;">
⚖️ Editorial independence
</div>

Administrative status does not give SuperAdmin special editorial ownership over IndianPedia articles.

Articles should be developed according to IndianPedia's content policies, sourcing requirements, neutrality standards, and editorial procedures. Administrative actions should likewise be performed in accordance with applicable policies and community standards.

</div>

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📚 IndianPedia resources
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[[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies & guidelines]] ·
[[IndianPedia:Administrators|Administrators]] ·
[[IndianPedia:Community portal|Community portal]] ·
[[User talk:SuperAdmin|Talk page]]

</div>

<div style="text-align:center; color:#687078; font-size:13px; padding:10px 20px 25px;">

''SuperAdmin is an administrative account and does not represent the views of every IndianPedia contributor.''

</div>

</div>

[[Category:IndianPedia administrators]]

User talk:SuperAdmin

2026-07-27T08:02:33Z

SuperAdmin: Protected "User talk:SuperAdmin" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

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INDIANPEDIA · ADMINISTRATOR TALK PAGE
</div>

<div style="font-size:32px; font-weight:700; margin-top:8px;">
Welcome to the SuperAdmin talk page
</div>

<div style="font-size:16px; margin-top:10px;">
A place for administrative questions, technical issues, and requests concerning IndianPedia.
</div>

</div>

<div style="border-left:5px solid #ff9933; background:#fff8ef; padding:18px 22px; border-radius:10px; margin-bottom:22px;">

'''Welcome!'''

If you need assistance with IndianPedia, you can leave a message on this page.

Please provide relevant page links and enough information to understand the issue.

'''Please sign your messages''' with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>.

</div>

== 📬 Contact SuperAdmin ==

You may use this talk page for:

* Administrative questions
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* Page protection or restoration requests
* Vandalism and spam reports
* User-rights questions
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* General questions concerning IndianPedia administration

== 📝 How to leave a request ==

'''Page:''' <nowiki>[[Page name]]</nowiki>

'''Issue:''' Explain the problem clearly.

'''Requested action:''' Explain what you would like reviewed.

'''Additional information:''' Add relevant links or other useful information.

Please sign your message with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>.

== ⚖️ Administrative policy ==

Administrative tools are used to maintain IndianPedia and support its community.

Administrative status does not provide ownership of articles or override IndianPedia's editorial standards and policies.

== 📚 Useful pages ==

* [[IndianPedia:Policies and guidelines|Policies & guidelines]]
* [[IndianPedia:Administrators|Administrators]]
* [[IndianPedia:Community portal|Community portal]]
* [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent changes]]
* [[Main Page|IndianPedia main page]]

<div style="background:#f5f6f7; padding:15px 20px; border-radius:10px; margin-top:20px;">

''This is a public discussion page. Please keep discussions civil, relevant, and constructive. Do not post passwords, private documents, personal addresses, or other sensitive information.''

</div>

__NOTOC__

[[Category:IndianPedia administrators]]
</div>

User talk:SuperAdmin

2026-07-27T08:02:09Z

SuperAdmin:

User talk:SuperAdmin

2026-07-27T08:00:59Z

SuperAdmin: /* Administrator Talk Page */ new section

== Administrator Talk Page ==

Welcome to the SuperAdmin talk page.

This page is available for administrative questions, technical issues, page-related requests, and other matters concerning IndianPedia.

Please provide relevant page links and enough information to understand your request.

[[User:SuperAdmin|SuperAdmin]] ([[User talk:SuperAdmin|talk]]) 08:00, 27 July 2026 (UTC)

User:SuperAdmin

2026-07-27T07:49:36Z

SuperAdmin: Created page with "<div style="max-width:1100px; margin:0 auto; font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',sans-serif;"> <div style="background:linear-gradient(135deg,#071f3d 0%,#0b315c 55%,#123e2d 100%); color:white; padding:35px 40px; border-radius:18px; margin-bottom:25px; box-shadow:0 5px 18px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);"> <div style="font-size:14px; letter-spacing:2px; text-transform:uppercase; color:#ff9933; font-weight:700; margin-bottom:8px;"> INDIANPEDIA • ADMINIS..."

Narendra Modi

2026-07-27T07:16:33Z

SuperAdmin: Created page with "{{Infobox officeholder | name = Narendra Modi | image = The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg | caption = Narendra Modi in 2024 | office = Prime Minister of India | term_start = 26 May 2014 | predecessor = Manmohan Singh | constituency = Varanasi | office1 = Chief Minister of Gujarat | term_start1 = 7 October 2001 | term_end1 = 22 May 2014 | predecessor1 = Keshubhai Patel | successor1 = [[Anandiben Patel]..."

Template:Infobox officeholder

2026-07-27T07:16:11Z

SuperAdmin:

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Lok Sabha

2026-07-27T06:57:19Z

SuperAdmin:

{{Short description|Lower house of the Parliament of India}}
{{About||the upper house|Rajya Sabha|current list of Lok Sabha members|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Lok Sabha
| legislature = [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| logo = Lok Sabha.png
| logo_caption =Emblem of the Lok Sabha
| image = View of Lok Sabha chamber in the New Parliament building, New Delhi.jpg
| image_caption = Parliament House in New Delhi
| house_type = Lower house
| body = Parliament of India
| term_limits = Maximum 5 years
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[Om Birla]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = 17 June 2019
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 = 23 June 2019
| leader3_type = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br>([[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Leader of the House]])
| leader3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = 26 May 2014
| leader8_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader8 = [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| party8 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election8 = 9 June 2024
| leader9_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha#List of deputy leaders of the opposition in Lok Sabha|Deputy Leader of Opposition]]
| leader9 =
| party9 =
| election9 =
| leader10_type = [[Secretary General of the Lok Sabha|Secretary General]]
| leader10 = [[Utpal Kumar Singh]]
| party10 =
| election10 = 30 November 2020
| seats = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|'''543''']]
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:18th Lok Sabha Party-wise 2026.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:LokSabhaAllianceWise2026.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| structure1_alt = Lok Sabha
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Third Modi ministry|Government]] (292)'''
{{Party legend|National Democratic Alliance|292}}
* {{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|240}}
* {{Party legend|Telugu Desam Party|16}}
* {{Party legend|Janata Dal (United)|12}}
* {{Party legend|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|7}}
* {{Party legend|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|5}}
* {{Party legend|Janata Dal (Secular)|2}}
* {{Party legend|Janasena Party|2}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Lok Dal|2}}
* {{Party legend|Apna Dal (Sonelal)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Asom Gana Parishad|1}}
* {{Party legend|All Jharkhand Students Union|1}}
* {{Party legend|Hindustani Awam Morcha|1}}
* {{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|1}}
'''[[Official Opposition]] (210)'''<br />
{{Party legend|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|210}}
* {{Party legend|Indian National Congress|100}}{{efn|
* {{Party legend|Indian National Congress|98}}<br />
* {{Party legend|Independent|2|shortname=IND}}}}
* {{Party legend|Samajwadi Party|37}}
* {{Party legend|All India Trinamool Congress|28}}
* {{Party legend|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|9}}
* {{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar|8}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|4}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Janata Dal|4}}
* {{Party legend|Indian Union Muslim League|3}}
* {{Party legend|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|3}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India|2}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|2}}
* {{Party legend|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|2}}
* {{Party legend|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|2}}
* {{Party legend|Bharat Adivasi Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Kerala Congress|1}}
* {{Party legend|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|1}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Independent |1|shortname=IND}}
'''{{Party legend|Other Opposition|38}}'''
* {{Party legend|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|22}}
* {{Party legend|YSR Congress Party|4}}
* {{Party legend|Aam Aadmi Party|3}}
* {{Party legend|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)|2|shortname=AD(WPD)}}
* {{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|1}}
* {{Party legend|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Shiromani Akali Dal|1}}
* {{Party legend|United People's Party Liberal|1}}
* {{Party legend|Zoram People's Movement|1}}
* {{Party legend|Independent|2|shortname=IND}}
{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|3}}
| term_length = 5 years
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting]]
| first_election1 = [[1951–52 Indian general election|25 October 1951 – 21 February 1952]]
| last_election1 = [[2024 Indian general election|19 April – 1 June 2024]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Indian general election|By April 2029]]
| session_room = File:View of Lok Sabha chamber in the New Parliament building, New Delhi.jpg
| session_res = 300px
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Lok Sabha Chamber, [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]],<br />118, Rafi Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India – 110001<br />{{Coord|28|37|3|N|77|12|30|E|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=title, inline}}
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
| rules = [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2495198/1/Rules_of_Procedures_E_2019_16th_edition.pdf The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha] (English)
| website = {{URL|https://sansad.in/ls}}
|background_color = #2E8B57
}}

The '''Lok Sabha''', also known as the '''House of the People''', is the [[lower house]] of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of India]], where the [[upper house]] is [[Rajya Sabha]]. [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of the Lok Sabha]] are elected by an adult [[universal suffrage]] and a [[first-past-the-post]] system to represent their respective [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]], and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the [[president of India]] on the advice of the [[Union Council of Ministers|union council of ministers]]. The house meets in the Lok Sabha chamber of the [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] in [[New Delhi]].

The maximum membership of the house as allotted by the [[Constitution of India]] is 552 before the abolition of Anglo-Indian seats, currently it is 550.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/ls.htm|access-date=12 February 2022|work=[[Lok Sabha]]|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531211047/https://loksabha.nic.in/ls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2025, the house has 543 elected members. Between 1952 and 2020, [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|two additional members]] of the [[Anglo-Indian]] community were nominated by the president of India on the advice of the [[Government of India|Indian government]], and the practice was abolished in January 2020 by the [[One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|104th amendment]] to the Indian constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|work=Live law|access-date=25 January 2020|date=23 January 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112184618/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution (One hundred and fourth amendment) Act, 2019 |date=21 January 2020|url=https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/consti.104amend.pdf | work=The Gazette of India Extraordinary |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The new parliament has a maximum seating capacity for 888 members in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shankar|first1=B.L.|title=The Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha|date=13 January 2011|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.003.0008|series=The Indian Parliament|pages=292–328|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=12 February 2022|last2=Rodrigues|first2=Valerian|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.003.0008|isbn=978-0-19-806772-6|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413234845/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.001.0001/acprof-9780198067726-chapter-8|url-status=live}}</ref>

About 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of [[scheduled castes]] (84) and [[scheduled tribes]] (47). The [[quorum]] for the House is 10% of the total membership the house. Unless dissolved sooner, the house continues to operate for five years from the date of its first meeting. However, when a [[States of emergency in India|state of emergency in India]] is declared, this period may be extended by the parliament of India by law or decree.<ref name="Parliament of India: Lok Sabha">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|title=Parliament of India: Lok Sabha|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601044824/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|archive-date=1 June 2015|work=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|title=Part V—The Union. Article 83.|page=40|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> The [[18th Lok Sabha]] is the latest to be elected in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-at-evening-meet-pm-modi-to-chalk-out-action-plan-for-next-few-days-2042484|title=PM Modi's New Cabinet Could See Prestige Posts For Smriti Irani, Bengal|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524113003/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-at-evening-meet-pm-modi-to-chalk-out-action-plan-for-next-few-days-2042484|url-status=live}}</ref> The Lok Sabha proceedings are televised live on [[Sansad TV]], operating from within the parliament premises.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sansadtv.nic.in/|title=Sansad TV Live|work=[[Sansad TV]]|access-date=24 June 2023|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624134859/https://sansadtv.nic.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

An exercise to redraw the boundaries of the Lok Sabha constituencies is carried out by the [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation commission]]. It is carried out every decade based on the [[census of India]], the last of which was conducted in [[2011 Census of India|2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/807644/a-decade-from-now-three-states-will-contribute-a-third-of-lok-sabha-mps|title=A decade from now, three states will contribute a third of Lok Sabha MPs|date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508112100/http://scroll.in/article/807644/a-decade-from-now-three-states-will-contribute-a-third-of-lok-sabha-mps|archive-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> This provision was temporarily suspended between 1976 and 2001 following a [[Constitution of India#Amendments|constitutional amendment]] to incentivize the family planning program which was being implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectoralSystem/electoral_system.asp|title=Electoral system|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105005609/http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectoralSystem/electoral_system.asp|archive-date=5 January 2007}}</ref> The elections for the seats are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India|election commission]].

== History ==
A major portion of the [[Indian subcontinent]] was under [[British Raj|British rule]] from 1858 to 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=4|title=Indian Freedom Struggle (1857–1947) – Culture and Heritage – Know India: National Portal of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722223343/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=4|archive-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> During this period, the office of the [[Secretary of State for India]] (along with the [[Council of India]]) was the authority through whom [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent, and the office of [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] was created, along with an Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of the British government. The [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The [[Indian Councils Act 1892]] established legislatures in each of the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provinces of British India]] and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power remained limited, and the electorate very small. The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] admitted some [[Indian people|Indians]] to the various councils. The [[Government of India Act 1919]] further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, creating the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], for which [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House, New Delhi]], was built and opened in 1927.<ref>''The Journal of Parliamentary Information'', Volume 46 (2000), pg. 400</ref>

The [[Government of India Act 1935]] introduced provincial autonomy and proposed a federal structure in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/government-india-act-1935|title=Government of India Act of 1935 – Dictionary definition of Government of India Act of 1935 |website=encyclopedia.com|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143840/https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/government-india-act-1935|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947, divided British India (which did not include the [[Princely state]]s) into two newly independent countries, India and Pakistan, which were to be [[dominion]]s under [[the Crown]] until they had each enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form, which now included all the princely states which had not [[Princely states of Pakistan|acceded to Pakistan]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

According to ''[[Article 74 of the Constitution of India|Article 79]] (Part V-The Union.)'' of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States ([[Rajya Sabha]]) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 79. p. 38] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref>

The Lok Sabha (House of the People) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952.<ref>{{cite web|website=The Indian Express|title=How India pulled off its first general election|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/india-first-general-election-nehru-9265134/|access-date=14 April 2024|date=12 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>

{{clear}}
=== List ===
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Formation of Lok Sabha over time<ref>{{cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Cabinet approves dissolution of the Sixteenth Lok Sabha |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1572570 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2019 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Cabinet approves Summoning of Parliament after General Election, 2019 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1573018 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2024 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Press Communique |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2022888 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: First Session of 18th Lok Sabha to be Held from 24th June to 3rd July, 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2024630 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
! Lok Sabha
! Commencement Date
! Dissolution Date
! Duration
!Prime Minister
!Deputy Prime Minister
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]
|13 May 1952
|4 April 1957
|{{Age in years, months and days|1952|5|13|1957|4|4}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| rowspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]
|10 May 1957
|31 March 1962
|{{Age in years, months and days|1957|5|10|1962|3|31}}
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]
|16 April 1962
|3 March 1967
|{{Age in years, months and days|1962|4|16|1967|3|3}}
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]
|16 March 1967
|27 December 1970
|{{Age in years, months and days|1967|3|16|1970|12|27}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Indira Gandhi]]
|[[Morarji Desai|Moraji Desai]] (till 1969)
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]
|19 March 1971
|18 January 1977
|{{Age in years, months and days|1971|3|19|1977|1|18}}
|''Vacant''
|-
|[[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]
|25 March 1977
|22 August 1979
|{{Age in years, months and days|1977|3|25|1979|8|22}}
|[[Morarji Desai]] and [[Charan Singh]]
|[[Charan Singh]], [[Jagjivan Ram]] and [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|[[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]
|21 January 1980
|31 December 1984
|{{Age in years, months and days|1980|1|21|1984|12|31}}
|[[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| rowspan="2" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]
|15 January 1985
|27 November 1989
|{{Age in years, months and days|1985|1|15|1989|11|27}}
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
|[[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]
|18 December 1989
|13 March 1991
|{{Age in years, months and days|1989|12|18|1991|3|13}}
|[[V. P. Singh]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|[[Devi Lal]]
|-
|[[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]
|9 July 1991
|10 May 1996
|{{Age in years, months and days|1991|7|9|1996|5|10}}
|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| rowspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]
|22 May 1996
|4 December 1997
|{{Age in years, months and days|1996|5|22|1997|12|4}}
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[I. K. Gujral]]
|-
|[[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]
|23 March 1998
|26 April 1999
|{{Age in years, months and days|1998|3|23|1999|4|26}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|[[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]
|20 October 1999
|6 February 2004
|{{Age in years, months and days|1999|10|20|2004|2|6}}
|[[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]
|2 June 2004
|18 May 2009
|{{Age in years, months and days|2004|6|2|2009|5|18}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Manmohan Singh]]
| rowspan="5" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]
|1 June 2009
|18 May 2014
|{{Age in years, months and days|2009|6|1|2014|5|18}}
|-
|[[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]
|4 June 2014
|24 May 2019
|{{Age in years, months and days|2014|6|4|2019|5|24}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]
|17 June 2019
|5 June 2024
|{{Age in years, months and days|2019|6|17|2024|6|5}}
|-
|'''[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]'''
|'''24 June 2024'''
|'''present'''
|'''{{Age in years, months and days|2024|6|24}}'''
|}

== Qualifications ==
{{See also|Election Commission of India}}

''Article 84'' (under Part V. – The Union)<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 81. p. 41] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha, which are as follows:
# They should be a citizen of India, and must subscribe before the [[Election Commission of India]], an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the [[Third Schedule]] of the [[Indian Constitution]].
# They should not be less than 25 years of age.
# They possess other such qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].
# They should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict, a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law; and
# They should have their name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country.

However, a member can be disqualified from being a member of Parliament:
# If they hold the office of profit;
# If they are of unsound mind and stand so declared by a competent court
# If they are an undischarged insolvent;
# If they are not a citizen of India, or have voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or are under any acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
# If they are violating party discipline (as per the Tenth Schedule of the constitution); disqualified under [[Representation of the People Act (India)|Representation of People Act]].
A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances (during the normal functioning of the House):
# When the holder of the seat, by writing to the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|speaker]], resigns.
# When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, without prior permission of the Speaker.
# When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament.
# A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the 'Anti-Defection Law'.
Furthermore, as per ''article 101'' (Part V.—The Union)<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 81. pp. 46, 47] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> of the Indian Constitution, a person cannot be:
# A member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other.
# A member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State.

=== System of elections in Lok Sabha ===
Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, based on [[universal suffrage]]. Elections are by the people directly to the Lok Sabha and each state is divided into territorial constituencies under two provisions of the Constitution:
# Each state is allotted several seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population was as close to uniform as possible. This provision does not apply to states having a population of less than 6 million. The number of seats per state has been frozen under the constitutional amendment of 1976.
# Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituency]] and the number of seats allotted to it (in each case, one) remain the same throughout the state. This principle is upheld by the boundary reviews mentioned above.

Notes:
#The expression "population" while distributing seats among states refers to the population ascertained at the [[Census of India|census]] of 1971, per the Constitutional Amendment of 1976.<ref name="indiagov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|title=The Constitution of India|website=india.gov.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328123059/https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2021}}</ref>
#The expression "population" while distributing constituencies within a state refers to the population ascertained at the census of 2011.<ref name="indiagov" />

== Powers ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.

*[[Motion of no confidence|Motions of no confidence]] against the [[Government of India|government]] can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Council of Ministers of India|Council of Ministers]] resign collectively. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion and hence has no real power over the executive. This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha, not to the Rajya Sabha.
*[[Money bill]]s can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the [[Rajya Sabha]], where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days. If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha, or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House, or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha, the bill is considered passed. The [[Economy of India|budget]] is presented in the Lok Sabha by the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] in the name of the President of India.
*In matters about non-financial (ordinary) bills, after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha), it is sent to the other house, where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months. If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House, or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house, it results in a deadlock. This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses, presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a [[Plurality (voting)|simple majority]]. Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard, in reality, it is the Lok Sabha's opinions that mostly prevail—due to its bigger numerical strength.
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any [[Constitution of India#Amendments|Bill for Constitutional Amendment]] (by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the [[President of India#Impeachment|impeachment of the President]] (by two-thirds of the membership of the House).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in the impeachment process (initiating and passing a motion for the removal) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts (by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting), who then can be removed by the President of India.
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency (by two-thirds majority) or constitutional emergency (by simple majority) in a state.
*If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a [[National Emergency in India|National Emergency]], the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament. It cannot be dissolved. This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha. But there is a possibility that the president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six-month if the said proclamation ceases to operate.

In conclusion, the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters. Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing, the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength. This is typical of parliamentary democracies, many of which have a lower house that is more powerful than the upper.

== Procedure ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}

=== Procedure in the House ===
The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha. The items of business, a notice of which is received from the Ministers/ Private Members and admitted by the Speaker, are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance.

=== Sessions ===
The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the President to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six-month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year. But, three sessions of Lok Sabha are held in a year:
*Budget session: February to May.
*Monsoon session: July to September.
*Winter session: November to mid-December.

When in session, Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 p.m. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays.

=== Question Hour ===
The first hour of every sitting is called [[Question Hour]]. Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members, and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres. Every minister whose turn it is to answer questions has to stand up and answer for his department's acts of omission or commission.

Questions are of three types—Starred, Unstarred, and Short Notice. A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark. An unstarred question is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked. An answer to such a question is given in writing. A minimum period of notice for starred/unstarred questions is 10 clear days. If the questions given notice are admitted by the Speaker, they are listed and printed for an answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains.

The normal period of notice does not apply to short-notice questions that relate to matters of urgent public importance. However, a short-notice question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice. A short-notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour, popularly known as Zero Hour.

=== Zero Hour ===
The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as "Zero Hour". It starts at around noon (hence the name) and members can, with prior notice to the Speaker, raise issues of importance during this time. Typically, discussions on important Bills, the Budget, and other issues of national importance take place from 2 p.m. onwards.

=== Business after Question Hour ===
After the Question Hour, the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day. These may consist of one or more of the following: Adjournment Motions, Questions involving breaches of Privileges, Papers to be laid on the Table, Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha, Intimations regarding President's assent to Bills, Calling Attention Notices, Matters under Rule 377, Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee, Presentation of Petitions, miscellaneous statements by Ministers, Motions regarding elections to Committees, Bills to be withdrawn or introduced.

=== Main business ===
The main business of the day may be consideration of a bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion.

==== Legislative business ====
Legislative proposals in the form of a bill can be brought forward either by a minister or by an individual member. In the former case, it is known as a government bill and in the latter case, it is known as a private members' bill. Every bill passes through three stages—each called readings—before it is passed. To become law it must be passed by both the houses of Parliament, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and then assented to by the president.

==== Financial business ====
The presentation, discussion of, and voting on the annual general and railways budgets—followed by the passing of the appropriations Bill and the finance bill—is a long, drawn-out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its budget session every year.

==== Motions and resolutions ====
Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions. Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by the government or by individual members. The government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the house on an important matter of policy or a grave situation. Similarly, an individual member may move a resolution or motion to draw the attention of the house and the government to a particular problem. The last two and half hours of sitting every Friday are generally allotted for the transaction of individual members' business. While private members' bills are taken up on one Friday, private members' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday, and so on.

=== Parliamentary committees ===
Most of the business of drafting a bill or amendments is initially discussed and debated in the parliamentary committees. Since the time for legislation is limited, the work of all departments of the government and any special focus tasks are delegated to the committees, wherein the committees shall prepare the initial draft of the bill/amendment for consideration by both the houses. They consist of members of both houses.

There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature:-
* Parliament Standing Committees (PSC) – Permanent in nature, reconstituted from time to time with every new election.
** Department based
** Others
* Ad hoc committees – Created for a specific purpose and ceases to exist when that purpose is achieved.

=== Half-an-Hour discussion ===
A half-an-hour discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the [[Table of the House]] and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. Usually, the half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays only. In one session, a member is allowed to raise not more than two half-hour discussions. During the discussion, the member, who has given notice, makes a short statement, and not more than four members, who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places on the ballot, are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the minister makes replies. There is no formal motion before the house nor voting.

=== Discussion on matters of urgent public importance ===
Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker. Such discussions may take place two days a week. No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion.

=== Debate in the House ===
After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken, other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them. Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the chair. A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided to employ a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member.

==== Division ====
A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained. Normally, when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying "Aye" or "No" from their seats. The chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House. If a member challenges the decision, the chair orders that the lobbies be cleared. Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes. Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides. After the bell stops, all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over. Then the chair puts the question for a second time and declares whether in its opinion the "Ayes" or the "Noes", have it. If the opinion so declared is again challenged, the chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment.

=== Automatic vote recording system ===
With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes, the [[Secretary-General]] of the Lok Sabha presses the button of a keyboard. Then a gong sounds, serving as a signal to members for casting their votes. To vote, each member present in the chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of the three pushbuttons fixed in their seat. The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds. There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker's chair in the chamber. Each vote cast by a member is flashed here. Immediately after the votes are cast, they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the result indicator boards installed in the railings of the Speakers and diplomatic galleries.

Divisions are normally held with the aid of automatic vote recording equipment. Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of the relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. In the Lok Sabha, divisions may be held either by the distribution of 'Aye'/'No' and 'Abstention' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies. There is an indicator board in the machine room showing the name of each member. The result of the division and vote cast by each member with the aid of automatic vote recording equipment also appear on this board and immediately a photograph of the indicator board is taken. Later the photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted 'Ayes' and for 'Noes' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha debates.

=== Publication of debates ===
Three versions of Lok Sabha debates are prepared: the Hindi version, the English version, and the original version. Only the Hindi and English versions are printed. The original version, in cyclostyled form, is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference. The Hindi version contains proceedings (all questions asked and answers are given thereto and speeches made) in Hindi and verbatim Hindi translation of proceedings in English or regional languages. The English version contains proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings take place in Hindi or any regional language. The original version, however, contains proceedings in Hindi or English as they actually took place in the House and also the English/Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages.

If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses, a [[Joint session|joint sitting]] is held to resolve the differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha.

== Officers of Lok Sabha ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2022}}
;Speaker and Deputy Speaker
As per ''Article 93'' of the Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a [[Speaker of Lok Sabha|Speaker]] and a [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]. In the Lok Sabha, both presiding officers — the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker — are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected Speaker; the Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House. But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India. As per ''Article 94'' of the Indian Constitution, a Speaker or a Deputy Speaker should vacate their office, a) if they cease to be a member of the House of the People, b) they resign, or c) is removed from office by a resolution of the House passed by a majority.

The Speaker of Lok Sabha is both a member of the House and its Presiding Officer. The Speaker conducts the business in the House. They decide whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. They permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, [[Adjournment debate|motion of adjournment]], [[motion of censure]] and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure. Following the 52nd Constitution amendment, the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection. The Speaker makes obituary references in the House, formal references to important national and international events, and the valedictory address after every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires. Though a member of the House, the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision. To date, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote. While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence/resignation/removal, the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose. The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Secretariat/JRC.aspx|title=Lok Sabha|publisher=Lok Sabha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530124125/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Secretariat/JRC.aspx|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Shri [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar|G. V. Mavalankar]] was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952 – 27 February 1956) and Shri [[M. A. Ayyangar|M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]] was the first Deputy Speaker (30 May 1952 – 7 March 1956). In the 17th Lok Sabha, [[Om Birla]] is the current Speaker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|title=Om Birla unanimously elected Lok Sabha Speaker, PM Modi heaps praises on BJP colleague|newspaper=India Today|access-date=27 June 2019|date=19 June 2019|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620082200/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Secretariat
The Secretariat of Lok Sabha was set up according to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. The said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat of Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rss_recruitment/rssecretariat.asp|title=Secretariat- as in Constitution|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604121830/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rss_recruitment/rssecretariat.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Lok Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Speaker. The main activities of the Secretariat ''[[inter alia]]'' include the following:

(i) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) possible to Members of Lok Sabha; (ii) providing amenities as admissible to Members of Lok Sabha; (iii) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees; (iv) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications; (v) recruitment of manpower in the Lok Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; & (vi) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Lok Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Lok Sabha and its Committees, among other things.

In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Secretariat/Functioning.aspx|title=Set-up of the Secretariat|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514021655/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Secretariat/Functioning.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Since November 2020, the Secretary-General of Lok Sabha is Utpal Kumar Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |title=Senior IAS Officer Utpal Kumar Singh Appointed Lok Sabha Secretary General |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ias-officer-utpal-kumar-singh-appointed-lok-sabha-secretary-general-2332131 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=NDTV |date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127060646/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ias-officer-utpal-kumar-singh-appointed-lok-sabha-secretary-general-2332131 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Lok Sabha general elections ==
{{main|List of Indian general elections}}
Each Lok Sabha is constituted after a [[Elections in India|general election]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Lok Sabha || General Election
|-
| [[1st Lok Sabha]] || [[1951–52 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[2nd Lok Sabha]] || [[1957 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[3rd Lok Sabha]] || [[1962 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[4th Lok Sabha]] || [[1967 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[5th Lok Sabha]] || [[1971 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha]] || [[1977 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha]] || [[1980 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[8th Lok Sabha]] || [[1984 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha]] || [[1989 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha]] || [[1991 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha]] || [[1996 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha]] || [[1998 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha]] || [[1999 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha]] || [[2004 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha]] || [[2009 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha]] || [[2014 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha]] || [[2019 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[18th Lok Sabha]] || [[2024 Indian general election]]
|}

== Statewise representation ==

{{Main|List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha}}

As of 26 January 2020, the Lok Sabha is composed of 543 members
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/StatewiseList.aspx | title=Members : Lok Sabha | access-date=25 December 2019 | archive-date=13 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113143601/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/StatewiseList.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> made up of up to 524 members representing the people of [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] and 19 members representing people of [[Union territory|8 Union territories]] based on their population. While maximum seats can now go up to 550 even though maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the [[Constitution of India]], at its commencement, was 552 members because after The Constitution (One Hundred and Fourth Amendment) Act, 2019, Article 334 (b) of the Constitution of India was maintained at seventy years. See the table below for details:
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!State/ UT*
!| Seats<ref name="composition">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|title=Lok Sabha Introduction|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India|access-date=22 September 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201063345/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Andhra Pradesh#General (Lok Sabha) elections|Andhra Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 25
|-
| [[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Arunachal Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Assam#Lok Sabha Elections|Assam]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 14
|-
| [[Elections in Bihar#Lok Sabha Elections|Bihar]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 40
|-
| [[Chandigarh]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Chhattisgarh#Lok Sabha elections|Chhattisgarh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 11
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Delhi#Lok Sabha elections|Delhi]] (NCT)*|| style="text-align:center;" | 7
|-
| [[Elections in Goa#Lok Sabha Elections|Goa]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Gujarat#Lok Sabha elections|Gujarat]] || style="text-align:center;" | 26
|-
| [[Elections in Haryana#Lok Sabha elections|Haryana]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 10
|-
| [[Elections in Himachal Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Himachal Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 4
|-
| [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir#Lok Sabha elections|Jammu and Kashmir]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 5
|-
| [[Elections in Jharkhand#Lok Sabha elections|Jharkhand]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 14
|-
| [[Elections in Karnataka#Lok Sabha elections|Karnataka]] || style="text-align:center;" | 28
|-
| [[Elections in Kerala#Loksabha elections|Kerala]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 20
|-
| [[Ladakh]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Madhya Pradesh#Lok Sabha Elections|Madhya Pradesh]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 29
|-
| [[Elections in Maharashtra#Lok Sabha elections|Maharashtra]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 48
|-
| [[Elections in Manipur#Lok Sabha elections|Manipur]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Meghalaya#Lok Sabha elections|Meghalaya]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Mizoram#Lok Sabha elections|Mizoram]] || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Nagaland#Lok Sabha elections|Nagaland]] || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Odisha#Lok Sabha Elections|Odisha]] || style="text-align:center;" | 21
|-
| [[Elections in Puducherry#Lok Sabha elections|Puducherry]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Punjab, India#Lok Sabha elections|Punjab]] || style="text-align:center;" | 13
|-
| [[Elections in Rajasthan#Lok Sabha elections|Rajasthan]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 25
|-
| [[Elections in Sikkim#Loksabha Election|Sikkim]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Tamil Nadu#Lok Sabha elections|Tamil Nadu]] || style="text-align:center;" | 39
|-
| [[Elections in Telangana#Lok Sabha elections|Telangana]] || style="text-align:center;" | 17
|-
| [[Elections in Tripura#Lok Sabha elections|Tripura]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Uttarakhand#Lok Sabha elections|Uttarakhand]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 5
|-
| [[Elections in Uttar Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Uttar Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 80
|-
| [[Elections in West Bengal#Lok Sabha elections|West Bengal]] || style="text-align:center;" | 42
|-
|'''Total''' ||style="text-align:center;" | '''543'''
|}

== Membership by party ==
{{Main|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}
No. of Lok Sabha MP's party-wise:{{Updated|28 March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! colspan="2" | Party
! No. of MPs
! Leader of the Party
|-
| rowspan="14" bgcolor="{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| rowspan="14" | '''Government'''<br />'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''<br />Seats: '''292'''
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 240
| [[Narendra Modi]]<br><small>''([[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Leader of the House]])''</small>
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
| 16
| [[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|shortname=JD(U)}}
| 12
| [[Dileshwar Kamait]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|shortname=SHS}}
| 7
| [[Shrikant Shinde]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| 5
| [[Chirag Paswan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| 2
| [[M. Mallesh Babu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janasena Party}}
| 2
| [[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| 2
| [[Rajkumar Sangwan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
| 1
| [[Anupriya Patel]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 1
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
| 1
| [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| 1
| [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party }}
| 1
| [[Sunil Tatkare]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| 1
| [[Indra Hang Subba]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress|rowspan=19}}
| rowspan="19" |'''[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]'''<br />Seats: '''210'''
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 98
| [[Rahul Gandhi]]<br><small>''([[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]])''</small>
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| 37
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| 28
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| 9
| [[Arvind Sawant]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
| 8
| [[Supriya Sule]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 4
| [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4
| [[Abhay Kumar Sinha]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 3
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| 3
| [[Joba Majhi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| 2
| [[K. Subbarayan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| 2
| [[Raja Ram Singh]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| 2
| [[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi|Mian Altaf Ahmed]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| 2
| [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
| 1
| [[Rajkumar Roat]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress}}
| 1
| [[Francis George (politician)|Francis George]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 1
| [[Durai Vaiko]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
| 1
| [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| 1
| [[N. K. Premachandran]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| 3
|
* [[Pappu Yadav]]
* [[Mohmad Haneefa]]
* [[Vishal Patil]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Others|rowspan=11}}
| rowspan="11" |'''Unaligned'''<br/>Seats: '''38'''
| {{Party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 22
| [[T. R. Baalu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
| 4
| [[P. V. Midhun Reddy]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| 3
| [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}}
| 2
| [[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| 1
| [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
| 1
| [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| 1
| [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 1
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
| 1
| [[Richard Vanlalhmangaiha]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party|shortname=JKAIP}}
| 1
| [[Sheikh Abdul Rashid]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| 1
| [[Umeshbhai Patel]]
|-
| colspan="4" |''Vacant''
| 3
|
* [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
* [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
* [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
! 543
!
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
*[[Parliament of India]]
*[[Rajya Sabha]]

== Further reading ==

* Sen, Ronojoy (2022). ''House of the People: Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy''. Cambridge University Press.

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Lok Sabha}}
* [https://sansad.in/ls Lok Sabha website]
* [https://eci.gov.in/general-election/general-elections-2019/ General Elections 2019]

{{Lok Sabha}}
{{Parliament of India}}
{{Government of India}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{National lower houses}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:National lower houses|India]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]

Rajya Sabha

2026-07-27T06:55:12Z

SuperAdmin:

{{About|the upper house of the Parliament of India|other uses|Lok Sabha}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Rajya Sabha
| legislature = [[18th Rajya Sabha]]
| logo = Rajya_Sabha.png
| logo_caption = Emblem of the Rajya Sabha
| image = New Rajya Sabha chamber in the New Parliament building.jpg
| image_caption = Parliament House in New Delhi
| house_type = Upper house
| body = [[Parliament of India]]
| term_limits = No fixed term; one-third of members retire every two years
| leader1_type = [[Chairman of the Rajya Sabha|Chairman]]
| leader1 = [[Vice President of India]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha|Deputy Chairman]]
| leader2 = [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
| leader3_type = [[Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of the House]]
| leader3 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| leader4_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader4 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| members = 245
| structure1_type = Elected members
| structure1 = 233
| structure2_type = Nominated members
| structure2 = 12
| political_groups =
| elections = Indirect election by elected members of state and territorial legislatures; presidential nomination of 12 members
| last_election = 2024
| next_election = 2026
| meeting_place = [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]], New Delhi
| website =
}}

'''The Rajya Sabha''' (meaning "Council of States") is the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]. It represents the states and union territories of India and also includes members nominated by the [[President of India]] for their contributions to fields such as literature, science, art and social service.

The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and is not subject to dissolution. Members normally serve six-year terms, with approximately one-third of the members retiring every two years.

== History ==

The Constitution of India provides for a bicameral Parliament consisting of the [[Lok Sabha]] and the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha was constituted in 1952 following the adoption of the Constitution.

The first sitting of the Rajya Sabha was held on 13 May 1952.

The Vice President of India serves as the ex officio [[Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]].

== Composition ==

The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members under the Constitution, including up to 238 representatives of the states and union territories and 12 members nominated by the President.

As of the current composition, the House has 245 seats:

* 233 elected members
* 12 nominated members

Members representing states are elected by the elected members of the respective State Legislative Assemblies using proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

== Term ==

The Rajya Sabha is a permanent chamber and cannot be dissolved.

A member of the Rajya Sabha normally serves a six-year term. One-third of the members retire every two years.

A person must meet the constitutional and statutory requirements for membership of the Rajya Sabha, including being at least 30 years old.

== Powers and functions ==

The Rajya Sabha participates in the legislative process of Parliament and considers bills passed by the Lok Sabha.

Money Bills have special constitutional rules: the Rajya Sabha cannot reject or amend a Money Bill and must return it to the Lok Sabha within 14 days with recommendations.

The Rajya Sabha also has certain special powers relating to the states. Under Article 249 of the Constitution, it can authorize Parliament to legislate on a matter in the State List in the national interest if the required special majority is obtained.

== Leadership ==

The [[Vice President of India]] is the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

The Deputy Chairman is elected by the members of the Rajya Sabha from among themselves.

The House also has a Leader of the House and a Leader of the Opposition.

== Elections ==

Rajya Sabha members representing states are indirectly elected by elected members of State Legislative Assemblies.

The election uses proportional representation through the single transferable vote system.

Twelve members are nominated by the President of India from among people with special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art and social service.

== Committees ==

The Rajya Sabha operates through a number of parliamentary committees. These committees examine legislation, government policies, expenditure and other matters referred to them.

Important committees include:

* Business Advisory Committee
* Committee on Government Assurances
* Committee on Petitions
* Committee on Privileges
* Committee on Rules
* Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees
* Public Accounts Committee

== See also ==

* [[Parliament of India]]
* [[Lok Sabha]]
* [[President of India]]
* [[Vice President of India]]
* [[Parliament House]]
* [[List of members of the Rajya Sabha]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Legislatures of India]]

Rajya Sabha

2026-07-27T06:51:34Z

SuperAdmin:

{{About|the upper house of the Parliament of India|other uses|Lok Sabha}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Rajya Sabha
| legislature = [[18th Rajya Sabha]]
| logo = Rajya_Sabha.png
| logo_caption = Emblem of the Rajya Sabha
| house_type = Upper house
| body = [[Parliament of India]]
| term_limits = No fixed term; one-third of members retire every two years
| leader1_type = [[Chairman of the Rajya Sabha|Chairman]]
| leader1 = [[Vice President of India]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha|Deputy Chairman]]
| leader2 = [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
| leader3_type = [[Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of the House]]
| leader3 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| leader4_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader4 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| members = 245
| structure1_type = Elected members
| structure1 = 233
| structure2_type = Nominated members
| structure2 = 12
| political_groups =
| elections = Indirect election by elected members of state and territorial legislatures; presidential nomination of 12 members
| last_election = 2024
| next_election = 2026
| meeting_place = [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]], New Delhi
| website =
}}

'''The Rajya Sabha''' (meaning "Council of States") is the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]. It represents the states and union territories of India and also includes members nominated by the [[President of India]] for their contributions to fields such as literature, science, art and social service.

The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and is not subject to dissolution. Members normally serve six-year terms, with approximately one-third of the members retiring every two years.

== History ==

The Constitution of India provides for a bicameral Parliament consisting of the [[Lok Sabha]] and the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha was constituted in 1952 following the adoption of the Constitution.

The first sitting of the Rajya Sabha was held on 13 May 1952.

The Vice President of India serves as the ex officio [[Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]].

== Composition ==

The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members under the Constitution, including up to 238 representatives of the states and union territories and 12 members nominated by the President.

As of the current composition, the House has 245 seats:

* 233 elected members
* 12 nominated members

Members representing states are elected by the elected members of the respective State Legislative Assemblies using proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

== Term ==

The Rajya Sabha is a permanent chamber and cannot be dissolved.

A member of the Rajya Sabha normally serves a six-year term. One-third of the members retire every two years.

A person must meet the constitutional and statutory requirements for membership of the Rajya Sabha, including being at least 30 years old.

== Powers and functions ==

The Rajya Sabha participates in the legislative process of Parliament and considers bills passed by the Lok Sabha.

Money Bills have special constitutional rules: the Rajya Sabha cannot reject or amend a Money Bill and must return it to the Lok Sabha within 14 days with recommendations.

The Rajya Sabha also has certain special powers relating to the states. Under Article 249 of the Constitution, it can authorize Parliament to legislate on a matter in the State List in the national interest if the required special majority is obtained.

== Leadership ==

The [[Vice President of India]] is the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

The Deputy Chairman is elected by the members of the Rajya Sabha from among themselves.

The House also has a Leader of the House and a Leader of the Opposition.

== Elections ==

Rajya Sabha members representing states are indirectly elected by elected members of State Legislative Assemblies.

The election uses proportional representation through the single transferable vote system.

Twelve members are nominated by the President of India from among people with special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art and social service.

== Committees ==

The Rajya Sabha operates through a number of parliamentary committees. These committees examine legislation, government policies, expenditure and other matters referred to them.

Important committees include:

* Business Advisory Committee
* Committee on Government Assurances
* Committee on Petitions
* Committee on Privileges
* Committee on Rules
* Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees
* Public Accounts Committee

== See also ==

* [[Parliament of India]]
* [[Lok Sabha]]
* [[President of India]]
* [[Vice President of India]]
* [[Parliament House]]
* [[List of members of the Rajya Sabha]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Legislatures of India]]

Rajya Sabha

2026-07-27T06:45:01Z

SuperAdmin:

{{About|the upper house of the Parliament of India|other uses|Lok Sabha}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Rajya Sabha
| legislature = [[18th Rajya Sabha]]
| logo = Rajya Sabha.png
| logo_caption = Emblem of the Rajya Sabha
| house_type = Upper house
| body = [[Parliament of India]]
| term_limits = No fixed term; one-third of members retire every two years
| leader1_type = [[Chairman of the Rajya Sabha|Chairman]]
| leader1 = [[Vice President of India]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha|Deputy Chairman]]
| leader2 = [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
| leader3_type = [[Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of the House]]
| leader3 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| leader4_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader4 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| members = 245
| structure1_type = Elected members
| structure1 = 233
| structure2_type = Nominated members
| structure2 = 12
| political_groups =
| elections = Indirect election by elected members of state and territorial legislatures; presidential nomination of 12 members
| last_election = 2024
| next_election = 2026
| meeting_place = [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]], New Delhi
| website =
}}

'''The Rajya Sabha''' (meaning "Council of States") is the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]. It represents the states and union territories of India and also includes members nominated by the [[President of India]] for their contributions to fields such as literature, science, art and social service.

The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and is not subject to dissolution. Members normally serve six-year terms, with approximately one-third of the members retiring every two years.

== History ==

The Constitution of India provides for a bicameral Parliament consisting of the [[Lok Sabha]] and the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha was constituted in 1952 following the adoption of the Constitution.

The first sitting of the Rajya Sabha was held on 13 May 1952.

The Vice President of India serves as the ex officio [[Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]].

== Composition ==

The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members under the Constitution, including up to 238 representatives of the states and union territories and 12 members nominated by the President.

As of the current composition, the House has 245 seats:

* 233 elected members
* 12 nominated members

Members representing states are elected by the elected members of the respective State Legislative Assemblies using proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

== Term ==

The Rajya Sabha is a permanent chamber and cannot be dissolved.

A member of the Rajya Sabha normally serves a six-year term. One-third of the members retire every two years.

A person must meet the constitutional and statutory requirements for membership of the Rajya Sabha, including being at least 30 years old.

== Powers and functions ==

The Rajya Sabha participates in the legislative process of Parliament and considers bills passed by the Lok Sabha.

Money Bills have special constitutional rules: the Rajya Sabha cannot reject or amend a Money Bill and must return it to the Lok Sabha within 14 days with recommendations.

The Rajya Sabha also has certain special powers relating to the states. Under Article 249 of the Constitution, it can authorize Parliament to legislate on a matter in the State List in the national interest if the required special majority is obtained.

== Leadership ==

The [[Vice President of India]] is the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

The Deputy Chairman is elected by the members of the Rajya Sabha from among themselves.

The House also has a Leader of the House and a Leader of the Opposition.

== Elections ==

Rajya Sabha members representing states are indirectly elected by elected members of State Legislative Assemblies.

The election uses proportional representation through the single transferable vote system.

Twelve members are nominated by the President of India from among people with special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art and social service.

== Committees ==

The Rajya Sabha operates through a number of parliamentary committees. These committees examine legislation, government policies, expenditure and other matters referred to them.

Important committees include:

* Business Advisory Committee
* Committee on Government Assurances
* Committee on Petitions
* Committee on Privileges
* Committee on Rules
* Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees
* Public Accounts Committee

== See also ==

* [[Parliament of India]]
* [[Lok Sabha]]
* [[President of India]]
* [[Vice President of India]]
* [[Parliament House]]
* [[List of members of the Rajya Sabha]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Legislatures of India]]

File:Rajya Sabha.png

2026-07-27T06:44:37Z

SuperAdmin:

Lok Sabha

2026-07-27T06:44:21Z

SuperAdmin:

{{Short description|Lower house of the Parliament of India}}
{{About||the upper house|Rajya Sabha|current list of Lok Sabha members|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Lok Sabha
| legislature = [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| logo = Lok Sabha.png
| logo_caption =Emblem of the Lok Sabha
| house_type = Lower house
| body = Parliament of India
| term_limits = Maximum 5 years
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[Om Birla]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = 17 June 2019
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 = 23 June 2019
| leader3_type = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br>([[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Leader of the House]])
| leader3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = 26 May 2014
| leader8_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader8 = [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| party8 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election8 = 9 June 2024
| leader9_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha#List of deputy leaders of the opposition in Lok Sabha|Deputy Leader of Opposition]]
| leader9 =
| party9 =
| election9 =
| leader10_type = [[Secretary General of the Lok Sabha|Secretary General]]
| leader10 = [[Utpal Kumar Singh]]
| party10 =
| election10 = 30 November 2020
| seats = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|'''543''']]
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:18th Lok Sabha Party-wise 2026.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:LokSabhaAllianceWise2026.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| structure1_alt = Lok Sabha
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Third Modi ministry|Government]] (292)'''
{{Party legend|National Democratic Alliance|292}}
* {{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|240}}
* {{Party legend|Telugu Desam Party|16}}
* {{Party legend|Janata Dal (United)|12}}
* {{Party legend|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|7}}
* {{Party legend|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|5}}
* {{Party legend|Janata Dal (Secular)|2}}
* {{Party legend|Janasena Party|2}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Lok Dal|2}}
* {{Party legend|Apna Dal (Sonelal)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Asom Gana Parishad|1}}
* {{Party legend|All Jharkhand Students Union|1}}
* {{Party legend|Hindustani Awam Morcha|1}}
* {{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|1}}
'''[[Official Opposition]] (210)'''<br />
{{Party legend|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|210}}
* {{Party legend|Indian National Congress|100}}{{efn|
* {{Party legend|Indian National Congress|98}}<br />
* {{Party legend|Independent|2|shortname=IND}}}}
* {{Party legend|Samajwadi Party|37}}
* {{Party legend|All India Trinamool Congress|28}}
* {{Party legend|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|9}}
* {{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar|8}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|4}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Janata Dal|4}}
* {{Party legend|Indian Union Muslim League|3}}
* {{Party legend|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|3}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India|2}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|2}}
* {{Party legend|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|2}}
* {{Party legend|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|2}}
* {{Party legend|Bharat Adivasi Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Kerala Congress|1}}
* {{Party legend|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|1}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Independent |1|shortname=IND}}
'''{{Party legend|Other Opposition|38}}'''
* {{Party legend|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|22}}
* {{Party legend|YSR Congress Party|4}}
* {{Party legend|Aam Aadmi Party|3}}
* {{Party legend|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)|2|shortname=AD(WPD)}}
* {{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|1}}
* {{Party legend|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Shiromani Akali Dal|1}}
* {{Party legend|United People's Party Liberal|1}}
* {{Party legend|Zoram People's Movement|1}}
* {{Party legend|Independent|2|shortname=IND}}
{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|3}}
| term_length = 5 years
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting]]
| first_election1 = [[1951–52 Indian general election|25 October 1951 – 21 February 1952]]
| last_election1 = [[2024 Indian general election|19 April – 1 June 2024]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Indian general election|By April 2029]]
| session_room = File:View of Lok Sabha chamber in the New Parliament building, New Delhi.jpg
| session_res = 300px
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Lok Sabha Chamber, [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]],<br />118, Rafi Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India – 110001<br />{{Coord|28|37|3|N|77|12|30|E|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=title, inline}}
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
| rules = [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2495198/1/Rules_of_Procedures_E_2019_16th_edition.pdf The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha] (English)
| website = {{URL|https://sansad.in/ls}}
|background_color = #2E8B57
}}

The '''Lok Sabha''', also known as the '''House of the People''', is the [[lower house]] of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of India]], where the [[upper house]] is [[Rajya Sabha]]. [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of the Lok Sabha]] are elected by an adult [[universal suffrage]] and a [[first-past-the-post]] system to represent their respective [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]], and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the [[president of India]] on the advice of the [[Union Council of Ministers|union council of ministers]]. The house meets in the Lok Sabha chamber of the [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] in [[New Delhi]].

The maximum membership of the house as allotted by the [[Constitution of India]] is 552 before the abolition of Anglo-Indian seats, currently it is 550.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/ls.htm|access-date=12 February 2022|work=[[Lok Sabha]]|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531211047/https://loksabha.nic.in/ls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2025, the house has 543 elected members. Between 1952 and 2020, [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|two additional members]] of the [[Anglo-Indian]] community were nominated by the president of India on the advice of the [[Government of India|Indian government]], and the practice was abolished in January 2020 by the [[One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|104th amendment]] to the Indian constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|work=Live law|access-date=25 January 2020|date=23 January 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112184618/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution (One hundred and fourth amendment) Act, 2019 |date=21 January 2020|url=https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/consti.104amend.pdf | work=The Gazette of India Extraordinary |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The new parliament has a maximum seating capacity for 888 members in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shankar|first1=B.L.|title=The Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha|date=13 January 2011|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.003.0008|series=The Indian Parliament|pages=292–328|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=12 February 2022|last2=Rodrigues|first2=Valerian|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.003.0008|isbn=978-0-19-806772-6|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413234845/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.001.0001/acprof-9780198067726-chapter-8|url-status=live}}</ref>

About 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of [[scheduled castes]] (84) and [[scheduled tribes]] (47). The [[quorum]] for the House is 10% of the total membership the house. Unless dissolved sooner, the house continues to operate for five years from the date of its first meeting. However, when a [[States of emergency in India|state of emergency in India]] is declared, this period may be extended by the parliament of India by law or decree.<ref name="Parliament of India: Lok Sabha">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|title=Parliament of India: Lok Sabha|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601044824/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|archive-date=1 June 2015|work=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|title=Part V—The Union. Article 83.|page=40|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> The [[18th Lok Sabha]] is the latest to be elected in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-at-evening-meet-pm-modi-to-chalk-out-action-plan-for-next-few-days-2042484|title=PM Modi's New Cabinet Could See Prestige Posts For Smriti Irani, Bengal|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524113003/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-at-evening-meet-pm-modi-to-chalk-out-action-plan-for-next-few-days-2042484|url-status=live}}</ref> The Lok Sabha proceedings are televised live on [[Sansad TV]], operating from within the parliament premises.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sansadtv.nic.in/|title=Sansad TV Live|work=[[Sansad TV]]|access-date=24 June 2023|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624134859/https://sansadtv.nic.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

An exercise to redraw the boundaries of the Lok Sabha constituencies is carried out by the [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation commission]]. It is carried out every decade based on the [[census of India]], the last of which was conducted in [[2011 Census of India|2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/807644/a-decade-from-now-three-states-will-contribute-a-third-of-lok-sabha-mps|title=A decade from now, three states will contribute a third of Lok Sabha MPs|date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508112100/http://scroll.in/article/807644/a-decade-from-now-three-states-will-contribute-a-third-of-lok-sabha-mps|archive-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> This provision was temporarily suspended between 1976 and 2001 following a [[Constitution of India#Amendments|constitutional amendment]] to incentivize the family planning program which was being implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectoralSystem/electoral_system.asp|title=Electoral system|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105005609/http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectoralSystem/electoral_system.asp|archive-date=5 January 2007}}</ref> The elections for the seats are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India|election commission]].

== History ==
A major portion of the [[Indian subcontinent]] was under [[British Raj|British rule]] from 1858 to 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=4|title=Indian Freedom Struggle (1857–1947) – Culture and Heritage – Know India: National Portal of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722223343/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=4|archive-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> During this period, the office of the [[Secretary of State for India]] (along with the [[Council of India]]) was the authority through whom [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent, and the office of [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] was created, along with an Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of the British government. The [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The [[Indian Councils Act 1892]] established legislatures in each of the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provinces of British India]] and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power remained limited, and the electorate very small. The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] admitted some [[Indian people|Indians]] to the various councils. The [[Government of India Act 1919]] further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, creating the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], for which [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House, New Delhi]], was built and opened in 1927.<ref>''The Journal of Parliamentary Information'', Volume 46 (2000), pg. 400</ref>

The [[Government of India Act 1935]] introduced provincial autonomy and proposed a federal structure in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/government-india-act-1935|title=Government of India Act of 1935 – Dictionary definition of Government of India Act of 1935 |website=encyclopedia.com|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143840/https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/government-india-act-1935|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947, divided British India (which did not include the [[Princely state]]s) into two newly independent countries, India and Pakistan, which were to be [[dominion]]s under [[the Crown]] until they had each enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form, which now included all the princely states which had not [[Princely states of Pakistan|acceded to Pakistan]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

According to ''[[Article 74 of the Constitution of India|Article 79]] (Part V-The Union.)'' of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States ([[Rajya Sabha]]) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 79. p. 38] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref>

The Lok Sabha (House of the People) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952.<ref>{{cite web|website=The Indian Express|title=How India pulled off its first general election|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/india-first-general-election-nehru-9265134/|access-date=14 April 2024|date=12 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>

{{clear}}
=== List ===
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Formation of Lok Sabha over time<ref>{{cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Cabinet approves dissolution of the Sixteenth Lok Sabha |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1572570 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2019 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Cabinet approves Summoning of Parliament after General Election, 2019 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1573018 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2024 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Press Communique |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2022888 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: First Session of 18th Lok Sabha to be Held from 24th June to 3rd July, 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2024630 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
! Lok Sabha
! Commencement Date
! Dissolution Date
! Duration
!Prime Minister
!Deputy Prime Minister
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]
|13 May 1952
|4 April 1957
|{{Age in years, months and days|1952|5|13|1957|4|4}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| rowspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]
|10 May 1957
|31 March 1962
|{{Age in years, months and days|1957|5|10|1962|3|31}}
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]
|16 April 1962
|3 March 1967
|{{Age in years, months and days|1962|4|16|1967|3|3}}
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]
|16 March 1967
|27 December 1970
|{{Age in years, months and days|1967|3|16|1970|12|27}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Indira Gandhi]]
|[[Morarji Desai|Moraji Desai]] (till 1969)
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]
|19 March 1971
|18 January 1977
|{{Age in years, months and days|1971|3|19|1977|1|18}}
|''Vacant''
|-
|[[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]
|25 March 1977
|22 August 1979
|{{Age in years, months and days|1977|3|25|1979|8|22}}
|[[Morarji Desai]] and [[Charan Singh]]
|[[Charan Singh]], [[Jagjivan Ram]] and [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|[[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]
|21 January 1980
|31 December 1984
|{{Age in years, months and days|1980|1|21|1984|12|31}}
|[[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| rowspan="2" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]
|15 January 1985
|27 November 1989
|{{Age in years, months and days|1985|1|15|1989|11|27}}
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
|[[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]
|18 December 1989
|13 March 1991
|{{Age in years, months and days|1989|12|18|1991|3|13}}
|[[V. P. Singh]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|[[Devi Lal]]
|-
|[[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]
|9 July 1991
|10 May 1996
|{{Age in years, months and days|1991|7|9|1996|5|10}}
|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| rowspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]
|22 May 1996
|4 December 1997
|{{Age in years, months and days|1996|5|22|1997|12|4}}
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[I. K. Gujral]]
|-
|[[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]
|23 March 1998
|26 April 1999
|{{Age in years, months and days|1998|3|23|1999|4|26}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|[[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]
|20 October 1999
|6 February 2004
|{{Age in years, months and days|1999|10|20|2004|2|6}}
|[[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]
|2 June 2004
|18 May 2009
|{{Age in years, months and days|2004|6|2|2009|5|18}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Manmohan Singh]]
| rowspan="5" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]
|1 June 2009
|18 May 2014
|{{Age in years, months and days|2009|6|1|2014|5|18}}
|-
|[[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]
|4 June 2014
|24 May 2019
|{{Age in years, months and days|2014|6|4|2019|5|24}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]
|17 June 2019
|5 June 2024
|{{Age in years, months and days|2019|6|17|2024|6|5}}
|-
|'''[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]'''
|'''24 June 2024'''
|'''present'''
|'''{{Age in years, months and days|2024|6|24}}'''
|}

== Qualifications ==
{{See also|Election Commission of India}}

''Article 84'' (under Part V. – The Union)<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 81. p. 41] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha, which are as follows:
# They should be a citizen of India, and must subscribe before the [[Election Commission of India]], an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the [[Third Schedule]] of the [[Indian Constitution]].
# They should not be less than 25 years of age.
# They possess other such qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].
# They should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict, a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law; and
# They should have their name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country.

However, a member can be disqualified from being a member of Parliament:
# If they hold the office of profit;
# If they are of unsound mind and stand so declared by a competent court
# If they are an undischarged insolvent;
# If they are not a citizen of India, or have voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or are under any acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
# If they are violating party discipline (as per the Tenth Schedule of the constitution); disqualified under [[Representation of the People Act (India)|Representation of People Act]].
A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances (during the normal functioning of the House):
# When the holder of the seat, by writing to the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|speaker]], resigns.
# When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, without prior permission of the Speaker.
# When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament.
# A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the 'Anti-Defection Law'.
Furthermore, as per ''article 101'' (Part V.—The Union)<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 81. pp. 46, 47] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> of the Indian Constitution, a person cannot be:
# A member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other.
# A member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State.

=== System of elections in Lok Sabha ===
Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, based on [[universal suffrage]]. Elections are by the people directly to the Lok Sabha and each state is divided into territorial constituencies under two provisions of the Constitution:
# Each state is allotted several seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population was as close to uniform as possible. This provision does not apply to states having a population of less than 6 million. The number of seats per state has been frozen under the constitutional amendment of 1976.
# Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituency]] and the number of seats allotted to it (in each case, one) remain the same throughout the state. This principle is upheld by the boundary reviews mentioned above.

Notes:
#The expression "population" while distributing seats among states refers to the population ascertained at the [[Census of India|census]] of 1971, per the Constitutional Amendment of 1976.<ref name="indiagov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|title=The Constitution of India|website=india.gov.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328123059/https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2021}}</ref>
#The expression "population" while distributing constituencies within a state refers to the population ascertained at the census of 2011.<ref name="indiagov" />

== Powers ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.

*[[Motion of no confidence|Motions of no confidence]] against the [[Government of India|government]] can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Council of Ministers of India|Council of Ministers]] resign collectively. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion and hence has no real power over the executive. This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha, not to the Rajya Sabha.
*[[Money bill]]s can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the [[Rajya Sabha]], where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days. If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha, or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House, or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha, the bill is considered passed. The [[Economy of India|budget]] is presented in the Lok Sabha by the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] in the name of the President of India.
*In matters about non-financial (ordinary) bills, after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha), it is sent to the other house, where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months. If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House, or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house, it results in a deadlock. This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses, presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a [[Plurality (voting)|simple majority]]. Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard, in reality, it is the Lok Sabha's opinions that mostly prevail—due to its bigger numerical strength.
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any [[Constitution of India#Amendments|Bill for Constitutional Amendment]] (by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the [[President of India#Impeachment|impeachment of the President]] (by two-thirds of the membership of the House).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in the impeachment process (initiating and passing a motion for the removal) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts (by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting), who then can be removed by the President of India.
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency (by two-thirds majority) or constitutional emergency (by simple majority) in a state.
*If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a [[National Emergency in India|National Emergency]], the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament. It cannot be dissolved. This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha. But there is a possibility that the president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six-month if the said proclamation ceases to operate.

In conclusion, the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters. Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing, the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength. This is typical of parliamentary democracies, many of which have a lower house that is more powerful than the upper.

== Procedure ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}

=== Procedure in the House ===
The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha. The items of business, a notice of which is received from the Ministers/ Private Members and admitted by the Speaker, are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance.

=== Sessions ===
The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the President to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six-month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year. But, three sessions of Lok Sabha are held in a year:
*Budget session: February to May.
*Monsoon session: July to September.
*Winter session: November to mid-December.

When in session, Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 p.m. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays.

=== Question Hour ===
The first hour of every sitting is called [[Question Hour]]. Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members, and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres. Every minister whose turn it is to answer questions has to stand up and answer for his department's acts of omission or commission.

Questions are of three types—Starred, Unstarred, and Short Notice. A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark. An unstarred question is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked. An answer to such a question is given in writing. A minimum period of notice for starred/unstarred questions is 10 clear days. If the questions given notice are admitted by the Speaker, they are listed and printed for an answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains.

The normal period of notice does not apply to short-notice questions that relate to matters of urgent public importance. However, a short-notice question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice. A short-notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour, popularly known as Zero Hour.

=== Zero Hour ===
The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as "Zero Hour". It starts at around noon (hence the name) and members can, with prior notice to the Speaker, raise issues of importance during this time. Typically, discussions on important Bills, the Budget, and other issues of national importance take place from 2 p.m. onwards.

=== Business after Question Hour ===
After the Question Hour, the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day. These may consist of one or more of the following: Adjournment Motions, Questions involving breaches of Privileges, Papers to be laid on the Table, Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha, Intimations regarding President's assent to Bills, Calling Attention Notices, Matters under Rule 377, Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee, Presentation of Petitions, miscellaneous statements by Ministers, Motions regarding elections to Committees, Bills to be withdrawn or introduced.

=== Main business ===
The main business of the day may be consideration of a bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion.

==== Legislative business ====
Legislative proposals in the form of a bill can be brought forward either by a minister or by an individual member. In the former case, it is known as a government bill and in the latter case, it is known as a private members' bill. Every bill passes through three stages—each called readings—before it is passed. To become law it must be passed by both the houses of Parliament, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and then assented to by the president.

==== Financial business ====
The presentation, discussion of, and voting on the annual general and railways budgets—followed by the passing of the appropriations Bill and the finance bill—is a long, drawn-out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its budget session every year.

==== Motions and resolutions ====
Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions. Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by the government or by individual members. The government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the house on an important matter of policy or a grave situation. Similarly, an individual member may move a resolution or motion to draw the attention of the house and the government to a particular problem. The last two and half hours of sitting every Friday are generally allotted for the transaction of individual members' business. While private members' bills are taken up on one Friday, private members' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday, and so on.

=== Parliamentary committees ===
Most of the business of drafting a bill or amendments is initially discussed and debated in the parliamentary committees. Since the time for legislation is limited, the work of all departments of the government and any special focus tasks are delegated to the committees, wherein the committees shall prepare the initial draft of the bill/amendment for consideration by both the houses. They consist of members of both houses.

There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature:-
* Parliament Standing Committees (PSC) – Permanent in nature, reconstituted from time to time with every new election.
** Department based
** Others
* Ad hoc committees – Created for a specific purpose and ceases to exist when that purpose is achieved.

=== Half-an-Hour discussion ===
A half-an-hour discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the [[Table of the House]] and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. Usually, the half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays only. In one session, a member is allowed to raise not more than two half-hour discussions. During the discussion, the member, who has given notice, makes a short statement, and not more than four members, who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places on the ballot, are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the minister makes replies. There is no formal motion before the house nor voting.

=== Discussion on matters of urgent public importance ===
Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker. Such discussions may take place two days a week. No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion.

=== Debate in the House ===
After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken, other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them. Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the chair. A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided to employ a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member.

==== Division ====
A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained. Normally, when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying "Aye" or "No" from their seats. The chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House. If a member challenges the decision, the chair orders that the lobbies be cleared. Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes. Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides. After the bell stops, all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over. Then the chair puts the question for a second time and declares whether in its opinion the "Ayes" or the "Noes", have it. If the opinion so declared is again challenged, the chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment.

=== Automatic vote recording system ===
With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes, the [[Secretary-General]] of the Lok Sabha presses the button of a keyboard. Then a gong sounds, serving as a signal to members for casting their votes. To vote, each member present in the chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of the three pushbuttons fixed in their seat. The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds. There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker's chair in the chamber. Each vote cast by a member is flashed here. Immediately after the votes are cast, they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the result indicator boards installed in the railings of the Speakers and diplomatic galleries.

Divisions are normally held with the aid of automatic vote recording equipment. Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of the relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. In the Lok Sabha, divisions may be held either by the distribution of 'Aye'/'No' and 'Abstention' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies. There is an indicator board in the machine room showing the name of each member. The result of the division and vote cast by each member with the aid of automatic vote recording equipment also appear on this board and immediately a photograph of the indicator board is taken. Later the photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted 'Ayes' and for 'Noes' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha debates.

=== Publication of debates ===
Three versions of Lok Sabha debates are prepared: the Hindi version, the English version, and the original version. Only the Hindi and English versions are printed. The original version, in cyclostyled form, is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference. The Hindi version contains proceedings (all questions asked and answers are given thereto and speeches made) in Hindi and verbatim Hindi translation of proceedings in English or regional languages. The English version contains proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings take place in Hindi or any regional language. The original version, however, contains proceedings in Hindi or English as they actually took place in the House and also the English/Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages.

If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses, a [[Joint session|joint sitting]] is held to resolve the differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha.

== Officers of Lok Sabha ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2022}}
;Speaker and Deputy Speaker
As per ''Article 93'' of the Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a [[Speaker of Lok Sabha|Speaker]] and a [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]. In the Lok Sabha, both presiding officers — the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker — are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected Speaker; the Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House. But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India. As per ''Article 94'' of the Indian Constitution, a Speaker or a Deputy Speaker should vacate their office, a) if they cease to be a member of the House of the People, b) they resign, or c) is removed from office by a resolution of the House passed by a majority.

The Speaker of Lok Sabha is both a member of the House and its Presiding Officer. The Speaker conducts the business in the House. They decide whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. They permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, [[Adjournment debate|motion of adjournment]], [[motion of censure]] and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure. Following the 52nd Constitution amendment, the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection. The Speaker makes obituary references in the House, formal references to important national and international events, and the valedictory address after every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires. Though a member of the House, the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision. To date, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote. While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence/resignation/removal, the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose. The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Secretariat/JRC.aspx|title=Lok Sabha|publisher=Lok Sabha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530124125/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Secretariat/JRC.aspx|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Shri [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar|G. V. Mavalankar]] was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952 – 27 February 1956) and Shri [[M. A. Ayyangar|M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]] was the first Deputy Speaker (30 May 1952 – 7 March 1956). In the 17th Lok Sabha, [[Om Birla]] is the current Speaker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|title=Om Birla unanimously elected Lok Sabha Speaker, PM Modi heaps praises on BJP colleague|newspaper=India Today|access-date=27 June 2019|date=19 June 2019|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620082200/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Secretariat
The Secretariat of Lok Sabha was set up according to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. The said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat of Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rss_recruitment/rssecretariat.asp|title=Secretariat- as in Constitution|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604121830/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rss_recruitment/rssecretariat.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Lok Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Speaker. The main activities of the Secretariat ''[[inter alia]]'' include the following:

(i) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) possible to Members of Lok Sabha; (ii) providing amenities as admissible to Members of Lok Sabha; (iii) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees; (iv) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications; (v) recruitment of manpower in the Lok Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; & (vi) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Lok Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Lok Sabha and its Committees, among other things.

In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Secretariat/Functioning.aspx|title=Set-up of the Secretariat|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514021655/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Secretariat/Functioning.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Since November 2020, the Secretary-General of Lok Sabha is Utpal Kumar Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |title=Senior IAS Officer Utpal Kumar Singh Appointed Lok Sabha Secretary General |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ias-officer-utpal-kumar-singh-appointed-lok-sabha-secretary-general-2332131 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=NDTV |date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127060646/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ias-officer-utpal-kumar-singh-appointed-lok-sabha-secretary-general-2332131 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Lok Sabha general elections ==
{{main|List of Indian general elections}}
Each Lok Sabha is constituted after a [[Elections in India|general election]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Lok Sabha || General Election
|-
| [[1st Lok Sabha]] || [[1951–52 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[2nd Lok Sabha]] || [[1957 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[3rd Lok Sabha]] || [[1962 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[4th Lok Sabha]] || [[1967 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[5th Lok Sabha]] || [[1971 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha]] || [[1977 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha]] || [[1980 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[8th Lok Sabha]] || [[1984 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha]] || [[1989 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha]] || [[1991 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha]] || [[1996 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha]] || [[1998 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha]] || [[1999 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha]] || [[2004 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha]] || [[2009 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha]] || [[2014 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha]] || [[2019 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[18th Lok Sabha]] || [[2024 Indian general election]]
|}

== Statewise representation ==

{{Main|List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha}}

As of 26 January 2020, the Lok Sabha is composed of 543 members
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/StatewiseList.aspx | title=Members : Lok Sabha | access-date=25 December 2019 | archive-date=13 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113143601/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/StatewiseList.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> made up of up to 524 members representing the people of [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] and 19 members representing people of [[Union territory|8 Union territories]] based on their population. While maximum seats can now go up to 550 even though maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the [[Constitution of India]], at its commencement, was 552 members because after The Constitution (One Hundred and Fourth Amendment) Act, 2019, Article 334 (b) of the Constitution of India was maintained at seventy years. See the table below for details:
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!State/ UT*
!| Seats<ref name="composition">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|title=Lok Sabha Introduction|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India|access-date=22 September 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201063345/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Andhra Pradesh#General (Lok Sabha) elections|Andhra Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 25
|-
| [[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Arunachal Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Assam#Lok Sabha Elections|Assam]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 14
|-
| [[Elections in Bihar#Lok Sabha Elections|Bihar]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 40
|-
| [[Chandigarh]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Chhattisgarh#Lok Sabha elections|Chhattisgarh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 11
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Delhi#Lok Sabha elections|Delhi]] (NCT)*|| style="text-align:center;" | 7
|-
| [[Elections in Goa#Lok Sabha Elections|Goa]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Gujarat#Lok Sabha elections|Gujarat]] || style="text-align:center;" | 26
|-
| [[Elections in Haryana#Lok Sabha elections|Haryana]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 10
|-
| [[Elections in Himachal Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Himachal Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 4
|-
| [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir#Lok Sabha elections|Jammu and Kashmir]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 5
|-
| [[Elections in Jharkhand#Lok Sabha elections|Jharkhand]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 14
|-
| [[Elections in Karnataka#Lok Sabha elections|Karnataka]] || style="text-align:center;" | 28
|-
| [[Elections in Kerala#Loksabha elections|Kerala]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 20
|-
| [[Ladakh]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Madhya Pradesh#Lok Sabha Elections|Madhya Pradesh]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 29
|-
| [[Elections in Maharashtra#Lok Sabha elections|Maharashtra]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 48
|-
| [[Elections in Manipur#Lok Sabha elections|Manipur]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Meghalaya#Lok Sabha elections|Meghalaya]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Mizoram#Lok Sabha elections|Mizoram]] || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Nagaland#Lok Sabha elections|Nagaland]] || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Odisha#Lok Sabha Elections|Odisha]] || style="text-align:center;" | 21
|-
| [[Elections in Puducherry#Lok Sabha elections|Puducherry]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Punjab, India#Lok Sabha elections|Punjab]] || style="text-align:center;" | 13
|-
| [[Elections in Rajasthan#Lok Sabha elections|Rajasthan]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 25
|-
| [[Elections in Sikkim#Loksabha Election|Sikkim]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Tamil Nadu#Lok Sabha elections|Tamil Nadu]] || style="text-align:center;" | 39
|-
| [[Elections in Telangana#Lok Sabha elections|Telangana]] || style="text-align:center;" | 17
|-
| [[Elections in Tripura#Lok Sabha elections|Tripura]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Uttarakhand#Lok Sabha elections|Uttarakhand]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 5
|-
| [[Elections in Uttar Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Uttar Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 80
|-
| [[Elections in West Bengal#Lok Sabha elections|West Bengal]] || style="text-align:center;" | 42
|-
|'''Total''' ||style="text-align:center;" | '''543'''
|}

== Membership by party ==
{{Main|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}
No. of Lok Sabha MP's party-wise:{{Updated|28 March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! colspan="2" | Party
! No. of MPs
! Leader of the Party
|-
| rowspan="14" bgcolor="{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| rowspan="14" | '''Government'''<br />'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''<br />Seats: '''292'''
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 240
| [[Narendra Modi]]<br><small>''([[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Leader of the House]])''</small>
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
| 16
| [[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|shortname=JD(U)}}
| 12
| [[Dileshwar Kamait]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|shortname=SHS}}
| 7
| [[Shrikant Shinde]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| 5
| [[Chirag Paswan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| 2
| [[M. Mallesh Babu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janasena Party}}
| 2
| [[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| 2
| [[Rajkumar Sangwan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
| 1
| [[Anupriya Patel]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 1
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
| 1
| [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| 1
| [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party }}
| 1
| [[Sunil Tatkare]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| 1
| [[Indra Hang Subba]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress|rowspan=19}}
| rowspan="19" |'''[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]'''<br />Seats: '''210'''
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 98
| [[Rahul Gandhi]]<br><small>''([[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]])''</small>
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| 37
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| 28
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| 9
| [[Arvind Sawant]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
| 8
| [[Supriya Sule]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 4
| [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4
| [[Abhay Kumar Sinha]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 3
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| 3
| [[Joba Majhi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| 2
| [[K. Subbarayan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| 2
| [[Raja Ram Singh]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| 2
| [[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi|Mian Altaf Ahmed]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| 2
| [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
| 1
| [[Rajkumar Roat]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress}}
| 1
| [[Francis George (politician)|Francis George]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 1
| [[Durai Vaiko]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
| 1
| [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| 1
| [[N. K. Premachandran]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| 3
|
* [[Pappu Yadav]]
* [[Mohmad Haneefa]]
* [[Vishal Patil]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Others|rowspan=11}}
| rowspan="11" |'''Unaligned'''<br/>Seats: '''38'''
| {{Party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 22
| [[T. R. Baalu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
| 4
| [[P. V. Midhun Reddy]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| 3
| [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}}
| 2
| [[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| 1
| [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
| 1
| [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| 1
| [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 1
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
| 1
| [[Richard Vanlalhmangaiha]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party|shortname=JKAIP}}
| 1
| [[Sheikh Abdul Rashid]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| 1
| [[Umeshbhai Patel]]
|-
| colspan="4" |''Vacant''
| 3
|
* [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
* [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
* [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
! 543
!
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
*[[Parliament of India]]
*[[Rajya Sabha]]

== Further reading ==

* Sen, Ronojoy (2022). ''House of the People: Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy''. Cambridge University Press.

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Lok Sabha}}
* [https://sansad.in/ls Lok Sabha website]
* [https://eci.gov.in/general-election/general-elections-2019/ General Elections 2019]

{{Lok Sabha}}
{{Parliament of India}}
{{Government of India}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{National lower houses}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:National lower houses|India]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]

Lok Sabha

2026-07-27T06:42:06Z

SuperAdmin:

{{Short description|Lower house of the Parliament of India}}
{{About||the upper house|Rajya Sabha|current list of Lok Sabha members|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Lok Sabha
| legislature = [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| logo = Lok Sabha.svg
| logo_caption =Emblem of the Lok Sabha
| house_type = Lower house
| body = Parliament of India
| term_limits = Maximum 5 years
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[Om Birla]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = 17 June 2019
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 = 23 June 2019
| leader3_type = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br>([[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Leader of the House]])
| leader3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = 26 May 2014
| leader8_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader8 = [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| party8 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election8 = 9 June 2024
| leader9_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha#List of deputy leaders of the opposition in Lok Sabha|Deputy Leader of Opposition]]
| leader9 =
| party9 =
| election9 =
| leader10_type = [[Secretary General of the Lok Sabha|Secretary General]]
| leader10 = [[Utpal Kumar Singh]]
| party10 =
| election10 = 30 November 2020
| seats = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|'''543''']]
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:18th Lok Sabha Party-wise 2026.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:LokSabhaAllianceWise2026.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| structure1_alt = Lok Sabha
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Third Modi ministry|Government]] (292)'''
{{Party legend|National Democratic Alliance|292}}
* {{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|240}}
* {{Party legend|Telugu Desam Party|16}}
* {{Party legend|Janata Dal (United)|12}}
* {{Party legend|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|7}}
* {{Party legend|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|5}}
* {{Party legend|Janata Dal (Secular)|2}}
* {{Party legend|Janasena Party|2}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Lok Dal|2}}
* {{Party legend|Apna Dal (Sonelal)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Asom Gana Parishad|1}}
* {{Party legend|All Jharkhand Students Union|1}}
* {{Party legend|Hindustani Awam Morcha|1}}
* {{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|1}}
'''[[Official Opposition]] (210)'''<br />
{{Party legend|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|210}}
* {{Party legend|Indian National Congress|100}}{{efn|
* {{Party legend|Indian National Congress|98}}<br />
* {{Party legend|Independent|2|shortname=IND}}}}
* {{Party legend|Samajwadi Party|37}}
* {{Party legend|All India Trinamool Congress|28}}
* {{Party legend|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|9}}
* {{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar|8}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|4}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Janata Dal|4}}
* {{Party legend|Indian Union Muslim League|3}}
* {{Party legend|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|3}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India|2}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|2}}
* {{Party legend|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|2}}
* {{Party legend|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|2}}
* {{Party legend|Bharat Adivasi Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Kerala Congress|1}}
* {{Party legend|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|1}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Independent |1|shortname=IND}}
'''{{Party legend|Other Opposition|38}}'''
* {{Party legend|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|22}}
* {{Party legend|YSR Congress Party|4}}
* {{Party legend|Aam Aadmi Party|3}}
* {{Party legend|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)|2|shortname=AD(WPD)}}
* {{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|1}}
* {{Party legend|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Shiromani Akali Dal|1}}
* {{Party legend|United People's Party Liberal|1}}
* {{Party legend|Zoram People's Movement|1}}
* {{Party legend|Independent|2|shortname=IND}}
{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|3}}
| term_length = 5 years
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting]]
| first_election1 = [[1951–52 Indian general election|25 October 1951 – 21 February 1952]]
| last_election1 = [[2024 Indian general election|19 April – 1 June 2024]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Indian general election|By April 2029]]
| session_room = File:View of Lok Sabha chamber in the New Parliament building, New Delhi.jpg
| session_res = 300px
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Lok Sabha Chamber, [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]],<br />118, Rafi Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India – 110001<br />{{Coord|28|37|3|N|77|12|30|E|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=title, inline}}
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
| rules = [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2495198/1/Rules_of_Procedures_E_2019_16th_edition.pdf The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha] (English)
| website = {{URL|https://sansad.in/ls}}
|background_color = #2E8B57
}}

The '''Lok Sabha''', also known as the '''House of the People''', is the [[lower house]] of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of India]], where the [[upper house]] is [[Rajya Sabha]]. [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of the Lok Sabha]] are elected by an adult [[universal suffrage]] and a [[first-past-the-post]] system to represent their respective [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]], and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the [[president of India]] on the advice of the [[Union Council of Ministers|union council of ministers]]. The house meets in the Lok Sabha chamber of the [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] in [[New Delhi]].

The maximum membership of the house as allotted by the [[Constitution of India]] is 552 before the abolition of Anglo-Indian seats, currently it is 550.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/ls.htm|access-date=12 February 2022|work=[[Lok Sabha]]|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531211047/https://loksabha.nic.in/ls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2025, the house has 543 elected members. Between 1952 and 2020, [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|two additional members]] of the [[Anglo-Indian]] community were nominated by the president of India on the advice of the [[Government of India|Indian government]], and the practice was abolished in January 2020 by the [[One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|104th amendment]] to the Indian constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|work=Live law|access-date=25 January 2020|date=23 January 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112184618/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution (One hundred and fourth amendment) Act, 2019 |date=21 January 2020|url=https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/consti.104amend.pdf | work=The Gazette of India Extraordinary |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The new parliament has a maximum seating capacity for 888 members in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shankar|first1=B.L.|title=The Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha|date=13 January 2011|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.003.0008|series=The Indian Parliament|pages=292–328|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=12 February 2022|last2=Rodrigues|first2=Valerian|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.003.0008|isbn=978-0-19-806772-6|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413234845/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.001.0001/acprof-9780198067726-chapter-8|url-status=live}}</ref>

About 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of [[scheduled castes]] (84) and [[scheduled tribes]] (47). The [[quorum]] for the House is 10% of the total membership the house. Unless dissolved sooner, the house continues to operate for five years from the date of its first meeting. However, when a [[States of emergency in India|state of emergency in India]] is declared, this period may be extended by the parliament of India by law or decree.<ref name="Parliament of India: Lok Sabha">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|title=Parliament of India: Lok Sabha|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601044824/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|archive-date=1 June 2015|work=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|title=Part V—The Union. Article 83.|page=40|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> The [[18th Lok Sabha]] is the latest to be elected in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-at-evening-meet-pm-modi-to-chalk-out-action-plan-for-next-few-days-2042484|title=PM Modi's New Cabinet Could See Prestige Posts For Smriti Irani, Bengal|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524113003/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-at-evening-meet-pm-modi-to-chalk-out-action-plan-for-next-few-days-2042484|url-status=live}}</ref> The Lok Sabha proceedings are televised live on [[Sansad TV]], operating from within the parliament premises.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sansadtv.nic.in/|title=Sansad TV Live|work=[[Sansad TV]]|access-date=24 June 2023|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624134859/https://sansadtv.nic.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

An exercise to redraw the boundaries of the Lok Sabha constituencies is carried out by the [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation commission]]. It is carried out every decade based on the [[census of India]], the last of which was conducted in [[2011 Census of India|2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/807644/a-decade-from-now-three-states-will-contribute-a-third-of-lok-sabha-mps|title=A decade from now, three states will contribute a third of Lok Sabha MPs|date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508112100/http://scroll.in/article/807644/a-decade-from-now-three-states-will-contribute-a-third-of-lok-sabha-mps|archive-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> This provision was temporarily suspended between 1976 and 2001 following a [[Constitution of India#Amendments|constitutional amendment]] to incentivize the family planning program which was being implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectoralSystem/electoral_system.asp|title=Electoral system|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105005609/http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectoralSystem/electoral_system.asp|archive-date=5 January 2007}}</ref> The elections for the seats are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India|election commission]].

== History ==
A major portion of the [[Indian subcontinent]] was under [[British Raj|British rule]] from 1858 to 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=4|title=Indian Freedom Struggle (1857–1947) – Culture and Heritage – Know India: National Portal of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722223343/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=4|archive-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> During this period, the office of the [[Secretary of State for India]] (along with the [[Council of India]]) was the authority through whom [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent, and the office of [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] was created, along with an Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of the British government. The [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The [[Indian Councils Act 1892]] established legislatures in each of the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provinces of British India]] and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power remained limited, and the electorate very small. The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] admitted some [[Indian people|Indians]] to the various councils. The [[Government of India Act 1919]] further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, creating the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], for which [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House, New Delhi]], was built and opened in 1927.<ref>''The Journal of Parliamentary Information'', Volume 46 (2000), pg. 400</ref>

The [[Government of India Act 1935]] introduced provincial autonomy and proposed a federal structure in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/government-india-act-1935|title=Government of India Act of 1935 – Dictionary definition of Government of India Act of 1935 |website=encyclopedia.com|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143840/https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/government-india-act-1935|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947, divided British India (which did not include the [[Princely state]]s) into two newly independent countries, India and Pakistan, which were to be [[dominion]]s under [[the Crown]] until they had each enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form, which now included all the princely states which had not [[Princely states of Pakistan|acceded to Pakistan]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

According to ''[[Article 74 of the Constitution of India|Article 79]] (Part V-The Union.)'' of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States ([[Rajya Sabha]]) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 79. p. 38] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref>

The Lok Sabha (House of the People) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952.<ref>{{cite web|website=The Indian Express|title=How India pulled off its first general election|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/india-first-general-election-nehru-9265134/|access-date=14 April 2024|date=12 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>

{{clear}}
=== List ===
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Formation of Lok Sabha over time<ref>{{cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Cabinet approves dissolution of the Sixteenth Lok Sabha |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1572570 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2019 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Cabinet approves Summoning of Parliament after General Election, 2019 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1573018 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2024 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Press Communique |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2022888 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: First Session of 18th Lok Sabha to be Held from 24th June to 3rd July, 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2024630 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
! Lok Sabha
! Commencement Date
! Dissolution Date
! Duration
!Prime Minister
!Deputy Prime Minister
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]
|13 May 1952
|4 April 1957
|{{Age in years, months and days|1952|5|13|1957|4|4}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| rowspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]
|10 May 1957
|31 March 1962
|{{Age in years, months and days|1957|5|10|1962|3|31}}
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]
|16 April 1962
|3 March 1967
|{{Age in years, months and days|1962|4|16|1967|3|3}}
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]
|16 March 1967
|27 December 1970
|{{Age in years, months and days|1967|3|16|1970|12|27}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Indira Gandhi]]
|[[Morarji Desai|Moraji Desai]] (till 1969)
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]
|19 March 1971
|18 January 1977
|{{Age in years, months and days|1971|3|19|1977|1|18}}
|''Vacant''
|-
|[[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]
|25 March 1977
|22 August 1979
|{{Age in years, months and days|1977|3|25|1979|8|22}}
|[[Morarji Desai]] and [[Charan Singh]]
|[[Charan Singh]], [[Jagjivan Ram]] and [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|[[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]
|21 January 1980
|31 December 1984
|{{Age in years, months and days|1980|1|21|1984|12|31}}
|[[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| rowspan="2" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]
|15 January 1985
|27 November 1989
|{{Age in years, months and days|1985|1|15|1989|11|27}}
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
|[[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]
|18 December 1989
|13 March 1991
|{{Age in years, months and days|1989|12|18|1991|3|13}}
|[[V. P. Singh]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|[[Devi Lal]]
|-
|[[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]
|9 July 1991
|10 May 1996
|{{Age in years, months and days|1991|7|9|1996|5|10}}
|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| rowspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]
|22 May 1996
|4 December 1997
|{{Age in years, months and days|1996|5|22|1997|12|4}}
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[I. K. Gujral]]
|-
|[[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]
|23 March 1998
|26 April 1999
|{{Age in years, months and days|1998|3|23|1999|4|26}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|[[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]
|20 October 1999
|6 February 2004
|{{Age in years, months and days|1999|10|20|2004|2|6}}
|[[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]
|2 June 2004
|18 May 2009
|{{Age in years, months and days|2004|6|2|2009|5|18}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Manmohan Singh]]
| rowspan="5" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]
|1 June 2009
|18 May 2014
|{{Age in years, months and days|2009|6|1|2014|5|18}}
|-
|[[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]
|4 June 2014
|24 May 2019
|{{Age in years, months and days|2014|6|4|2019|5|24}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]
|17 June 2019
|5 June 2024
|{{Age in years, months and days|2019|6|17|2024|6|5}}
|-
|'''[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]'''
|'''24 June 2024'''
|'''present'''
|'''{{Age in years, months and days|2024|6|24}}'''
|}

== Qualifications ==
{{See also|Election Commission of India}}

''Article 84'' (under Part V. – The Union)<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 81. p. 41] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha, which are as follows:
# They should be a citizen of India, and must subscribe before the [[Election Commission of India]], an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the [[Third Schedule]] of the [[Indian Constitution]].
# They should not be less than 25 years of age.
# They possess other such qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].
# They should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict, a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law; and
# They should have their name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country.

However, a member can be disqualified from being a member of Parliament:
# If they hold the office of profit;
# If they are of unsound mind and stand so declared by a competent court
# If they are an undischarged insolvent;
# If they are not a citizen of India, or have voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or are under any acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
# If they are violating party discipline (as per the Tenth Schedule of the constitution); disqualified under [[Representation of the People Act (India)|Representation of People Act]].
A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances (during the normal functioning of the House):
# When the holder of the seat, by writing to the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|speaker]], resigns.
# When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, without prior permission of the Speaker.
# When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament.
# A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the 'Anti-Defection Law'.
Furthermore, as per ''article 101'' (Part V.—The Union)<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 81. pp. 46, 47] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> of the Indian Constitution, a person cannot be:
# A member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other.
# A member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State.

=== System of elections in Lok Sabha ===
Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, based on [[universal suffrage]]. Elections are by the people directly to the Lok Sabha and each state is divided into territorial constituencies under two provisions of the Constitution:
# Each state is allotted several seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population was as close to uniform as possible. This provision does not apply to states having a population of less than 6 million. The number of seats per state has been frozen under the constitutional amendment of 1976.
# Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituency]] and the number of seats allotted to it (in each case, one) remain the same throughout the state. This principle is upheld by the boundary reviews mentioned above.

Notes:
#The expression "population" while distributing seats among states refers to the population ascertained at the [[Census of India|census]] of 1971, per the Constitutional Amendment of 1976.<ref name="indiagov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|title=The Constitution of India|website=india.gov.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328123059/https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2021}}</ref>
#The expression "population" while distributing constituencies within a state refers to the population ascertained at the census of 2011.<ref name="indiagov" />

== Powers ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.

*[[Motion of no confidence|Motions of no confidence]] against the [[Government of India|government]] can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Council of Ministers of India|Council of Ministers]] resign collectively. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion and hence has no real power over the executive. This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha, not to the Rajya Sabha.
*[[Money bill]]s can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the [[Rajya Sabha]], where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days. If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha, or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House, or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha, the bill is considered passed. The [[Economy of India|budget]] is presented in the Lok Sabha by the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] in the name of the President of India.
*In matters about non-financial (ordinary) bills, after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha), it is sent to the other house, where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months. If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House, or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house, it results in a deadlock. This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses, presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a [[Plurality (voting)|simple majority]]. Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard, in reality, it is the Lok Sabha's opinions that mostly prevail—due to its bigger numerical strength.
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any [[Constitution of India#Amendments|Bill for Constitutional Amendment]] (by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the [[President of India#Impeachment|impeachment of the President]] (by two-thirds of the membership of the House).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in the impeachment process (initiating and passing a motion for the removal) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts (by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting), who then can be removed by the President of India.
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency (by two-thirds majority) or constitutional emergency (by simple majority) in a state.
*If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a [[National Emergency in India|National Emergency]], the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament. It cannot be dissolved. This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha. But there is a possibility that the president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six-month if the said proclamation ceases to operate.

In conclusion, the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters. Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing, the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength. This is typical of parliamentary democracies, many of which have a lower house that is more powerful than the upper.

== Procedure ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}

=== Procedure in the House ===
The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha. The items of business, a notice of which is received from the Ministers/ Private Members and admitted by the Speaker, are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance.

=== Sessions ===
The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the President to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six-month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year. But, three sessions of Lok Sabha are held in a year:
*Budget session: February to May.
*Monsoon session: July to September.
*Winter session: November to mid-December.

When in session, Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 p.m. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays.

=== Question Hour ===
The first hour of every sitting is called [[Question Hour]]. Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members, and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres. Every minister whose turn it is to answer questions has to stand up and answer for his department's acts of omission or commission.

Questions are of three types—Starred, Unstarred, and Short Notice. A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark. An unstarred question is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked. An answer to such a question is given in writing. A minimum period of notice for starred/unstarred questions is 10 clear days. If the questions given notice are admitted by the Speaker, they are listed and printed for an answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains.

The normal period of notice does not apply to short-notice questions that relate to matters of urgent public importance. However, a short-notice question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice. A short-notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour, popularly known as Zero Hour.

=== Zero Hour ===
The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as "Zero Hour". It starts at around noon (hence the name) and members can, with prior notice to the Speaker, raise issues of importance during this time. Typically, discussions on important Bills, the Budget, and other issues of national importance take place from 2 p.m. onwards.

=== Business after Question Hour ===
After the Question Hour, the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day. These may consist of one or more of the following: Adjournment Motions, Questions involving breaches of Privileges, Papers to be laid on the Table, Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha, Intimations regarding President's assent to Bills, Calling Attention Notices, Matters under Rule 377, Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee, Presentation of Petitions, miscellaneous statements by Ministers, Motions regarding elections to Committees, Bills to be withdrawn or introduced.

=== Main business ===
The main business of the day may be consideration of a bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion.

==== Legislative business ====
Legislative proposals in the form of a bill can be brought forward either by a minister or by an individual member. In the former case, it is known as a government bill and in the latter case, it is known as a private members' bill. Every bill passes through three stages—each called readings—before it is passed. To become law it must be passed by both the houses of Parliament, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and then assented to by the president.

==== Financial business ====
The presentation, discussion of, and voting on the annual general and railways budgets—followed by the passing of the appropriations Bill and the finance bill—is a long, drawn-out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its budget session every year.

==== Motions and resolutions ====
Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions. Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by the government or by individual members. The government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the house on an important matter of policy or a grave situation. Similarly, an individual member may move a resolution or motion to draw the attention of the house and the government to a particular problem. The last two and half hours of sitting every Friday are generally allotted for the transaction of individual members' business. While private members' bills are taken up on one Friday, private members' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday, and so on.

=== Parliamentary committees ===
Most of the business of drafting a bill or amendments is initially discussed and debated in the parliamentary committees. Since the time for legislation is limited, the work of all departments of the government and any special focus tasks are delegated to the committees, wherein the committees shall prepare the initial draft of the bill/amendment for consideration by both the houses. They consist of members of both houses.

There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature:-
* Parliament Standing Committees (PSC) – Permanent in nature, reconstituted from time to time with every new election.
** Department based
** Others
* Ad hoc committees – Created for a specific purpose and ceases to exist when that purpose is achieved.

=== Half-an-Hour discussion ===
A half-an-hour discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the [[Table of the House]] and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. Usually, the half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays only. In one session, a member is allowed to raise not more than two half-hour discussions. During the discussion, the member, who has given notice, makes a short statement, and not more than four members, who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places on the ballot, are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the minister makes replies. There is no formal motion before the house nor voting.

=== Discussion on matters of urgent public importance ===
Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker. Such discussions may take place two days a week. No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion.

=== Debate in the House ===
After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken, other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them. Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the chair. A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided to employ a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member.

==== Division ====
A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained. Normally, when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying "Aye" or "No" from their seats. The chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House. If a member challenges the decision, the chair orders that the lobbies be cleared. Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes. Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides. After the bell stops, all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over. Then the chair puts the question for a second time and declares whether in its opinion the "Ayes" or the "Noes", have it. If the opinion so declared is again challenged, the chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment.

=== Automatic vote recording system ===
With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes, the [[Secretary-General]] of the Lok Sabha presses the button of a keyboard. Then a gong sounds, serving as a signal to members for casting their votes. To vote, each member present in the chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of the three pushbuttons fixed in their seat. The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds. There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker's chair in the chamber. Each vote cast by a member is flashed here. Immediately after the votes are cast, they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the result indicator boards installed in the railings of the Speakers and diplomatic galleries.

Divisions are normally held with the aid of automatic vote recording equipment. Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of the relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. In the Lok Sabha, divisions may be held either by the distribution of 'Aye'/'No' and 'Abstention' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies. There is an indicator board in the machine room showing the name of each member. The result of the division and vote cast by each member with the aid of automatic vote recording equipment also appear on this board and immediately a photograph of the indicator board is taken. Later the photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted 'Ayes' and for 'Noes' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha debates.

=== Publication of debates ===
Three versions of Lok Sabha debates are prepared: the Hindi version, the English version, and the original version. Only the Hindi and English versions are printed. The original version, in cyclostyled form, is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference. The Hindi version contains proceedings (all questions asked and answers are given thereto and speeches made) in Hindi and verbatim Hindi translation of proceedings in English or regional languages. The English version contains proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings take place in Hindi or any regional language. The original version, however, contains proceedings in Hindi or English as they actually took place in the House and also the English/Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages.

If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses, a [[Joint session|joint sitting]] is held to resolve the differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha.

== Officers of Lok Sabha ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2022}}
;Speaker and Deputy Speaker
As per ''Article 93'' of the Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a [[Speaker of Lok Sabha|Speaker]] and a [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]. In the Lok Sabha, both presiding officers — the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker — are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected Speaker; the Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House. But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India. As per ''Article 94'' of the Indian Constitution, a Speaker or a Deputy Speaker should vacate their office, a) if they cease to be a member of the House of the People, b) they resign, or c) is removed from office by a resolution of the House passed by a majority.

The Speaker of Lok Sabha is both a member of the House and its Presiding Officer. The Speaker conducts the business in the House. They decide whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. They permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, [[Adjournment debate|motion of adjournment]], [[motion of censure]] and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure. Following the 52nd Constitution amendment, the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection. The Speaker makes obituary references in the House, formal references to important national and international events, and the valedictory address after every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires. Though a member of the House, the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision. To date, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote. While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence/resignation/removal, the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose. The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Secretariat/JRC.aspx|title=Lok Sabha|publisher=Lok Sabha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530124125/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Secretariat/JRC.aspx|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Shri [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar|G. V. Mavalankar]] was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952 – 27 February 1956) and Shri [[M. A. Ayyangar|M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]] was the first Deputy Speaker (30 May 1952 – 7 March 1956). In the 17th Lok Sabha, [[Om Birla]] is the current Speaker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|title=Om Birla unanimously elected Lok Sabha Speaker, PM Modi heaps praises on BJP colleague|newspaper=India Today|access-date=27 June 2019|date=19 June 2019|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620082200/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Secretariat
The Secretariat of Lok Sabha was set up according to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. The said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat of Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rss_recruitment/rssecretariat.asp|title=Secretariat- as in Constitution|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604121830/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rss_recruitment/rssecretariat.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Lok Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Speaker. The main activities of the Secretariat ''[[inter alia]]'' include the following:

(i) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) possible to Members of Lok Sabha; (ii) providing amenities as admissible to Members of Lok Sabha; (iii) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees; (iv) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications; (v) recruitment of manpower in the Lok Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; & (vi) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Lok Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Lok Sabha and its Committees, among other things.

In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Secretariat/Functioning.aspx|title=Set-up of the Secretariat|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514021655/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Secretariat/Functioning.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Since November 2020, the Secretary-General of Lok Sabha is Utpal Kumar Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |title=Senior IAS Officer Utpal Kumar Singh Appointed Lok Sabha Secretary General |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ias-officer-utpal-kumar-singh-appointed-lok-sabha-secretary-general-2332131 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=NDTV |date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127060646/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ias-officer-utpal-kumar-singh-appointed-lok-sabha-secretary-general-2332131 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Lok Sabha general elections ==
{{main|List of Indian general elections}}
Each Lok Sabha is constituted after a [[Elections in India|general election]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Lok Sabha || General Election
|-
| [[1st Lok Sabha]] || [[1951–52 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[2nd Lok Sabha]] || [[1957 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[3rd Lok Sabha]] || [[1962 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[4th Lok Sabha]] || [[1967 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[5th Lok Sabha]] || [[1971 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha]] || [[1977 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha]] || [[1980 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[8th Lok Sabha]] || [[1984 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha]] || [[1989 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha]] || [[1991 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha]] || [[1996 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha]] || [[1998 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha]] || [[1999 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha]] || [[2004 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha]] || [[2009 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha]] || [[2014 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha]] || [[2019 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[18th Lok Sabha]] || [[2024 Indian general election]]
|}

== Statewise representation ==

{{Main|List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha}}

As of 26 January 2020, the Lok Sabha is composed of 543 members
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/StatewiseList.aspx | title=Members : Lok Sabha | access-date=25 December 2019 | archive-date=13 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113143601/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/StatewiseList.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> made up of up to 524 members representing the people of [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] and 19 members representing people of [[Union territory|8 Union territories]] based on their population. While maximum seats can now go up to 550 even though maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the [[Constitution of India]], at its commencement, was 552 members because after The Constitution (One Hundred and Fourth Amendment) Act, 2019, Article 334 (b) of the Constitution of India was maintained at seventy years. See the table below for details:
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!State/ UT*
!| Seats<ref name="composition">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|title=Lok Sabha Introduction|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India|access-date=22 September 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201063345/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Andhra Pradesh#General (Lok Sabha) elections|Andhra Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 25
|-
| [[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Arunachal Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Assam#Lok Sabha Elections|Assam]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 14
|-
| [[Elections in Bihar#Lok Sabha Elections|Bihar]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 40
|-
| [[Chandigarh]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Chhattisgarh#Lok Sabha elections|Chhattisgarh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 11
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Delhi#Lok Sabha elections|Delhi]] (NCT)*|| style="text-align:center;" | 7
|-
| [[Elections in Goa#Lok Sabha Elections|Goa]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Gujarat#Lok Sabha elections|Gujarat]] || style="text-align:center;" | 26
|-
| [[Elections in Haryana#Lok Sabha elections|Haryana]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 10
|-
| [[Elections in Himachal Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Himachal Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 4
|-
| [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir#Lok Sabha elections|Jammu and Kashmir]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 5
|-
| [[Elections in Jharkhand#Lok Sabha elections|Jharkhand]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 14
|-
| [[Elections in Karnataka#Lok Sabha elections|Karnataka]] || style="text-align:center;" | 28
|-
| [[Elections in Kerala#Loksabha elections|Kerala]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 20
|-
| [[Ladakh]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Madhya Pradesh#Lok Sabha Elections|Madhya Pradesh]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 29
|-
| [[Elections in Maharashtra#Lok Sabha elections|Maharashtra]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 48
|-
| [[Elections in Manipur#Lok Sabha elections|Manipur]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Meghalaya#Lok Sabha elections|Meghalaya]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Mizoram#Lok Sabha elections|Mizoram]] || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Nagaland#Lok Sabha elections|Nagaland]] || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Odisha#Lok Sabha Elections|Odisha]] || style="text-align:center;" | 21
|-
| [[Elections in Puducherry#Lok Sabha elections|Puducherry]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Punjab, India#Lok Sabha elections|Punjab]] || style="text-align:center;" | 13
|-
| [[Elections in Rajasthan#Lok Sabha elections|Rajasthan]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 25
|-
| [[Elections in Sikkim#Loksabha Election|Sikkim]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Tamil Nadu#Lok Sabha elections|Tamil Nadu]] || style="text-align:center;" | 39
|-
| [[Elections in Telangana#Lok Sabha elections|Telangana]] || style="text-align:center;" | 17
|-
| [[Elections in Tripura#Lok Sabha elections|Tripura]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Uttarakhand#Lok Sabha elections|Uttarakhand]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 5
|-
| [[Elections in Uttar Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Uttar Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 80
|-
| [[Elections in West Bengal#Lok Sabha elections|West Bengal]] || style="text-align:center;" | 42
|-
|'''Total''' ||style="text-align:center;" | '''543'''
|}

== Membership by party ==
{{Main|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}
No. of Lok Sabha MP's party-wise:{{Updated|28 March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! colspan="2" | Party
! No. of MPs
! Leader of the Party
|-
| rowspan="14" bgcolor="{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| rowspan="14" | '''Government'''<br />'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''<br />Seats: '''292'''
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 240
| [[Narendra Modi]]<br><small>''([[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Leader of the House]])''</small>
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
| 16
| [[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|shortname=JD(U)}}
| 12
| [[Dileshwar Kamait]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|shortname=SHS}}
| 7
| [[Shrikant Shinde]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| 5
| [[Chirag Paswan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| 2
| [[M. Mallesh Babu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janasena Party}}
| 2
| [[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| 2
| [[Rajkumar Sangwan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
| 1
| [[Anupriya Patel]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 1
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
| 1
| [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| 1
| [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party }}
| 1
| [[Sunil Tatkare]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| 1
| [[Indra Hang Subba]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress|rowspan=19}}
| rowspan="19" |'''[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]'''<br />Seats: '''210'''
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 98
| [[Rahul Gandhi]]<br><small>''([[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]])''</small>
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| 37
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| 28
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| 9
| [[Arvind Sawant]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
| 8
| [[Supriya Sule]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 4
| [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4
| [[Abhay Kumar Sinha]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 3
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| 3
| [[Joba Majhi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| 2
| [[K. Subbarayan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| 2
| [[Raja Ram Singh]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| 2
| [[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi|Mian Altaf Ahmed]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| 2
| [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
| 1
| [[Rajkumar Roat]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress}}
| 1
| [[Francis George (politician)|Francis George]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 1
| [[Durai Vaiko]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
| 1
| [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| 1
| [[N. K. Premachandran]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| 3
|
* [[Pappu Yadav]]
* [[Mohmad Haneefa]]
* [[Vishal Patil]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Others|rowspan=11}}
| rowspan="11" |'''Unaligned'''<br/>Seats: '''38'''
| {{Party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 22
| [[T. R. Baalu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
| 4
| [[P. V. Midhun Reddy]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| 3
| [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}}
| 2
| [[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| 1
| [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
| 1
| [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| 1
| [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 1
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
| 1
| [[Richard Vanlalhmangaiha]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party|shortname=JKAIP}}
| 1
| [[Sheikh Abdul Rashid]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| 1
| [[Umeshbhai Patel]]
|-
| colspan="4" |''Vacant''
| 3
|
* [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
* [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
* [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
! 543
!
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
*[[Parliament of India]]
*[[Rajya Sabha]]

== Further reading ==

* Sen, Ronojoy (2022). ''House of the People: Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy''. Cambridge University Press.

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Lok Sabha}}
* [https://sansad.in/ls Lok Sabha website]
* [https://eci.gov.in/general-election/general-elections-2019/ General Elections 2019]

{{Lok Sabha}}
{{Parliament of India}}
{{Government of India}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{National lower houses}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:National lower houses|India]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]

Rajya Sabha

2026-07-27T06:41:51Z

SuperAdmin: Created page with "{{About|the upper house of the Parliament of India|other uses|Lok Sabha}} {{Infobox legislature | name = Rajya Sabha | legislature = 18th Rajya Sabha | logo = Rajyasabha.svg | logo_caption = Emblem of the Rajya Sabha | house_type = Upper house | body = Parliament of India | term_limits = No fixed term; one-third of members retire every two years | leader1_type = Chairman | leader1 = Vice President of India | leader2_type = D..."

{{About|the upper house of the Parliament of India|other uses|Lok Sabha}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Rajya Sabha
| legislature = [[18th Rajya Sabha]]
| logo = Rajyasabha.svg
| logo_caption = Emblem of the Rajya Sabha
| house_type = Upper house
| body = [[Parliament of India]]
| term_limits = No fixed term; one-third of members retire every two years
| leader1_type = [[Chairman of the Rajya Sabha|Chairman]]
| leader1 = [[Vice President of India]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha|Deputy Chairman]]
| leader2 = [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
| leader3_type = [[Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of the House]]
| leader3 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| leader4_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (Rajya Sabha)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader4 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| members = 245
| structure1_type = Elected members
| structure1 = 233
| structure2_type = Nominated members
| structure2 = 12
| political_groups =
| elections = Indirect election by elected members of state and territorial legislatures; presidential nomination of 12 members
| last_election = 2024
| next_election = 2026
| meeting_place = [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]], New Delhi
| website =
}}

'''The Rajya Sabha''' (meaning "Council of States") is the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]. It represents the states and union territories of India and also includes members nominated by the [[President of India]] for their contributions to fields such as literature, science, art and social service.

The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and is not subject to dissolution. Members normally serve six-year terms, with approximately one-third of the members retiring every two years.

== History ==

The Constitution of India provides for a bicameral Parliament consisting of the [[Lok Sabha]] and the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha was constituted in 1952 following the adoption of the Constitution.

The first sitting of the Rajya Sabha was held on 13 May 1952.

The Vice President of India serves as the ex officio [[Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]].

== Composition ==

The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members under the Constitution, including up to 238 representatives of the states and union territories and 12 members nominated by the President.

As of the current composition, the House has 245 seats:

* 233 elected members
* 12 nominated members

Members representing states are elected by the elected members of the respective State Legislative Assemblies using proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

== Term ==

The Rajya Sabha is a permanent chamber and cannot be dissolved.

A member of the Rajya Sabha normally serves a six-year term. One-third of the members retire every two years.

A person must meet the constitutional and statutory requirements for membership of the Rajya Sabha, including being at least 30 years old.

== Powers and functions ==

The Rajya Sabha participates in the legislative process of Parliament and considers bills passed by the Lok Sabha.

Money Bills have special constitutional rules: the Rajya Sabha cannot reject or amend a Money Bill and must return it to the Lok Sabha within 14 days with recommendations.

The Rajya Sabha also has certain special powers relating to the states. Under Article 249 of the Constitution, it can authorize Parliament to legislate on a matter in the State List in the national interest if the required special majority is obtained.

== Leadership ==

The [[Vice President of India]] is the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

The Deputy Chairman is elected by the members of the Rajya Sabha from among themselves.

The House also has a Leader of the House and a Leader of the Opposition.

== Elections ==

Rajya Sabha members representing states are indirectly elected by elected members of State Legislative Assemblies.

The election uses proportional representation through the single transferable vote system.

Twelve members are nominated by the President of India from among people with special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art and social service.

== Committees ==

The Rajya Sabha operates through a number of parliamentary committees. These committees examine legislation, government policies, expenditure and other matters referred to them.

Important committees include:

* Business Advisory Committee
* Committee on Government Assurances
* Committee on Petitions
* Committee on Privileges
* Committee on Rules
* Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees
* Public Accounts Committee

== See also ==

* [[Parliament of India]]
* [[Lok Sabha]]
* [[President of India]]
* [[Vice President of India]]
* [[Parliament House]]
* [[List of members of the Rajya Sabha]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Legislatures of India]]

Lok Sabha

2026-07-27T06:35:17Z

SuperAdmin:

{{Short description|Lower house of the Parliament of India}}
{{About||the upper house|Rajya Sabha|current list of Lok Sabha members|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Lok Sabha
| legislature = [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| logo = Lok Sabha.svg
| logo_caption =
| house_type = Lower house
| body = Parliament of India
| term_limits = Maximum 5 years
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[Om Birla]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = 17 June 2019
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 = 23 June 2019
| leader3_type = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br>([[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Leader of the House]])
| leader3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = 26 May 2014
| leader8_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader8 = [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| party8 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election8 = 9 June 2024
| leader9_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha#List of deputy leaders of the opposition in Lok Sabha|Deputy Leader of Opposition]]
| leader9 =
| party9 =
| election9 =
| leader10_type = [[Secretary General of the Lok Sabha|Secretary General]]
| leader10 = [[Utpal Kumar Singh]]
| party10 =
| election10 = 30 November 2020
| seats = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|'''543''']]
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:18th Lok Sabha Party-wise 2026.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:LokSabhaAllianceWise2026.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| structure1_alt = Lok Sabha
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Third Modi ministry|Government]] (292)'''
{{Party legend|National Democratic Alliance|292}}
* {{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|240}}
* {{Party legend|Telugu Desam Party|16}}
* {{Party legend|Janata Dal (United)|12}}
* {{Party legend|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|7}}
* {{Party legend|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|5}}
* {{Party legend|Janata Dal (Secular)|2}}
* {{Party legend|Janasena Party|2}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Lok Dal|2}}
* {{Party legend|Apna Dal (Sonelal)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Asom Gana Parishad|1}}
* {{Party legend|All Jharkhand Students Union|1}}
* {{Party legend|Hindustani Awam Morcha|1}}
* {{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|1}}
'''[[Official Opposition]] (210)'''<br />
{{Party legend|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|210}}
* {{Party legend|Indian National Congress|100}}{{efn|
* {{Party legend|Indian National Congress|98}}<br />
* {{Party legend|Independent|2|shortname=IND}}}}
* {{Party legend|Samajwadi Party|37}}
* {{Party legend|All India Trinamool Congress|28}}
* {{Party legend|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|9}}
* {{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar|8}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|4}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Janata Dal|4}}
* {{Party legend|Indian Union Muslim League|3}}
* {{Party legend|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|3}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India|2}}
* {{Party legend|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|2}}
* {{Party legend|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|2}}
* {{Party legend|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|2}}
* {{Party legend|Bharat Adivasi Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Kerala Congress|1}}
* {{Party legend|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|1}}
* {{Party legend|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|1}}
* {{Party legend|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Independent |1|shortname=IND}}
'''{{Party legend|Other Opposition|38}}'''
* {{Party legend|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|22}}
* {{Party legend|YSR Congress Party|4}}
* {{Party legend|Aam Aadmi Party|3}}
* {{Party legend|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)|2|shortname=AD(WPD)}}
* {{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|1}}
* {{Party legend|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|1}}
* {{Party legend|Shiromani Akali Dal|1}}
* {{Party legend|United People's Party Liberal|1}}
* {{Party legend|Zoram People's Movement|1}}
* {{Party legend|Independent|2|shortname=IND}}
{{Party legend|Casual vacancy|3}}
| term_length = 5 years
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting]]
| first_election1 = [[1951–52 Indian general election|25 October 1951 – 21 February 1952]]
| last_election1 = [[2024 Indian general election|19 April – 1 June 2024]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Indian general election|By April 2029]]
| session_room = File:View of Lok Sabha chamber in the New Parliament building, New Delhi.jpg
| session_res = 300px
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Lok Sabha Chamber, [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]],<br />118, Rafi Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India – 110001<br />{{Coord|28|37|3|N|77|12|30|E|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=title, inline}}
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
| rules = [https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2495198/1/Rules_of_Procedures_E_2019_16th_edition.pdf The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha] (English)
| website = {{URL|https://sansad.in/ls}}
|background_color = #2E8B57
}}

The '''Lok Sabha''', also known as the '''House of the People''', is the [[lower house]] of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of India]], where the [[upper house]] is [[Rajya Sabha]]. [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of the Lok Sabha]] are elected by an adult [[universal suffrage]] and a [[first-past-the-post]] system to represent their respective [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]], and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the [[president of India]] on the advice of the [[Union Council of Ministers|union council of ministers]]. The house meets in the Lok Sabha chamber of the [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] in [[New Delhi]].

The maximum membership of the house as allotted by the [[Constitution of India]] is 552 before the abolition of Anglo-Indian seats, currently it is 550.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/ls.htm|access-date=12 February 2022|work=[[Lok Sabha]]|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531211047/https://loksabha.nic.in/ls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2025, the house has 543 elected members. Between 1952 and 2020, [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|two additional members]] of the [[Anglo-Indian]] community were nominated by the president of India on the advice of the [[Government of India|Indian government]], and the practice was abolished in January 2020 by the [[One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|104th amendment]] to the Indian constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|work=Live law|access-date=25 January 2020|date=23 January 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112184618/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution (One hundred and fourth amendment) Act, 2019 |date=21 January 2020|url=https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/consti.104amend.pdf | work=The Gazette of India Extraordinary |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The new parliament has a maximum seating capacity for 888 members in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shankar|first1=B.L.|title=The Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha|date=13 January 2011|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.003.0008|series=The Indian Parliament|pages=292–328|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=12 February 2022|last2=Rodrigues|first2=Valerian|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.003.0008|isbn=978-0-19-806772-6|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413234845/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067726.001.0001/acprof-9780198067726-chapter-8|url-status=live}}</ref>

About 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of [[scheduled castes]] (84) and [[scheduled tribes]] (47). The [[quorum]] for the House is 10% of the total membership the house. Unless dissolved sooner, the house continues to operate for five years from the date of its first meeting. However, when a [[States of emergency in India|state of emergency in India]] is declared, this period may be extended by the parliament of India by law or decree.<ref name="Parliament of India: Lok Sabha">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|title=Parliament of India: Lok Sabha|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601044824/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|archive-date=1 June 2015|work=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|title=Part V—The Union. Article 83.|page=40|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> The [[18th Lok Sabha]] is the latest to be elected in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-at-evening-meet-pm-modi-to-chalk-out-action-plan-for-next-few-days-2042484|title=PM Modi's New Cabinet Could See Prestige Posts For Smriti Irani, Bengal|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524113003/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-at-evening-meet-pm-modi-to-chalk-out-action-plan-for-next-few-days-2042484|url-status=live}}</ref> The Lok Sabha proceedings are televised live on [[Sansad TV]], operating from within the parliament premises.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sansadtv.nic.in/|title=Sansad TV Live|work=[[Sansad TV]]|access-date=24 June 2023|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624134859/https://sansadtv.nic.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

An exercise to redraw the boundaries of the Lok Sabha constituencies is carried out by the [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation commission]]. It is carried out every decade based on the [[census of India]], the last of which was conducted in [[2011 Census of India|2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/807644/a-decade-from-now-three-states-will-contribute-a-third-of-lok-sabha-mps|title=A decade from now, three states will contribute a third of Lok Sabha MPs|date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508112100/http://scroll.in/article/807644/a-decade-from-now-three-states-will-contribute-a-third-of-lok-sabha-mps|archive-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> This provision was temporarily suspended between 1976 and 2001 following a [[Constitution of India#Amendments|constitutional amendment]] to incentivize the family planning program which was being implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectoralSystem/electoral_system.asp|title=Electoral system|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105005609/http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectoralSystem/electoral_system.asp|archive-date=5 January 2007}}</ref> The elections for the seats are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India|election commission]].

== History ==
A major portion of the [[Indian subcontinent]] was under [[British Raj|British rule]] from 1858 to 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=4|title=Indian Freedom Struggle (1857–1947) – Culture and Heritage – Know India: National Portal of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722223343/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=4|archive-date=22 July 2013}}</ref> During this period, the office of the [[Secretary of State for India]] (along with the [[Council of India]]) was the authority through whom [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent, and the office of [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] was created, along with an Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of the British government. The [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The [[Indian Councils Act 1892]] established legislatures in each of the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provinces of British India]] and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power remained limited, and the electorate very small. The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] admitted some [[Indian people|Indians]] to the various councils. The [[Government of India Act 1919]] further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, creating the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], for which [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House, New Delhi]], was built and opened in 1927.<ref>''The Journal of Parliamentary Information'', Volume 46 (2000), pg. 400</ref>

The [[Government of India Act 1935]] introduced provincial autonomy and proposed a federal structure in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/government-india-act-1935|title=Government of India Act of 1935 – Dictionary definition of Government of India Act of 1935 |website=encyclopedia.com|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143840/https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/government-india-act-1935|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947, divided British India (which did not include the [[Princely state]]s) into two newly independent countries, India and Pakistan, which were to be [[dominion]]s under [[the Crown]] until they had each enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form, which now included all the princely states which had not [[Princely states of Pakistan|acceded to Pakistan]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

According to ''[[Article 74 of the Constitution of India|Article 79]] (Part V-The Union.)'' of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States ([[Rajya Sabha]]) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 79. p. 38] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref>

The Lok Sabha (House of the People) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952.<ref>{{cite web|website=The Indian Express|title=How India pulled off its first general election|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/india-first-general-election-nehru-9265134/|access-date=14 April 2024|date=12 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>

{{clear}}
=== List ===
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Formation of Lok Sabha over time<ref>{{cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Cabinet approves dissolution of the Sixteenth Lok Sabha |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1572570 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2019 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Cabinet approves Summoning of Parliament after General Election, 2019 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1573018 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2024 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: Press Communique |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2022888 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs: First Session of 18th Lok Sabha to be Held from 24th June to 3rd July, 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2024630 |website=Press Information Bureau |location=New Delhi |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
! Lok Sabha
! Commencement Date
! Dissolution Date
! Duration
!Prime Minister
!Deputy Prime Minister
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]
|13 May 1952
|4 April 1957
|{{Age in years, months and days|1952|5|13|1957|4|4}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| rowspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]
|10 May 1957
|31 March 1962
|{{Age in years, months and days|1957|5|10|1962|3|31}}
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]
|16 April 1962
|3 March 1967
|{{Age in years, months and days|1962|4|16|1967|3|3}}
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] and [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]
|16 March 1967
|27 December 1970
|{{Age in years, months and days|1967|3|16|1970|12|27}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Indira Gandhi]]
|[[Morarji Desai|Moraji Desai]] (till 1969)
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]
|19 March 1971
|18 January 1977
|{{Age in years, months and days|1971|3|19|1977|1|18}}
|''Vacant''
|-
|[[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]
|25 March 1977
|22 August 1979
|{{Age in years, months and days|1977|3|25|1979|8|22}}
|[[Morarji Desai]] and [[Charan Singh]]
|[[Charan Singh]], [[Jagjivan Ram]] and [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|[[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]
|21 January 1980
|31 December 1984
|{{Age in years, months and days|1980|1|21|1984|12|31}}
|[[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| rowspan="2" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]
|15 January 1985
|27 November 1989
|{{Age in years, months and days|1985|1|15|1989|11|27}}
|[[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
|[[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]
|18 December 1989
|13 March 1991
|{{Age in years, months and days|1989|12|18|1991|3|13}}
|[[V. P. Singh]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|[[Devi Lal]]
|-
|[[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]
|9 July 1991
|10 May 1996
|{{Age in years, months and days|1991|7|9|1996|5|10}}
|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| rowspan="3" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]
|22 May 1996
|4 December 1997
|{{Age in years, months and days|1996|5|22|1997|12|4}}
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[I. K. Gujral]]
|-
|[[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]
|23 March 1998
|26 April 1999
|{{Age in years, months and days|1998|3|23|1999|4|26}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|[[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]
|20 October 1999
|6 February 2004
|{{Age in years, months and days|1999|10|20|2004|2|6}}
|[[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]
|2 June 2004
|18 May 2009
|{{Age in years, months and days|2004|6|2|2009|5|18}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Manmohan Singh]]
| rowspan="5" |''Vacant''
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]
|1 June 2009
|18 May 2014
|{{Age in years, months and days|2009|6|1|2014|5|18}}
|-
|[[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]
|4 June 2014
|24 May 2019
|{{Age in years, months and days|2014|6|4|2019|5|24}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]
|17 June 2019
|5 June 2024
|{{Age in years, months and days|2019|6|17|2024|6|5}}
|-
|'''[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]'''
|'''24 June 2024'''
|'''present'''
|'''{{Age in years, months and days|2024|6|24}}'''
|}

== Qualifications ==
{{See also|Election Commission of India}}

''Article 84'' (under Part V. – The Union)<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 81. p. 41] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha, which are as follows:
# They should be a citizen of India, and must subscribe before the [[Election Commission of India]], an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the [[Third Schedule]] of the [[Indian Constitution]].
# They should not be less than 25 years of age.
# They possess other such qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].
# They should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict, a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law; and
# They should have their name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country.

However, a member can be disqualified from being a member of Parliament:
# If they hold the office of profit;
# If they are of unsound mind and stand so declared by a competent court
# If they are an undischarged insolvent;
# If they are not a citizen of India, or have voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or are under any acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
# If they are violating party discipline (as per the Tenth Schedule of the constitution); disqualified under [[Representation of the People Act (India)|Representation of People Act]].
A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances (during the normal functioning of the House):
# When the holder of the seat, by writing to the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|speaker]], resigns.
# When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, without prior permission of the Speaker.
# When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament.
# A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the 'Anti-Defection Law'.
Furthermore, as per ''article 101'' (Part V.—The Union)<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf Part V—The Union. Article 81. pp. 46, 47] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033538/http://india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> of the Indian Constitution, a person cannot be:
# A member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other.
# A member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State.

=== System of elections in Lok Sabha ===
Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, based on [[universal suffrage]]. Elections are by the people directly to the Lok Sabha and each state is divided into territorial constituencies under two provisions of the Constitution:
# Each state is allotted several seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population was as close to uniform as possible. This provision does not apply to states having a population of less than 6 million. The number of seats per state has been frozen under the constitutional amendment of 1976.
# Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituency]] and the number of seats allotted to it (in each case, one) remain the same throughout the state. This principle is upheld by the boundary reviews mentioned above.

Notes:
#The expression "population" while distributing seats among states refers to the population ascertained at the [[Census of India|census]] of 1971, per the Constitutional Amendment of 1976.<ref name="indiagov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf|title=The Constitution of India|website=india.gov.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328123059/https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2021}}</ref>
#The expression "population" while distributing constituencies within a state refers to the population ascertained at the census of 2011.<ref name="indiagov" />

== Powers ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.

*[[Motion of no confidence|Motions of no confidence]] against the [[Government of India|government]] can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Council of Ministers of India|Council of Ministers]] resign collectively. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion and hence has no real power over the executive. This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha, not to the Rajya Sabha.
*[[Money bill]]s can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the [[Rajya Sabha]], where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days. If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha, or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House, or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha, the bill is considered passed. The [[Economy of India|budget]] is presented in the Lok Sabha by the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] in the name of the President of India.
*In matters about non-financial (ordinary) bills, after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha), it is sent to the other house, where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months. If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House, or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house, it results in a deadlock. This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses, presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a [[Plurality (voting)|simple majority]]. Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard, in reality, it is the Lok Sabha's opinions that mostly prevail—due to its bigger numerical strength.
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any [[Constitution of India#Amendments|Bill for Constitutional Amendment]] (by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the [[President of India#Impeachment|impeachment of the President]] (by two-thirds of the membership of the House).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in the impeachment process (initiating and passing a motion for the removal) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts (by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting), who then can be removed by the President of India.
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency (by two-thirds majority) or constitutional emergency (by simple majority) in a state.
*If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a [[National Emergency in India|National Emergency]], the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament. It cannot be dissolved. This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha. But there is a possibility that the president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six-month if the said proclamation ceases to operate.

In conclusion, the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters. Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing, the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength. This is typical of parliamentary democracies, many of which have a lower house that is more powerful than the upper.

== Procedure ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}

=== Procedure in the House ===
The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha. The items of business, a notice of which is received from the Ministers/ Private Members and admitted by the Speaker, are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance.

=== Sessions ===
The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the President to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six-month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year. But, three sessions of Lok Sabha are held in a year:
*Budget session: February to May.
*Monsoon session: July to September.
*Winter session: November to mid-December.

When in session, Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 p.m. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays.

=== Question Hour ===
The first hour of every sitting is called [[Question Hour]]. Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members, and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres. Every minister whose turn it is to answer questions has to stand up and answer for his department's acts of omission or commission.

Questions are of three types—Starred, Unstarred, and Short Notice. A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark. An unstarred question is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked. An answer to such a question is given in writing. A minimum period of notice for starred/unstarred questions is 10 clear days. If the questions given notice are admitted by the Speaker, they are listed and printed for an answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains.

The normal period of notice does not apply to short-notice questions that relate to matters of urgent public importance. However, a short-notice question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice. A short-notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour, popularly known as Zero Hour.

=== Zero Hour ===
The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as "Zero Hour". It starts at around noon (hence the name) and members can, with prior notice to the Speaker, raise issues of importance during this time. Typically, discussions on important Bills, the Budget, and other issues of national importance take place from 2 p.m. onwards.

=== Business after Question Hour ===
After the Question Hour, the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day. These may consist of one or more of the following: Adjournment Motions, Questions involving breaches of Privileges, Papers to be laid on the Table, Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha, Intimations regarding President's assent to Bills, Calling Attention Notices, Matters under Rule 377, Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee, Presentation of Petitions, miscellaneous statements by Ministers, Motions regarding elections to Committees, Bills to be withdrawn or introduced.

=== Main business ===
The main business of the day may be consideration of a bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion.

==== Legislative business ====
Legislative proposals in the form of a bill can be brought forward either by a minister or by an individual member. In the former case, it is known as a government bill and in the latter case, it is known as a private members' bill. Every bill passes through three stages—each called readings—before it is passed. To become law it must be passed by both the houses of Parliament, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and then assented to by the president.

==== Financial business ====
The presentation, discussion of, and voting on the annual general and railways budgets—followed by the passing of the appropriations Bill and the finance bill—is a long, drawn-out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its budget session every year.

==== Motions and resolutions ====
Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions. Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by the government or by individual members. The government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the house on an important matter of policy or a grave situation. Similarly, an individual member may move a resolution or motion to draw the attention of the house and the government to a particular problem. The last two and half hours of sitting every Friday are generally allotted for the transaction of individual members' business. While private members' bills are taken up on one Friday, private members' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday, and so on.

=== Parliamentary committees ===
Most of the business of drafting a bill or amendments is initially discussed and debated in the parliamentary committees. Since the time for legislation is limited, the work of all departments of the government and any special focus tasks are delegated to the committees, wherein the committees shall prepare the initial draft of the bill/amendment for consideration by both the houses. They consist of members of both houses.

There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature:-
* Parliament Standing Committees (PSC) – Permanent in nature, reconstituted from time to time with every new election.
** Department based
** Others
* Ad hoc committees – Created for a specific purpose and ceases to exist when that purpose is achieved.

=== Half-an-Hour discussion ===
A half-an-hour discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the [[Table of the House]] and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. Usually, the half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays only. In one session, a member is allowed to raise not more than two half-hour discussions. During the discussion, the member, who has given notice, makes a short statement, and not more than four members, who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places on the ballot, are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the minister makes replies. There is no formal motion before the house nor voting.

=== Discussion on matters of urgent public importance ===
Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker. Such discussions may take place two days a week. No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion.

=== Debate in the House ===
After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken, other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them. Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the chair. A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided to employ a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member.

==== Division ====
A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained. Normally, when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying "Aye" or "No" from their seats. The chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House. If a member challenges the decision, the chair orders that the lobbies be cleared. Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes. Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides. After the bell stops, all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over. Then the chair puts the question for a second time and declares whether in its opinion the "Ayes" or the "Noes", have it. If the opinion so declared is again challenged, the chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment.

=== Automatic vote recording system ===
With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes, the [[Secretary-General]] of the Lok Sabha presses the button of a keyboard. Then a gong sounds, serving as a signal to members for casting their votes. To vote, each member present in the chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of the three pushbuttons fixed in their seat. The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds. There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker's chair in the chamber. Each vote cast by a member is flashed here. Immediately after the votes are cast, they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the result indicator boards installed in the railings of the Speakers and diplomatic galleries.

Divisions are normally held with the aid of automatic vote recording equipment. Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of the relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. In the Lok Sabha, divisions may be held either by the distribution of 'Aye'/'No' and 'Abstention' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies. There is an indicator board in the machine room showing the name of each member. The result of the division and vote cast by each member with the aid of automatic vote recording equipment also appear on this board and immediately a photograph of the indicator board is taken. Later the photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted 'Ayes' and for 'Noes' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha debates.

=== Publication of debates ===
Three versions of Lok Sabha debates are prepared: the Hindi version, the English version, and the original version. Only the Hindi and English versions are printed. The original version, in cyclostyled form, is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference. The Hindi version contains proceedings (all questions asked and answers are given thereto and speeches made) in Hindi and verbatim Hindi translation of proceedings in English or regional languages. The English version contains proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings take place in Hindi or any regional language. The original version, however, contains proceedings in Hindi or English as they actually took place in the House and also the English/Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages.

If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses, a [[Joint session|joint sitting]] is held to resolve the differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha.

== Officers of Lok Sabha ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2022}}
;Speaker and Deputy Speaker
As per ''Article 93'' of the Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a [[Speaker of Lok Sabha|Speaker]] and a [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]. In the Lok Sabha, both presiding officers — the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker — are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected Speaker; the Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House. But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India. As per ''Article 94'' of the Indian Constitution, a Speaker or a Deputy Speaker should vacate their office, a) if they cease to be a member of the House of the People, b) they resign, or c) is removed from office by a resolution of the House passed by a majority.

The Speaker of Lok Sabha is both a member of the House and its Presiding Officer. The Speaker conducts the business in the House. They decide whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. They permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, [[Adjournment debate|motion of adjournment]], [[motion of censure]] and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure. Following the 52nd Constitution amendment, the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection. The Speaker makes obituary references in the House, formal references to important national and international events, and the valedictory address after every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires. Though a member of the House, the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision. To date, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote. While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence/resignation/removal, the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose. The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Secretariat/JRC.aspx|title=Lok Sabha|publisher=Lok Sabha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530124125/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Secretariat/JRC.aspx|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Shri [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar|G. V. Mavalankar]] was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952 – 27 February 1956) and Shri [[M. A. Ayyangar|M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]] was the first Deputy Speaker (30 May 1952 – 7 March 1956). In the 17th Lok Sabha, [[Om Birla]] is the current Speaker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|title=Om Birla unanimously elected Lok Sabha Speaker, PM Modi heaps praises on BJP colleague|newspaper=India Today|access-date=27 June 2019|date=19 June 2019|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620082200/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Secretariat
The Secretariat of Lok Sabha was set up according to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. The said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat of Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rss_recruitment/rssecretariat.asp|title=Secretariat- as in Constitution|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604121830/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rss_recruitment/rssecretariat.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Lok Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Speaker. The main activities of the Secretariat ''[[inter alia]]'' include the following:

(i) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) possible to Members of Lok Sabha; (ii) providing amenities as admissible to Members of Lok Sabha; (iii) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees; (iv) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications; (v) recruitment of manpower in the Lok Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; & (vi) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Lok Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Lok Sabha and its Committees, among other things.

In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Secretariat/Functioning.aspx|title=Set-up of the Secretariat|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514021655/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Secretariat/Functioning.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Since November 2020, the Secretary-General of Lok Sabha is Utpal Kumar Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |title=Senior IAS Officer Utpal Kumar Singh Appointed Lok Sabha Secretary General |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ias-officer-utpal-kumar-singh-appointed-lok-sabha-secretary-general-2332131 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=NDTV |date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127060646/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ias-officer-utpal-kumar-singh-appointed-lok-sabha-secretary-general-2332131 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Lok Sabha general elections ==
{{main|List of Indian general elections}}
Each Lok Sabha is constituted after a [[Elections in India|general election]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Lok Sabha || General Election
|-
| [[1st Lok Sabha]] || [[1951–52 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[2nd Lok Sabha]] || [[1957 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[3rd Lok Sabha]] || [[1962 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[4th Lok Sabha]] || [[1967 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[5th Lok Sabha]] || [[1971 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha]] || [[1977 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha]] || [[1980 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[8th Lok Sabha]] || [[1984 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha]] || [[1989 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha]] || [[1991 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha]] || [[1996 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha]] || [[1998 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha]] || [[1999 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha]] || [[2004 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha]] || [[2009 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha]] || [[2014 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha]] || [[2019 Indian general election]]
|-
| [[18th Lok Sabha]] || [[2024 Indian general election]]
|}

== Statewise representation ==

{{Main|List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha}}

As of 26 January 2020, the Lok Sabha is composed of 543 members
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/StatewiseList.aspx | title=Members : Lok Sabha | access-date=25 December 2019 | archive-date=13 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113143601/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/StatewiseList.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> made up of up to 524 members representing the people of [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] and 19 members representing people of [[Union territory|8 Union territories]] based on their population. While maximum seats can now go up to 550 even though maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the [[Constitution of India]], at its commencement, was 552 members because after The Constitution (One Hundred and Fourth Amendment) Act, 2019, Article 334 (b) of the Constitution of India was maintained at seventy years. See the table below for details:
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
!State/ UT*
!| Seats<ref name="composition">{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|title=Lok Sabha Introduction|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India|access-date=22 September 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201063345/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Andhra Pradesh#General (Lok Sabha) elections|Andhra Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 25
|-
| [[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Arunachal Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Assam#Lok Sabha Elections|Assam]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 14
|-
| [[Elections in Bihar#Lok Sabha Elections|Bihar]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 40
|-
| [[Chandigarh]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Chhattisgarh#Lok Sabha elections|Chhattisgarh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 11
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Delhi#Lok Sabha elections|Delhi]] (NCT)*|| style="text-align:center;" | 7
|-
| [[Elections in Goa#Lok Sabha Elections|Goa]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Gujarat#Lok Sabha elections|Gujarat]] || style="text-align:center;" | 26
|-
| [[Elections in Haryana#Lok Sabha elections|Haryana]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 10
|-
| [[Elections in Himachal Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Himachal Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 4
|-
| [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir#Lok Sabha elections|Jammu and Kashmir]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 5
|-
| [[Elections in Jharkhand#Lok Sabha elections|Jharkhand]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 14
|-
| [[Elections in Karnataka#Lok Sabha elections|Karnataka]] || style="text-align:center;" | 28
|-
| [[Elections in Kerala#Loksabha elections|Kerala]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 20
|-
| [[Ladakh]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]]* ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Madhya Pradesh#Lok Sabha Elections|Madhya Pradesh]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 29
|-
| [[Elections in Maharashtra#Lok Sabha elections|Maharashtra]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 48
|-
| [[Elections in Manipur#Lok Sabha elections|Manipur]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Meghalaya#Lok Sabha elections|Meghalaya]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Mizoram#Lok Sabha elections|Mizoram]] || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Nagaland#Lok Sabha elections|Nagaland]] || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Odisha#Lok Sabha Elections|Odisha]] || style="text-align:center;" | 21
|-
| [[Elections in Puducherry#Lok Sabha elections|Puducherry]]* || style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Punjab, India#Lok Sabha elections|Punjab]] || style="text-align:center;" | 13
|-
| [[Elections in Rajasthan#Lok Sabha elections|Rajasthan]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 25
|-
| [[Elections in Sikkim#Loksabha Election|Sikkim]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 1
|-
| [[Elections in Tamil Nadu#Lok Sabha elections|Tamil Nadu]] || style="text-align:center;" | 39
|-
| [[Elections in Telangana#Lok Sabha elections|Telangana]] || style="text-align:center;" | 17
|-
| [[Elections in Tripura#Lok Sabha elections|Tripura]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| [[Elections in Uttarakhand#Lok Sabha elections|Uttarakhand]] ||style="text-align:center;" | 5
|-
| [[Elections in Uttar Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Uttar Pradesh]] || style="text-align:center;" | 80
|-
| [[Elections in West Bengal#Lok Sabha elections|West Bengal]] || style="text-align:center;" | 42
|-
|'''Total''' ||style="text-align:center;" | '''543'''
|}

== Membership by party ==
{{Main|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}
No. of Lok Sabha MP's party-wise:{{Updated|28 March 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! colspan="2" | Party
! No. of MPs
! Leader of the Party
|-
| rowspan="14" bgcolor="{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| rowspan="14" | '''Government'''<br />'''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''<br />Seats: '''292'''
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 240
| [[Narendra Modi]]<br><small>''([[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Leader of the House]])''</small>
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
| 16
| [[Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|shortname=JD(U)}}
| 12
| [[Dileshwar Kamait]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|shortname=SHS}}
| 7
| [[Shrikant Shinde]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
| 5
| [[Chirag Paswan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| 2
| [[M. Mallesh Babu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Janasena Party}}
| 2
| [[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| 2
| [[Rajkumar Sangwan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
| 1
| [[Anupriya Patel]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| 1
| [[Phani Bhusan Choudhury]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
| 1
| [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| 1
| [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party }}
| 1
| [[Sunil Tatkare]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| 1
| [[Indra Hang Subba]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress|rowspan=19}}
| rowspan="19" |'''[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]'''<br />Seats: '''210'''
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 98
| [[Rahul Gandhi]]<br><small>''([[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]])''</small>
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
| 37
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| 28
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| 9
| [[Arvind Sawant]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
| 8
| [[Supriya Sule]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 4
| [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 4
| [[Abhay Kumar Sinha]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 3
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| 3
| [[Joba Majhi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| 2
| [[K. Subbarayan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| 2
| [[Raja Ram Singh]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| 2
| [[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi|Mian Altaf Ahmed]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| 2
| [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Bharat Adivasi Party}}
| 1
| [[Rajkumar Roat]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress}}
| 1
| [[Francis George (politician)|Francis George]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 1
| [[Durai Vaiko]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
| 1
| [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| 1
| [[N. K. Premachandran]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| 3
|
* [[Pappu Yadav]]
* [[Mohmad Haneefa]]
* [[Vishal Patil]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Others|rowspan=11}}
| rowspan="11" |'''Unaligned'''<br/>Seats: '''38'''
| {{Party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 22
| [[T. R. Baalu]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|YSR Congress Party}}
| 4
| [[P. V. Midhun Reddy]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| 3
| [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}}
| 2
| [[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| 1
| [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
| 1
| [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| 1
| [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 1
| [[Joyanta Basumatary]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
| 1
| [[Richard Vanlalhmangaiha]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party|shortname=JKAIP}}
| 1
| [[Sheikh Abdul Rashid]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| 1
| [[Umeshbhai Patel]]
|-
| colspan="4" |''Vacant''
| 3
|
* [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
* [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
* [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
! 543
!
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
*[[Parliament of India]]
*[[Rajya Sabha]]

== Further reading ==

* Sen, Ronojoy (2022). ''House of the People: Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy''. Cambridge University Press.

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Lok Sabha}}
* [https://sansad.in/ls Lok Sabha website]
* [https://eci.gov.in/general-election/general-elections-2019/ General Elections 2019]

{{Lok Sabha}}
{{Parliament of India}}
{{Government of India}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{National lower houses}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:National lower houses|India]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]

Template:About

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File:Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge poster.jpg

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Bengaluru

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{{Short description|Capital of Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bengaluru
| native_name = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name = Bangalore
| settlement_type = Metropolis
| image = Bangalore_palace_IMG_20121230_154849.jpg
| image_caption = Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E|type:city_region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = Karnataka
| district = Bangalore Urban
| division = Bengaluru Division

| established = 1537
| founder = Kempe Gowda I

| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| governing_body = Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike

| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name =

| elevation = 920

| area_total = 741
| population_total = 8443675
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density = 11392

| official_languages = Kannada

| postal_code = 560001–560100
| area_code = +91-80
| vehicle_code = KA-01 to KA-05, KA-41, KA-50 to KA-53, KA-57, KA-60, KA-61

| website = https://bbmp.gov.in
| footnotes = Capital and largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka.
}}
'''Bengaluru''',{{Efn|{{Audio|Bengaluru-Kannada-Pronunciation.ogg|[[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|kn|ISO|Beṅgaḷūru}}}}|group=lower-alpha}} also known as '''Bangalore''' (its [[List of renamed places in India#Karnataka|official name]] until 1 November 2014), is the [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city of the [[South India|southern Indian]] state of [[Karnataka]]. As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], the city had a population of 8.4 million, making it the [[List of cities in India by population|third most populous city]] in India and the most populous in South India. The Bengaluru metropolitan area had a population of around 8.5 million, making it the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|fifth most populous urban agglomeration]] in the country. It is located towards the southern end of the [[Deccan Plateau]], at an altitude of {{cvt|900|m}} above sea level. The city is known as India's "Garden City", due to its parks and greenery.

Archaeological artefacts indicate that the human settlement in the region happened as early as 4000 [[Common Era|BCE]]. The first mention of the name "Bengaluru" is from an old [[Kannada]] stone inscription from 890 CE found at the [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] in [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]]. The region was ruled by the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] since 350 CE, and became part of the [[Chola Empire]] in the early eleventh century CE. In the late [[Middle Ages]], it formed a part of the [[Hoysala kingdom]] and then the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. In 1537 CE, [[Kempe Gowda I]], a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire, established a [[Bengaluru Pete|mud fort]] which is considered the foundation of the modern city of Bengaluru with the earlier established areas (''petes'') still in existence. After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda declared independence, and the city was expanded by his successors. In 1638 CE, an [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Adil Shahi]] army defeated Kempe Gowda III, and the city became a [[jagir]] (feudal estate) of [[Shahaji]]. The [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] later captured the city and sold it to [[Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar]], the [[Maharaja of Mysore|Maharaja]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. After the death of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]] in 1759 CE, [[Hyder Ali]] seized control of the kingdom and with it, the administration of Bengaluru, which passed subsequently to his son, [[Tipu Sultan]].

The city was captured by the [[British East India Company]] during the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], and became part of the princely state of Mysore. The administrative control of the city was returned to [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]], then Maharaja of Mysore, and the old city re-developed under the dominion of the Mysore kingdom. In 1809 CE, the British formed a military garrison in the city and established the [[Bangalore Cantonment|cantonment]] outside the old city. In the late 19th century CE, the city was composed of two distinct urban settlements, the old Pete and the new Cantonment. Following [[Independence of India|India's independence]] in 1947, Bengaluru became the capital of [[Mysore State]], and remained the capital when the state was [[Unification of Karnataka|enlarged and unified]] in 1956 and subsequently renamed as Karnataka in 1973. The two urban settlements which had developed as independent entities, merged under a single urban administration in 1949.

Bengaluru is one of the fastest-growing metropolises in India. {{As of|2023}}, the metropolitan area had an estimated [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of $359.9 billion, and is one of the [[List of cities by GDP|most productive metro areas]] of India. The city is a major centre for information technology (IT), and is consistently ranked amongst the world's fastest growing technology hubs. As the largest hub and exporter of IT services in the country, it is regarded as the "[[Silicon Valley]] of India". Manufacturing is a major contributor to the economy with the city home to several [[public sector units|state-owned units]]. The city also hosts several prominent institutes of higher education and of [[Institutes of National Importance|national importance]].

== Etymology ==
The earliest known reference to the name "Bengaluru" was on a ninth-century [[hero stone]] or ''vīra gallu'' found in [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]]. The Old [[Kannada]] inscription belonging to the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] mentions the place in a battle in 890 [[Common Era|CE]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm |title=Inscription reveals Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old |date=20 August 2004 |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213021302/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> However, [[Kempe Gowda I]] used the name of a village near [[Kodigehalli]], to name the city as Bengaluru during its foundation in 1537 CE. Bangalore is an [[anglicised]] version of the city's Kannada name. The city was also referred to as "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("Auspicious City") and "Dēvarāyapattana" during the later [[Vijayanagara Empire]] period in 16th century CE.<ref name="OtherNames">{{cite news |first=K |last=Chandramouli |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm |title=The city of boiled beans |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 July 2002 |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505010927/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

An [[apocryphal]] story states that the twelfth-century [[Hoysala]] king [[Veera Ballala II]], while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place "Benda-Kaal-uru" (literally, "town of boiled beans"), which eventually evolved into "Bengalūru".<ref name="OtherNames" /><ref name="Bendakaaluru">{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp |title=Many miles to go from Bangalore to Bengalūru |author=Vijesh Kamath |work=Deccan Herald |date=30 October 2006 |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916034243/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp |archive-date=16 September 2012 }}</ref> [[Suryanath U. Kamath|Suryanath Kamath]] has hypothesised that the name was derived from ''benga'', the Kannada term for ''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'' (also known as the Indian Kino Tree), a species of dry and moist [[deciduous tree]]s that grows abundantly in the region.<ref name="Aditi6" /> Other theories include that the city was called as "Venkaturu" because of the [[Venkateswara|Venkataramana]] temples built by Kempe Gowda, and "Benacha kalluru" because of the abundance of [[quartz]] stones ("benacha kal" in Kannada) in the region.<ref name="OtherNames" />

On 11 December 2005, the [[Government of Karnataka]] accepted a proposal by [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] to officially [[Renaming of cities in India|rename]] the city from Bangalore to Bengaluru.<ref name="rename2">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bangalore-to-be-renamed-Bengaluru/articleshow/1327370.cms |title=Bangalore to be renamed Bengaluru |date=11 December 2005 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929222432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-11/india/27862209_1_bengaluru-classical-language-kannada |archive-date=29 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 27 September 2006, the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] passed a resolution to implement the name change, and the government of Karnataka officially implemented the name change from 1 November 2014 after the [[Government of India|Union government]] approved the request.<ref>{{cite news |title=It will be 'Bengaluru', resolves BMP |date=28 September 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |access-date=16 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090623/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=It'll be 'Bengaluru' from November 1 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=8 October 2006 |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020325/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp |archive-date=6 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="rename1">{{cite news |title=Centre nod for Karnataka's proposal on renaming cities |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018035426/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece |archive-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Bengaluru}}

=== Early and Middle Ages ===
[[Stone Age]] artefacts discovered at [[Jalahalli]], Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli on Bengaluru's outskirts indicate human settlement around 4000 BCE.<ref name="banghist">{{cite news |first=T.S. |last=Ranganna |title=Bangalore had human habitation in 4000 B.C. |date=27 October 2001 |url=http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053528/http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore dates from 4,000 BC |date=11 October 2001 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Bangalore-dates-from-4000-BC/articleshow/1449687816.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-11/bangalore/27237242_1_bangalore-mysore-municipal-bodies | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Iron Age]] tools and burial mounds from around 800 BCE, have been found in [[Koramangala]] and [[Chikkajala]]. Coins of the [[Roman emperor]]s [[Augustus]], [[Tiberius]], [[Claudius]], and [[Caligula]] found at [[Yeswanthpur]] and [[HAL Airport|HAL]] indicate the involvement of the region in trans-oceanic trade with the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] and other civilisations in the first century CE.<ref name="OtherNames" />

[[File:Naganatheshvara Temple (9th century) at Begur, Bengaluru.JPG|thumb|Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was built around {{Circa|860}}, during the reign of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]].]]

The region of modern-day Bengaluru was part of several successive [[South India]]n kingdoms. Between the fourth and tenth centuries CE, the region was ruled by the [[Western Ganga dynasty]], the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region.<ref name="banghist3">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=69|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> According to [[Edgar Thurston]], twenty-eight kings ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Common Era until its conquest by the [[Cholas]] in the early eleventh century CE. The Western Gangas ruled as a sovereign power from 350 to 550 CE, and as feudatories of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]], and later the [[Rashtrakutas]] until the tenth century.<ref name="Aditi6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=6|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> The Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara Temple]] was commissioned around 860 CE, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I, and extended by his successor Nitimarga II.<ref name="banghist4">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=7|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref><ref name="niti">{{harvnb|Sarma|1992|p=78}}</ref> Around 1004 CE, during the reign of [[Rajaraja I|Raja Raja Chola I]], the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince [[Rajendra I|Rajendra Chola I]], and captured the region.<ref name="banghist4" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government|author=B. L. Rice|page=224}}</ref> During this period, the region witnessed the migration of many groups—warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from the Southern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speaking regions and other Kannada-speaking parts of the region.<ref name="banghist3" /> The Cholas built many [[List of Chola temples in Bengaluru|temples in the region]] including the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy temple]], [[Mukthi Natheshwara Temple]], [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Choleshwara Temple]], and [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bengaluru|Someshwara Temple]].<ref name="banghist4" />

In 1117, the [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysala]] king [[Vishnuvardhana]] defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended his rule over the region.<ref name="banghist4" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |title=The Digital South Asia Library-Imperial gazetteer of India |work=uchicago.edu |date=1908–1931 | access-date=16 February 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124143/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ | archive-date=16 December 2008 | url-status=live }}</ref> In the later part of the 13th century CE, Bengaluru was a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler [[Veera Ballala III]] of [[Halebidu]] and Ramanatha, who administered the Hoysala held territory in the southern Tamil speaking regions.<ref name="banghist4" /> Veera Ballala appointed a civic head at Hudi (suburb of the city) to administer the region, and promoted the village to the status of a town. After Veera Ballala's death in 1343, the region came under [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara empire]], which saw the rule of four consecutive dynasties – [[Sangama dynasty|Sangamas]] (1336–1485), [[Saluva dynasty|Saluvas]] (1485–1491), [[Tuluva dynasty|Tuluvas]] (1491–1565), and [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu]] (1565–1646).<ref name="banghist6">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=8|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref> In the early 16th century CE, [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] built a dam across the [[Arkavathi River|Arkavati]] river near [[Hesaraghatta Lake|Hesaraghatta]], whose reservoir was used to supply water to the region.<ref name="Aditi9">{{harvnb|Aditi|2008|p=9|Ref=Aditi2008}}</ref>

=== Foundation and early modern history ===
[[File:Bangalore Fort.jpg|thumb|[[Bangalore Fort]] in 1860 CE showing fortifications and barracks. The fort was originally built by [[Kempe Gowda I]] as a mud fort in 1537 CE.]]

The city proper was established in 1537 CE by [[Kempe Gowda I]], a local governor and [[chieftain]] aligned with the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] under emperor [[Achyuta Deva Raya]]. He led a campaign against Gangaraja, whom he defeated and expelled to [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]], and built a [[Bengaluru Pete|mud-brick fort]] at the site, which later became the central part of the modern city of Bengaluru. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "Gandubhūmi" ("Land of Heroes").<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/Bangalore-Bhath--First-city-e.html |title=Bangalore bhath: first city edifices |last1=Misra |first1=Hemant |last2=Jayaraman |first2=Pavitra |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201024/https://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/bangalore-bhath--first-city-e.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a ''pētē'' ({{IPA|kn|peːteː}}).<ref>{{cite web |last=Aruni |first=S. K. |date=2 January 2013 |title=A city that fell to the lure of trade |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |access-date=27 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627153953/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-city-that-fell-to-the-lure-of-trade/article4264672.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The town had two main streets Chickpet and Doddapete, which intersected to form the Doddapete Square in the heart of the town.<ref>{{cite news |title=Earlier known as Doddapete, Avenue Road could be as old as Bengaluru |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 March 2015 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102938/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Kempe Gowda also built the temple at [[Dodda Basavana Gudi|Basavanagudi]], and expanded other temples. He also constructed various tanks such as Kempambudhi, Dharmambudhi, and Sampangi for water storage.<ref name="ekoji">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |title=The bean city |first=S |last=Srinivas |access-date=2 July 2007 |date=22 February 2005 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213025649/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> [[Vijayanagara literature]] refers to the city by various names such as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("auspicious city").<ref name="bglrHist2">{{Cite thesis |chapter=5: Bangalore: mud fort to sprawling metropolis |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |page= |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |pages=34–35 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 CE in the [[Battle of Talikota]], Kempe Gowda declared independence. His successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers to mark the boundary of the town.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=To secure a budding Bengaluru, Kempe Gowda built 4 towers |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 October 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102939/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru. |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1638 CE, a [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Adil Shahi]] army led by [[Ranadulla Khan]] and [[Shahaji|Shahaji Bhonsle]] (father of [[Shivaji]]) defeated Kempe Gowda III, and the region became a ''[[jagir]]'' (feudal estate) of Shahaji.<ref name="ekoji"/> In 1639 CE, Shahaji ordered the reconstruction of the town and built large fortifications, and new reservoirs to solve the water shortage in the region.<ref name="ekoji"/><ref name="bglrHist2"/> In 1687 CE, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general Kasim Khan, under orders from [[Aurangzeb]], defeated [[Ekoji I]], the son of Shahaji, and leased the town to [[Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar]] (1673–1704 CE), the then ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].<ref name="ekoji"/> After the death of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]] in 1759 CE, [[Hyder Ali]], Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the ruler of the Mysore kingdom. He built the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760 CE.<ref name="tt6">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=6|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref> The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son [[Tipu Sultan]], and the [[Lal Bagh]] garden was established around 1760 CE.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=Date with history: All you need to know about the iconic Lalbagh's Glass House built in 1889 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 August 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523163836/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During the period, the city developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.<ref name="bglrHist2" />

[[File:Bangalore palace side view.jpg|thumb|[[Bengaluru Palace]], built in 1887 in [[Tudor architecture|Tudor architectural style]] was modelled on [[Windsor Castle]] in England.<ref name="tt8">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=8|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref>]]

The Bengaluru fort was captured by [[British East India Company|British forces]] under [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]] on 21 March 1791 during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and became the centre for British resistance against Tipu.<ref>{{cite book |title=The military engineer in India, vol I |last=Sandes |first=E.W.C. |year=1933 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham |isbn=978-1-84734-071-9 |pages=163–165}}</ref> Following Tipu's death in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799 CE), the Bengaluru Pete was incorporated into the [[Princely State of Mysore]], whose administrative control remained with the [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. The city was further developed by the Maharaja of Mysore. The [[Raj Bhavan (Karnataka)|Residency of Mysore State]], established in [[Mysore]] in 1799 was shifted to Bengaluru in 1804.<ref name="Raj">{{cite web |date=26 March 2011 |title=The Resident arose with Tipu's fall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/the-resident-arose-with-tipus-fall/articleshow/7794922.cms |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> It was abolished in 1843 before being revived in 1881 and served till the [[independence of India|Indian independence]] in 1947.<ref name="Raj"/><ref name="rajbha">{{cite web |url=http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/ |title=Raj Bhavan, Karnataka |work=Raj Bhavan, Government of Karnataka |access-date=24 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206190404/http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/history/fromresi-rajbhavan.htm |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> The British found the city as an appropriate place to station its [[garrison]] and therefore it was moved in 1809 from [[Seringapatam]] to [[Ulsoor]], about {{cvt|6|km|0}} northeast of the original Pete. A town grew up around the surroundings by absorbing several villages in the area, and came to be known as Bengaluru cantonment. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the princely state of [[Mysore]].<ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=3|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Further developments such as the introduction of telegraph connections to other major Indian cities in 1853 and a rail connection to [[Madras]] in 1864, contributed to the economic growth of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Jyotirmoy |title=Entrepreneurship in tourism and allied activities: a study of Bangalore city in the post-liberalization period |publisher=[[Pondicherry University]] |year=2012 |page=86 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053804/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Later modern and contemporary history ===
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 400px
| image1 = Bangalore Pete in the 1890s.jpg
| caption1 = A view of [[Bengaluru Pete]] during the 1890s
| image2 = Bangalore Cantonment.jpg
| caption2 = A view of [[Bangalore Cantonment]], {{Circa|1895}}
}}

In the late 19th century CE, Bengaluru was essentially composed of two cities, with the Pete, whose residents were predominantly [[Kannadiga]]s and the Cantonment created by the British, whose residents were predominantly [[Tamils]] and [[English people]].<ref name="Ephemeral">{{cite book|title=British Indian Picture Postcards in Bengaluru: Ephemeral Entanglements|author=Emily Stevenson|year=2023|isbn=978-1-00380-959-3|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |chapter=8: Public domain—contested spaces and lack of imageability |title=Bangalore—future trends in public open space usage. Case study: Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |year=2004 |publisher=[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |page=49 |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout the 19th century, the Cantonment, which was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore, gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience. It had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the state of Mysore.<ref name="Ephemeral"/> The British developed the infrastructure of the city, widened roads, and established new settlements. The city was divided into eight wards in 1862, and was expanding. The first exclusive residential area was established in [[Chamarajpet]] in 1892, and a new wholesale market was established in Tharagupet in 1895.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=50}} The city was hit by a [[Bubonic plague|plague]] epidemic in 1898 that claimed nearly 3,500 lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak led to the improvement in sanitation facilities, and establishment of new communication lines to co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect, a health officer was appointed, and the city was divided into four wards for better co-ordination.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=51}}<ref name="Plague">{{cite news |title=1898 plague revisited |date=17 November 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/1898-plague-revisited/articleshow/17248490.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=8 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-17/bangalore/35171344_1_bangalore-vivek-first-health-officer | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> New extensions in [[Malleshwaram]] and [[Basavanagudi]] were developed in the north and south of the Pete.<ref>{{cite web |first=Maya |last=Jaypal |title=Malleswaram, Basavanagudi, the new extensions |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] | access-date=8 September 2013 |date=26 March 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130908211532/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237394/malleswaram-basavanagudi-extensions.html | archive-date=8 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Bangalore (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|Map of the city and environs, {{Circa|1914}}]]

In 1906, Bengaluru became one of the first cities in India to have electricity.<ref name="Elec">{{cite web |last=Srinivasaraju |first=Sugata |title=ElectriCity |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |access-date=15 November 2011 |work=Outlook India |date=10 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121155127/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?230851 |archive-date=21 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1912, the [[Bangalore torpedo]], an explosive weapon used in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], was devised in Bengaluru by [[British Indian Army|British army officer]] Captain McClintock of the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers and Miners]].<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |title=Bangalore torpedo gave them their D-Day, 69 years ago |access-date=1 October 2013 |first=Nirad |last=Mudur |author2=Hemanth CS |date=7 June 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213533/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1844966/report-dna-special-bangalore-torpedo-gave-them-their-d-day-69-years-ago |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru's reputation as the "Garden City of India" began in 1927 with the [[silver jubilee]] celebrations of the rule of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV]]. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city.<ref name="Basavaraja">{{cite book |last1=Basavaraja |first1=Kadati Reddera |title=History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification |publisher=Chalukya Publications |year=1984 |page=332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227181924/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=27 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru played an important role during the [[Indian independence movement]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the city in 1927 and 1934 and addressed public meetings here.<ref name="banghist" /> In 1926, the [[1926 Binny Mills Strike|labour unrest]] in [[Binny Mills]] due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in a [[baton charge]] and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Nair|2005|p=70|Ref=nair}}</ref> In July 1928, there were notable [[Bangalore disturbances|communal disturbances]] in Bengaluru, like when a [[Ganesha|Ganesh]] idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dimensions of Socio-Political Change in Mysore, 1918–40 |first=Chandrasekhar |last=S. |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8364-1471-4 |page=135}}</ref> In 1940, the first flight between Bengaluru and [[Mumbai]] took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.<ref name="tt10">{{harvnb|Pinto|Srivastava|2008|p=10|Ref=TalkoftheTown}}</ref>

After India's independence in August 1947, Bengaluru remained in the newly carved [[Mysore State]] of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the ''[[Rajapramukh]]'' (appointed governor).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boland-Crewe |first1=Tara |last2=Lea |first2=David |title=The Territories and States of India |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135 135] |isbn=978-0-203-40290-0 |quote=When the new, extended Mysore was created on 1 November 1956 (by the addition of coastal, central and northern territories), Wodeyar became Governor of the whole state, which was renamed Karnataka in 1973. |url=https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135}}</ref> The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Bengaluru City Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2012 |title=Civic bodies of yore didn't digress from progress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/237732/civic-bodies-yore-didnt-digress.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref> The [[Government of Karnataka]] later constituted the [[Bangalore Development Authority]] in 1976 to coordinate the activities of these two bodies.<ref name="lm">{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=4|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bengaluru experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bengaluru had become the sixth-largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000.<ref name="bglrHist2" /> In the following decades, Bengaluru's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of various public and private companies.|{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=53}}

[[File:UB City at night .jpg|thumb|[[UB City]], a business district, in 2019]]

By the 1980s, urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit.<ref name="lm" /> On 8 February 1981, a [[1981 Bangalore circus fire|major fire broke out]] at Venus Circus in Bengaluru, where more than 92 people died, the majority of them children.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html |title=Death Toll Raised to 66 in Fire at Circus in India |date=9 February 1981 |work=The New York Times | access-date=31 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118202157/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/world/death-toll-raised-to-66-in-fire-at-circus-in-india.html | archive-date=18 November 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bengaluru's large plots and colonial [[bungalow]]s into multi-storied apartments.<ref name="realestate">{{cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Solomon |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |title=Governance, economic settings and poverty in Bangalore |journal=Environment & Urbanization |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=April 2000 |pages=35–36 |access-date=11 June 2012 |doi=10.1177/095624780001200104 |s2cid=14335580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051953/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=live |doi-access=free|bibcode=2000EnUrb..12...35B }}</ref> Since the late 1980s, many information technology companies were set up in the city and by the end of the 20th century, Bengaluru had established itself as the "[[Silicon Valley]] of India".<ref name="bglrHist2" /> The population has increased significantly due to migration from other parts for work, and the city has become the third most populous city in 2011.<ref name="Census population"/><ref name="Punekar">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54 |title=Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |author=Vijaya B. Punekar | access-date=4 October 2007 |isbn=978-8-17154-012-9 |year=1974 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=54 }}</ref> During the 21st century, Bengaluru has had major terrorist attacks in [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|2008]], [[2010 Bangalore stadium bombing|2010]], and [[2013 Bangalore blast|2013]].<ref>{{cite news |title=8 blasts rock Bangalore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2008 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2010 |title=Ten wounded in Bangalore cricket stadium blast |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140201/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore blast a terror attack, confirms Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=India Today |date=17 April 2013 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718140336/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Bengaluru geography and environment}}

Bengaluru lies in the southeast of the [[South India]]n state of Karnataka in the heart of the [[Mysore Plateau]] (a region of the larger [[Deccan Plateau]]) at an average elevation of {{cvt|900|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name="IISC">{{cite web |url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html |title=Study area: Bangalore |work=Centre for Ecological Sciences, [[Indian Institute of Science]] |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716221547/http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html |archive-date=16 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/BANGALORE_URBAN_BROCHURE.pdf |title=Ground water information booklet |publisher=Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, [[Government of India]] |access-date=16 June 2012 |date=December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517230107/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/BANGALORE_URBAN_BROCHURE.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|8|date=December 2012}} The city covers an area of {{cvt|741|km2}}.<ref name="area">{{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf |title=Finance budget for 2007–08 |work=[[Government of Karnataka]] |access-date=28 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628141329/http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Greater Bangalore|Bengaluru metropolitan region]] covers an area of {{cvt|7005|km2}} across three districts–[[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru urban]], [[Bangalore Rural district|Bengaluru rural]] and [[Ramanagara District|Ramanagara]]. The [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], established in 1985, is responsible for the planning of the metropolitan region.<ref name="BMRDA">{{cite web|url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/page/Local+Planning+Areas/en|title=Local planning areas|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415001847/https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/page/Local+Planning+Areas/en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=District census handbook- Bangalore rural |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_A_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf |publisher=Directorate of census operations Karnataka| access-date=26 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114052450/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_A_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf| archive-date=14 November 2016| url-status=live}}</ref> The topography is generally flat, with the highest point at [[Doddabettahalli]], located {{cvt|962|m|0}} above sea level on a ridge on the western part of the city. Towards the south, the terrain is uneven, with small hills and rocks made of [[granite]] and [[gneiss]].<ref name="IISC"/>

The soil in the city consist of red [[laterite]] and red, fine [[loam]]y to [[clay]]ey soils.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-date=20 March 2006 |title=Environmental impact analysis |work=[[Government of Karnataka]] |year=2006 | access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref> The vegetation in the eastern and northern parts consists of scrubs interspersed with various water bodies, and the southern hilly region consists of scrubs and forests.<ref name="Damage"/> The city had a forest cover of 68.3% in the early 1970s, which reduced to less than 15% in the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/energy/water/paper/Green_Space_in_Bengaluru/results.html|title=Green space in Bengaluru|work=[[Indian Institute of Science]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Trees are frequently felled to pave way for infrastructure development.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 1 lakh trees cut to build roads in Karnataka in 4 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/over-1-lakh-trees-cut-to-build-roads-in-karnataka-in-4-years/articleshow/90580162.cms |access-date=8 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=April 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608121344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/over-1-lakh-trees-cut-to-build-roads-in-karnataka-in-4-years/articleshow/90580162.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 December 2019 |title=3,559 trees to be cut down in city for road, metro |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/3559-trees-to-be-cut-down-in-city-for-road-metro-789337.html |access-date=8 June 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608120655/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/3559-trees-to-be-cut-down-in-city-for-road-metro-789337.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Though the city has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced [[earthquake]]s of magnitude as high as 4.5 on the [[Richter scale]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/30inter.htm |title=The Rediff interview. Dr S K Srivastav, additional director general, Indian Meteorological Department |work=[[Rediff]] |date=30 January 2000 |first=Onkar |last=Singh |access-date=2 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214104533/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/30inter.htm |archive-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Hydrography ===
[[File:BangaloreLake.jpg|thumb|[[Hesaraghatta Lake]] in north Bengaluru]]

There are no major rivers run in the city, though six rivers arise at the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], about {{cvt|60|km|0}} to the north.<ref name="IISC"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/green-living/saving-six-rivers/article6643274.ece|title=Saving six rivers|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 November 2014|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The [[River Vrishabhavathi|Vrishabhavathi]], a tributary of [[Arkavathy River|Arkavathi]] flows through the city. Arkavathi, [[Dakshina Pinakini]] and its tributary Chinnar, and Suvarnamukhi rivers water the fringes of the city.<ref name="IISC"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/lost-rivers-of-bengaluru/articleshow/91057112.cms|title=Lost rivers of Bengaluru|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=25 April 2022|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Most of these rivers are polluted, and depleted due to sewage from the city.<ref>{{cite news |author=Chethan Kumar |date=15 December 2021 |title=K'taka Dumps 1,746m Litres Sewage Into Rivers Each Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ktaka-dumps-1746m-litres-sewage-into-rivers-each-day/articleshow/88287378.cms |access-date=31 May 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531151309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ktaka-dumps-1746m-litres-sewage-into-rivers-each-day/articleshow/88287378.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 March 2022 |title=Can Vrishabhavathi be Bengaluru's Thames? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/can-vrishabhavathi-be-bengalurus-thames-1090378.html |first1=Chiranjeevi |last1=Kulkarni |access-date=31 May 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531151309/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/can-vrishabhavathi-be-bengalurus-thames-1090378.html |archive-date=31 May 2022 }}</ref> [[Kaveri]] runs towards the southwest of the city, the water from which is used to cater to majority of the water requirements of the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/Nov/07/heres-how-cauvery-water-reaches-homes-in-bengaluru-1535802.html|title=Here's how Cauvery water reaches homes in Bengaluru|date=7 November 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The city has a considerable number of freshwater lakes and [[water tank]]s, most of which are seasonal and rain-fed.<ref name="IISC"/> The city had 265 lakes in the 1960s, which shrunk to 98 by the late 2010s, and most of the city's lakes are polluted.<ref name="Damage">{{cite web|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/pubs/ETR/ETR75/area.html|title=Trees in Bengaluru|work=[[Indian Institute of Science]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=More than 90% of Bengaluru's lakes are polluted or encroached |url=http://scroll.in/article/804967/more-than-90-of-bengalurus-lakes-are-polluted-or-encroached |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=14 March 2016 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524060714/https://scroll.in/article/804967/more-than-90-of-bengalurus-lakes-are-polluted-or-encroached |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 April 2021|first=Naveen|last=Menezes|title=Bengaluru's lakes: The good, the bad, the very dirty|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/bengalurus-lakes-the-good-the-bad-the-very-dirty/articleshow/81995420.cms|access-date=24 January 2022|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124113846/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/bengalurus-lakes-the-good-the-bad-the-very-dirty/articleshow/81995420.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2021|title=Lakes of Bengaluru: Industrial effluents, raw sewage; stinky tale of Chandapura lake|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lakes-of-bengaluru-industrial-effluents-pollution-chandrapura-lake-7633698/|access-date=24 January 2022|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124113843/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lakes-of-bengaluru-industrial-effluents-pollution-chandrapura-lake-7633698/|url-status=live}}</ref> The government began revival and conservation efforts in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru plans revival of its old charm, to revive 25 lakes|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/12/28/bengaluru-plans-to-revive-25-lakes.html|access-date=24 January 2022|work=OnManorama|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124113846/https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/12/28/bengaluru-plans-to-revive-25-lakes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Groundwater occurs in [[silt]]y to [[sand]]y layers of the [[alluvial]] sediments, and are extracted through open wells.<ref name="IISC"/>

=== Climate ===
Bengaluru has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw'') with distinct [[wet season|wet]] and [[dry season|dry]] seasons. Due to its high elevation, Bengaluru usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year, although occasional [[heat wave]]s can make summer somewhat uncomfortable.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm |title=Rise in temperature 'unusual' for Bangalore |access-date=2 July 2007 |date=18 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208035132/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051818670300.htm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> The dry season extends from December to February followed by the summer season from March to May. The [[monsoon]] brings most of the rainfall from June to September, followed by a post-monsoon season in October and November.<ref name="IISC"/> April is the hottest month with an average high of {{cvt|34.1|°C}}, and January is the coolest month with an average low temperature of {{cvt|15.1|°C}}.<ref name="Met">{{cite web |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm |title=Bangalore |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] | access-date=7 February 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708113015/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/climate/bangalore1.htm | archive-date=8 July 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in Bengaluru was {{cvt|39.2|°C|0}}, recorded 24 April 2016, corresponding with [[2014–2016 El Niño event|the strong El Niño]] in that year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-records-highest-temperature-since-1931/article8516533.ece |title=Bengaluru records highest temperature since 1931 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 April 2016 |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610084124/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Bengaluru-records-highest-temperature-since-1931/article14255317.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The lowest ever recorded is {{cvt|7.8|°C|0}} in January 1884.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm |date=10 May 2006 |title=Set up rain gauges in areas prone to flooding |first=Vidyashree |last=Amaresh | access-date=22 December 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216110551/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm | archive-date=16 December 2007 | url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 December 2006 |title=Bangalore weather back again |author=Ashwini Y.S. | access-date=22 December 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204091959/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp | archive-date=4 December 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Winter temperatures rarely drop below {{cvt|14|°C}}, and summer temperatures seldom exceed {{cvt|36|°C}}.<ref name="IISC"/> Bengaluru receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest [[monsoon]]s, and the wettest months is September, followed by October and August.<ref name="Met" /> The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent [[thunderstorm]]s, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding, such as in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Nivedita |last2=Mandayam |first2=Nandan |date=6 September 2022 |title=India's Bengaluru hit by flooding, traffic snarls after heavy rain |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-bengaluru-hit-by-flooding-traffic-snarls-after-heavy-rain-2022-09-05/ |access-date=12 September 2022 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909053434/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-bengaluru-hit-by-flooding-traffic-snarls-after-heavy-rain-2022-09-05/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2022 |title=Bengaluru floods: How families struggled to find help as India's IT capital drowned |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62849937 |access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 September 2022 |title=Heavy rain brings Bengaluru to its knees |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/heavy-rain-brings-bengaluru-to-its-knees/article65854264.ece |access-date=12 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Most of the rainfall occurs during the late afternoon or evening and rain before noon is infrequent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global monitoring precipitation |url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_monitoring/precipitation/sn43295_1yr.gif |work=PC |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225922/http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_monitoring/precipitation/sn43295_1yr.gif |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is {{cvt|179|mm|in|0}} recorded on 1 October 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=5 November 2005 |title=Bangalore's woes |first=Ravi |last=Sharma |access-date=5 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220184237/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm |archive-date=20 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Bengaluru Weather box}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
| title= Population growth
| state= collapsed
| 1941| 406760
| 1951| 778977
| 1961| 1207000
| 1971| 1654000
| 1981| 2922000
| 1991| 4130000
| 2001| 5101000
| 2011| 8425970
| estimate=
| estyear=
| estref=
| source= [[Census of India]]<ref name="Census population">{{cite report |title=A-04 : Towns and urban agglomerations classified by population size class in 2011 with variation between 1901 and 2011 - Class I (population of 100,000 and above) |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305025821/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx |archive-date=5 March 2023 | url-status=live |access-date=4 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Provisional population totals, Census of India 2011 | access-date=29 November 2011 | work=[[2011 Census of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=7 May 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}

As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Bengaluru had a population of 8,443,675, which made it the third [[List of cities in India by population|most populous city]] in India, and the largest in [[South India]].<ref name="Census population"/> The urban agglomeration was home to 8,499,399 people, and was the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|fifth most populous urban agglomeration]] in India.<ref name="2011 Census of India">{{cite web |title=Bangalore Population Sex Ratio in Bangalore Literacy rate Bangalore |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/448-bangalore.html |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126061217/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/448-bangalore.html |archive-date=26 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="2011UA">{{cite report |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> As per a 2016 estimate, the urban agglomeration had a population of about 10.45 million.<ref name="UNcities2016">{{cite web |title=The World's Cities in 2016 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |work=[[United Nations]] |access-date=4 March 2017 |page=4 |date=October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112211410/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city was amongst the fastest growing cities in the last two decades, with the population increasing substantially due to migration from rest of the country.<ref name="Census population"/>{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=60}} About 13.2% of the population belonged to [[scheduled castes]], and [[scheduled tribes]].<ref name="SC">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/study-reveals-caste-based-segregation-in-bengaluru/article26039905.ece|title=Study reveals caste based segregation in Bengaluru|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Residents of Bengaluru are referred to as ''Bengaloorinavaru'' in [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Deepika |first=K.C. |date=9 February 2019 |title=Silicon binaries: language, culture and identity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/silicon-binaries-language-culture-and-identity/article26225844.ece |access-date=3 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://isha.sadhguru.org/en/wisdom/sadhguru-spot/the-silicon-valley-of-india|title=Silicon valley of India|work=[[Isha yoga]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208132302/https://isha.sadhguru.org/en/wisdom/sadhguru-spot/the-silicon-valley-of-india|url-status=live}}</ref> and "Bangaloreans" in [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/discover-the-secret-of-bangaloreans-adaptability-and-gentility-amidst-varied-cultures-and-immigrants-shoba-narayan-101681326198550.html|title=How to spot a Bangalorean|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=13 April 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515110215/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/discover-the-secret-of-bangaloreans-adaptability-and-gentility-amidst-varied-cultures-and-immigrants-shoba-narayan-101681326198550.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are about 597 slums in the city, housing roughly 16% of the city's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksdb.karnataka.gov.in/page/Slums/Abstract+Details+Of+Slums/en|title=Details of slumbs|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225140451/https://ksdb.karnataka.gov.in/page/Slums/Abstract+Details+Of+Slums/en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/slums-in-the-bengaluru-still-stuck-in-a-vicious-circle-of-poverty-experts/articleshow/87629188.cms|title=Slums in the Bengaluru still stuck in a vicious circle of poverty|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626194453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/slums-in-the-bengaluru-still-stuck-in-a-vicious-circle-of-poverty-experts/articleshow/87629188.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The city had a [[Gini coefficient|gini]] index of 0.64, indicating significant [[Economic inequality|inequality]].<ref name="SC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/study-tracks-how-bengaluru-slums-follow-caste-patterns-1218592.html|title=Study tracks how Bengaluru slums follow caste patterns|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=15 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Various studies have also indicated various inequalities in the infrastructure development across different parts of the city, and other urbanisation problems such as mass displacements, proliferation of slums, and public health crisis due to water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working-class neighbourhoods.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Ananya |last2=Ong |first2=Aihwa |title=Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global |chapter=Speculating on the Next World City |volume=42 |edition=illustrated |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-4678-7}}</ref> In the ''Ease of Living Index 2020'' published by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs]], the city was ranked the most livable Indian city with a population of over a million.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Meghna |date=4 March 2021 |title=Ease of Living Index: Bengaluru is the best city to live in India, Pune next |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ease-of-living-index-2020-bengaluru-tops-list-pune-second-ahmedabad-ranked-third-full-list-11614844555278.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304082244/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ease-of-living-index-2020-bengaluru-tops-list-pune-second-ahmedabad-ranked-third-full-list-11614844555278.html |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=[[live Mint]] }}</ref> In the 2023 Quality of Living survey by [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]], which evaluated living conditions for expatriates, Bengaluru was ranked 156th globally and third in India, after [[Hyderabad]] and [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad pips Bengaluru and Chennai in Mercer's quality of living index|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/bengaluru/hyderabad-pips-bengaluru-and-chennai-in-mercers-quality-of-living-index|work=News Minute|date=12 December 2023|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Ethnicity and religion ===
{{bar box
| title=Religion in Bengaluru (2011)<ref name="GISData" />
| titlebar=#Fcd116
| left1=Religion
| right1=Percent
| float=right
| bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|78.87}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|5.61}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.97}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]| darkkhaki|0.15}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|gold|0.06}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.44}}
}}

According to the 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the major religion with 78.9% of adherents. [[Muslim]]s comprisd 13.9% of the population, with [[Christians]] and [[Jain]]s accounting for 5.6% and 1.0% of the population, respectively.<ref name="GISData">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622053823/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslims in the city consist of [[Dakhini]] and Urdu-speaking Muslims, [[Kutchi Memon]]s, [[Labbay]], and [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Laurent |last2=Jaffrelot |first2=Christophe |title=Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation |edition=illustrated |publisher=Hurst Publishers |year=2012 |page=290 |isbn=978-1-84904-176-8}}</ref> Christians in Bengaluru include [[Roman Catholics]] including [[Tamil Christians]], [[Mangalorean Catholics]], Kannadiga Christians, [[Saint Thomas Christians|Malayali Syrian Christians]], [[Protestants]], and [[List of Christian denominations in Northeast India|Northeast Indian Christians]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crossette |first1=Barbara |title=Bangalore Journal; Christians Revel in Conversion Back to Indianness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/20/world/bangalore-journal-christians-revel-in-conversion-back-to-indianness.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 January 1990 |access-date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605081134/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/20/world/bangalore-journal-christians-revel-in-conversion-back-to-indianness.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hefner |first1=Robert W. |title=Global Pentecostalism in the 21st Century |date=2013 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-01094-0 |pages=194–222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bHHAAAAQBAJ&q=prominent+christian+denominations+in+bangalore&pg=PA194 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Joseph |last=Christopher |title=In the Indian rector's murder, the 'why' matters as much as the 'who' |url=http://www.ucanews.com/news/in-the-indian-rectors-murder-the-why-matters-as-much-as-the-who/70603 |date=31 March 2014 |work=UCA News |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409060525/http://www.ucanews.com/news/in-the-indian-rectors-murder-the-why-matters-as-much-as-the-who/70603 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Apart from the [[Kannadigas]] native to the region, [[Tamils]], [[Telugus]] and [[Deccani people|Deccanis]], form a significant population of the city.<ref name="diverse">{{cite web |first=G N |last=Prashanth |title=A melting pot that welcomes all |url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=22&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=18-07-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02200&publabel=TOI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502011608/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=22&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=18-07-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02200&publabel=TOI |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Deepika |last=Sarma |title=Building blocks of one of the city's largest communities |date=4 October 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/building-blocks-of-one-of-the-citys-largest-communities/article3961678.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=9 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074349/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/building-blocks-of-one-of-the-citys-largest-communities/article3961678.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|pp=100–102|loc=The Settlement of Tamil-Speaking Groups in Bangalore|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> In the 16th century, Tamil speakers, who also spoke Kannada, settled in the region for business.<ref>{{harvnb|Srinivas|2004|p=5|Ref=Sri2004}}</ref> Telugus came to the city on invitation of the Mysore royalty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/31/stories/2007103160320300.htm |title=Bangalore calling: it all goes way back... |access-date=9 September 2013 |last=Srivatsa |first=Sharath S. |date=31 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060736/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/31/stories/2007103160320300.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> Since the late 20th century, there has been a steady migration of people from other states for study and work.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/23/stories/2004072310610400.htm |title=Kannadigas assured of all support |date=23 July 2004 |access-date=10 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630035953/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/23/stories/2004072310610400.htm |archive-date=30 June 2011 |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> About 90% of the migrants came from the South Indian states, with the number of migrants from other parts of India increasing over the last few decades of the 20th century. Majority of the migration from non-South Indians states included [[Maharashtrians]], [[Punjabis]], [[Rajasthanis]], [[Gujaratis]], [[Bengalis]], and from [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Punekar"/> Migrant communities from within the state include [[Tuluvas]] and [[Konkanis]] of coastal Karnataka, and [[Kodavas]] from the state's [[Kodagu district]].<ref name="diverse"/> The city also had an [[Anglo-Indian]] population of about 10,000 people in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |author1=M. V. Chandrasekhar |author2=Sahana Charan |title=They are now part of city's unique social mix |date=23 December 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122324880300.htm |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060916/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/23/stories/2006122324880300.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{bar box
| title= Pop. by mother tongue in Bengaluru (2011)<ref name="language"/>
| titlebar=#Fcd116
| left1=Language
| right1=Percent
| float=right
| bars=
{{bar percent|[[Kannada]]|darkslateblue|42.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|red|16.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|blue|13.73}}
{{bar percent|[[Urdu]]|green|13.00}}
{{bar percent|[[Hindi]]|orange|4.64}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|10.24}}
}}

As per the 2011 census, Kannada is the mother tongue of 42.1% of the city's population with 3,574,226 speakers, which is the official language of the state<ref name="Kannada">{{cite web|url=https://summalinguae.com/language-culture/bangalore-languages/|title=Bangalore languages|work=Summalinguae|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524133834/https://summalinguae.com/language-culture/bangalore-languages/|url-status=live}}</ref> – followed by [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (1,388,305) [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (1,166,338), [[Urdu]] (1,104,124), [[Hindi]] (476,673), [[Malayalam]] (268,780), and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (174,451). Other languages with a sizeable numbers of speakers include [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kodava language|Kodagu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Lambadi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]].<ref name="language">{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10255/download/13367/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Urban): Karnataka|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=7 August 2022|archive-date=22 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622053806/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10255/download/13367/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bengaluru Kannada]] is the local dialect of Kannada spoken in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Kannada/Kan_vari.html|title=Kannada language variation|work=Central Institute of Indian Languages|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Keith |last2=Ogilvie |first2=Sarah |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |edition=revised |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2010 |page=577 |isbn=978-0-080-87775-4}}</ref> [[English language|English]] is widely spoken by [[white-collar workers]] and is the principal business language.<ref name="Kannada"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lindsay |first1=Jennifer |title=Between Tongues: Translation And/of/in Performance in Asia |edition=illustrated, reprint, annotated |publisher=NUS Press |year=2006 |page=52 |isbn=978-9-971-69339-8}}</ref> With a diverse population speaking multiple languages, the city has often seen [[Nativism in Karnataka|controversies]] and issues with respect to the usage of English and other vernacular languages. In 2023, the government mandated the usage of Kannada in the sign boards of all businesses, which led to protests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67889621|title=Bengaluru: Why English is dividing people in India's Silicon Valley|work=[[BBC News]]|date=12 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605022141/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67889621|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/what-is-behind-the-60-per-cent-kannada-signboard-controversy-in-bengaluru-624335.html|title=What Is Behind The 60 Per Cent Kannada Signboard Controversy In Bengaluru?|work=India Times|date=28 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522062531/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/what-is-behind-the-60-per-cent-kannada-signboard-controversy-in-bengaluru-624335.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There have also been court cases, protests, and diverse public opinion on the usage of different languages in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/signs-of-bengalurus-language-conundrum/article67704977.ece|title=Signs of Bengaluru's language conundrum|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 August 2024|access-date=10 August 2024|archive-date=27 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527164920/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/signs-of-bengalurus-language-conundrum/article67704977.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-hc-says-it-cant-tell-govt-to-use-only-kannada-discard-english-dismisses-pil/articleshow/111501017.cms|title=Karnataka High Court dismisses PIL seeking direction to use Kannada|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>

== Administration and politics ==

=== Administration ===
[[File:The Municipal Offices Building, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|The Municipal office building, the seat of [[Greater Bengaluru Authority]], in the early 20th century]]

[[Greater Bengaluru Authority]] (GBA) is the administrative authority of the city and its suburbs, covering an area of {{cvt|1400|km2}}.<ref name="GBA">{{cite news|date=14 May 2025|title=BBMP's era ends, Greater Bengaluru Authority to begin from May 15 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/bbmps-era-ends-greater-bengaluru-authority-to-begin-from-may-15|access-date=18 May 2025|work=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What is changing with the Greater Bengaluru Governance Act 2024?|url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/what-is-changing-with-the-greater-bengaluru-governance-act-2024-100257|work=Citizen Matters|date=16 September 2025|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> The Bangalore Municipal Board was established on 27 March 1862, with a separate board formed later to manage the cantonment area of the city. In 1881, these were organised into Bangalore city municipality and Bangalore civil and military station municipality respectively. The two municipalities were merged in 1949, into a single municipal corporation with 70 members. In 2007, BBMP was established by merging the [[Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]], with seven neighbouring city municipal councils, one town municipal council and 111 village panchayats around the city.<ref name="BBMP2">{{cite web |title=About BBMP |url=https://blrsmartcity.karnataka.gov.in/page/About+Us/About+BBMP/en |access-date=28 December 2022 |work=[[Government of Karnataka]]}}</ref>

The GBA was established in May 2025, replacing the BBMP.<ref name="GBA"/> The erstwhile Bengaluru corporation covered an area {{cvt|741|km2}}, divided into ten zones covering [[Administrative divisions of Bengaluru|223 wards]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2023 |title=BBMP ward delimitation maps posted on website |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bbmp-ward-delimitation-maps-posted-on-website/articleshow/104096646.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228171955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bbmp-ward-delimitation-maps-posted-on-website/articleshow/104096646.cms |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The BBMP was headed by a [[mayor]], elected by the [[councillors]], who were elected through a [[Direct election|popular vote]] by the residents.<ref name="BBMP2" /><ref>{{cite news |date=4 April 2010 |title=BBMP election result by 2 pm |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/62189/bbmp-election-result-2-pm.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409054108/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/62189/bbmp-election-result-2-pm.html |archive-date=9 April 2010 |access-date=5 May 2010 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> The municipal commissioner was responsible for daily administration.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 May 2022 |title=New BBMP chief commissioner inspects infrastructure projects |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607085320/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html |archive-date=7 June 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> The former BBMP was divided into five smaller city corporations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Greater Bengaluru Governance Bill passed amidst protest and walkout by Opposition|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/greater-bengaluru-governance-bill-passed-amidst-protest-and-walkout-by-opposition/article68048628.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 March 2025|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> As the last elections to the BBMP council were held in 2015, and its term ended in 2020, after which the body was managed by a state-appointed administrator until the new structure was implemented.<ref>{{cite news |title=Term of BBMP council ends; govt appoints Gaurav Gupta as administrator |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/term-of-bbmp-council-ends-govt-appoints-gaurav-gupta-as-administrator/articleshow/78044733.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404173824/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/term-of-bbmp-council-ends-govt-appoints-gaurav-gupta-as-administrator/articleshow/78044733.cms |archive-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> As per the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], the BBMP had a revenue of {{INRconvert|55.87|b}} and an expenditure of {{INRconvert|64.65|b}} in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru city finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/bengaluru |work=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>

The [[Bangalore Development Authority]] (BDA) was established in 1976, and is the nodal agency responsible for the planning and development of the city.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 2006 |title=Assembly re-adopts Bill on BDA Act |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/19/stories/2006071907880400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615054417/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/19/stories/2006071907880400.htm |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=1 June 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The BDA works in conjunction with local government and the Agenda for Bangalore's Infrastructure and Development Task Force (ABIDe) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects in the city.<ref name="BBMP2"/><ref>{{cite news |title=The Bruhat Journey |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F04%2F24&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053750/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F04%2F24&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=1 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]], established in 1985, is responsible for the planning of the metropolitan region.<ref name="BMRDA2">{{cite web |title=Local planning areas |url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/page/Local+Planning+Areas/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415001847/https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/page/Local+Planning+Areas/en |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[Government of Karnataka]]}}</ref> As the capital of the state of Karntaka, the city houses the state executive and [[Legislature|legislative]] headquarters in the [[Vidhana Soudha]],<ref>{{cite news |last=B. |first=Madhumitha |date=31 October 2010 |title=Soudha: A tale of sweat and toil |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/soudha-tale-sweat-and-toil-093 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105203919/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/soudha-tale-sweat-and-toil-093 |archive-date=5 November 2010 |access-date=11 November 2010 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> state ministries at [[Vikasa Soudha]],<ref>{{cite news |date=30 November 2017 |title=13-yr-old Vikasa Soudha gets into 'heritage list' |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/13-yr-old-vikasa-soudha-gets-into-heritage-list/articleshow/61855518.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204205240/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/13-yr-old-vikasa-soudha-gets-into-heritage-list/articleshow/61855518.cms |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=15 years on, netas still see Vikasa as the lesser Soudha, insist on Vidhana office |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/15/15-yrs-on-netas-still-see-vikasa-as-the-lesser-soudha-insist-on-vidhana-office-2103607.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204205238/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/15/15-yrs-on-netas-still-see-vikasa-as-the-lesser-soudha-insist-on-vidhana-office-2103607.html |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and the residence of the [[Governor of Karnataka|Governor]] at [[Raj Bhavan, Karnataka|Raj Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Bhavan |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/raj-bhavan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521040709/https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/raj-bhavan/ |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=Karnataka Tourism}}</ref>

=== Law and order ===
[[File:High Court of Karnataka, Bangalore MMK.jpg|thumb|[[Karnataka High Court]] in Bengaluru is the highest judicial body in the state]]

[[Karnataka High Court]] in Bengaluru is the highest [[judicial]] authority in the state, and manages a series of sub-ordinate civil and criminal courts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/newwebsite/org_str.php |title=Karnataka High Court |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208131019/https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/newwebsite/org_str.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/contactus.php |title=About Karnataka High Court |work=[[Karnataka High Court]] |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204045142/https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/contactus.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Bengaluru City Police]] (BCP) is the primary law enforcement agency in the city and is headed by a [[Police Commissioner of Bangalore|commissioner of police]].<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2022 |title=Karnataka: Pratap Reddy appointed new Bengaluru city police commissioner, replaces Kamal Pant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-pratap-reddy-appointed-new-bengaluru-city-police-commissioner-replaces-kamal-pant-7920729/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620142231/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-pratap-reddy-appointed-new-bengaluru-city-police-commissioner-replaces-kamal-pant-7920729/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is divided into eight zones, each of which is headed by an [[assistant commissioner (police)|assistant commissioner]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/6/overview/en|title=Bangalore city police|work=[[Bengaluru City Police]]|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222181504/https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/6/overview/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are separate crime, intelligence, and administration wings of the police.<ref name="Org">{{cite web|url=https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/43/organisation-chart/en|title=Organization chart, Bangalore city police|work=[[Bengaluru City Police]]|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216162459/https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/43/organisation-chart/en|url-status=live}}</ref> The police also operate special and armed units.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/11/city-armed-reserve-%28c-a-r%29/en|title=City armed reserve|work=[[Bengaluru City Police]]|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216162459/https://bcp.karnataka.gov.in/11/city-armed-reserve-%28c-a-r%29/en|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|February 2024}}, the city police consisted of 18,308 civilian police working across 113 police stations, and 6,999 armed reserve personnel. The city had 191 cops per hundred thousand people, well below the [[United Nations]] standard of 673.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Feb/18/bengaluru-staff-shortage-acute-in-city-says-top-cop|title=Bengaluru: Staff shortage acute in city, says top cop|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=18 February 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219052142/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Feb/18/bengaluru-staff-shortage-acute-in-city-says-top-cop|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bengaluru City Traffic Police]] (BCTP) is responsible for the traffic management in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-26/bangalore/30666270_1_seat-belts-front-seats-city-traffic-police |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-26/bangalore/30666270_1_seat-belts-front-seats-city-traffic-police |url-status=dead | archive-date=11 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Fasten your seat belts from Feb 1 }}</ref> The traffic police operates 48 stations across three zones, each of which is headed by a joint commissioner.<ref name="Org"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://btp.gov.in/Aboutus.aspx |title=Aout us, Bangalore City Traffic Police |work=[[Bengaluru City Traffic Police]] |access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, the crime rate in the city was 27.2 per hundred thousand people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/article/with-2nd-rank-chennai-at-delhi-s-heels-in-crime-rate-among-major-indian-metro-cities-reveals-ncrb-data/812708|title=With 2nd rank, Chennai at Delhi's heels in crime rate among major Indian metro cities, reveals NCRB data|date=16 September 2021|work=[[Times Now]]|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208094839/https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/article/with-2nd-rank-chennai-at-delhi-s-heels-in-crime-rate-among-major-indian-metro-cities-reveals-ncrb-data/812708|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bangalore Central Prison]] located at Parappana Agrahara, was established in 1997, and is the major prison in the city.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sarangi|first1=Debi Prasad|title=Bangalore jail: An island of the unwanted|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/86904/bangalore-jail-island-unwanted.html|access-date=1 November 2016|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=8 August 2010|archive-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103234131/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/86904/bangalore-jail-island-unwanted.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parappana Agrahara jail: Jailbreak waiting to happen|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Parappana-Agrahara-jail-Jailbreak-waiting-to-happen/articleshow/22217692.cms|access-date=1 November 2016|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 September 2013}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
[[File:Vikasa Souda - June 2019.jpg|thumb|The [[Vikasa Soudha]] houses multiple state ministries]]

The major part of the city falls under four [[Parliament of India|parliamentary]] constituencies–[[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]], [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]], [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]], and [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> The city elects 28 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |first=S. |last=Rajendran |title=Power of the city |date=19 April 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/power-of-the-city/article4631157.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053415/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/power-of-the-city/article4631157.ece |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The politics of the city and the state have been dominated by the two national parties–[[Indian National Congress]], and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Contrary to other major South Indian cities, there are no major regional parties with a considerable influence in the region, with only [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JDS) having some influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/karnataka-politics-dravidian-congress-bjp-jds-minorities-backward-classes-dalits/article68311543.ece|title=Karnataka: The southern outlier|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=22 June 2024|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=25 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625015326/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/karnataka-politics-dravidian-congress-bjp-jds-minorities-backward-classes-dalits/article68311543.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], the BJP won 15 seats, and the Congress won 13 seats in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|title=Karnataka Election Result 2023 winners list: Who won it for Congress, BJP, JD(S)? Full list of victorious candidates|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=14 May 2023|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624170809/https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general elections]], the BJP won all the four [[Lok Sabha]] seats in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/bangalore-karnataka-election-results-2024-karnataka-general-election-live-news-updates-bangalore-south-tejasvi-surya-11717228036343.html|title=Bangalore, Karnataka Election Results 2024: Tejasvi Surya defeats Sowmya Reddy; BJP wins all 4 seats|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=4 June 2024|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604122520/https://www.livemint.com/elections/bangalore-karnataka-election-results-2024-karnataka-general-election-live-news-updates-bangalore-south-tejasvi-surya-11717228036343.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The last elections to the BBMP was held in [[2015 Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike election|2015]], in which the BJP won 100 seats, and the Congress won 76 seats. The Congress held the mayor post with the support of the JDS till 2019, after which the BJP captured power when the JDS switched its allegiance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sampath Raj is city's new Mayor |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sampath-raj-is-citys-new-mayor/article19768858.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 September 2017 |access-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929063904/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sampath-raj-is-citys-new-mayor/article19768858.ece |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bjps-gowtham-kumar-becomes-bengaluru-mayor/article29565161.ece|title=BJP's Gowtham Kumar becomes Bengaluru Mayor|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 October 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=8 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208151106/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bjps-gowtham-kumar-becomes-bengaluru-mayor/article29565161.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, the term of the council ended, and with no elections had since been conducted till 2024, the BBMP is managed by a government appointed administrator.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/term-of-bbmp-council-ends-govt-appoints-gaurav-gupta-as-administrator/articleshow/78043069.cms?from=mdr |title=Term of BBMP council ends; govt appoints Gaurav Gupta as administrator |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404220809/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/term-of-bbmp-council-ends-govt-appoints-gaurav-gupta-as-administrator/articleshow/78043069.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-marks-longest-period-without-elected-council-3183534|title=BBMP marks longest period without elected council|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=9 September 2024|access-date=1 October 2024|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910140605/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-marks-longest-period-without-elected-council-3183534|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Bengaluru}}

=== Arts ===
[[File:Demon_Yakshagana.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Yakshagana]], a theatre art of [[coastal Karnataka]], played in the city]]

Bengaluru is a major centre of [[Indian classical music]] and dance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ravindran |first=Nirmala |title=Dance and Music is part of our culture |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080908-in-the-city-737400-2008-08-27 |access-date=17 June 2012 |work=[[India Today]] |date=27 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529024740/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/In+the+city/1/13928.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The cultural scene features a diverse set of music concerts, dance performances and plays. Performances of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] music, and dance forms like [[Bharat Natyam]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kathak]], and [[Odissi]] are popular in the city.<ref name="bm">{{harvnb|Raman|1994|pp=34–35|Ref=bm}}</ref> [[Yakshagana]], a theatre art indigenous to coastal Karnataka is often played in town halls.<ref>
{{cite news |first=Sharath M. |last=Sharma |title=It's Yakshagana season |date=22 August 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/its-yakshagana-season/article587170.ece |work=The Hindu | access-date=13 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921080008/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/its-yakshagana-season/article587170.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The two main music seasons include April–May during [[Rama Navami|Ram Navami]], and September–October during [[Dusshera]], when majority of the music activities are organised by various cultural organisations.<ref name="bm" /> Rock music is popular in the urban parts of the city, and the city has its own subgenre of rock, "Bangalore Rock", an amalgamation of [[classic rock]], [[hard rock]] and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], and some [[jazz]] and [[blues]].<ref>{{cite web |title=You know music is in Bangalore's DNA, bands tell why |date=24 December 2011 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1629608/report-you-know-music-is-in-bangalores-dna-bands-tell-why |work=DNA | access-date=21 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925075622/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1629608/report-you-know-music-is-in-bangalores-dna-bands-tell-why | archive-date=25 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> The city is home to several Indian bands, and is referred to as "[[public house|Pub]] Capital of India" and the "Rock/Metal Capital of India" because of its underground music scene.{{sfn|Plunkett|2001|p=124}}

[[File:National_Gallery_of_Modern_Art_-_NGMA_-_Bangalore_6643.JPG|thumb|left|[[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore|National Gallery of Modern Art]] in Bengaluru]]

Several art galleries including the government-established [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bangalore|National Gallery of Modern Art]] emerged in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/3d9f7fea-98f6-11e1-9da3-00144feabdc0.html |title=Bangalore rebooted |access-date=12 September 2013 |last=Narayan |first=Shobha |date=14 May 2012 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001094107/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/3d9f7fea-98f6-11e1-9da3-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=1 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] showcases a collection of painting, sculptures, and various other forms of art.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=12 May 2016 |title=Chitrakala Parishath: An art haven like no other |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chitrakala-parishath-an-art-haven-like-no-other/article8590355.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322022802/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chitrakala-parishath-an-art-haven-like-no-other/article8590355.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 September 2021 |title=Covid threat gone, Crowds return to Bengaluru's Chitrakala Parishath |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/life-in-bengaluru/covid-threat-gone-crowds-return-to-bengalurus-chitrakala-parishath-1032947.html |access-date=22 March 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922192234/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/life-in-bengaluru/covid-threat-gone-crowds-return-to-bengalurus-chitrakala-parishath-1032947.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian Cartoon Gallery organised by the [[Indian Institute of Cartoonists]], conducts periodic cartoon exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.readwhere.com/read/1071561/Bangalore-Mirror/Doodle-Do#page/1/2|title=Doodle-Do Listing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015615/http://www.readwhere.com/read/1071561/Bangalore-Mirror/Doodle-Do#page/1/2 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=31 December 2016 |access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref> "Art Bangalore" is an international [[art festival]], held annually in the city since 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangalore has a heart for art |date=17 August 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Bangalore-has-a-heart-for-art/articleshow/21860900.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=12 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060725/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/people/41419943_1_17-galleries-art-bengaluru-uzma-irfan | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] is a nonprofit organisation headquartered in Bengaluru that promotes the Kannada language and literature.<ref>{{cite web |first=K. |last=Chandramouli |title=Lyrical land |date=26 September 2002 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=13 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108175645/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm | archive-date=8 November 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> The "Bangalore Literature Festival" is an annual literary event organised since 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=History, they wrote at Bangalore Literature fest |date=12 August 2012 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121208/news-current-affairs/article/history-they-wrote-bangalore-literature-fest |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | access-date=7 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921083725/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121208/news-current-affairs/article/history-they-wrote-bangalore-literature-fest | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Karnataka Rajyotsava]], which marks the formation of [[Karnataka]] state on 1 November 1956, is celebrated on the same day annually and is a public holiday in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/11/01/kannadigas-celebrate-karnata-rajyotsava-on-nov-1.html|title=Kannadigas celebrate Kannada Rajyotsava on Nov 1|work=One India|date=1 November 2010|access-date=1 June 2012|archive-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103041840/http://news.oneindia.in/2010/11/01/kannadigas-celebrate-karnata-rajyotsava-on-nov-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festivalsofindia.in/rajyotsava_day/|title=Rajyotsava Day|work=Festivals of India|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702041351/https://www.festivalsofindia.in/rajyotsava_day/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bengaluru is a major centre of the [[Kannada film industry]], which released 224 Kannada feature films in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=9 December 2018 |title=Kannada films set new record with 224 releases, but that's where the good news ends |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kannada-films-set-new-record-with-224-releases-but-its-not-all-good-news/article25704344.ece |access-date=1 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701143536/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kannada-films-set-new-record-with-224-releases-but-its-not-all-good-news/article25704344.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Art theatres that stages English and Kannada language plays in the city include [[Chowdiah Memorial Hall]], [[Ranga Shankara]], and [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep102007/metromon2007090924391.asp |title=An experience called 'Ranga Shankara' |last1=Murali |first1=Janaki |date=10 September 2007 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194402/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep102007/metromon2007090924391.asp |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangaloreorbit.com/bangaloredarshan/monuments-in-bangalore/ravindra-kalakshetra.html |title=Ravindra Kalakshetra |work=Bangalore Orbit |access-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313171703/http://www.bangaloreorbit.com/bangaloredarshan/monuments-in-bangalore/ravindra-kalakshetra.html |archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> [[British Council]], Alliance Française de Bangalore, and Max Müller Bhavan also organise foreign language plays including those of drama companies that tour India.<ref>{{harvnb|Raman|1994|p=37|Ref=bm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Our Mission|work=Alliance française de Bangalore|url=https://bangalore.afindia.org/culture/our-mission/|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117141850/https://bangalore.afindia.org/culture/our-mission/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
Bengaluru has diverse food options including South Indian, North Indian, [[Chinese food|Chinese]], and western fast food.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/11/stories/2007061154170400.htm |title=Explore the continent |date=11 June 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 June 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226020700/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/11/stories/2007061154170400.htm |archive-date=26 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/International-cuisine-pushes-retailers-margins/articleshow/2681793.cms |title=International cuisine pushes retailers' margins |author=Anand, Swati |date=8 January 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517155529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/International-cuisine-pushes-retailers-margins/articleshow/2681793.cms |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Popular vegetarian dishes include [[masala dosa]], paneer biryani, and [[paneer butter masala]].<ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2024 |title=Bengaluru bites: How city is embracing vegetarian and plant-based foods |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-bites-how-the-city-is-embracing-vegetarian-and-plant-based-foods/articleshow/113147071.cms |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Udupi cuisine]] restaurants are popular and serve predominantly [[vegetarian]], regional cuisine.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/breakfast-in-bangalore/477454/ |title=Breakfast in Bangalore |author=Malhotra, Samil |date=16 June 2012 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617050426/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/breakfast-in-bangalore/477454/ |archive-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mavalli Tiffin Room]], known for its Karnataka-style vegetarian food, was opened in 1924 and vegetarian tiffin restaurant [[Vidyarthi Bhavan]] opened in 1943.<ref name="Geo">{{cite web |date=27 March 2023 |title=Is Bengaluru India's most exciting city for vegetarians? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/is-bengaluru-indias-most-exciting-city-for-vegetarians |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=National Geographic Travel }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=31 May 2018 |title=Bengaluru's iconic Vidyarthi Bhavan turns 75 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/setting-the-table/article24047034.ece |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Since the late 1980s, many vegetarian self-service [[Darshini (restaurant)|darshinis]] operate in the city.<ref name="Geo"/> The city also has multiple [[vegan]] restaurants, and vegan advocacy groups, and has been named as India's most vegan-friendly city by [[PETA]] India.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2014 |title=Bangalore most 'vegan-friendly' city |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-most-veganfriendly-city/article6458500.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205005128/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-most-veganfriendly-city/article6458500.ece |archive-date=5 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore most vegan-friendly city in India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalore-most-vegan-friendly-city-in-India/articleshow/43829855.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820052435/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalore-most-vegan-friendly-city-in-India/articleshow/43829855.cms |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=30 September 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 September 2014 }}</ref>

===Festivals===
[[Bangalore Karaga]] or "Karaga Shaktyotsava" is a festival dedicated to the Hindu goddess [[Draupadi]], and celebrated annually by the [[Thigala]] community over a period of nine days in March or April.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040221520500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Bangalore Karaga |date=2 April 2007 |access-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027095955/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040221520500.htm |archive-date=27 October 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=200904212009042100394852e56efa0a&sectxslt=&pageno=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707213004/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=200904212009042100394852e56efa0a&sectxslt=&pageno=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2011|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=21 April 2009 |title= Woman power at Karaga|access-date=14 July 2009 }}</ref> The Someshwara Car festival is held annually in April, when the idol of the [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Halasuru Someshwara Temple]] is taken for a procession on a flower chariot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ulsoors-poo-pallaki-begins-on-saturday/article5944528.ece|title=Ulsoor's 'Poo Pallaki' begins on Saturday|date=21 May 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213103456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ulsoors-poo-pallaki-begins-on-saturday/article5944528.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Other [[List of festivals in India|popular festivals]] include [[Ugadi]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[St. Mary's Basilica, Bangalore|St. Mary's feast]], [[Navrati|Dasara]], [[Deepawali]] and [[Christmas]].<ref>{{harvnb|Raman|1994|pp=42–45|Ref=bm}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Bengaluru}}

[[File:UB Tower Bangalore.jpg|upright|thumb|[[UB City|UB Tower]] in the [[Bengaluru Central Business District]]]]

Bengaluru is one of the fastest-growing metropolises in India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kotkin|first=Joel|date=10 July 2010|title=The World's Fastest-Growing Cities|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309160030/http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin.html|archive-date=9 March 2012|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2020 |title=Bengaluru to be world's fastest growing city: Report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/bengaluru-to-be-world-s-fastest-growing-city-report-797359.html |access-date=27 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130650/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/bengaluru-to-be-world-s-fastest-growing-city-report-797359.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Husain |first=Mudassir |date=12 May 2019 |title=Bengaluru's growth story |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/bengalurus-growth-story/article27102964.ece |access-date=27 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626020658/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/bengalurus-growth-story/article27102964.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, Bengaluru metropolitan area had an estimated [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of $359.9 billion,<ref name="C40"/> ranking it among the [[List of cities by GDP|most productive metro area]]s in India.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 January 2015|title=Global city GDP 2014|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|archive-date=25 May 2017|access-date=4 March 2017|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Broder |first=Jonathan |date=5 October 2018 |title=India Today: Can it maintain strong economic growth?|url=http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2018100500 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005030813/http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2018100500 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018 |journal=CQ Researcher |publisher=Sage Publications |doi=10.4135/cqresrre20181005 |s2cid=267331042 |id=cqresrre2018100500}}</ref> According to the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]], Bengaluru is amongst the most integrated with the global economy, classified as an [[Global city|alpha-city]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The World According to GaWC 2020|url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html|access-date=31 July 2022|work=[[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]]|archive-date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612112616/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The city contributes to nearly one-third of the state GSDP, and has a diversified industrial base dependent on [[Service economy|services]] (39.5% contribution to GDP), manufacturing (36%), and [[agriculture]] (2.3%).<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing cities: the planning, building, and governing of industrial infrastructure in the Bangalore metropolitan region|url=https://www.peak-urban.org/project/manufacturing-cities-planning-building-and-governing-industrial-infrastructure-bangalore|access-date=27 January 2022|work=Peak-urban|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127104941/https://www.peak-urban.org/project/manufacturing-cities-planning-building-and-governing-industrial-infrastructure-bangalore|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Economy">{{cite report|url=https://industries.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/DISTRICT%20PROFILE-BANGALORE%20URBAN.pdf|title=District profile, Bengaluru urban|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621131641/https://industries.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/DISTRICT%20PROFILE-BANGALORE%20URBAN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bengaluru has the country's fourth largest [[fast-moving consumer goods]] market.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/aug/23bang.htm?q=bp&file=.htm|title=Bangalore most affluent market|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307113339/http://ia.rediff.com/money/2006/aug/23bang.htm?q=bp&file=.htm|archive-date=7 March 2008|work=[[Rediff]]date=23 August 2006|access-date=1 June 2007}}</ref> The city also has the third highest number of [[high-net-worth individual]]s in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India_Business/After_Mumbai__Delhi_Bangalore_home_to_richest/articleshow/1842018.cms|title=Bangalore third richest city in country|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430232332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India_Business/After_Mumbai__Delhi_Bangalore_home_to_richest/articleshow/1842018.cms|archive-date=30 April 2007|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 April 2007|access-date=1 June 2007}}</ref> Major industrial sectors include [[information technology]], [[automobiles]], [[aerospace]], [[textiles]], [[heavy machinery]], [[biotechnology]], [[electronics]], and [[communication]], [[agriculture]], and [[food processing]].<ref>{{cite web|date=22 March 2019|title=Bengaluru: Economy, Industries, and Infrastructure|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/city-spotlight-bangalore-6371.html/|access-date=24 August 2021|work=India Briefing News|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816124844/https://www.india-briefing.com/news/city-spotlight-bangalore-6371.html/|url-status=live}}</ref> The industrial clusters are spread across the city and its suburbs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Bangalore Rural District|url=https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Rural.pdf|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816123855/https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Rural.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Bangalore District|url=https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Urban.pdf|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-date=25 October 2021|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025154733/https://msmedibangalore.gov.in/files/Bengaluru%20Urban.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, the city had more than 75,000 industries including more than 2,000 information technology companies.<ref name="Economy"/> It hosted 87 [[Fortune 500]] companies, the fifth highest number amongst the cities in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru has become the hotspot for Fortune 500 giants, global companies to set up innovation centres|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/bengaluru-has-become-the-hotspot-for-fortune-500-giants-global-companies-to-set-up-innovation-centres/articleshow/52567790.cms|access-date=16 August 2021|newspaper=Business Insider}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

[[File:World Trade Center Banglore (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[World Trade Center Bangalore|World Trade Center]] at Bengaluru]]

Bengaluru is a major centre for information technology (IT), and is consistently ranked amongst the world's fastest growing technology hubs.
<ref name="ETIT">{{cite news|title=Bengaluru world's fastest growing tech hub, London second: Report|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/bengaluru-worlds-fastest-growing-tech-hub-london-second-report/articleshow/80263653.cms?from=mdr|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816123852/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/bengaluru-worlds-fastest-growing-tech-hub-london-second-report/articleshow/80263653.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bangalore keeps its crown as India's high-growth tech hub|url=https://www.ft.com/content/022aa805-3699-4bac-a845-81c95d015bc2|access-date=27 June 2022|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=7 April 2022|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627145035/https://www.ft.com/content/022aa805-3699-4bac-a845-81c95d015bc2|url-status=live}}</ref> It is widely regarded as the "[[Silicon Valley]] of India", as the largest IT hub of the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Canton |first=Naomi |date=6 December 2012 |title=How the 'Silicon Valley of India' is bridging the digital divide |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218052853/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/06/tech/bangalore-india-internet-access |archive-date=18 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rai |first=Saritha |date=20 March 2006 |title=Is the Next Silicon Valley Taking Root in Bangalore? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013023256/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/20/business/worldbusiness/20bangalore.html |archive-date=13 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Vaidyanathan |first=Rajini |date=5 November 2012 |title=Can the 'American Dream' be reversed in India? |work=[[BBC World News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20201666 |url-status=live |access-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105101908/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20201666 |archive-date=5 November 2012 }}</ref> The IT export from the city is estimated to be valued at $64 billion in 2024, and the city contributes to more than one third of India's total IT exports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/bengaluru-is-the-undisputed-silicon-valley-of-india-what-led-to-its-status/|title=Bengaluru is the undisputed Silicon Valley of India: What led to its status?|date=10 October 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|work=South First}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bangalore will become the world's largest IT cluster by 2020|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/%E2%80%98Bangalore-will-become-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-IT-cluster-by-2020%E2%80%99/article20909098.ece|access-date=16 August 2021|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|date=12 November 2014|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726165717/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/%E2%80%98Bangalore-will-become-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-IT-cluster-by-2020%E2%80%99/article20909098.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The IT industry in the city is divided into various business clusters and [[special economic zones]] such as [[Electronic City]], [[International Tech Park, Bangalore|International Tech Park]], [[Software Technology Parks of India|Software Technology Park]], [[Bagmane Tech Park]], [[Global Village Tech Park]], [[World Trade Center Bangalore|World Trade Center]], and [[Manyata Embassy Business Park]] amongst others.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 Amazing Software Technological Parks in Bengaluru|date=4 August 2017|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-amazing-software-technological-parks-in-bengaluru/|access-date=16 August 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816123851/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-amazing-software-technological-parks-in-bengaluru/|url-status=live}}</ref> The growth of IT industry has resulted in the migration of people from all over the country, which has resulted in the demand for improvement in the city's infrastructure and presented the city with other challenges.<ref name="ETIT"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Shrinag|date=20 August 2019|title=Top Reasons Why Bengaluru Is A Bustling IT Hub|url=https://metrosaga.com/top-reasons-why-bengaluru-is-a-bustling-it-hub/|access-date=16 August 2021|work=MetroSaga|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816125354/https://metrosaga.com/top-reasons-why-bengaluru-is-a-bustling-it-hub/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The industry has been blamed for not favouring local employment development, increased land values, and closure of small enterprises.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 2008|title=Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/briefing-papers/44-urban-labour-markets-exploitation.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327183722/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/briefing-papers/44-urban-labour-markets-exploitation.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2009|access-date=10 May 2010|publisher=Overseas Development Institute}}</ref> The resistance from the city for further investments required to develop infrastructure, has forced some of the new and expanding businesses elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 July 2019|title=India's Tech Hubs: Bengaluru vs Hyderabad|url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/indias-tech-hubs-bengaluru-vs-hyderabad-19023.html/|access-date=16 August 2021|work=India Briefing News}}</ref>

[[File:Vande_Bharat_sleeper_trainset_prototype_at_BEML.jpeg|thumb|A train set manufactured at [[BEML]]]]

Bengaluru is also a major hub for Indian biotechnology-related industry, which was valued at nearly $25 billion in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka hopes to double its bio-economy to $50-bn in 5 yrs |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/karnataka-hopes-to-double-its-bio-economy-to-50-bn-in-5-yrs/articleshow/79332632.cms |access-date=27 June 2022 |newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130655/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/karnataka-hopes-to-double-its-bio-economy-to-50-bn-in-5-yrs/articleshow/79332632.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pulakkat |first=Hari |title=How Bengaluru became the biotech capital of India |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/how-bengaluru-became-the-biotech-capital-of-india/articleshow/49751173.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 June 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130650/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/how-bengaluru-became-the-biotech-capital-of-india/articleshow/49751173.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is home to more than 40 biotech companies, and is termed as the "Biotech capital of India".<ref>{{cite news|date=23 April 2005|title=Bangalore Helix to be a reality soon|newspaper=[[The Hindu|]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042301960600.htm|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012172400/http://hindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042301960600.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Sumeet|date=4 October 2007|title=Biocon in drug development talks with Bayer|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-SP/idUSBOM33872620071004|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222175316/http://www.reuters.com/article/health-SP/idUSBOM33872620071004|archive-date=22 December 2007}}</ref> The city is a major export centre for agricultural produce including [[fruits]], and [[poultry]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/bengaluru-airport-tops-in-perishable-exports-from-india-for-fourth-year/articleshow/111488708.cms?from=mdr|title=Bengaluru airport tops in perishable exports from India for fourth year|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=4 July 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|archive-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704133336/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/bengaluru-airport-tops-in-perishable-exports-from-india-for-fourth-year/articleshow/111488708.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Major crops include [[rice]], [[maize]], [[finger millet|ragi]], [[horse gram]], [[oil seeds]], [[coconuts]], and fruits such as [[mango]], [[papaya]], [[banana]], [[grapes]], and [[pomegranate]]. Flowers such as [[roses]] are grown commercially.<ref name="Economy"/> The [[Rail Wheel Factory]] at Yelahanka is a major supplier of wheels and axles for [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Apr/28/rail-wheel-factoryto-supply-axles-for-indias-fastest-train--vande-bharat-express-2447306.html|title=Rail Wheel Factory to supply axles for India's fastest train - Vande Bharat Express|date=28 April 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524075948/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Apr/28/rail-wheel-factoryto-supply-axles-for-indias-fastest-train--vande-bharat-express-2447306.html|url-status=live}}</ref> State owned corporations [[BEML]] and [[Bharat Electronics]] are headquartered in the city, and manufacture aerospace components, power equipment, trainsets, armored vehicles, and electronics for both civilian and defence requirements.<ref name="Economy"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Bharat Electronics Limited|url=https://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/134/|access-date=2 August 2020|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125158/https://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/134/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
{{Main|Infrastructure in Bengaluru}}

=== Water supply ===
[[File:Cauvery Kaveri River Karnataka India (2).jpg|thumb|The city draws majority of the water requirement from the [[Kaveri River]]]]

[[Water supply]] is provided by the [[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] (BWSSB), which was established in 1964.<ref name="BWSSB">{{cite web |url=http://bwssb.org/mission-history/ |title=BWSSB Mission Statement |access-date=13 October 2012 |work=[[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020070108/http://bwssb.org/mission-history/ |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> The city receives an average of 800 million liters of water per day from rainfall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM2/Thirsty-Bangalore-invokes-god/Article1-6117.aspx |title=Thirsty Bangalore invokes god |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=9 June 2003 |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303074533/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/nm2/Thirsty-Bangalore-invokes-god/Article1-6117.aspx |archive-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda constructed lakes such as the Kempambudhi Kere to store the rain water.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-swimming-sensation-of-kempambudhi-kere-101715023978566.html|title=Sensation of Kempabudhi Kare|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=7 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510102700/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-swimming-sensation-of-kempambudhi-kere-101715023978566.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, the city had a daily water demand of 2100 million liters, of which 1,450 million liters is catered to by the corporation. While the city drew water from the [[Arkavathy River]] earlier, the increasing demands led to the establishment of the Cauvery water supply scheme in 1964. Majority of the water supply to the city is drawn from the [[Kaveri]], with the amount of water drawn increasing from 135 million liters in 1974 to 1,450 million liters per day in 2014.<ref name="Water">{{cite web|url=https://bwssb.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/About+BWSSB/en|title=About BWSSB|work=[[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524234021/https://bwssb.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/About+BWSSB/en|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2015 report indicated that one-third of the [[Slum clearance in India|slum clearance]] projects lacked basic water service connections, 60% of slum dwellers lacked complete water supply lines and used a shared water supply.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2015 |title=60 per cent of water sources go dry in Ch'nagar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/469004/60-per-cent-water-sources.html |access-date=27 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627155237/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/469004/60-per-cent-water-sources.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city does face water shortages, especially during summer and in years with low rainfall.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 February 2018 |title=water shortage: Water crisis: Is Bengaluru heading for Day Zero? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/water-crisis-is-bluru-heading-for-day-zero/articleshow/62893432.cms |access-date=27 May 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610084006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/water-crisis-is-bluru-heading-for-day-zero/articleshow/62893432.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In early 2024, Bengaluru faced a water crisis due to depleted water reservoirs in the Kaveri basin as a consequence of a weak monsoon, and low groundwater levels.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thirsty Bengaluru: Water scarcity amid rapid urbanisation and climate change|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/thirsty-bengaluru-water-scarcity-amid-rapid-urbanisation-and-climate-change-2514749-2024-03-14|work=[[India Today]]|date=14 March 2024|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> Borewells, which contribute a sufficient share to the city's water consumption, ran dry, and the government was forced to operate water tankers from outside the city and impose restrictions on non-essential water usage.<ref>{{cite news|title=6. Why Bengaluru is facing acute water shortage|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/why-bengaluru-is-facing-acute-water-shortage/articleshow/108277259.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 March 2024|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Waste management and pollution ===
Waste collection and management is done by the city corporation. Pollution regulation and issuance of waste management guidelines is carried out by the [[Karnataka State Pollution Control Board]] (KSPCB), which comes under the aegis of [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB), and is headquartered in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/department/karnataka-state-pollution-control-board/|title=Karnataka State Pollution Control Board|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906051337/https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/department/karnataka-state-pollution-control-board/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/central-pollution-control-board-brings-strict-norms-to-curb-red-mudin-karnataka-3297958|title=Central Pollution Control Board brings strict norms to curb red mud in Karnataka|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=30 November 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|archive-date=2 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202202301/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/central-pollution-control-board-brings-strict-norms-to-curb-red-mudin-karnataka-3297958|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2022, Bengaluru produced around 6000 [[metric tonnes]] of [[waste|solid waste]] per day.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 April 2022 |title=BBMP chief commissioner calls for decentralised waste management system |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-decentralised-waste-management-system-7855463/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620160123/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-decentralised-waste-management-system-7855463/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The wastes are segregated, compacted, and transported to any of the three garbage processing plants in Bingipura, [[Mavallipura]], or [[Kudlu]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/07level.htm |title=Bangalore: Pollution levels at all time high |work=[[Rediff]] | access-date=6 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019095614/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/07level.htm | archive-date=19 October 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> As per a 2024 study, the three garbage processing plants were found to be violating environmental regulations, and emitted high levels of [[particulate matter]], causing damage to the local environment and increasing the pollution levels of the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengalurus-waste-processing-plants-polluters-of-high-magnitude-study-3249684|title=Bengaluru's waste processing plants polluters of high magnitude: Study|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=25 October 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, the corporation operated seven wet waste processing plants, 13 bio [[methane]] generation plants, and a land fill.<ref name="SWM">{{cite web|url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/swm/|title=Swachh Bharat Mission|work=[[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The corporation earlier operated three more landfill sites at [[Mavallipura]], [[Mandur]], and [[Doddaballapura]], which were closed after complaints from local residents, and reports of diseases due to unsanitary conditions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/war-over-waste-39575|title=War over waste|work=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> In 2024, the government identified four new locations for the construction of new landfill sites.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-identifies-4-places-to-process-city-s-waste-2930592|title=BBMP identifies 4 places to process city's waste|newspaper=[[The Deccan Herald]]|date=11 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=12 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312003049/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-identifies-4-places-to-process-city-s-waste-2930592|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of the waste management guidelines, the government of Karnataka has authorised specific companies to manage [[biomedical waste|biomedical]] and [[e-waste]]s in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biomedical Waste Management {{!}} Karnataka State Pollution Control Board|url=https://kspcb.karnataka.gov.in/waste-management/biomedical-waste|access-date=17 January 2022|work=[[Karnataka State Pollution Control Board]]|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182555/https://kspcb.karnataka.gov.in/waste-management/biomedical-waste|url-status=live}}</ref> However, a report in October 2024 indicated that some of these companies were not disposing of the wastes in the prescribed manner, and are involved in re-selling.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/e-waste-management-firms-in-bengaluru-reselling-mobile-phones-and-laptops-despite-ban/article68668021.ece|title= Despite ban, e-waste management firms in Bengaluru reselling mobile phones and laptops|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 October 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>

The city has considerable pollution due to vehicle and industrial exhausts, and unscientific waste disposal.<ref name="Air">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_exclusive-50pct-of-bangalores-air-pollution-caused-due-to-dust_1618349 |title=Exclusive! 50% of Bangalore's air pollution caused due to dust |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=28 November 2011 |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031065230/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_exclusive-50pct-of-bangalores-air-pollution-caused-due-to-dust_1618349 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.c40.org/press_releases/35-cities-unite-to-clean-the-air-their-citizens-breathe-protecting-the-health-of-millions |title=C40: 35 Cities Unite to Clean the Air Their Citizens Breathe, Protecting the Health of Millions |work=C40 group|access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207060958/https://www.c40.org/press_releases/35-cities-unite-to-clean-the-air-their-citizens-breathe-protecting-the-health-of-millions |url-status=live }}</ref> The pollution level varies across localities, with higher concentrations of [[particulate matter]] reported in industrial and high traffic zones. A [[random sample|random sampling]] of the [[air quality index]] (AQI) of twenty stations within the city suggested heavy to severe air pollution around areas of high traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF | archive-date=20 March 2006 |title=Environmental impact analysis |publisher=Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited, Government of Karnataka |year=2006 | access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref> While the average air quality was at acceptable levels, the [[PM 2.5]] levels exceeded the 60 μg/m<sup>3</sup> threshold set by the CPCB in certain areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Dec/07/bengalurus-air-quality-good-but-peenya-silk-board-choke|title=Bengaluru's air quality good but Peenya, Silk Board choke|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2024|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref> A evaluation of Bengaluru's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that the city's air quality and [[noise pollution]] were poor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |title=Environmental Impact Analysis |access-date=20 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |archive-date=20 March 2006| work=BMRTL }}</ref>

=== Power ===
In 1905, Bengaluru was among the first cities to have electric power.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} The city was powered by [[hydro power]] generated by the [[hydroelectric]] plant in [[Shivanasamudra]].<ref name="Elec"/> Electricity in the city is regulated through the [[Bangalore Electricity Supply Company]] (BESCOM).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bescom.org/en/aboutus/index.asp |title=About Us |work=[[Bangalore Electricity Supply Company]] | access-date=5 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731092131/http://www.bescom.org/en/aboutus/index.asp | archive-date=31 July 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref> The power consumption has steadily increased over the last decade and in 2022–23, the city had a peak demand of 3,632 [[Megawatt|MW]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/power-hungry-bengaluru-triples-bescom-s-revenue-demand-in-10-years-3093243|title=Power-hungry Bengaluru triples Bescom's revenue demand in 10 years|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=5 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/rising-mercury-levels-wfo-send-energy-demand-soaring-in-bluru/articleshow/104538850.cms|title=Rising mercury levels send energy demand soaring in Bengaluru|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 October 2023|access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref> {{As of|March 2024}}, the city had a daily power requirement of about 157 million [[kWh]], and consumed nearly 40% of the power in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bengalurus-power-demand-hits-unprecedented-highs/articleshow/108627339.cms|title=Bengaluru's power demand hits unprecedented highs|date=20 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> The city draws power from the state grid, which receives power from a mixture of [[fossil fuels]] and [[renewable power|renewable]] sources.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://citizenmatters.in/4648-bescoms-power-sources/|title=Bescom power sources|work=Citizen matters|date=5 November 2012 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530084605/https://citizenmatters.in/4648-bescoms-power-sources/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, BESCOM initiated the process of moving overhead lines to underground in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bescom-power-supply-upgrades-in-bengaluru/articleshow/114129971.cms|title=BESCOM power supply upgrades in Bengaluru|date=11 October 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

=== Health and sanitation ===
[[File:Victoria_Hospital-_circa_March_2005.jpg|thumb|[[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] was opened in 1900]]

In the early 19th century, healthcare services were provided by local physicians. In 1834, English doctors were appointed, to take care of [[vaccination]], and control the spread of [[epidemics]]. The first public clinic was established in Bangalore Fort in 1835, and a small hospital was added in 1839 in the Pete area. In 1846, a large hospital was opened, with a [[leper colony]] added in 1845, and a [[mental hospital]] in 1850.<ref name="Cubbon"/>{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=55}} The [[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] was inaugurated in 1900.<ref name="Plague"/> {{As of|2024}}, the Bengaluru corporation managed one major general hospital, six referral hospitals, 26 maternity homes, and 230 outpatient clinics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/Health/palikehospitals.html|title=Palike Hospitals|work=[[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618003937/https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/Health/palikehospitals.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bbmps-namma-clinics-are-fully-functional/articleshow/115908382.cms|title=BBMP's Namma Clinics are fully functional|date=3 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> There are many private clinics, and tertiary care hospitals in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/hospitals/|title=Public Utility Hospitals|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420015134/https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/hospitals/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has been growing as a centre of [[medical tourism]] due to the availability of more than 50 tertiary care hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/health-department-working-on-promoting-medical-tourism-health-minister/article68773679.ece|title=Health Department working on promoting medical tourism: Health Minister|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 October 2024|access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref> Vaccination such as [[polio vaccine]] is administered by the corporation on behalf of the government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-achieves-94-33-polio-vaccine-coverage-in-bengaluru-2920269|title=BBMP achieves 94.33% polio vaccine coverage in Bengaluru|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=4 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419215707/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bbmp-achieves-94-33-polio-vaccine-coverage-in-bengaluru-2920269|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sanitation]] facilities are provided by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board.<ref name="BWSSB"/> The underground drainage and sewerage disposal system was introduced in 1922. {{As of|2024}}, about 1,400 million liters of waste water is generated daily, which flows through a network of nearly {{cvt|8387|km}} of sewage pipes to any of the 33 sewage treatment plants.<ref name="Water"/> Encroachment, and damages to the sewerage system, has resulted in wastewater entering the lakes, and polluting the water sources.<ref name="Water"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/foaming-bellandur-lake-caused-by-continuous-entry-untreated-sewage-iisc-8649104/|title=Foaming in Bengaluru's Bellandur lake caused by continuous entry of untreated sewage: IISc|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 June 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006153337/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/foaming-bellandur-lake-caused-by-continuous-entry-untreated-sewage-iisc-8649104/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, the corporation operated 401 [[public toilet]]s and 17 community toilets across the city.<ref name="SWM"/>

=== Communication ===
[[File:General Post Office 5-31-2008 4-45-37 PM.JPG|thumb|Bengaluru General Post Office was established in 1800]]

The first post office in the city was established in 1800.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Documents/PostalHistory/POSTAL_SYSTEM_DURING_BRITISH_ERA_1727-1854.pdf|title=Postal system during British era, 1727-1854|work=[[India Post]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=2|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424055731/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Documents/PostalHistory/POSTAL_SYSTEM_DURING_BRITISH_ERA_1727-1854.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Postal services are provided by the government owned [[India Post]], which operated 247 post offices across four zones in 2024.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/sites/PostalCircles/Karnataka/Lists/PostOffices/KA_Pincode_12Nov2020.pdf|title=List of post offices|work=[[India Post]]|access-date=1 December 2023|pages=1–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.karnatakapost.gov.in/Uploads/Annexure%20-%20List%20of%20SSPOs%2CSPOs%20%26%20CPM%20in%20Karnataka%20Circle.pdf|title=List of SPOs|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220202349/https://www.karnatakapost.gov.in/Uploads/Annexure%20-%20List%20of%20SSPOs%2CSPOs%20%26%20CPM%20in%20Karnataka%20Circle.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1853, [[telegraph]] was introduced for long-distance communication and about {{cvt|334|mi|km|order=flip}} of telegraph lines existed in the city by 1856.<ref name="Cubbon"/> [[Telephone]] services were introduced in 1928.{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} In the early 1990s, [[STPI]] provided wired [[Internet service provider|internet services]] for offices, and [[VSNL]] started providing [[dial up]] connections for individual homes in the city.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-05-02rbasant.pdf |title=Bangalore Cluster: Evolution, Growth and Challengers |author=Rakesh Basant |access-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025132717/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-05-02rbasant.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/sep/07net.htm |title=A short recap on Internet developments in India | access-date=8 October 2007 | work=[[Rediff]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016132614/http://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/sep/07net.htm | archive-date=16 October 2007 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bengaluru has a high internet usage and is amongst the top cities in India in terms of internet penetration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122922770200.htm |title=A highly net-savvy city | access-date=8 October 2007 |date=29 December 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012040754/http://hindu.com/2006/12/29/stories/2006122922770200.htm | archive-date=12 October 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bengaluru was the first city in India to have access to [[4G|fourth generation]] [[Cellular communication networks|cellular]] services.<ref>{{cite news |last=Julka |first=Harsimran |title=Bharti Airtel offers 4G services on mobiles in Bangalore |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/bharti-airtel-offers-4g-services-on-mobiles-in-bangalore/articleshow/30362058.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525081942/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/bharti-airtel-offers-4g-services-on-mobiles-in-bangalore/articleshow/30362058.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, four mobile phone service companies operate [[GSM]] networks including [[Bharti Airtel]], [[BSNL]], [[Vodafone Idea]] and [[Reliance Jio]] offered fourth and [[5G|fifth generation]] mobile services. Wired broadband services are offered by five major operators and smaller local operators.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf|title=TRAI report, August 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095115/https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Namma Wifi is a free [[municipal wireless network]] launched on 24 January 2014 by the Government of Karnataka, and is available in select areas in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Free wifi on M.G. Road and Brigade Road from Friday |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/free-wifi-on-mg-road-and-brigade-road-from-friday/article5606757.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 January 2014 | access-date=6 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703193207/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/free-wifi-on-mg-road-and-brigade-road-from-friday/article5606757.ece | archive-date=3 July 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Media ===
The first [[printing press]] in Bengaluru was established in 1840  by the [[Wesleyan]] Christian Mission.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Printing at Bangalore, 1840-1850 |author=D. E. Rhodes |journal=The British Museum Quarterly |volume=34 |date=1970 |issue=3/4 |pages=83–86 |publisher=[[British Museum]] |jstor=4423049 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wesleyan methodists promoted language, education |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2011/nov/14/wesleyan-methodists-promoted-language-education-309916.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=16 May 2012 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528070015/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2011/nov/14/wesleyan-methodists-promoted-language-education-309916.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 1860, the English newspaper ''Bangalore Herald'' and Kannada newspaper ''Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini'' started circulation in Bengaluru.<ref name="Cubbon">{{cite book |url=https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Modern_Mysore_1936_chp70.pdf |title=Modern Mysore |publisher=[[Government of Karnataka]] |pages=498–503 |access-date=4 December 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922210943/https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Modern_Mysore_1936_chp70.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} P. R. Ramayya established the Bangalore Press in 1927 and launched the Kannada newspaper ''Tayi Nadu'' and English newspaper ''Daily News'' later.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/bengaluru-english-newspapers/articleshow/46247185.cms |title=Bengaluru and English newspapers |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=14 February 2015 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref> Bengaluru has several newspapers and magazines published in various languages including Kannada, English, Urdu, and Tamil.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%209.pdf |title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 9 |page=32 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095128/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%209.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of |2022}}, the major dailies with a circulation of more than 100,000 copies per day include ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'', ''[[Prajavani]]'', and ''[[Vijayavani]]''.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf |title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 6 |page=8 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095105/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Several local newspapers, and periodicals also bring out editions from the city.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf |title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 7 |page=5 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095118/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Local online news sites like [[Explocity]] provide local news updates.<ref>{{cite news |first=K. |last=Satyamurty |title=Exploring Bangalore, a mouse click away |date=22 November 2000 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm | access-date=17 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060725/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/22/stories/0422402j.htm | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

[[File:Aerial view of a TV Tower in Bangalore (2).jpg|thumb|The {{cvt|140|m}} high television tower, which was commissioned in 1985]]

[[All India Radio]] started [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] broadcasting from its Bengaluru station on 2 November 1955.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jan232006/metromon1727452006122.asp |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=23 January 2006 |title=Idhu Akashvani, Bengalooru! | access-date=7 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204092005/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/jan232006/metromon1727452006122.asp | archive-date=4 December 2007 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2001, [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] became the first private [[Frequency modulation|FM]] radio channel in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2002/05/23/stories/2002052301450400.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |date=23 May 2002 |title=Radio City goes on air in Mumbai | access-date=7 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011191801/http://blonnet.com/2002/05/23/stories/2002052301450400.htm | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, major FM radio stations included [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]], [[Radio Mirchi]], Radio City, and [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Gilbert|editor-first=Sean|title=[[World Radio TV Handbook|World Radio TV Handbook 2007: The Directory of International Broadcasting]]|publisher=WRTH Publications|year=2006|place=London|pages=237–242|isbn=978-0-82305-997-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf|title=IRS survey, 2019|publisher=MRUC|access-date=1 December 2023|page=46|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925203217/https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Bangalore Amateur Radio Club, an [[amateur radio]] club was established in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/the-unsung-lives-of-ham-radio-operators-from-bengaluru-1017033.html |title=The unsung lives of Ham radio operators from Bengaluru |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=17 August 2023 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barc.in |title=Bangalore Amateur Radio Club : Fifty Golden Years 1959–2009 |work=BARC | access-date=29 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108140405/http://www.barc.in/ | archive-date=8 January 2010 | url-status=live }}
</ref>

The government run [[Doordarshan]] broadcasts terrestrial and [[satellite television]] channels from its Bengaluru centre set up on 1 November 1981. A production centre was established in the Doordarshan's Bengaluru office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news programme in Kannada on 19 November 1983.<ref name="DD">{{cite news |title=How DD brought Indian homes entertainment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/oct/09/how-dd-brought-indian-homes-entertainment-91209.html |access-date=24 May 2022 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=15 May 2012 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524081102/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/oct/09/how-dd-brought-indian-homes-entertainment-91209.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A {{cvt|140|m}} high television tower was commissioned on 1 March 1985 for the broadcast of television programmes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/dd-ott-to-have-a-towering-presence/articleshow/68768766.cms|title=DD OTT to have a towering presence|date=8 April 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409010923/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/dd-ott-to-have-a-towering-presence/articleshow/68768766.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Doordarshan launched ''[[DD Chandana]]'', a Kannada satellite channel, on 15 August 1990.<ref name="DD"/><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.pibbng.kar.nic.in/media.htm |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |title=Doordarshan, Bangalore |access-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011182720/http://pibbng.kar.nic.in/media.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 1991, [[STAR TV (Asia)|Star TV]] was the first private satellite channel to be launched in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/13290695.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 July 2001 |title=Tune in to quality |author=Sevanti Ninan |access-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225516/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/29/stories/13290695.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Since the late 2000s, [[Direct To Home]] (DTH) services became available in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-eworld/article1679696.ece |work=[[Business Line]] |date=8 May 2007 |title=Going for the action | access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref>

=== Fire and rescue ===
Fire services are handled by the [[Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services]], which operates 50 fire stations, five fire protection squads, and three special units.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksfes.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/FIRE%20STATIONS%20LIST%20RANGE%20WISE%20ENglish.pdf|title=List of fire stations|work=[[Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627093427/https://ksfes.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/FIRE%20STATIONS%20LIST%20RANGE%20WISE%20ENglish.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Bengaluru}}

=== Air ===
[[File:Bengaluru-airport.jpg |thumb |[[Kempegowda International Airport]] at [[Devanahalli]]]]

During [[World War II]], [[Walchand Hirachand]] sought to build and repair planes in India, and partnered with American businessman [[William Pawley]] to set up an airfield in Bengaluru. The [[HAL Airport]] began operations in 1941 as a part of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|Hindustan Aircraft Limited]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.isc.meiji.ac.jp/~transfer/paper/pdf/09/03_Ramnath.pdf |title=International Networks and Aircraft Manufacture in Colonial and Postcolonial India: States, Entrepreneurs and Educational Institutions, 1940-64 |author=Ramnath, Aparajith |journal=History of Global Arms Transfer |year=2020 |issue=9 |pages=41–59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704150238/http://www.isc.meiji.ac.jp/~transfer/paper/pdf/09/03_Ramnath.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1954/1954%20-%202391.PDF |title=Hindustan Aircraft |work=Flight Global |date=27 August 1954 |page=296 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510094328/http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1954/1954%20-%202391.PDF |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> The HAL airport was the major airport of the city till 2008, when the new [[Bengaluru International Airport]] came into existence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/april2k6_annex3.jsp |title=Traffic statistics – Passengers (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIIC |work=[[Airports Authority of India]] |date=April 2006 |access-date=25 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120154236/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/april2k6_annex3.jsp |archive-date=20 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct272006/index211220061026.asp |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |location=India |title=Expressway for airport drive |author=R. Krishnakumar |access-date=2 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123204/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct272006/index211220061026.asp |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2020 |title=Bengaluru could get a second airport in no time. But after these hurdles are removed |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/bengaluru-could-get-a-second-airport-in-no-time-but-after-these-hurdles-are-removed/517156/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=The Print |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818010233/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/bengaluru-could-get-a-second-airport-in-no-time-but-after-these-hurdles-are-removed/517156/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kempegowda International Airport, located at [[Devanahalli]], about {{cvt |31 |km |}} from the city, started operations on 24 May 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/24airport.htm |title=Bangalore airport takes wings |work=[[Rediff]] |date=24 May 2008 |access-date=10 July 2021 |author=Nanjappa, Vicky |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028182838/https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/24airport.htm |archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> It is the [[List of busiest airports in India|third-busiest]] airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.<ref>{{cite report |title=Airports by Passenger Traffic, 2022-23 |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/rev_Mar2k23Annex3.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]] |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225224744/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/rev_Mar2k23Annex3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Passenger-traffic-tops-93m-at-Bangalore-airport/articleshow/5336348.cms |title=Passenger traffic tops 9.3m at Bangalore airport |date=14 December 2009 |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612140911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-14/bangalore/28098026_1_passenger-traffic-traffic-figures-airport |archive-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Air-conditioned buses operated by [[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] connect the airport with the city.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 April 2021 |title=BMTC Announces Additional Volvo AC Bus Service Connecting Bengaluru Airport and City |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/bmtc-announces-additional-volvo-ac-bus-service-connecting-bengaluru-airport-and-city-3681602.html |access-date=20 January 2022 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref>

The [[Training Command (India)|Training Command]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] is headquartered in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/TC |title=Training Command |work=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The Air Force operates an air base at [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelahanka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Air Force Commands |newspaper=Indian Air Force: Touch the Sky with Glory |url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/ |publisher=[[Indian Air Force]] |access-date=29 June 2010 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528093815/https://indianairforce.nic.in/zonal-maps/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city hosts [[Aero India]], a biennial air show at the Yelahanka air force station.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-aero-india-2021-underway-yelahanka-air-force-station-7172547/ |title =Aero India 2021: India's military aviation expo underway at Yelahanka Air Force station |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 February 2021 |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://aeroindia.gov.in/Home/About |title=Aero India Show |work=Aero India 2021 |date=3 February 2021 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109054620/https://aeroindia.gov.in/Home/About |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Rail ===
[[File:SMVT Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|[[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal]] railway station at [[Baiyappanahalli]]]]

The first railway line opened for traffic between [[Bengaluru Cantonment railway station|Bengaluru Cantonment]] and [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai]] on 1 August 1864.<ref name="Rail">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalores-rail-connectivity-turns-150-years/article6273095.ece|title=Bangalore's rail connectivity turns 150 years|date=2 August 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018071527/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalores-rail-connectivity-turns-150-years/article6273095.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-in-1864-first-train-chugged-from-cantonment-to-jolarpettai/articleshow/59900418.cms?from=mdr|title=Date with History: In 1864, first train chugged from Cantonment to Jolarpettai|date=3 August 2017|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231142/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-in-1864-first-train-chugged-from-cantonment-to-jolarpettai/articleshow/59900418.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bangalore Chennai Mail|Madras-Bangalore Mail]] was launched later the same year. Further railway connectivity to [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta]] was established in 1862, and to [[Raichur Junction railway station|Raichur]] in 1871. The [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshwantapur station]] was established in 1892, when a metre-gauge railway line was established to [[Doddaballapur]]. The city was part of the [[Mysore State Railway]], which became part of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]] in April 1951. The [[Bangalore railway division]] was established in 1971.<ref name="Rail"/> The city became part of the [[South Western Railway zone]] was formed with headquarters in [[Shree Siddharoodha Swamiji Hubballi Junction railway station|Hubballi]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/downloads/2021/List%20of%20Zones%20%26%20Divisions.pdf|title=Indian railway zones|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329003421/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/downloads/2021/List%20of%20Zones%20%26%20Divisions.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 18 railway stations in the city managed by the Indian Railways, and the major railway stations include [[Bengaluru City railway station|Bengaluru City]], Yesvantpur, Cantonment, [[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram]] and [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|Baiyappanahalli]].<ref name="Economy"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailwaysresult.in/Railway_station_zone-category_wise_list.pdf|title=Category of Indian railways stations|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Sep/12/sir-m-visvesvaraya-terminal-station-upgraded-to-non-suburban-group-2-category|title=Sir M Visvesvaraya Terminal station upgraded to Non Suburban Group -2 category|date=12 September 2024|access-date=1 November 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=23 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923171227/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Sep/12/sir-m-visvesvaraya-terminal-station-upgraded-to-non-suburban-group-2-category|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Namma Metro Trains of Bangalore.jpg|thumb|left|[[Namma Metro]] serves the city.]]

[[Namma Metro]] is a [[rapid transit]] rail system in the city that was opened in 2011, and was the first operational metro in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite news|date=16 September 2011|title=Bangalore Metro misses deadline for 4th time, minister sets Sept 26 as next date|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/bangalore-metro-misses-deadline-141292-2011-09-15|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-date=9 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909061814/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bangalore-metro-misses-deadline/1/151477.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/south-indias-first-metro-flagged-off/article2554937.ece |title=South India's first metro flagged off |first=Anil Kumar |last=Sastry |date=20 October 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124195748/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/south-indias-first-metro-flagged-off/article2554937.ece |archive-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of August 2025, the metro system consists of three operational lines—the Purple, Green, and Yellow Lines—stretching a total of 96.1 km (59.7 mi), making it the second-longest operational metro network in India.<ref name="metro-length">{{Cite web|title=Namma Metro - Operational Network|url=https://bmrc.co.in/|website=Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> The most recent addition was the Yellow Line, which became fully operational in August 2025, connecting RV Road with Bommasandra.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bengaluru's Namma Metro Yellow Line opens for public|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-namma-metro-yellow-line-opens-for-public/article68489321.ece|website=The Hindu|date=9 August 2025|access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> Five more lines are under construction as a part of expansion.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 January 2012|title=State Cabinet approves phase-II of metro|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/state-cabinet-approves-phase-iimetro/460648/|access-date=6 March 2012|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Metro Phase 2 will be bigger, better, says BMRCL chief|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/587929/metro-phase-ii-bigger-better.html|access-date=13 January 2017|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=23 December 2016|archive-date=25 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225184551/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/587929/metro-phase-ii-bigger-better.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2026}}, Bengaluru does not have a [[Commuter rail|suburban railway network]]. The [[Bengaluru Suburban Railway]] is under construction and the first line is expected to be operational by 2030, though it was originally planned to be completed by October 2026.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mathew Philip |first=Christin |date=13 March 2026|title=Bengaluru suburban rail project cost escalates from Rs 15,767 crore to Rs 23,342 crore due to delays, rolling stock procurement|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-cost-escalates-from-rs-15-767-crore-to-rs-23-342-crore-due-to-delays-rolling-stock-procurement-13859639.html|work=[[Moneycontrol]]|quote=The 148-km suburban rail network, approved in 2020, was originally scheduled for completion by October 2026 but the deadline recently extended to March 2030|access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengalurus-first-suburban-rail-section-to-be-operational-by-2025-end-3018889|title=Bengaluru's first suburban rail section to be operational by 2025-end|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=12 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Road ===
[[File:Puttenahalli-Underpass-ORR-JPNagar.jpg|thumb|[[Outer Ring Road, Bengaluru|Outer Ring Road]], one of the peripheral ring roads in the city]]

Bengaluru has an extensive road network with about {{cvt|14000|km}} of roads as of 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/dual-approach-bbmp-plans-for-sustainable-efficient-roads/articleshow/109761165.cms|title=Dual approach: BBMP plans for sustainable, efficient roads|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=2 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The {{cvt|10|km}} long [[Inner Ring Road, Bengaluru|Inner Ring Road]] connects [[Koramangala]] with [[Indiranagar, Bangalore|Indira Nagar]].<ref>{{cite news|title= City still has rain hangover|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Bangalore/article432505.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2013|date=24 February 2012}}</ref> The [[Outer Ring Road, Bengaluru|Outer Ring Road]] is a {{cvt|60|km}} long peripheral road, developed between 1996 and 2002.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Poovanna|first1=Sharan|title=Can the metro solve Bengaluru's traffic problem?|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/icIhHQ1eDY2ossseaYQtzN/Can-the-metro-solve-Bengalurus-traffic-problem.html|work=[[Live Mint]]|access-date=17 February 2017|date=1 July 2016}}</ref> The [[Peripheral Ring Road]] is a proposed {{cvt|74|km}} semi-circular road, connecting major arterial roads.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bda-may-split-74-km-prr-into-3-parts-to-attract-bidders-3096157|title=BDA may split 74-km Peripheral Ring Road into 3c parts to attract bidders|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=8 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716004916/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bda-may-split-74-km-prr-into-3-parts-to-attract-bidders-3096157|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[M G Road, Bengaluru|M G Road]] is the major arterial road in the [[Bangalore central business district|central business district]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhi Road in Bangalore|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=98U-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=nkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2307,4884968&dq=south+parade+bangalore&hl=en|access-date=13 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 February 1948}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-mg-road-through-the-years-british-pete-9382671/|title=Bengaluru's M G Road through the years|access-date=10 June 2024|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 July 2024|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610045104/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-mg-road-through-the-years-british-pete-9382671/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bengaluru is part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] highway network, and lies on the Chennai–Mumbai line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/nh4.asp|title=Chennai-Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105003725/http://www.nhai.org/nh4.asp|archive-date=5 January 2010|work=[[NHAI]]|access-date=1 June 2011}}</ref> The [[List of National Highways in India|National Highways]] that connect to the city include: [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]], [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]], [[National Highway 275 (India)|NH-275]], [[National Highway 75 (India)|NH-75]], [[National Highway 648 (India)|NH-648]], and [[National Highway 948 (India)|NH-948]].<ref>{{cite report |url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf |title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]] |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023220/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]] |access-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[National Highway 275 (India)#Bengaluru-Mysuru section|Bengaluru–Mysuru Expressway]], operational since March 2023, connects the city with Mysuru.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurates 118-km Bangalore-Mysore Expressway |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/prime-minister-narendra-modi-inaugurates-118-km-bangalore-mysore-expressway/cid/1921956 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=12 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 }}</ref> The [[Bengaluru–Chennai Expressway]] is under construction since August 2019.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Shivakumar, C. |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/feb/02/chennai-bangalore-expressway-work-to-start-in-six-months-nirmala-sitharaman-2097828.html |title = Chennai-Bangalore Expressway work to start in six months: Nirmala Sitharaman |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2 February 2020 |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Shivakumar, C. |title=Chennai-Bengaluru expressway: 14km road work complete |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Jan/26/chennai-bengaluru-expressway-14km-road-work-complete-2541479.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104819/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/chennai/2023/jan/26/chennai-bengaluru-expressway-14km-road-work-complete-2541479.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Two other expressways—[[Pune–Bengaluru Expressway]] and [[Nagpur–Hyderabad–Bengaluru Expressway]]—have been proposed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharatmala-2-0-to-focus-on-expressways-add-4000-km-greenfield-roads/articleshow/67617128.cms |title=Bharatmala 2.0 to focus on expressways, add 4000 km greenfield roads |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701144750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharatmala-2-0-to-focus-on-expressways-add-4000-km-greenfield-roads/articleshow/67617128.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/now-drive-from-nagpur-to-bengaluru-in-just-12-hrs/articleshow/60249720.cms |title=Now, drive from Nagpur to Bengaluru in just 12 hrs |last=Anparthi |first=Anjaya |date=28 August 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531131729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/now-drive-from-nagpur-to-bengaluru-in-just-12-hrs/articleshow/60249720.cms |archive-date=31 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:BMTC Volvo.jpg|thumb|left|Air-conditioned buses were introduced by the [[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] in 2005]]

Intra-city [[public transport|bus services]] is handled by the [[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] (BMTC), which was established in 1997.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/ADM%20REPORT%202016-17%20%20-%20%20ENG%20CD.pdf|title=Annual Report, 2016-17|publisher=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024|page=6|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617020038/https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/ADM%20REPORT%202016-17%20%20-%20%20ENG%20CD.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, BMTC operates 57,667 daily trips on 5,766 routes with a fleet of 6,340 buses. There are 48 bus stations, and 50 depots for intra-city bus services.<ref name="BMTC">{{cite web|url=https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/BMTC+Glance/en|title=BMTC at a glance|work=[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524020458/https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/BMTC+Glance/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> BMTC introduced air-conditioned buses in 2005, which operate on major routes and as shuttle services from various parts of the city to airport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66569/bangaloreans-begin-bond-sleek-swedish.html |title=Bangaloreans begin to bond with the sleek Swedish behemoths |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=28 April 2010 |author=Sharmada Shastry |access-date=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502014107/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66569/bangaloreans-begin-bond-sleek-swedish.html |archive-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> It also operates a fleet of more than 1,100 electric vehicles.<ref name="BMTC"/> Apart from single journey tickets, BMTC issues various passes for frequent users.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun202007/city200706208444.asp |title=Loyalty may pay for Volvo commuters! |author=S Praveen Dhaneshkar |work=Deccan Herald |date=20 June 2007 |access-date=10 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819052527/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun202007/city200706208444.asp |archive-date=19 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Inter-city bus transport is handled by the [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC), owned by the Government of Karnataka. KSRTC operates various classes of services connecting other major cities in Karnataka, and other neighboring states.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ksrtc.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Tender/English.pdf|title=Annual Report, 2022-23|publisher=[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The major bus stations in the city include [[Kempegowda Bus Station]], [[Shantinagar Bus Station]], and [[Mysuru Road Bus Station]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Satellite-bus-stations-fail-to-take-off/article14650374.ece|title=Satellite bus stations fail to take off|date=28 September 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2011 |title=KSRTC's Tamil Nadu-bound buses to ply from Shantinagar |url=http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/ksrtc-s-tamil-nadu-bound-buses-to-ply-from-shantinagar_1300340102.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002121244/http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/ksrtc-s-tamil-nadu-bound-buses-to-ply-from-shantinagar_1300340102.html |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013 |work=Jagran }}</ref> The other means of road transport in the city include vans, [[auto rickshaw]]s, on-call metered taxis and tourist taxis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-metered-taxis-pilot-programme-9668826/|title=After auto-rickshaws, metered taxis to start operating in Bengaluru roads as pilot programme begins|date=15 November 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=21 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121145803/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-metered-taxis-pilot-programme-9668826/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121520050300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Stir leaves hundreds stranded |access-date=17 June 2012 |date=15 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813153608/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121520050300.htm |archive-date=13 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Motor vehicles were introduced in Bengaluru in 1903.<ref>{{harvnb |Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District |p=91 |Ref=kar}}</ref> {{As of|March 2022}}, an average of 1,530 vehicles were registered daily in [[Regional Transport Office]]s (RTOs) in the city.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://transport.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/21-22%20bng%20veh%20reports.pdf|title=Vehicle registration in Bengaluru|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518050115/https://transport.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/21-22%20bng%20veh%20reports.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2019 |title=Bengaluru's vehicle population crosses 80 lakh |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-vehicle-population-crosses-80-lakh/article26705015.ece |access-date=7 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530094215/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-vehicle-population-crosses-80-lakh/article26705015.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the city had nearly ten million vehicles including 7.5 million two-wheelers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/no-of-private-vehicles-in-bengaluru-to-cross-1-cr-mark-over-75l-are-2-wheelers/articleshow/104636090.cms|title=No of private vehicles to cross 1 crore mark|date=23 October 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528232154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/no-of-private-vehicles-in-bengaluru-to-cross-1-cr-mark-over-75l-are-2-wheelers/articleshow/104636090.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The rapid growth of vehicles and unplanned nature of growth has created several administrative problems relating to [[traffic congestion]] and infrastructure, resulting in massive traffic [[gridlock]]s. The flyovers and one-way traffic systems introduced to address the concerns, were only moderately successful.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/urbanfloods_bangalore/profile.htm |title=Urban Floods: Case Study of Bangalore |access-date=14 September 2013 |last=Ramachandra |first=T. V. |author2=Pradeep P. Mujumdar |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Science]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908001459/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/urbanfloods_bangalore/profile.htm |archive-date=8 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city also has considerable air pollution due to vehicle exhaust, and a 2016 study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles operating in the city exceeded the standard limit for emissions.<ref name="Air"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/36-diesel-vehicles-exceed-national-limit-for-emissions-Study/articleshow/53851872.cms |title=36% diesel vehicles exceed national limit for emissions: Study |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825204433/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/36-diesel-vehicles-exceed-national-limit-for-emissions-Study/articleshow/53851872.cms |archive-date=25 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Bengaluru}}
{{further |List of schools in Bengaluru |List of institutions of higher education in Bengaluru}}
[[File:Bangalore_Institution_(LMS,_1869,_p.55).jpg|thumb|An English school established by London mission in 1869]]

Bengaluru is a major educational hub and home to some of the premium educational institutions in the country.<ref name="NDRF">{{cite report |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking.html |title=Overall rankings |publisher=[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The city has a 90.33% literacy rate and ranks second among the major Indian metropolitan city centres.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-1350986528-slideshow/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-photo-1350986351.html |title=Indian metro cities with the highest literacy rates |work=[[Yahoo]] |date=23 October 2012 |access-date=6 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129132031/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-1350986528-slideshow/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-photo-1350986351.html |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 national census]], Bengaluru urban had a literacy rate of around 87.7%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/demography/ |title=Bengaluru Urban, demography |work=[[Government of Karnataka]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420004537/https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/demography/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2011 |title=State's literacy rate lagging |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/152272/states-literacy-rate-lagging.html |access-date=3 July 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033952/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/152272/states-literacy-rate-lagging.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Until the early 19th century, education in Bengaluru was mainly run by religious leaders and restricted to students of that religion.<ref>{{harvnb |Rao |1929 |p=494 |Ref=mg}}</ref> In 1841, two native language schools were established by a London mission, and in 1842, [[Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar]] established the first [[United Mission School|English School]] under the Wesleyan mission, which expanded to five schools by 1954. In 1857, a public education department was established, and the education was formulated as per the Indian educational policy at the time.<ref name="Cubbon"/>{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} The [[Bangalore Military School]] was established in 1945.<ref>{{harvnb |Rao |1929 |p=497 |Ref=mg}}</ref>

Bengaluru has a mix of public and private schools with the public school system managed by the school education department of Government of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Trimester-system-in-all-Karnataka-schools-from-June-1/articleshow/682256.cms |title=Trimester system in all Karnataka schools from 1 June |access-date=16 October 2007 |date=18 May 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-18/bangalore/28338778_1_karnataka-schools-fear-psychosis-trimester |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=S. |last=Bageshree |title=What will happen to government schools now? |date=9 May 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/what-will-happen-to-government-schools-now/article3398125.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074411/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/what-will-happen-to-government-schools-now/article3398125.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Public schools run by the Bengaluru Corporation are all affiliated with the Karnataka Board of Secondary Education, while private schools may be affiliated with either of Karnataka Board of Secondary Education, [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (ICSE) or [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/july012004/edu2.asp |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=1 July 2004 |title=Broad choice of Class X boards | access-date=16 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106093218/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/july012004/edu2.asp | archive-date=6 November 2007}}</ref> {{As of |2024}}, there are 142 public schools run by the Bengaluru Corporation.<ref name="Edu">{{cite web |url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/Educationver1/ |title=Education |work=[[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610082524/https://site.bbmp.gov.in/departmentwebsites/Educationver1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city also has a significant number of [[international schools]] due to cater to expats and people employed in the technology sector.<ref>{{cite news |title=IT crowd, elite prefer international schools |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/IT-crowd-elite-prefer-international-schools/articleshow/20868328.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 December 2015 |last=Ullas |first=Sruthy Susan |date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620164658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/IT-crowd-elite-prefer-international-schools/articleshow/20868328.cms |archive-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> School education starts with two years of Kindergarten from age three onwards and then follows the Indian [[Education in India|10+2 plan]], ten years of school and two years of [[pre-university course]] or [[higher secondary]] education.
After completing their secondary education, students either attend a [[pre-university course]] or continue an equivalent high school course in one of three streams – [[Liberal arts|arts]], [[commerce]] or [[science]] – in various combinations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/16/stories/2006051618850300.htm |title=Students, parents throng PU colleges in city | access-date=16 October 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=16 May 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921111926/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/16/stories/2006051618850300.htm | archive-date=21 September 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead}}</ref> Alternatively, students can enrol in diploma courses and upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees in universities through lateral entry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diploma students have a chance in government engineering colleges |date=29 August 2013 |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Diploma-students-have-a-chance-in-government-engineering-colleges/2013/08/29/article1757185.ece |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060905/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Diploma-students-have-a-chance-in-government-engineering-colleges/2013/08/29/article1757185.ece | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Darinia |last=Khongwir |title=PUC is not the only option |date=6 May 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/PUC-is-not-the-only-option/articleshow/4492995.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-06/bangalore/28156113_1_sslc-pu-karnataka-examination-authority | archive-date=2 December 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Multiple image
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The oldest institution of higher learning in the city, the [[Central College, Bangalore|Central College]], was established as a high school affiliated to [[Madras University]] in 1858.<ref name="Cubbon"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/holds-a-century-old-legacy/article25192106.ece |title=Holds a century old legacy |date=11 October 2018 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822122641/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/holds-a-century-old-legacy/article25192106.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Science]] was established in 1909.<ref name="tt10" />{{sfn|Punekar|1974|p=54}} The [[University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering|Government Engineering College]] was established as an engineering school in 1913 by [[M. Visvesvaraya]], and was became the first engineering college in the region in 1917, affiliated to [[Mysore University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/Apr/28/old-and-damp-but-standing-tall-930083.html |title=Old and damp but standing tall |date=28 April 2016 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608192314/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/apr/28/Old-and-Damp-But-Standing-Tall-930083.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, the city had six [[public universities]], four [[deemed universities]], eight [[private universities]], 26 [[medical college|medical and dental colleges]], 84 [[engineering college]]s, 67 [[Institute of technology|polytechnic]]s, and 64 other institutes of higher learning.<ref name="Economy"/> The [[Bangalore University]] was established in 1964, and had more than 600 affiliated colleges, before being trifurcated into [[Bengaluru City University]] and [[Bengaluru North University]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/620207/govt-issues-order-trifurcation-bangalore.html | title=Govt issues order on trifurcation of Bangalore University | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=1 July 2017 | access-date=19 February 2019 | archive-date=29 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129011855/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/620207/govt-issues-order-trifurcation-bangalore.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/colleges/bangalore-university-bengaluru-bub/65 |title=Bengaluru University |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/BU-overloaded-wants-to-split/articleshow/1114542.cms |title=BU overloaded, wants to split |access-date=16 October 2007 |date=9 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-09/bangalore/27875270_1_bu-bed-colleges-bangalore-university |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|IIM Bangalore]] was established as the third [[Indian Institute of Management]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.education.nic.in/tech/IIM-Reviewcommittee.pdf |title=Report of IIM Review Committee |author1=R.C. Bhargava |author2=Ajit Balakrishnan |author3=Anusua Basu |author4=Ram S. Tarneja |author5=Ashok Thakur |access-date=19 March 2010 |work=[[Government of India]] |date=25 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221200750/http://education.nic.in/tech/IIM-Reviewcommittee.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2010}}</ref> The [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] was established after the amalgamation of the All India Institute of Mental Health and hospital in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/nimhans-70-years-of-mental-health-2871784 |title=70 years of mental health |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=31 January 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204233213/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/nimhans-70-years-of-mental-health-2871784 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[National Law School of India University]] was the first Indian law university to be established in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ineteconomics.org/research/partnerships/national-law-school-of-india-university |title=National Law School of India University |work=INET economics |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Other prominent research institutes in Bengaluru include [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]], [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], and [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore, the education hub |date=27 June 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/bangalore-the-education-hub/articleshow/9007746.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=14 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/education/29708615_1_education-hub-indian-institute-education-destination | archive-date=21 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> There are 205 public libraries maintained by the department of public libraries. The libraries are divided across the five zones of the city, with a larger Central Public Library located in each of the zones.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/public-libraries-in-bengaluru-where-is-their-story-going-2866921 |title=Public libraries in Bengaluru: Where is their story going? |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=27 January 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Parks and recreation ==
{{see also|List of tourist attractions in Bengaluru}}
[[File:Stage-1-cubbon park-bangalore-India.jpg|thumb|[[Cubbon Park]], established in 1870, is a large park in the centre of the city]]

Bengaluru is known as the "Garden City of India" because of its greenery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/evolution-of-bangalore-from-garden-city-to-silicon-valley-how-immigrants-made-the-city-their-own-7050821.html|title=Evolution of Bangalore: From Garden City to Silicon Valley, how immigrants made the city their own|date=26 July 2019|access-date=6 November 2022|work=[[Firstpost]]|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106160944/https://www.firstpost.com/living/evolution-of-bangalore-from-garden-city-to-silicon-valley-how-immigrants-made-the-city-their-own-7050821.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Edwards |first2=Nick |title=South India |edition=illustrated |publisher=Rough Guides |year=2003 |page=204 |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6}}</ref> In May 2012, [[Lonely Planet]] listed the city as one of the world's top ten cities to visit.<ref>{{cite web |author=Richard I'Anson |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/travel-tips-and-articles/76861 |title=Lonely Planet's Best in Travel: top 10 cities for 2012 – travel tips and articles |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912180703/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/england/london/travel-tips-and-articles/76861 |archive-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2024, Bengaluru has 1,288 public parks maintained by the corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://site.bbmp.gov.in/documents/ZonewiseReport.pdf|title=Parks in Bengaluru|work=[[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The [[Lal Bagh]] was established in the 1760s, and was later expanded into a {{cvt|240|acre|order=flip}} botanical garden in the 19th century. It incorporates a hillock made of [[gneiss]], formed billions of years ago, and is a declared national geological monument. The garden has a watch tower built in the 16th century by Kempe Gowda, a glass house built in 1889 on the model of [[The Crystal Palace]] in London, old [[hero stone]]s, and houses many exotic species of plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/beyond-botanical-gardens-history-bengalurus-lalbagh-147723|title=Beyond Botanical gardens, history of Bengaluru's lalbagh|work=News minute|date=23 April 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> A [[biannual]] flowershow is held at the gardens during the weeks of India's [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2021 |title=Bengaluru's Lalbagh Republic day flower show postponed due to pandemic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-lalbagh-republic-day-flower-show-postponed-due-to-pandemic-7156340/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609160342/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-lalbagh-republic-day-flower-show-postponed-due-to-pandemic-7156340/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/lalbagh-botanical-garden/|title=Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens|work=Karnataka Tourism|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

The [[Cubbon Park]] is a large park spanning {{cvt|300|acre|order=flip}} in the heart of the city, and was established in 1870. It hosts the [[Bangalore Aquarium]], and the [[Bangalore central library]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/cubbon-park/|title=Cubbon Park|work=Karnataka Tourism|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/tourist-place/cubbon-park/|title=Cubbon Park|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Bannerghatta National Park]] is a {{cvt|260.51|km2}} [[List of protected areas of India|national park and protected area]], located south of the city.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The old central prison was decommissioned in 2000 and was redeveloped in to [[Freedom Park, Bangalore|Freedom Park]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=David|first1=Stephen|title=Old jail in Bangalore turned into Freedom Park|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/old-jail-in-bangalore-turned-into-freedom-park-33597-2008-11-18|access-date=1 November 2016|work=[[India Today]]|date=18 November 2008}}</ref>

Elgin Talkies, built in 1896, was the first theatre in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/225030/final-fade-elgin.html|title=Final fade Elgin|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=7 February 2012|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> In the later half of the 20th century, the city had 149 single screens, most of them situated along the Kempegowda Road near the [[Kempegowda Bus Station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/010320/remembering-bengalurus-old-theatres.html|title=Remembering Bengaluru's old theatres|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=1 March 2020|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> In the 21st century, large multiplexes with multiple screens began replacing the single screen theatres, and the city is now home to a large number of multiplexes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-death-of-single-screen-theatres-in-india-over-20000-shut-down-in-3-decades-last-5500-fight-for-survival-9368594/|title=The death of single-screen theatres in India: Over 20,000 shut down in 3 decades, last 5,500 fight for survival|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 June 2024|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/pvr-inox-announces-launch-of-bengalurus-largest-cinema/article68055481.ece|title=PVR Inox announces launch of Bengaluru's largest cinema |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 April 2024|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> Stage plays and dramas of different genres and languages are enacted in theatres across the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/call-for-celebration-ranga-shankara-theatre-festival-to-see-20-plays-over-20-days-in-its-milestone-year/article68701078.ece|title=Ranga Shankara Theatre Festival to celebrate milestone year with 20 plays over 20 days|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 October 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bangalore-little-theatre-succeeded-in-bridging-the-city-cantonment-divide-says-vijay-padaki/article68354519.ece|title=Bangalore Little Theatre succeeded in bridging the city-cantonment divide, says Vijay Padaki|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 July 2024|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:Chinnaswamy_Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Chinnaswamy Stadium]] in 2017]]

[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in the city and the parks in the city serve as venues for impromptu games.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 June 2007 |title=Price is no problem for these cricket enthusiasts |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112018750300.htm |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613051554/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112018750300.htm |archive-date=13 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Various popular sports played in the state of Karnataka |url=https://www.karnatakaonline.in/about/sports |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Karnataka online |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404220808/https://www.karnatakaonline.in/about/sports |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bangalore — Mysore|pp=29|Ref=bm}}</ref> [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], established in 1969, is a major [[List of international cricket grounds in India|international cricketing venue]], and has hosted matches during multiple [[ICC Cricket World Cup]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/m-chinnaswamy-stadium-bengaluru-57897 |title=Chinnaswamy Stadium |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] | access-date=29 March 2024 }}</ref> The [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]], located in the stadium premises, is responsible for managing organised cricket in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketkarnataka.com/decade1.aspx|title=History of KSCA|work=Cricket Karnataka|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419130552/http://www.cricketkarnataka.com/decade1.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[National Cricket Academy]], operated by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]], is based out of the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/05/02/stories/07020281.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125075421/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/05/02/stories/07020281.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 January 2013 | title=NCA Inaugurated | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=2 May 2000 | access-date=9 May 2007}}</ref> The city is home to the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) franchise [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]].<ref name="RCB">{{cite web |title=Royal Challengers Bengaluru Cricket Team |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/royal-challengers-bengaluru-335970 |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Notable international cricketers born in the city include [[Erapalli Prasanna]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/erapalli-prasanna-32357|title=Erapalli Prasanna|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Roger Binny]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/roger-binny-26948|title=Roger Binny|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Anil Kumble]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/anil-kumble-30176|title=Anil Kumble|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528113945/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/anil-kumble-30176|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Venkatesh Prasad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/venkatesh-prasad-32345|title=Venkatesh Prasad|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706042159/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/venkatesh-prasad-32345|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lokesh Rahul]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/kl-rahul-422108|title=KL Rahul|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521101655/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/kl-rahul-422108|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mayank Agarwal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/mayank-agarawal-398438|title=Mayank Agarwal|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122010055/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/mayank-agarawal-398438|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Stuart Binny]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/stuart-binny-27223|title=Stuart Binny|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521022405/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/stuart-binny-27223|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Sree Kanteerava Stadium.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]]]

[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] is a multi-purpose venue which hosts [[Association football|football]] and [[Sport of athletics|athletics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Nov/14/karnataka-mini-olympics-starts-today |title=Karnataka Mini Olympics starts today |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 }}</ref><ref name="The Hindustan Times">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/indian-super-league-2017/sree-kanteerava-stadium-bengaluru/story-NQmxmhWJQ5m0uqpsUJTnHI.html |title=Sree Kanteerava Stadium - Bengaluru |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=16 November 2017 |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230070230/http://www.hindustantimes.com/indian-super-league-2017/sree-kanteerava-stadium-bengaluru/story-NQmxmhWJQ5m0uqpsUJTnHI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Association football also has a significant following in the city, and [[Bangalore Football Stadium]] hosts football matches along with the Kanteerva stadium in the city.<ref name="The Hindustan Times"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/football-stadium-lies-in-a-state-of-despair-3101968 |title=Bangalore Football Stadium lies in a state of despair |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=9 July 2023 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref> The city is home to football clubs [[Bengaluru FC]],<ref name="BFC">{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/8021 |title=Bengaluru Football Club |work=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=13 May 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513031412/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/8021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[FC Bengaluru United]],<ref name="FCB">{{cite news |title=Primus, Opoku to lead FCBU's challenge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/primus-opoku-to-lead-fcbus-challenge/articleshow/77944033.cms |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 September 2020 |archive-date=5 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905173851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/primus-opoku-to-lead-fcbus-challenge/articleshow/77944033.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ozone FC]],<ref name="OFC">{{cite web |date=8 March 2018 |title=Ozone releases just one player for Santosh Trophy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/663604/ozone-releases-just-one-player.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718142626/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/663604/ozone-releases-just-one-player.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[South United FC]],<ref name="SFC">{{cite web |date=3 January 2013 |title=Bangalore gets new pro football club |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/top-stories/33272756_1_football-club-ksfa-president-ar-khaleel-bangalore |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/top-stories/33272756_1_football-club-ksfa-president-ar-khaleel-bangalore |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times Of India]] }}</ref> and [[SC Bengaluru]].<ref name="SCB">{{cite news |date=27 December 2023 |title=Dempo SC, SC Bengaluru share spoils |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/27/sports/dempo-sc-sc-bengaluru-share-spoils/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228160847/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/27/sports/dempo-sc-sc-bengaluru-share-spoils/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Prominent international footballers from the city include [[Sattar Basheer]], and [[Arumainayagam]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2018 |title=Bengaluru home to great football heroes |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/bengaluru-home-to-great-football-heroes-675404.html |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321081108/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/bengaluru-home-to-great-football-heroes-675404.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]] and [[Koramangala Indoor Stadium]] are [[indoor arena]]s used to host indoor sports, and other events.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2002 |first=S. |last=Kushala |title=Do we need one more stadium? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Do-we-need-one-more-stadium-/articleshow/10696192.cms |access-date=27 June 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310123835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Do-we-need-one-more-stadium-/articleshow/10696192.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/stadiums-up-their-floor-price/articleshow/67948320.cms |title=Stadiums up their floor price |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=12 February 2019 |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The Kanteerva arena hosted the [[SABA Championship|South Asian Basketball Championship]] in [[2015 SABA Championship|2015]] and [[2016 SABA Championship|2016]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/south-asian-basketball-in-bengaluru/article7295426.ece |title=South Asian basketball in Bengaluru |date=9 June 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227141729/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/south-asian-basketball-in-bengaluru/article7295426.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India three-peat as SABA Champs and qualify to the FIBA Asia Challenge |url=http://ekalavyas.com/2016/07/09/india-three-peat-as-saba-champs-and-qualify-to-the-fiba-asia-challenge/ |date=9 July 2016 |work=Ekalavyas |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906142349/http://ekalavyas.com/2016/07/09/india-three-peat-as-saba-champs-and-qualify-to-the-fiba-asia-challenge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city is home to [[Bengaluru Beast]] of the [[UBA Pro Basketball League]],<ref name="PBL">{{cite news |date=1 March 2017 |title=Bengaluru and Punjab in semifinals |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/bengaluru-and-punjab-in-semifinals/article17389001.ece |access-date=11 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Bengaluru Bulls]] of the [[Pro Kabaddi League]], who also play their home matches at the stadium.<ref name="PKL">{{cite news |title=Bengaluru Bulls gear up for Pro Kabbadi League |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jul/21/bengaluru-bulls-gear-up-for-pro-kabbadi-league-638266.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718141836/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/jul/21/Bengaluru-Bulls-gear-up-for-Pro-Kabbadi-League-638266.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PKL Season 8 to start on December 22 in Bengaluru|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league-season-eight-to-begin-december-22-bengaluru/article37783126.ece |access-date=17 January 2022 |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=December 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182746/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/pro-kabaddi-league-season-eight-to-begin-december-22-bengaluru/article37783126.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:BFS_on_a_matchday_May_2023.jpg|thumb|[[Bangalore Football Stadium]]]]

Bengaluru hosts the [[WTA Indian Open]], and [[Bengaluru Open]] [[tennis]] tournaments annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/|title=Bangalore Open |work=[[Association of Tennis Professionals]] |access-date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=30 November 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021130161851/http://www.atptour.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://cbs.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314 |title=Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202212150/http://cbs.sportsline.com/tennis/story/10834314 |archive-date=2 February 2013 |work=CBSSportsline |access-date=1 June 2013 }}</ref> Prominent international sports people from the city include tennis [[Grand Slam (tennis)|grand slam]] champion [[Rohan Bopanna]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10024192 |title=Davis Cup – Player profile – Rohan Bopanna |work=[[International Tennis Federation]] | access-date=7 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232744/http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10024192 | archive-date=2 March 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> former [[All England Open]] [[badminton]] champion [[Prakash Padukone]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Prakash-Padukone |title=Prakash Padukone |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] | access-date=10 June 2023 }}</ref> and former national [[swimming]] champion [[Nisha Millet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hi.londonspeakerbureau.com/speaker-profile/nisha-millet/| title=Nisha Millet |work=London Speaker Bureau |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Other notable sportsmen who reside in the city include former [[List of India national cricket captains|Indian cricket captain]] [[Rahul Dravid]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/cricket/photos/in-pics-a-glimpse-of-rahul-dravids-luxurious-bangalore-house/ |title=A glimpse of Rahul Dravid's house |work=Lokmat Times |date=15 January 2022 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref> [[world snooker champion]] [[Pankaj Advani (billiards player)|Pankaj Advani]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/field/902240/pankaj-advani-beats-myanmars-nay-thway-to-defend-world-billiards-title |title=Pankaj Advani beats Myanmar’s Nay Thway to defend World Billiards title|work=Scroll.in |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=18 February 2026 }}</ref> and multiple tennis [[Grand Slam (tennis)|grand slam]] champion [[Mahesh Bhupathi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/384909 |title=Mahesh Bhupathi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116171624/http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/384909 |archive-date=16 November 2007 |work=CBSSports |access-date=1 June 2007}}</ref> The city is home to several recreational and sports clubs such as [[Bangalore Club]], [[Bowring Institute]], Bangalore Golf Club and Bangalore Turf Club.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |title=Bangalore Club: How Bangalore Club wrote off the Rs 13 Winston Churchill owed it as 'irrecoverable debt' |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-bangalore-club-wrote-off-the-rs-13-winston-churchill-owed-it-as-irrecoverable-debt/articleshow/63829069.cms |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711131634/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-bangalore-club-wrote-off-the-rs-13-winston-churchill-owed-it-as-irrecoverable-debt/articleshow/63829069.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/house-panel-asks-govt-to-take-over-golf-course-and-turf-club-and-develop-them-as-lung-spaces/article67850558.ece |title=House panel asks govt. to take over golf course and turf club and develop them as lung spaces |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 February 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref>

=== City based teams ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
|+ City-based teams
|-
! Club
! Sport
! League
! Stadium
! Founded
|-
| [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL Bangalore]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Somnath Sengupta|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/institutional-sides-in-indian-football-the-story-of-ongc-fc-air-india-fc-and-hal-sc/ |title=Institutional Sides In Indian Football: The Story Of ONGC FC, Air India FC And HAL SC |work=The Hard Tackle |date=15 February 2011 |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926183625/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/institutional-sides-in-indian-football-the-story-of-ongc-fc-air-india-fc-and-hal-sc/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
| [[I-League 3]]
| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| 1950
|-
| [[Bangalore Hi-Fliers]]<ref>{{cite news |title=A great entertainer |url=http://www.sportstaronnet.com/tss3105/stories/20080202503403200.htm |access-date=24 December 2016 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |date=2 February 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161219140136/http://www.sportstaronnet.com/tss3105/stories/20080202503403200.htm |archive-date=19 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Field hockey]]
| [[Premier Hockey League]]
| [[Bangalore Hockey Stadium]]
| 2005
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]<ref name="RCB"/>
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Indian Premier League]]
| [[Chinnaswamy Stadium]]
| 2008
|-
| [[Bangalore rugby football club]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/25/stories/2009062551400400.htm |title=Kicking up a storm |date=25 May 2009 | access-date=8 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629190252/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/25/stories/2009062551400400.htm | archive-date=29 June 2009 | url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>
| [[Rugby union|Rugby]]
| [[All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament]]
| RBANMS College Ground
| 2009
|-
| [[Karnataka Lions]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sherepunjab-enter-final-of-wsh/931560/| title= Sher-e-Punjab enter final of WSH |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date= 2 April 2012 | access-date= 26 May 2012 }}</ref>
| [[Field hockey]]
| [[World Series Hockey]]
| [[Bangalore Hockey Stadium]]
| 2011
|-
| [[Bangalore Warhawks]]<ref>{{cite news |title=American Football: Hyderabad's Skykings trump visiting Warhawks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/american-football-hyderabads-skykings-trump-visiting-warhawks/article4935765.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 July 2013 |access-date=26 January 2024 }}</ref>
| [[American football]]
| [[Elite Football League of India]]
| HAL Sports Complex
| 2012
|-
| [[South United FC]]<ref name="SFC"/>
| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
| [[BDFA Super Division]]
| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| 2013
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC]]<ref name="BFC"/>
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Indian Super League]]
| [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| 2013
|-
| [[Bengaluru Raptors]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Champions Tennis League: It will be ‘Bangalore Raptors’|url= https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/Champions-Tennis-League-It-will-be-%E2%80%98Bangalore-Raptors%E2%80%99/article60392423.ece | access-date=18 February 2026 |date=16 November 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| [[Badminton]]
| [[Premier Badminton League]]
| [[Koramangala Indoor Stadium]]
| 2013
|-
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]<ref name="PKL"/>
| [[Kabaddi]]
| [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]]
| 2014
|-
| [[Bangalore Raptors]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Champions Tennis League: It will be 'Bangalore Raptors' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/champions-tennis-league-it-will-be-bangalore-raptors/article6524372.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 October 2014 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref>
| [[Tennis]]
| [[Champions Tennis League]]
| KSLTA Tennis Stadium
| 2014
|-
| [[Ozone FC]]<ref name="OFC"/>
| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
| [[BDFA Super Division]]
| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| 2015
|-
| [[Bengaluru Beast]]<ref name="PBL"/>
| [[Basketball]]
| [[UBA Pro Basketball League]]
| [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]]
| 2015
|-
| [[FC Bengaluru United]]<ref name="BFC"/>
| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
| [[I-League 2]]
| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| 2018
|-
| [[Bengaluru Torpedoes]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Volleyball League: Bengaluru Torpedoes building perfect team environment, says coach |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/prime-volleyball-league-2022-bengaluru-torpedoes-building-perfect-team-coach-lakshminarayana/article38352758.ece |access-date=1 June 2024 |date=31 January 2022 |work=[[Sportstar]] }}</ref>
| [[Volleyball]]
| [[Prime Volleyball League]]
| [[Koramangala Indoor Stadium]]
| 2021
|-
| [[SC Bengaluru]]<ref name="SCB"/>
| [[Football (soccer)|Football]]
| [[I-League]]
| [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]
| 2022
|}

== Foreign relations ==
{{see also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}

Bengaluru has consulates of France,<ref>{{cite web |title=Nos coordonnées |url=http://ambafrance-in.org/-Bangalore,1026- |work=Consulat général de France à Bangalore | access-date=25 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628143941/http://ambafrance-in.org/-Bangalore,1026- | archive-date=28 June 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Consulate General of Germany, Bangalore|Germany]],<ref>{{cite news |title=German consulate in Bangalore formally inaugurated |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov212008/city20081121102018.asp?section=updatenews |access-date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211220647/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov212008/city20081121102018.asp?section=updatenews |archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> Israel,<ref>{{cite news |last=Bose |first=Praveen |title=Israel to open consulate in Bangalore |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/israel-to-open-consulate-in-bangalore/478574/ | access-date=27 June 2012 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=27 June 2012}}</ref> and Japan,<ref>{{cite web |title=Consulate of Japan, Bangalore |url=http://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/Contact_Us/bangalore.html |work=Embassy of Japan, New Delhi |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708015906/http://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/Contact_Us/bangalore.html |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref> and a virtual consulate of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Virtual Consulate Bangalore, India |url=http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/vppbangalore.html |work=Consulate General of the United States, Chennai |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125193948/http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/vppbangalore.html |archive-date=25 November 2011 }}</ref> The city also hosts a British deputy High Commission,<ref>{{cite web |title=British Deputy High Commission, Bangalore |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-deputy-high-commission-bangalore | access-date=7 May 2013 | work=[[Government of UK]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413080141/https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-deputy-high-commission-bangalore | archive-date=13 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> and honorary consulates of Finland,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=40278&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |title=Contact Information: Finland's Honorary Consulate, Bangalore (India) – Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland: Diplomatic missions: Bangalore (Honorary Consulate) |publisher=Formin.fi |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717054718/http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=40278&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> Ireland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.irelandinindia.com/home/index.aspx?id=52432 |work=Embassy of Ireland, New Delhi |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626040307/http://www.irelandinindia.com/home/index.aspx?id=52432 |archive-date=26 June 2012}}</ref> Maldives,<ref>{{cite web |title=Maldives Honorary Consuls in India |url=http://www.maldiveshighcom.in/index.php/honconsuls |work=Maldives High Commission, New Delhi |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201140/http://www.maldiveshighcom.in/index.php/honconsuls |archive-date=1 October 2011}}</ref> Peru,<ref>{{cite web |title=Embassy of Peru in India and Honorary Consulates |url=http://www.embassyperuindia.in/embassyofperuinindia.html |work=[[Government of Peru]] | access-date=22 August 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020072225/http://www.embassyperuindia.in/embassyofperuinindia.html | archive-date=20 October 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meaprotocol.nic.in/cgi-bin/db2www/foreignmission.d2w/seDataMis#SwitzerlandBangalore |title=Missions List |work=Meaprotocol |access-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115134951/http://meaprotocol.nic.in/cgi-bin/db2www/foreignmission.d2w/seDataMis |archive-date=15 November 2010}}</ref> Canada has a trade office in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade Office of Canada in Bangalore |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/offices-bureaux/bangalore.aspx?lang=eng&view=d |work=[[Government of Canada]] | access-date=25 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730125211/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/offices-bureaux/bangalore.aspx?lang=eng&view=d | archive-date=30 July 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Bengaluru has a [[sister city]] relationship with the following cities:
* {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk, Belarus]] (1973)<ref>{{cite news |date=8 August 2013 |title=No lessons learnt from 'Sister City' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/349804/no-lessons-learnt-sister-city.html |access-date=10 July 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], United States (1992)<ref>{{cite web|title=Cleveland's Sister Cities |url=https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities |access-date=20 January 2022 |work=City of Cleveland |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329094132/https://www.clevelandohio.gov/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], United States (2008)<ref>{{cite news |date=1 December 2009 |title=San Francisco chooses Bangalore as its Indian sister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/san-francisco-chooses-bangalore-as-its-indian-sister/articleshow/5286021.cms |access-date=20 January 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chengdu, Sichuan|Chengdu]], China (2013)<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangalore's Chinese twin comes calling |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangalores-chinese-twin-comes-calling/article5416395.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830151156/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangalores-chinese-twin-comes-calling/article5416395.ece |archive-date=30 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2025 Bengaluru cash van robbery]]
* [[Bengaluru Namma Pride March]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Bengaluru]]
* [[List of taluks in Bengaluru Urban district]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=De |first1=Aditi |title=Multiple city: writings on Bangalore |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14310-025-6 |ref=Aditi2008}}
* {{cite book |last1=Government of Karnataka |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District |year=1990 |ref=kar | author-link1=Government of Karnataka}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=Janaki |title=The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore's Twentieth Century |edition=illustrated |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19566-725-7 |ref=nair}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pinto |first1=Jerry |last2=Srivastava |first2=Rahul |title=Talk of the Town |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14333-013-4 |ref=TalkoftheTown}}
* {{cite book |last=Plunkett |first=Richard |title=South India |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |date=2001 |isbn=978-1-86450-161-2}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54 |title=Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore |first=Vijaya B. |last=Punekar | access-date=4 October 2007 |isbn=978-8-17154-012-9 |year=1974 |publisher=Popular Prakashan }}
* {{cite book |last1=Raman |first1=A. |title=Bangalore — Mysore |edition=illustrated |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-86311-431-1 |ref=bm}}
* {{cite book |last=Rao |first=C. Hayavadana | author-link=C. Hayavadana Rao |title=The Mysore State Gazetteer |year=1929 |ref=mg}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sarma |first1=I.K. | author-link=Inguva Kartikeya Sarma |title=Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-19560-686-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Srinivas |first1=Smriti |title=Landscapes of Urban Memory: The Sacred and the Civic in India's High-tech City |edition=revised |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-8-12502-254-1 |ref=Sri2004}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web |author=Archaeological Survey of India |author-link=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22764/page/n1/mode/1up |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological researches in Mysore during the year 1914–15 |publisher=Central Archaeological Library |location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book |first1=Edgar |last1=Thurston |first2=K. |last2=Rangachari |title=Castes and tribes of southern India |year=1993 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788120602885 |ref=EdgarThurston}}
* {{cite book |last=Rice |first=B. Lewis |title=Mysore : a gazetteer compiled for government. |url=https://archive.org/details/mysoregazetteerc0000rice |year=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8120609778 |ref=MysoreGazetteer}}
* {{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=The New Cambridge History of India. |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |ref=BurtonStein |title-link=The New Cambridge History of India}}
* {{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Fazlul |title=Bangalore Through The Centuries |location=Bangalore |publisher=Historical Publications |date=1970}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Vagale |first=Uday Kumar |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9941 |title=Public Space in Bangalore: Present and Future Projections |date=6 May 2004 |publisher=Virginia Tech |hdl=10919/9941 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605195117/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172004-231956/unrestricted/4.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |type=Thesis |url-status=live}} {{small|(792 kB)}}. Digital Libraries and Archives. 2006. Virginia Tech. 27 April 2004.
* {{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=William Stevenson |last2=Burn |first2=Richard |last3=Cotton |first3=James Sutherland |last4=Risley |first4=Herbert Hope |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=2006 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |orig-year=1909}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bangalore|volume=3|page=315|short=1}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bdabangalore.org/ Official website of Bangalore Development Authority]
* {{Britannica|51705}}
* {{GovPubs|Bangalore}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|7902476}}
{{Bengaluru topics}}{{Geographic location
|Centre=Bangalore
|North=[[Maharashtra]]
|East=[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|South=[[Tamil Nadu]]
|West=''[[Arabian Sea]]''
}}
{{Navboxes
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'''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. and Long.]] {{Coord|12|58|44|N|77|35|30|E|display=inline}}'''
}}
{{Bengaluru Urban district}}
{{Schools in Bangalore}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Megacities}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
}}
{{Subject bar|India|Bangalore|Geography|commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Bangalore |n=yes |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes }}
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[[Category:Bengaluru| ]]
[[Category:1537 establishments in India]]
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Template:Featured article

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Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge

2026-07-27T05:19:34Z

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{{Short description|1995 film directed by Aditya Chopra}}
{{About|2=the book by Anupama Chopra|3=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (book)|4=the 1974 song|5=Chor Machaye Shor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge
| image = Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge poster.jpg
| alt = The ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' theatrical release poster shows a man in a black leather jacket and blue jeans holding over his shoulders a woman in a red wedding dress. A caption on top reads "Come...Fall in Love".
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| producer = [[Yash Chopra]]
| writer = Aditya Chopra
| starring = [[Shah Rukh Khan]]<br />[[Kajol]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| cinematography = [[Manmohan Singh (film director)|Manmohan Singh]]
| editing = Keshav Naidu
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]<br>[[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1995|10|20}}
| runtime = 189 minutes<ref name="Runtime">{{Cite web |title=''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' (PG) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge-1970 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530013607/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge-1970 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=18 March 2015 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|4 million|link=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Aiyar |first1=Shankkar |last2=Unnithan |first2=Sandeep |date=10 July 2000 |title=Bollywood goes global, powered by diaspora dollar |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20030113-bollywood-goes-global-powered-by-diaspora-dollar-793552-2003-01-13 |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601120230/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20030113-bollywood-goes-global-powered-by-diaspora-dollar-793552-2003-01-13 |archive-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|2 billion}}<ref name="Rajinder"/><ref name="Ganti"/><ref name="Chicago"/>
}}

'''''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge''''' ({{translation|"The Big-Hearted Will Take the Bride"}}), also known by the [[initialism]] '''''DDLJ''''', is a 1995 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[romance film]] written and directed by [[Aditya Chopra]] in his directorial debut and produced by his father [[Yash Chopra]]. Released on 20 October 1995, the film stars [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]]. The plot revolves around Raj and Simran, two young [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indians]], who fall in love during a vacation through Europe with their friends. Raj tries to win over Simran's family so the couple can marry, but Simran's father has long since promised her hand to his friend's son. The film was shot in India, [[London]], and [[Switzerland]], from September 1994 to August 1995.

With an estimated total gross of {{INR|2 billion}}<ref name="Rajinder"/><ref name="Ganti"/> ({{US$|60 million|long=no}}) worldwide,<ref name="Chicago"/> ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' was the highest-grossing Indian film of 1995 and one of the most successful Indian films in history. It won 10 [[Filmfare Awards]]—the most for a single film at that time—and the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]. Its soundtrack album became one of the most popular of the 1990s.

Many critics praised the film, which connected with different segments of society by simultaneously promoting strong family values and the following of one's own heart. Its success led other filmmakers to target the non-resident Indian audience, which was deemed more lucrative for them. It spawned many imitations of its story and style and homages to specific scenes. ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' was one of only three Hindi films in the reference book ''[[1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die]],'' and was placed twelfth on the [[British Film Institute]]'s list of top Indian films of all time. In 2012, the film was included by critics Rachel Dwyer and Sanam Hasan in the 2012 [[British Film Institute]] ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' 1000 greatest films of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-20 |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/sightandsoundpolls/2012/film/4ce2b7e63fe2b |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820072954/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/sightandsoundpolls/2012/film/4ce2b7e63fe2b |archive-date=20 August 2012 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> It is considered as the longest-running film in the history of [[Indian cinema]] due to that fact that it is still being shown in a cinema called [[Maratha Mandir]] theatre in [[Mumbai]] as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Khushbu |date=25 February 2015 |title=Bollywood's longest-running movie gets big screen reprieve |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/25/asia/india-bollywood-ddlj/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712034949/https://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/25/asia/india-bollywood-ddlj/index.html |archive-date=12 July 2019 |access-date=20 November 2018 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/19/world/asia/bollywood-ddlj-maratha-mandir.html | title=India's Love Story with a Movie Still on the Big Screen After 27 Years | work=The New York Times | date=19 January 2023 | last1=Mashal | first1=Mujib | last2=Raj | first2=Suhasini | last3=Loke | first3=Atul }}</ref>

== Plot ==

Raj Malhotra and Simran Singh are both non-resident Indians (NRI) living in London. Simran is brought up in a strict and conservative household by her parents Baldev Singh and Lajwanti while Raj is raised by his liberal father Dharamvir Malhotra. Simran always dreams of meeting her ideal man; her mother Lajjo warns her against this, saying dreams are good, but one should not blindly believe they come true. One day, Baldev receives a letter from his friend Ajit, who lives in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. Ajit wants to keep the promise he and Baldev made to each other 20 years ago — to have Simran marry his son Kuljeet. Simran is disappointed, as she does not want to marry someone whom she has never met.

One evening, Raj enters Baldev's shop after closing time to buy beer. Baldev refuses, but Raj grabs a case of beer, throws money on the counter, and runs away. An infuriated Baldev calls Raj a disgrace to India. Meanwhile, Dharamvir agrees to his request to go on a train trip across Europe with his friends, and Simran's friends have invited her to go on the same trip. Simran asks Baldev to let her see the world before her marriage, and he reluctantly agrees.

On the trip, Raj and Simran meet. Raj constantly flirts with Simran, much to her irritation. The two miss their train to [[Zürich]] and are separated from their friends, but start to travel together and become friends. Raj falls in love with Simran on the journey, and when they part ways in London, Simran realises she is in love with him as well. At home, Simran tells her mother about the boy she met on her trip; Baldev overhears the conversation and becomes enraged with his daughter. He says the family will move to India the next day. Meanwhile, Raj tells Dharamvir about Simran and that she will soon get married. When Raj says he believes Simran loves him too, Dharamvir encourages him to go after her. Raj goes to her house to woo her and Baldev, but is informed by their neighbour that they have sold their house and moved to India.

Back in India, Baldev is reunited with his relatives and his friend, Ajit. A miserable Simran and her younger sister Chutki take an instant dislike to Simran's fiancé Kuljeet because of his arrogance. Simran pines for Raj, but her mother tells her to forget him because she knows Baldev will never accept their relationship. The next morning, Raj arrives outside of the house where Simran is staying and the two reunite. She begs him to elope with her, but Raj refuses and says he will only marry her with Baldev's consent. Without disclosing his acquaintance with Simran, Raj befriends Kuljeet, and is quickly accepted by both families. Later, Dharamvir also arrives in India and becomes friends with Simran's and Kuljeet's families. Eventually, Lajjo and Chutki discover that Raj is the boy Simran fell in love with in Europe. Lajjo also tells Raj and Simran to run away, but he still refuses. Baldev recognises Raj from the beer incident but eventually accepts him. However, after he discovers a photograph of Raj and Simran together in Europe, he slaps and humiliates Raj and tells him to leave.

As Raj and Dharamvir wait at the railway station, Kuljeet, who is angry to learn of Raj's love for Simran, arrives with his friends and attack them. Raj refuses to fight back until his father is struck by Kuljeet when trying to save his son at which an enraged Raj gains the upper hand in his struggle against Kuljeet and his friends and brutally beats him. Baldev and Ajit soon arrive and stop the fight, and Raj boards the departing train with Dharamvir. Simran then arrives with Lajjo and Chutki; she tries to join Raj on the train, but Baldev stops her. Simran begs him to let her go, saying she cannot live without Raj. Baldev, realising nobody loves his daughter more than Raj does, lets her go, and she runs and catches the train as it departs.

== Cast ==
Credits adapted from the [[British Film Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7e63fe2b |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) BFI |year=2002 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601000634/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b7e63fe2b |archive-date=1 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Raj Malhotra
* [[Kajol]] as Simran Singh
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Chaudhary Baldev Singh
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Lajwanti "Lajjo" Singh
* [[Satish Shah]] as Ajit Singh
* [[Achala Sachdev]] as Simran's grandmother
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Kammo Kaur
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Dharamvir Malhotra
* [[Parmeet Sethi]] as Kuljeet Singh
* [[Mandira Bedi]] as Preeti Singh
* [[Pooja Ruparel]] as Rajeshwari "Chutki" Singh
* [[Anaita Shroff Adajania]] as Simran's friend
* [[Lalit Tiwari]] as Simran's uncle
* Arjun Sablok and [[Karan Johar]] as Raj's friends
{{div col end}}

== Production ==

=== Origin and scripting ===
[[Aditya Chopra]] assisted his father, director and producer [[Yash Chopra]], during the making of ''[[Chandni (film)|Chandni]]'' (1989), ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991) and ''[[Darr]]'' (1993).<ref name=adi /> During this time, Aditya wrote several of his own scripts, including one he assumed would be his first film, but eventually became his second, ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000).<ref name=Shahrukh /> For three years, he worked on the story that would become ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' before approaching his father to direct it. Yash did not want to and tried to persuade Aditya to do it himself.<ref name="filmf">{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/i-was-keen-to-do-ddlj-with-newcomers-7936-3.html |title=I was keen to do DDLJ with newcomers |date=10 December 2014 |website=[[Filmfare]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530022747/http://www.filmfare.com/features/i-was-keen-to-do-ddlj-with-newcomers-7936-3.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015 |pages=3–4}}</ref> As they were discussing ideas for the script, Aditya conceived the notion that Raj would seek permission for marriage from Simran's stern father, rather than eloping with her. He then became excited about the possibility of directing the film himself. After his mother, the playback singer [[Pamela Chopra]], agreed that the idea was sound, he decided to make this his directorial debut.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|pp=31–32}} Aditya wanted to make a wholesome film that people could watch repeatedly. He wanted to diverge from the typical plot line of the time, in which lovers run away when their parents object, and show that if their love was strong enough, the parents would eventually understand.<ref name=filmf />

In May 1994, Aditya read the first draft of the script to several members of the [[Yash Raj Films]] production team assigned to work with him, including a cinematographer, an art director, and a dialogue writer. They were not impressed, but Aditya held fast to his ideas.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=36}} He was given total editorial control by his father, the producer, and made the film according to his own tastes and sensibilities.<ref name=ff1 /> Aditya struggled with both the dialogue writer [[Javed Siddiqui]] and the song lyricist [[Anand Bakshi]] to develop words that were "young-sounding".{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=39}} There were personal clashes over writing credits on the final script. Pamela's friend [[Honey Irani]] believed she deserved a writing credit that she did not receive, and Siddiqui believed Aditya did not deserve partial credit for the dialogue. After ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'', neither of them ever worked with Yash Raj Films again.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|pp=50–51}} After approving the script, Yash was consulted about the songs, but mostly left the creative process to his son, and has firmly denied that he was a ghost director on the project.<ref name="ff1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/when-i-saw-ddlj-i-was-in-tears-7935.html |title=When I saw DDLJ I was in tears |date=10 December 2014 |website=Filmfare |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530022859/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/when-i-saw-ddlj-i-was-in-tears-7935.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> He did not shoot a single frame, and did not even view some portions of the film until it was nearly completed.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|pp=44,47}}

=== Casting ===
Aditya originally wanted the film to be about a relationship between an Indian and an American. He wanted [[Tom Cruise]] for the role of Raj but was dissuaded by Yash, who did not want to use a foreign star.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know-/Cruise-was-the-first-choice-for-DDLJ/articleshow/7235691.cms |title=Cruise was the first choice for DDLJ! |date=7 January 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109131912/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know-/Cruise-was-the-first-choice-for-DDLJ/articleshow/7235691.cms |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> They decided their characters would be non-resident Indians (NRIs). Aditya approached Shah Rukh Khan to play the role of Raj. Shah Rukh was initially not interested because of the romantic nature of the role, having had success playing villainous roles.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=36}} Aditya then asked [[Saif Ali Khan]] to play the lead role because he was having problems persuading Shah Rukh to do it.<ref name=sair /> Saif declined for unknown reasons,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-you-refused-that-film-1836348 |title=You refused that film? |last=Naval-Shetye, Aakanksha |date=18 May 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=20 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028025230/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-you-refused-that-film-1836348 |archive-date=28 October 2013}}</ref> as did [[Aamir Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Aamir-Khan-Films-that-he-rejected/Aamir-Khan-Films-that-he-rejected/photostory/46565150.cms |title=Aamir Khan: Films that he rejected {{!}} The Times of India |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212124408/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Aamir-Khan-Films-that-he-rejected/Aamir-Khan-Films-that-he-rejected/photostory/46565150.cms |archive-date=12 February 2017 |access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> causing Aditya to continue pursuing Shah Rukh.<ref name="sair">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know-/-Saif-was-to-romance-Kajol/articleshow/10738986.cms? |title=Saif was to romance Kajol |date=12 December 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527114546/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know-/-Saif-was-to-romance-Kajol/articleshow/10738986.cms |archive-date=27 May 2015}}</ref>{{efn|Other sources claim that Saif was approached for the role before Shah Rukh, so this point is not entirely clear.<ref name=epic />}} Aditya and Shah Rukh had four meetings over several weeks; he finally persuaded Shah Rukh by telling him he could never be a superstar unless he became "every woman's dream man, and every mother's dream son".{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=36}} Since then, Shah Rukh has expressed his gratitude to Aditya for helping to make him a star with this film.<ref name="Shahrukh">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/08anu.htm |title=Shah Rukh did not want to do DDLJ |last=Kulkarni |first=Ronjita |date=8 October 2003 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014030/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/08anu.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> Shah Rukh said that fellow actor [[Salman Khan]] also encouraged him to do the role, saying that he thought the film would be very successful.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/447728/shah-rukh-did-ddlj-salman.html |title=Shah Rukh did DDLJ for Salman |date=15 December 2014 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603003150/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/447728/shah-rukh-did-ddlj-salman.html |archive-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> Shah Rukh has also noted the similarities in the film's script to his own relationship with [[Gauri Khan]] before their marriage.{{sfn|Uberoi|1997|p=321}}

Kajol was the first choice to play Simran, to which she quickly agreed.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=35}}  She and Shah Rukh had previously worked together in the successful films ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993) and ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995).<ref name=couple /> Kajol said her character was very difficult for her to relate to, whereas Shah Rukh said Raj's personality was very similar to his own.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=300 Weeks Celebration  |publisher=Yash Raj Films |time=10:30–11:30}}</ref> Aditya chose the name Raj for the character, and the mandolin that he played, based on his admiration for the actor [[Raj Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-kajol-relive-ddlj-moments-as-film-celebrates-1000-weeks-2043591 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol relive DDLJ moments as film celebrates 1000 weeks |date=13 December 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216005315/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-kajol-relive-ddlj-moments-as-film-celebrates-1000-weeks-2043591 |archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> After a successful [[screen test]], Parmeet Sethi was chosen over [[Armaan Kohli]] for the role of Kuljeet Singh.<ref name="Bookmyshow">{{Cite web |url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment/reasons-watch-ddlj/38916 |title=Reasons to watch DDLJ ... again and again! |last=Sharma, Saumya |date=4 June 2014 |publisher=Bookmyshow |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531095136/http://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment/reasons-watch-ddlj/38916 |archive-date=31 May 2015 |access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> In addition to his assistant director [[Sameer Sharma (director)|Sameer Sharma]], Aditya asked for two additional assistants, his brother [[Uday Chopra]] and his cousin [[Karan Johar]]. Johar also played a small role in the film as Raj's friend.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=34}} Sharmishta Roy was the film's art director{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=33}} and [[Manish Malhotra]] was its costume designer. While Malhotra had many new ideas, Aditya wanted to keep the clothing style simple; he did not want it to distract from the story.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|pp=42–43}} Despite this, Malhotra was responsible for the idea of Simran wearing a green dress in the song "Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna", an unusual colour for a Punjabi bride.<ref name="Bookmyshow" />

=== Filming ===
[[File:B-Montbovon-Eglise-Saint-Grat.jpg|thumb|right|The Church of {{not a typo|Saint Grat}} in Montbovon, one of the filming locations in Switzerland|alt=A church with a high steeple on a green field]]
''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' was filmed in several 5-, 10- and 20-day schedules between September{{nbsp}}1994 and August{{nbsp}}1995.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=40}} The first sequence filmed was for the song "Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko" with Kajol and Shah Rukh in Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/screen-exclusive--love-me-tender-shah-rukh-khan/1025796/0 |title=Screen exclusive! Love me tender: Shah Rukh Khan |last=Singh, Harneet |date=19 November 2012 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530023443/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/screen-exclusive--love-me-tender-shah-rukh-khan/1025796/0 |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> The European journey scenes and songs were mainly filmed in [[Saanen]], [[Montbovon]] and [[Gstaad]], Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaur, Jasleen |date=July 2014 |title=Bollywood in Swiss Alps |url=http://india-outbound.com/magazine/article/100 |url-status=dead |journal=India-Outbound |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530023701/http://india-outbound.com/magazine/article/100 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=nyt1 /><ref name=yrf1 /> Other scenes were shot in England, at locations including [[Trafalgar Square]], [[London King's Cross railway station|King's Cross railway station]] and [[Angel tube station|Angel Underground station]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/film/bollywood-comes-to-london-6582340.html |title=Bollywood comes to London |last=Singh |first=Amar |date=14 May 2007 |work=[[London Evening Standard]] |access-date=20 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530023719/http://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/film/bollywood-comes-to-london-6582340.html |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/broadband/2001/feb/05trans.htm |title=DDLJ story goes to the roots of Indian culture |last=Khubchandani |first=Lata |date=5 February 2001 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014203/http://www.rediff.com/broadband/2001/feb/05trans.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=20 August 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|Dwyer|2014|p=59}} Film's cinematographer [[Manmohan Singh (director)|Manmohan Singh]], a regular collaborator with Chopra, shot the song "Tujhe Dekha To", including the iconic mustard fields scenes with Shah Rukh and Kajol in the mustard fields in [[Gurgaon]] on the outskirts of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region Delhi]].<ref name="Bookmyshow" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/yash-chopra-wasnt-convinced-about-ddljs-climax/20141209.htm |title='Yash Chopra wasn't convinced about DDLJ's climax' |date=9 December 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]] movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101221731/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/yash-chopra-wasnt-convinced-about-ddljs-climax/20141209.htm |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref> The cast faced difficulties while filming the final scene, which shows Simran running to catch the train on which Raj is travelling. The smouldering heat made it difficult to shoot and each time there was a retake, the train took 20 minutes to return.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kajol-opens-up-about-the-iconic-train-scene-from-dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge/articleshow/65486838.cms |title=Kajol opens up about the iconic train scene from 'Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge' |date=21 August 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180822130400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kajol-opens-up-about-the-iconic-train-scene-from-dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge/articleshow/65486838.cms |archive-date=22 August 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Saroj Khan]] was the choreographer throughout most of the production, but after several disputes between her and Aditya, she was replaced by [[Farah Khan]] near the end of the shoot. After the film's eventual success, Saroj apologised to Aditya for underestimating him, but she never worked with him again.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=52}} Farah choreographed the song "Ruk Ja O Dil Deewane",{{sfn|Chopra|2002|pp=45–46}} during which Aditya did not tell Kajol that Shah Rukh was going to drop her, as he wanted to capture her genuine reaction.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Dilwale-Dulhania-Le-Jayenge-Lesser-Known-facts/photostory/26144006.cms |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge: Lesser Known facts |date=7 January 2011 |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530223842/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo-features/Dilwale-Dulhania-Le-Jayenge-Lesser-Known-facts/photostory/26144006.cms |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> The film's title was suggested by actress [[Kirron Kher]]; it came from the song "Le Jayenge Le Jayenge", in the film ''[[Chor Machaye Shor]]'' (1974).<ref name="epic">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7631/ |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge: Epic always |last=Vijayakar, Rajiv |date=12 December 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530024158/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7631/ |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> The Raj character sings parts of this song during the story, and it recurs at the end. ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' is believed to be the first Bollywood film with a "Title suggested by" credit.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=37}} The film has since become universally known by the acronym ''DDLJ''.<ref name=skj />{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=8}}

Towards the end of the [[principal photography]], Shah Rukh had to split his time between this film and ''[[Trimurti (film)|Trimurti]]'' (1995), spending half of his day on each film.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|pp=46–48}} In early August{{nbsp}}1995, when filming on ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' was not yet finished, a release date in October around the time of the [[Diwali]] festival was decided upon. Composers Jatin and Lalit Pandit were given only 10 days to complete the background score, and the first copies were printed on 30 September.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|pp=46–48}} After filming was complete, Aditya decided to make a Hollywood-style documentary of the film-making process, which had not been done before in India. Karan Johar and Uday were put in charge because they had already been recording some of the processes. On 18 October, two days before the film's release, the 30-minute special ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, The Making'' was broadcast on television by [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="Bookmyshow" />{{sfn|Chopra|2002|pp=46–48}}

== Themes ==
''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' repeats the usual conservative agenda of family, courtship and marriage, but it proposes that Indian family values are portable assets that can be upheld regardless of country of residence.{{sfn|Uberoi|1997|pp=305, 333}} To prove this, Raj, an NRI who was brought up in London, is portrayed as the story's "good guy", whereas Kuljeet, raised in India, is portrayed as the villain. This is a reversal of the roles in typical Indian films, which usually portray Indians as being morally superior to Westerners.{{sfn|Ganti|2004|p=42}} Here, NRIs are validated as potential model Indian citizens.{{sfn|Mehta|2011|pp=1–2}}

The story aims to capture the struggle between traditional family values and the modern value of individualism.{{sfn|Virdi|2003|p=208}} Although Raj and Simran want to be together regardless of her father's plans for her, Raj tries to win over his girlfriend's father rather than simply eloping with her. In this and other Indian stories, family values are ultimately considered more important than the romantic plot. Moral values and rules of conduct take precedence over individual desires.{{sfn|Dengel-Janic|Eckstein|2008|p=51}} The film implies that "Indianness" can be defined by the importance of family life; whether at home or abroad, it is the Indian family system that is recognised as the social institution that most defines Indian identity.{{sfn|Punathambekar|2005|p=160}}

In ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'', the purity/sanctity of women is being related to that of the nation. In the scene after Raj and Simran spend the night together, and Simran is concerned that something happened, Raj tells her: "You think I am beyond values, but I am a Hindustani, and I know what a Hindustani girl's ''[[Izzat (honour)|izzat]]'' (honour) is worth. Trust me, nothing happened last night." This speaks to the Indian diaspora and their need to try and sustain their value system,{{sfn|Punathambekar|2005|p=158}} and the man's responsibility to protect the Indian woman's sexual purity.{{sfn|Virdi|2003|p=197}} In ''The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films'', Ranjani Mazumdar says the film has a running theme of unfulfilled desires, which is exemplified by Raj's father telling him to enjoy life because his own was a struggle, and Simran's mother telling her to run away with Raj because she was unable to live her own dreams.{{sfn|Mazumdar|2014|p=207}}

Scott Jordan Harris, writing for [[Roger Ebert]]'s website, says the film's popularity lies in its ability to effectively convey two opposing themes appealing to different portions of society. He said, "It argues that we should follow our hearts and chase happiness wherever it leads, regardless of the obstacles in our paths, while simultaneously suggesting we should respect the ways of our elders, particularly our parents, and do nothing that challenges their will".<ref name=ebert /> Rachel Dwyer said the film was important for presenting marriage as an understanding between parents and children. While fighting the old tradition of the arranged marriage, it still encouraged the importance of seeking parental consent, even for a love marriage.{{sfn|Dwyer|2014|p=160}} According to Patricia Uberoi, ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' reiterates the theme of ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' (1994){{efn|Uberoi states the theme to be that the lovers were willing to sacrifice their own feelings for their families.{{sfn|Uberoi|1997|p=309}}}} in a self-conscious manner while also linking it explicitly to the fact that the protagonists tend to remind themselves and each other of what it means to be an Indian.{{sfn|Uberoi|1997|p=309}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = July 1995
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Bollywood music]]
*[[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
}}
| length = 38:46
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Saregama]] (later [[YRF Music]])
| producer = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' soundtrack features seven songs composed by [[Jatin–Lalit]], a duo consisting of the brothers Jatin and Lalit Pandit. [[Anand Bakshi]] wrote the lyrics and [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]] and [[Udit Narayan]] performed the vocals.<ref name="itunes">{{Cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge/id886976449 |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530050427/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge/id886976449 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> Jatin–Lalit was considered for the job when singer Asha Bhosle contacted Yash Chopra after meeting the duo. It was their first collaboration with Yash Raj Films. They secured the job after singing "[[Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna]]" for Yash. In return, they ensured she sang one song, "Zara Sa Jhoom Loon Main". Pamela Chopra helped them select tunes and instruments to give some of the songs a Punjabi flavour.<ref name="rediffmusic">{{Cite web |url=http://uswww.rediff.com/movies/interview/we-got-ddlj-on-asha-bhosles-recommendation/20141216.htm |title=We got DDLJ on Asha Bhosle's recommendation |last=Jha, Subhash K. |date=16 December 2014 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014239/http://uswww.rediff.com/movies/interview/we-got-ddlj-on-asha-bhosles-recommendation/20141216.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> Bhasker Gupta, writing for [[AllMusic]], said the soundtrack was the best of Jatin–Lalit's career, and that it "marked the beginning of the fifth wave in Indian cinema ...".<ref name="allmusic">{{Cite web |url=https://allmusic.com/album/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge-saregama-r1023627/review |title=Original Soundtrack Dilwale Dulhania le Jayenge [Saregama] |last=Gupta, Bhasker |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530050550/http://www.allmusic.com/album/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge-saregama-mw0001504438 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=14 March 2011}}</ref>

The soundtrack became the best-selling [[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood soundtrack]] of the year, with 12 million official units sold by [[HMV]], although it is estimated the same number or more copies were pirated.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=9|ps=: ''DDLJ'' has sold an estimated 25 million copies of its soundtrack. HMV, ''DDLJ''{{'}}s music company, pegs official sales at 12 million tapes – at least the same amount or more pirated cassettes have been sold.}} More than 1 million of those sales occurred prior to the film's release,{{sfn|Chopra|2002|pp=46–48}} with Chopra earning an advance of {{INR|10 million}} for the music rights.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cyGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |title=Bollyworld: Popular Indian Cinema Through A Transnational Lens |last1=Kaur |first1=Raminder |last2=Sinha |first2=Ajay J. |date=2005 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=9788132103448 |page=189 |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601120237/https://books.google.com/books?id=5cyGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gulshan Kumar]] sold an unofficial version of the soundtrack under his [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] label. Combined sales of both the official HMV version and the unofficial T-Series version amounted to 20{{nbsp}}million copies.<ref name="rediff">{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/sep/02sup1.htm |title=Rediff on the Net, Movies: How Gulshan Kumar signed his own death warrant |date=2 September 1997 |work=[[Rediff]] |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-date=3 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603193105/http://www.rediff.com/movies/sep/02sup1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The total number of estimated sales including pirated copies range from 25{{nbsp}}million{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=9|ps=: ''DDLJ'' has sold an estimated 25 million copies of its soundtrack. HMV, ''DDLJ''{{'}}s music company, pegs official sales at 12 million tapes – at least the same amount or more pirated cassettes have been sold.}} to over 100{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb83FwNGuR4C&pg=PA390 |title=Producing Bollywood: Inside the Contemporary Hindi Film Industry |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |date=2012 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-5213-6 |page=390 |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601120247/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb83FwNGuR4C&pg=PA390 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2005, the album was judged the top Hindi soundtrack of all time by voters on the [[BBC Asian Network]] website.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/features/top40_soundtracks_10_01.shtml |title=Asian Network – Top 40 Soundtracks of All Time |publisher=[[BBC Asian Network]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530050854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/features/top40_soundtracks_10_01.shtml |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=9 June 2011}}</ref> Anand Bakshi won his third Filmfare Best Lyricist award after 14 years,{{sfn|Ramchandani|2003|p=527}} having two nominations for this film.<ref name=FFAwardsPDF /> The wedding song "Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna" from the film became an all-time hit; it is played at weddings across the South Asian diaspora.<ref name=rediffmusic /><ref name="mehndi2">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know-/Story-behind-Mehndi-Laga-Ke-Rakhna/articleshow/7359381.cms |title=Story behind 'Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna' |date=25 January 2011 |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420211804/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know-/Story-behind-Mehndi-Laga-Ke-Rakhna/articleshow/7359381.cms |archive-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Ghar Aaja Pardesi
| extra1 = Manpreet Kaur, [[Pamela Chopra]]
| length1 = 7:32
| title7 = Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko
| extra7 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Udit Narayan]]
| length7 = 5:51
| title5 = [[Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna]]
| extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar, Udit Narayan
| length5 = 4:51
| title2 = Mere Khwabon Mein
| extra2 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length2 = 4:18
| title6 = Ruk Ja O Dil Deewane
| extra6 = Udit Narayan
| length6 = 5:14
| title4 = Tujhe Dekha To
| extra4 = Lata Mangeshkar, [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length4 = 5:05
| title3 = Zara Sa Jhoom Loon Main
| extra3 = [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]
| length3 = 5:55
| headline = ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref name=itunes />
}}

== Release ==
''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' opened on 20 October 1995 to sold-out shows worldwide.<ref name="toi800">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/800-weeks-of-DDLJ/articleshow/6259881.cms |title=800 weeks of DDLJ |last=Lalwani, Vickey |date=5 August 2010 |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625211810/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/800-weeks-of-DDLJ/articleshow/6259881.cms |archive-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> Every show in every theatre in Mumbai—save one—was completely full for the first week.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|pp=49–50}} The film was popular among both resident Indians and NRIs.{{sfn|Sarrazin|2008|p=210}} At San Francisco's 720-seat Naz theatre, 1,000 people arrived for the first showing, and the theatre staff were forced to run another show late that night. In the UK, the film ran for over a year.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=14}} As of March 16, 2020 the [[Maratha Mandir]] cinema hall in Mumbai had been showing for 1251 weeks (24 years).<ref name=thousand />

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
The film opened with over {{INRConvert|800|m|year=1995|mode=historical}} grossed in its first month of release.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxxuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rashtriya Sahara |date=1995 |publisher=Sahara India Mass Communication |volume=3, Issues 7-12 |pages=52 |quote=While ''HAHK'' is Bollywood's biggest grosser for having done a business of over {{nowrap|Rs 150 crore}}, it seems that ''DDLJ'' would beat this record as is evident by its business of above {{nowrap|80 crore}} in the very first month of its release.}}</ref> The film's initial [[Hindi]] run earned {{INR|link=Indian rupee}}1.13 billion (valued at about US$35,000,000 in 1995){{efn|name=exchange|The exchange rate in 1995 was 32.35 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usforex.com/forex-tools/historical-rate-tools/yearly-average-rates |title=Yearly Average Exchange Rates |website=USForex |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321221451/http://www.usforex.com/forex-tools/historical-rate-tools/yearly-average-rates |archive-date=21 March 2012 |access-date=5 July 2015 |quote=Select Indian Rupee on the 'Compare' pulldown, then click 'Retrieve Data'}}</ref>}} in India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1995 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130220613/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ== |archive-date=2009-01-30 |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> and about {{INR}}200 million (valued at about US$6,200,000 in 1995){{efn|name=exchange}} overseas;<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1999 |title=Business World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haJaAAAAYAAJ |magazine=[[Business World]] |publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika Limited |volume=18 |page=80 |access-date=1 May 2022 |quote=Chopra's film earned about {{nowrap|Rs 20 crore}} abroad}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kohli-Khandekar|first=Vanita|title=The Indian Media Business|date=2013|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=9788132117889|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4nAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727124620/https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4nAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|url-status=live}}</ref> it became the highest-grossing Indian film of the year,<ref name="boi1995">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ== |title=Box Office 1995 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017072458/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ%3D%3D |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=21 April 2008}}</ref> and the second-highest-grossing film of the 1990s, behind ''Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!'' It was the second Indian film to gross over {{INR}}1 billion worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3826&nCat= |title=The 100 Crore Worldwide Grossers: 34 Films Since 1994 |date=19 December 2011 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231804/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3826&nCat= |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19960430-string-of-big-flops-trigger-bombay-dream-merchants-to-struggle-with-changing-audience-833507-1996-04-30 |title=String of big flops trigger Bombay's dream merchants to struggle with changing audience |date=30 April 1996 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402223053/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19960430-string-of-big-flops-trigger-bombay-dream-merchants-to-struggle-with-changing-audience-833507-1996-04-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> and one of the biggest [[Bollywood]] earners of all time.<ref name="boialltime">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners |title=All Time Grossers |year=2011 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017014036/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=21 April 2008}}</ref> The film went on to gross a total of {{INR|2 billion}}<ref name="Ganti">{{cite book |last1=Ganti |first1=Tejaswini |title=Producing Bollywood: Inside the Contemporary Hindi Film Industry |date=7 March 2012 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-5213-6 |page=289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb83FwNGuR4C&pg=PA289 |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Rajinder">{{Cite book |last1=Rajinder |first1=Dudrah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 |title=The Bollywood Reader |last2=Jigna |first2=Desai |date=2008-10-01 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-335-22212-4 |pages=183}}</ref> ({{US$|60 million|long=no}}) worldwide {{as of|1996|lc=y}}.<ref name="Chicago">{{cite news |last1=Lev |first=Michael A. |title=Hooray for Bollywood? In India's movie biz, they don't pretend they make great films |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/167784011/ |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=11 July 1996 |pages=1, 7 (Section 5) |url-access=subscription |quote=Producer Yash Chopra scored one of the biggest hits in Bollywood history in the {{US$|60 million|long=no}}-grossing "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" ("Only the Loverboy Will Take Away the Bride"), a love story that spends an awful lot of time at a traditional Hindi wedding.}}</ref>

Adjusted for inflation, ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' is among the highest-grossing Hindi films ever;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=313&catName=TGlmZXRpbWUgQWRqdXN0ZWQ= |title=Top Lifetime Inflation Adjusted Grossers Worldwide |year=2011 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006034502/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=313&catName=TGlmZXRpbWUgQWRqdXN0ZWQ%3D |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2988 |title=Bahubali 2 Is The Biggest Hindi Blockbuster This Century |date=8 June 2017 |work=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=2 December 2017 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402174709/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2988 |url-status=live }}</ref> its domestic [[net income]] ({{INR}}533 million at the time)<ref name="Boi2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3036 |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge |website=[[Box Office India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718001925/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3036 |archive-date=18 July 2016 |access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref> is approximately {{INR|4.613 billion}} ({{US$|{{To USD|4613|IND|round=yes}} million|long=no}}) when adjusted for inflation in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3036 |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge – Movie |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702165934/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3036 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2009, the film had generated over {{INR|60 million}} in revenues for the Maratha Mandir since its release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/nostalgia-unplugged/ |title=Nostalgia Unplugged! |last=Gattani, Shruti |date=17 October 2009 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530051015/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/nostalgia-unplugged/ |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> In later years, that theatre ran one matinee show per day at reduced ticket prices, which averaged about 50% occupancy.<ref name=thousand />

=== Critical reception ===
''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' received many favourable reviews.<ref name=toi800 /> An initial review by weekly magazine ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' said of Aditya Chopra, "A young master arrives".{{sfn|Chopra|2002|pp=49–50}} Tom Vick, reviewing the film for [[Allmovie]], said, "An immensely likeable movie, ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' performs the rarely achieved feat of stretching a predictable plot over three hours and making every minute enjoyable."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/movie/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge/AA4G6k9 |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge: Critics' Reviews |date=24 October 2011 |publisher=[[MSN]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103221/http://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/movie/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge/AA4G6k9 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> When the film toured the US in 2004 as part of the Cinema India showcase, "The Changing Face of Indian Cinema",<ref name="showcase">{{Cite web |url=http://www.theross.org/ext20.php |title=Cinema India! – The Changing Face of Indian Cinema |publisher=[[Mary Riepma Ross Media Arts Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229120920/http://www.theross.org/ext20.php |archive-date=29 December 2013 |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> Charles Taylor reviewed the film for ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]'' and said, "It's a flawed, contradictory movie—aggressive and tender, stiff and graceful, clichéd and fresh, sophisticated and naive, traditional and modern. It's also, I think, a classic."<ref name="salon">{{Cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2004/06/17/ddlj/ |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge |last=Taylor, Charles |date=17 June 2004 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906023633/http://www.salon.com/2004/06/17/ddlj/ |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=14 March 2011}}</ref>

Writing for [[NDTV]], [[Anupama Chopra]] said, "Perhaps the innocence of Raj and Simran's romance in which they can spend the night together without sex because Raj, the bratish ''[sic]'' NRI understands the importance of an Indian woman's honor. Perhaps it's the way in which the film artfully reaffirms the patriarchal status quo and works for all constituencies—the NRI and the local viewer. Or perhaps it's the magic of Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol who created a template for modern love, which was hip and cool but resolutely Indian."<ref name="AC1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.anupamachopra.com/20reviews.php |title=Top 20 Movie Reviews |last=Chopra, Anupama |publisher=[[NDTV]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320134339/http://www.anupamachopra.com/20reviews.php |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=23 September 2011}}</ref> She also called the film a milestone that shaped Hindi cinema through the 1990s, and one of her personal favourites.<ref name=Shahrukh /> In 2004, Meor Shariman of ''[[The Malay Mail]]'' called the film a "must watch" for Bollywood fans, and also for those seeking an introduction to Bollywood.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10393390.html |title=Re-viewing Bollywood classics |last=Shariman, Meor |date=5 August 2004 |work=[[The Malay Mail]] |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111044534/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10393390.html |archive-date=11 November 2013 |quote=Kuch Kuch Hota Hai and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge are 'must-watch' for every Bollywood fan. In fact, viewers seeking an introduction to Bollywood should also check them out.}}{{subscription required|via=Highbeam}}</ref>

[[Raja Sen]] gave a reflective review for [[Rediff.com]] in 2005, calling the film one of the best Hindi films made in the previous 20 years. He said "Shah Rukh Khan gives a fabulous performance, redefining the Lover for the 1990s with great panache", and called Kajol a "real-as-life actress bringing warmth and credulity" to her role. Sen called the film well balanced and said only the fight scene and some mother-daughter dialogue can wear after multiple viewings.<ref name="Sen">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/13raja.htm |title=DDLJ: Ten years, everybody cheers |last=Sen, Raja |date=13 May 2005 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014324/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/13raja.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=25 March 2015}}</ref> Omer M. Mozaffar, writing for [[RogerEbert.com]] in 2012, likened the film to a [[Disney Princess]] story, saying, "the young princess feeling trapped by the traditional patriarchy, seeking freedom through discovering the world, but finally finding it through silent, but inappropriate love. The Little Mermaid. Beauty (of the Beast). Jasmine (friends with Aladdin). Pocahontas. Aurora (Sleeping Beauty). And here, Simran."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/far-flung-correspondents/d-d-l-j-dee-dee-ell-jay |title=D D L J – Dee Dee Ell Jay |last=Mozaffar, Omer M. |date=20 March 2012 |publisher=[[RogerEbert.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530024452/http://www.rogerebert.com/far-flung-correspondents/d-d-l-j-dee-dee-ell-jay |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> Scott Jordan Harris, also writing for RogerEbert.com in 2014, called it "one of the world's favorite films", and said it plays as a masterful soap opera, with one of the best screen couples ever seen.<ref name="ebert">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/balder-and-dash/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge-the-record-breaking-bollywood-rom-com-celebrating-1000-weeks-in-cinemas |title="Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge": The Record-Breaking Bollywood Rom-Com Celebrating 1000 Weeks in Cinemas |last=Harris, Scott Jordan |date=18 December 2014 |publisher=RogerEbert.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530024458/http://www.rogerebert.com/balder-and-dash/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge-the-record-breaking-bollywood-rom-com-celebrating-1000-weeks-in-cinemas |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' was ranked among ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'}}s list of the "10 Bollywood movies you must see before you die".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/10-Bollywood-movies-you-must-see-before-you-die/photostory/25815917.cms |title=10 Bollywood movies you must see before you die – Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304125307/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/10-Bollywood-movies-you-must-see-before-you-die/photostory/25815917.cms |archive-date=4 March 2015 |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> It was one of three Hindi films in the film reference book ''[[1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die]]'', the others being ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957) and ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1001beforeyoudie.com/uk_1001_movies.html |title=1001 Series |publisher=Quintessence Editions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530051907/http://www.1001beforeyoudie.com/uk_1001_movies.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=22 November 2010}}</ref> It was placed twelfth on the British Film Institute's list of top Indian films of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india |title=Top 10 Indian Films |year=2002 |publisher=British Film Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120160633/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india |archive-date=20 January 2012 |access-date=15 March 2011}}</ref> It is one of the films on Box Office India's list of "Biggest Blockbusters Ever in Hindi Cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg== |title=The Biggest Blockbusters Ever in Hindi Cinema |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026073055/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg%3D%3D |archive-date=26 October 2013 |access-date=4 October 2012}}</ref> The film won a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] and 10 [[Filmfare Awards]], setting the record at the time for the most Filmfare trophies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianffth.nl/index.php/en/films-and-programme/filmarchive2012/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge/ |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (there goes the bride) |publisher=Indian Film Festival, [[The Hague]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131227084026/http://www.indianffth.nl/index.php/en/films-and-programme/filmarchive2012/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge/ |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>{{efn|The record has since been tied by ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002), and broken by ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Filmfare-Awards-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/45952632.cms |title=Filmfare Awards: Lesser Known Facts |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621215051/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Filmfare-Awards-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/45952632.cms |archive-date=21 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref>}}

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Awards and nominations for ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge''
|-
! scope="col" | Awards
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[43rd National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|[[Yash Chopra]], [[Aditya Chopra]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{Cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf |title=43rd National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114315/http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2012 |access-date=6 March 2012 |page=10}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="14"|[[41st Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|Yash Chopra
|rowspan="10" {{won}}
|rowspan="14" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="FFAwardsPDF">{{Cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |website=Filmfare |format=PDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=29 June 2015 |pages=91–93}}</ref><br /><ref name="ffwinsshow">{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/ddljs-big-win-at-the-filmfare-awards-7944.html |title=DDLJ's big win at the Filmfare Awards |date=11 December 2014 |website=Filmfare |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629224353/http://www.filmfare.com/features/ddljs-big-win-at-the-filmfare-awards-7944.html |archive-date=29 June 2015 |access-date=29 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Aditya Chopra
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Kajol]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Udit Narayan]] for "Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna"
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Farida Jalal]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]]
|[[Anupam Kher]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Anand Bakshi]] for "Tujhe Dekha To"
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|Aditya Chopra
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|Aditya Chopra, [[Javed Siddiqui]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Amrish Puri]]
|rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Jatin–Lalit]]
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|[[Kumar Sanu]] for "Tujhe Dekha To"
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Anand Bakshi for "Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko To Pyaar Sajna"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Star Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|Yash Chopra
|rowspan="3" {{won}}
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/screenawards/award95.html |title=Screen Award winners for the year 1995 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216080047/http://www.screenindia.com/old/screenawards/award95.html |archive-date=16 February 2009 |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Star Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Aditya Chopra
|-
|[[Star Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Shah Rukh Khan
|}

== Legacy ==

=== Historic box office run ===
[[File:Shah Rukh Khan & Kajol unveil the special coffee table book 'DDLJ'.jpg|thumb|Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol celebrating 1000 weeks of continuous showing of ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' in 2014|alt=Shah Rukh Khan hugs Kajol]]

In 2001, ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' overtook ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975), which had run for over five years at the Minerva theatre, as the longest-running film in Indian cinema history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/broadband/2001/feb/05lead.htm |title=DDLJ Breaks Sholay's Record |last=Khubchandani |first=Lata |date=5 February 2001 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014430/http://www.rediff.com/broadband/2001/feb/05lead.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> It has been showing at the Maratha Mandir theatre (which was famous for having shown ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960) for three years) since its original release in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mughal-e-azam-mural-at-24-karat-news-bollywood-kkfvFneecjj.html |title=''Mughal-e-Azam'' mural at 24 Karat |date=2 November 2004 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702160732/http://www.sify.com/movies/mughal-e-azam-mural-at-24-karat-news-bollywood-kkfvFneecjj.html |archive-date=2 July 2012 |access-date=27 June 2012}}</ref> There are often people in the audience who have seen the film 50 or more times, but still clap, cheer, mouth the dialogues and sing along with the songs,<ref name=Shahrukh />{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=8}} raising comparisons with ''[[The Rocky Horror Picture Show]]'' (1975), the longest running film in America.<ref name="rhps">{{Cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/ddlj-record-le-jayenge/44838 |title=DDLJ record Le Jayenge |last=Marchive |first=Laurane |date=10 May 2009 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=15 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228082715/http://www.mid-day.com/specials/2009/apr/260409-Laurane-Marchive-French-born-Dilwale-Dulhaniya-Le-Jaayenge-14th-anniversary-Play-Mumbai.htm |archive-date=28 December 2013}}</ref>

When a theatre strike in early 2011 threatened the film's uninterrupted run, the producer Yash Chopra contacted theatre owners to try and ensure the film would continue. He hoped the film would continue to run for at least 1,000 weeks,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-26/news-interviews/29191729_1_ddlj-cinemax-screening |title=Raj, Simran's love uninterrupted |last=Lalwani, Vickey |date=26 March 2010 |access-date=11 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130122244/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Raj-Simrans-love-uninterrupted/articleshow/7791696.cms?referral=PM |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> which it achieved in December{{nbsp}}2014.<ref name="thousand">{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/517598/ddlj-to-complete-1000-weeks-at-maratha-mandir-theatre-on-friday.html |title='DDLJ' to complete 1000 weeks at Maratha Mandir theatre on Friday |date=11 December 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530051347/http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/ddlj-1000-weeks-730712.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> To commemorate the event, cast members including Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol, Anupam Kher, Farida Jalal, Mandira Bedi and Pooja Ruparel appeared on the television show ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shah-rukh-khan-celebrates-ddljs-1000-weeks-on-kapil-sharmas-show/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan celebrates DDLJ's 1000 weeks on Kapil Sharma's show |date=3 December 2014 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=15 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530052113/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shah-rukh-khan-celebrates-ddljs-1000-weeks-on-kapil-sharmas-show/ |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol and director Aditya Chopra also attended a live chat with fans and a black tie event at the theatre on 12 December.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141213/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/shah-rukh-khan-and-kajol-celebrate-1000-weeks-ddlj-maratha |title=Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol celebrate 1000 weeks of DDLJ at Maratha Mandir |date=13 December 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=15 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530052125/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141213/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/shah-rukh-khan-and-kajol-celebrate-1000-weeks-ddlj-maratha |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> The same day, they launched a coffee table book written by Aditya Chopra about the making of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a616760/shah-rukh-khan-kajol-celebrate-1000-weeks-of-ddlj-at-yash-raj-studio.html#~pe88MwZHtpcZXm |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol celebrate 1000 weeks of DDLJ at Yash Raj Studio |last=Joshi, Priya |date=15 December 2014 |website=Digital Spy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530021416/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a616760/shah-rukh-khan-kajol-celebrate-1000-weeks-of-ddlj-at-yash-raj-studio.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> Also in December, Yash Raj Films announced the availability of a collection of commemorative, licensed merchandise from various suppliers to mark the event.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=824ed2af-fe1c-46ff-8bf1-b73866016be0 |title=1000 Weeks Commemorative DDLJ Merchandise! |date=16 December 2014 |publisher=Yash Raj Films |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530020623/http://yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=824ed2af-fe1c-46ff-8bf1-b73866016be0 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref>

The Maratha Mandir's management ended the film's run after 1,009 weeks on 19 February{{nbsp}}2015 because of low attendance (the last show was viewed by 210 people).<ref name="end">{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maratha-mandir-brings-down-curtains-on-ddlj-after-20-years-115021900494_1.html |title=Maratha Mandir brings down curtains on DDLJ after 20 years |last=Ramasubramanian, Uma |date=19 February 2015 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530052333/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maratha-mandir-brings-down-curtains-on-ddlj-after-20-years-115021900494_1.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> However, after an outpouring of support from fans, and talks with the production company, they decided to reinstate the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/ddlj-to-continue-its-run-at-maratha-mandir/article6920822.ece |title=DDLJ to continue its run at Maratha Mandir |date=22 February 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530021619/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/ddlj-to-continue-its-run-at-maratha-mandir/article6920822.ece |archive-date=30 May 2015 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> As of March 16, 2020, it had been showing for 1251 weeks (24 years). The projectionist, who has been working at the Mandir for 46 years, has watched the film more than 9,000 times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mC_PK6zW_Bs|title=Why This Movie Has Been Playing for 24 Years|date=2020-03-16|access-date=2020-04-04|website=via YouTube.com|publisher=[[Great Big Story]]|archive-date=9 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409180833/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mC_PK6zW_Bs|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]] caused the theater to close for eight months; upon its re-opening in November 2020, screening of the film resumed.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=7 November 2020 |title=DDLJ back in Maratha Mandir |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/061120/ddlj-back-in-maratha-mandir.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |location= |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303152450/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/061120/ddlj-back-in-maratha-mandir.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Influence ===

''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' spawned many imitators of its story and style, especially throughout the 1990s.{{sfn|Chopra|2002|p=11}} According to the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]]'', it and a handful of other films and young directors started a trend for "designer" films. The authors said that these were "a carefully packaged and branded product in which every little visual and physical detail ... is of utmost importance".{{sfn|Chatterjee|2003|p=127}} In ''Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema'', [[Namrata Joshi]] said ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' "reinvented Bollywood romances so decisively that we can neatly divide them into two eras—before ''DDLJ'' and after ''DDLJ''".{{sfn|Joshi|2012|pp=235–236}}

Yash Raj Films was previously known for using locations outside India for [[item number]]s in its films.{{sfn|Punathambekar|2005|p=153}} ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' started the trend for films designed to appeal to the Indian diaspora, which have foreign locations as integral parts of the story.{{sfn|Punathambekar|2005|p=153}} The characters are themselves diaspora and tend to be able to move with ease between India and the West.<ref name=Hindu1 /> Some later films that followed this trend include ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]'' (1997), ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...]]'' (2001), ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'' (2005), ''[[Neal 'n' Nikki]]'' (2005) and ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006).<ref name="Hindu1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article2275753.ece |title=Bollywood needs to change its act |last=Desai, Lord Meghnad |date=25 November 2007 |work=The Hindu |access-date=6 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530021748/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article2275753.ece |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Mukherjee|2012|p=45}} ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' became the first Hindi film blockbuster to feature NRIs as main characters.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3231036.ece |title=The Swiss honour Yash Chopra, woo Bollywood |date=13 October 2006 |work=The Hindu |access-date=6 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530021754/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3231036.ece |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> It helped to establish the diaspora market as a vital source of revenue for the industry; that market was seen as a safer financial investment than the [[desi]] market.<ref name=Hindu1 />

Several later films have paid homage to ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge''. The Karan Johar-produced ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]'' (2014) was directly inspired by it.<ref name="skj">{{Cite web |url=http://skjbollywoodnews.com/2014/07/ddlj-hangover-bollywood/4117229.html |title=The DDLJ Hangover in Bollywood |last=[[Subhash K. Jha|Jha, Subhash K.]] |date=13 July 2014 |publisher=SKJ Bollywood News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530013623/http://skjbollywoodnews.com/2014/07/ddlj-hangover-bollywood/4117229.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015 |quote=Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge, known the world over by the amiable acronym DDLJ}}</ref> The films ''[[Jab We Met]]'' (2007), ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' (2011), ''[[Chalo Dilli]]'' (2011), ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013) and ''[[Chennai Express]]'' (2013) include scenes similar to the climactic train sequence, wherein a woman is running to catch a moving train and is helped aboard by a man with his outstretched arm.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Trains-and-filmi-romance/articleshow/21163711.cms? |title=Trains and filmi romance |last=Bohni |first=Bandyopadhyay |date=20 July 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206073456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Trains-and-filmi-romance/articleshow/21163711.cms |archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-19/news-interviews/29556472_1_aditya-chopra-salman-khan-scene |title=Salman steals SRK's DDLJ scene |last=Lalwani, Vickey |date=19 May 2011 |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101013618/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Salman-steals-SRKs-DDLJ-scene/articleshow/8411618.cms?referral=PM |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> The British film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008) contained a similar train scene, and its final dance sequence was partially shot at the same railway station as the ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' finale.<ref name=skj />

In October 2021, Aditya announced that he would be directing a Broadway musical entitled ''Come Fall In Love – The DDLJ Musical'', based on the film. It will debut in the Broadway season of 2022–2023.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2021/legit/news/ddlj-musical-broadway-aditya-chopra-1235095256/ |title=Bollywood Hit 'Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge' Goes to Broadway With Top Talent Attached (Exclusive) |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=22 October 2021 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=12 December 2021 }}</ref>

=== Impact ===
Audiences appreciated the screen chemistry between Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol,<ref name=Sen /> who later worked together in several successful films including ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998), ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...]]'' (2001), ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010), and ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' (2015), and are often referred to as one of Indian cinema's most loved on-screen couple.<ref name="couple">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/slideshow/type/view/id/789 |title=10 Best Onscreen Romantic Couples of the Decade |last=Ramsubramaniam, Nikhil |date=12 February 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530024204/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/slideshow/type/view/id/789 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=26 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shah-rukh-khan-ddlj-was-and-will-always-be-about-simran/20141213.htm |title=Shah Rukh Khan: DDLJ was and will always be about Simran |last=Dedhia, Sonil |date=13 December 2014 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014600/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shah-rukh-khan-ddlj-was-and-will-always-be-about-simran/20141213.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref> [[Sogosurvey]] conducted an online survey in 2016 in which approximately 47% of the people who participated voted ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' as Bollywood's most evergreen love story.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/DDLJ-is-Bollywoods-most-evergreen-love-story-Survey/articleshow/52078150.cms |title='DDLJ' is Bollywood's most evergreen love story: Survey – Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529200300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/DDLJ-is-Bollywoods-most-evergreen-love-story-Survey/articleshow/52078150.cms |archive-date=29 May 2016}}</ref> Shah Rukh Khan credits this film with making him a star,<ref name=Shahrukh /> and says it "changed the entire scene for romantic movies of the 90s".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/srk-doesnt-mind-salman-copying-ddlj-scene-619739 |title=SRK Doesn't Mind Salman Copying DDLJ Scene |date=19 May 2011 |publisher=NDTV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701011524/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/srk-doesnt-mind-salman-copying-ddlj-scene-619739 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=4 February 2014}}</ref> During an interview in 2002, he said "Whatever I'll stand for as an actor, in the whole of my career, whenever it ends, it will start with and end at ''Dilwale''".<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=300 Weeks Celebration |publisher=Yash Raj Films |time=17:23–17:35}}</ref> The actress Farida Jalal said the film gave her career a boost, saying she got many offers and "could quote any price".<ref name="quote">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/after-ddlj-i-could-quote-any-price/20141210.htm |title=After DDLJ, I could quote any price |last=Dedhia, Sonil |date=10 December 2014 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014524/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/after-ddlj-i-could-quote-any-price/20141210.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> It also helped the young careers of Pooja Ruparel, who received advertising offers, and of Sharmistha Roy.<ref name=epic />

The British Film Institute (BFI) commissioned a [[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (book)|book]] about ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge''. It was the first Hindi film chosen for a series of studies on international films, called "BFI Modern Classics". The author was Anupama Chopra and the book was released in 2002.<ref name="adi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/AboutUs/YRFTeam.aspx?SectionCode=PRO003a1 |title=About Aditya Chopra |publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530020939/http://www.yashrajfilms.com/AboutUs/YRFTeam.aspx?SectionCode=PRO003a1 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=8 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dilwaledulhanial00anup |title=Dilwale dulhania le jayenge = (The brave-hearted will take the bride) |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-85170-957-4 |access-date=19 March 2015 |url-access=registration }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://anupamachopra.com/books/20/2012/02/Dilwale%20Dulhaniya%20Le%20Jayenge |title=Anupama Chopra |date=23 February 2012 |publisher=[[Anupama Chopra]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530021239/http://anupamachopra.com/books/20/2012/02/Dilwale%20Dulhaniya%20Le%20Jayenge |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> It was reissued in paperback by Harper-Collins as ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge: The Making of a Blockbuster'' in 2004.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Dilwale dulhania le jayenge : the making of a blockbuster |publisher=WorldCat |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7223-552-9 |oclc = 55680225}}</ref> After an unexpectedly long delay, the film was released on DVD by Yash Raj Films in 2002.<ref name="uiowa">{{Cite web |url=http://www.uiowa.edu/indiancinema/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |publisher=South Asian Studies Program, [[University of Iowa]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704071954/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/dilwale.html |archive-date=4 July 2012 |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> The release included ''The Making'' and ''300 Weeks Celebration'' documentaries, ''Success Story'' (highlights from the film's premiere), clips from the [[41st Filmfare Awards]] ceremony and other interviews.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://film.thedigitalfix.com/content/id/57395/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge.html |title=Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge |last=Horne, Stephen |date=5 October 2005 |publisher=The Digital Fix |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530052607/http://film.thedigitalfix.com/content/id/57395/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=8 December 2011}}</ref>

In 2006, members of the film crew were honoured at a dinner event to celebrate the film's 500th week since release. It was hosted by the Consulate General of Switzerland in Mumbai and by Switzerland Tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1220805/sorttype//D.D.L.J.+team+felicitated+by+Swiss+Consulate |title=D.D.L.J. team felicitated by Swiss Consulate |date=10 April 2006 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530024210/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1220805/sorttype//D.D.L.J.%2Bteam%2Bfelicitated%2Bby%2BSwiss%2BConsulate |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> In 2010, Yash Raj Films signed an agreement with Indian and Swiss tour companies to provide a tour package called "YRF Enchanted Journey", to allow visitors to Switzerland to view filming locations used for famous Yash Raj films including ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge''.<ref name="nyt1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/12/world/europe/12swiss.html |title=A Beloved Bollywood Extra Draws Indians |last=Tagliabue, John |date=11 July 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=11 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530023952/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/12/world/europe/12swiss.html?_r=0 |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="yrf1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=d02598d7-8a71-4d3f-ad08-7f56828a9e0d |title=Yash Raj Films 'Enchanted Journey' Switzerland |date=12 January 2010 |publisher=Yash Raj Films |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530020744/http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=d02598d7-8a71-4d3f-ad08-7f56828a9e0d |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> In 2014, Yash Raj Films released ''Aditya Chopra Relives ... Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (As Told to Nasreen Munni Kabir)'', an attractive but expensive book about the making of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/aditya-chopra-relives-ddlj-review/article6842121.ece |title=DDLJ diaries |last=Bhatia, Sidharth |date=31 January 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=26 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530021759/http://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/aditya-chopra-relives-ddlj-review/article6842121.ece |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> In response to Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] quoting the line "May the force be with you" from the American film franchise ''[[Star Wars]]'' during a visit to the United States, US President [[Barack Obama]] decided to quote a line from a Hindi film during his visit to India in January{{nbsp}}2015. He chose a line from this film, "''Senorita, bade bade deshon mein ...''" (Miss, in large countries ...), and added "you know what I mean".<ref name="hindustantimes-obama">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/there-s-a-back-story-to-barack-obama-s-ddlj-quote/story-oHbgCVbfiktR3wDd5VJ5EK.html |title=There's a back story to Barack Obama's DDLJ quote |last=Bawa, Jyoti Sharma |date=28 January 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=31 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530052826/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/the-real-story-behind-barack-obama-s-ddlj-quote/article1-1311025.aspx |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> US President [[Donald Trump]] mentioned ''DDLJ'' as a "Classic Indian Films" during his visit to India in February{{nbsp}}2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Trump mentions DDLJ in speech during India visit, Shah Rukh Khan fans announce 'DDLJ trumps' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/donald-trump-mentions-ddlj-in-speech-during-india-visit-shah-rukh-khan-fans-announce-ddlj-trumps/story-7vKOj4R4lGSdMTrWn6eglO.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=24 February 2020 }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book
| surname1 = Chatterjee
| first1= Saibal
| author-link1 = Saibal Chatterjee
| year= 2003
| chapter = 1990–2001: Designer Cinema
| title = Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema
| title-link = Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema
| isbn = 978-81-7991-066-5
| pages= 117–134
| editor-last = Ramchandani
| editor-first = Indu
| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]
}}
* {{cite book
| surname1 = Chopra
| given1 = Anupama
| author-link1 = Anupama Chopra
| year = 2002
| title = Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge
| title-link = Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (book)
| publisher = [[British Film Institute]], London
| isbn = 978-0-85170-957-4
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Dengel-Janic
| first1 = Ellen
| last2 = Eckstein
| first2 = Lars
| editor1-last = Eckstein
| editor1-first = Lars
| editor2-last = Korte
| editor2-first = Barbara
| editor3-last = Pirker
| editor3-first = Eva Ulrike
| display-editors = 3
| editor4-last = Reinfandt
| editor4-first = Christoph
| chapter = Bridehood Revisited: Disarming Concepts of Gender and Culture in Recent Asian British Film
| year = 2008
| title = Multi-Ethnic Britain 2000+: New Perspectives in Literature, Film and the Arts
| publisher = [[Rodopi (publisher)|Rodopi]]
| isbn = 978-90-420-2497-7
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JfP4L5UpNsoC
| pages = 45–64
}}
* {{cite book
| surname1 = Dwyer
| given1 = Rachel
| author-link1 = Rachel Dwyer
| year = 2014
| title = Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Contemporary India
| publisher = [[Reaktion Books]], London
| isbn = 978-1-78023-304-8
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DqwBBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT59
}}
* {{cite book
| surname1 = Ganti
| given1 = Tejaswini
| author-link1 = Tejaswini Ganti
| year = 2004
| title = Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema
| publisher = [[Psychology Press]]
| isbn = 978-0-415-28854-5
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC
}}
* {{cite book
| surname = Joshi
| given = Namrata
| author-link = Namrata Joshi
| editor1-last = Patel
| editor1-first = Bhaichand
| year = 2012
| title = Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema
| chapter = Shahrukh Khan: Yuppie Prince of Liberalized India
| pages = 231–242
| publisher = [[Penguin Books]], India
| isbn = 978-0-670-08572-9
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA253
}}
* {{cite book
| surname = Mazumdar
| given = Ranjani
| editor1-last = Barrow
| editor1-first = Sarah
| editor2-last = Haenni
| editor2-first = Sabine
| editor3-last = White
| editor3-first = John
| year = 2014
| title = The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films
| chapter = Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge / The Brave-Hearted Will Take Away the Bride
| pages = 205–208
| publisher = [[Routledge]], New York
| isbn = 978-1-317-68261-5
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ekCDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205
}}
* {{cite book
| surname1 = Mehta
| given1 = Rini Bhattacharya
| editor1-last = Mehta
| editor1-first = Rini Bhattacharya
| editor2-last = Pandharipande
| editor2-first = Rajeshwari V.
| chapter = Bollywood, Nation, Globalization: An Incomplete Introduction
| year = 2011
| title = Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora
| publisher = Anthem Press
| isbn = 978-0-85728-782-3
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kGIuatpm-8gC
| pages = 1–14
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Punathambekar
| first1 = Aswin
| title = Bollywood in the Indian-American Diaspora: Mediating a Transitive Logic of Cultural Citizenship
| journal = [[International Journal of Cultural Studies]]
| volume = 8
| issue = 2
| pages = 151–173
| year = 2005
| url = http://www-personal.umich.edu/~aswinp/K3G_IJCS_June05.pdf
| doi = 10.1177/1367877905052415
| s2cid = 145205351
| access-date = 9 May 2012
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112818/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~aswinp/K3G_IJCS_June05.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite book
| editor-last = Ramchandani
| editor-first = Indu
| year = 2003
| chapter = Biographies
| title = Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema
| isbn = 978-81-7991-066-5
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC
| pages = 515–640
| publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]
}}
* {{cite book
|editor1-last = Roy
|editor1-first = Anjali Gera
|editor2-last = Chua
|editor2-first = Beng Huat
|editor2-link = Chua Beng Huat
|first = Madhuja
|last = Mukherjee
|chapter = Mustard Fields, Exotic Tropes, and Travels through Meandering Pathways: Reframing the Yash Raj Trajectory
|doi = 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075981.003.0004
|year = 2012
|orig-year = 2011
|title = Travels of Bollywood Cinema: From Bombay to LA
|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
|isbn = 978-0-19-807598-1
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WImEZwEACAAJ
|pages = 35–54
}}
* {{cite book
| surname = Sarrazin
| given = Natalie
| editor1-last = Kavoori
| editor1-first = Anandam P.
| editor2-last = Punathambekar
| editor2-first = Aswin
| year = 2008
| title = Global Bollywood
| chapter = Songs from the Heart – Musical Coding, Emotional Sentiment, and Traditional Sonic Identity in India's Popular Film Music
| pages = 203–219
| publisher = [[New York University Press]]
| isbn = 978-0-8147-4798-8
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2CqERCzWn5gC
}}
* {{cite journal
| surname1 = Uberoi
| given1 = Patricia
| year = 1997
| title = The Diaspora Comes Home: Disciplining Desire in ''DDLJ''
| journal = [[Contributions to Indian Sociology]]
| volume = 32
| issue = 2
| pages = 305–336
| doi = 10.1177/006996679803200208
| s2cid = 146570568
| url = https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/295c/2503d2e3dea7deca50c2517995d0146470dd.pdf
}}
* {{cite book
| surname1 = Virdi
| given1 = Jyotika
| year = 2003
| title = The Cinematic ImagiNation: Indian Popular Films as Social History
| publisher = [[Rutgers University Press]]
| isbn = 978-0-8135-3191-5
| url = https://archive.org/details/cinematicimagina0000vird
| url-access = registration
}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| surname1 = Chopra
| given1 = Aditya
| surname2 = Kabir
| given2 = Nasreen Munni
| date = 12 December 2014
| title = Aditya Chopra Relives ... (Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge: As Told to Nasreen Munni Kabir)
| publisher = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| isbn = 978-93-5196-188-8
}}
* {{cite journal
| surname1= Sharpe
| first1= Jenny
| title= Gender, Nation, and Globalization in ''Monsoon Wedding'' and ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge''
| journal= Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism
| volume = 6
| issue = 1
| year = 2005
| pages = 58–81
| doi= 10.1353/mer.2005.0032
| s2cid= 201783566
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.yashrajfilms.com/movies/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge'' Official Site]
* {{IMDb title|0112870}}
* {{BFI|4ce2b7e63fe2b}}
* {{Tcmdb title|439077}}
* {{AllRovi movie|289660}}
* [http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge/ ''Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Aditya Chopra}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 1991–2010}}
{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}
{{ScreenAwardBestFilm}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatin–Lalit]]
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Darjeeling

2026-07-26T12:45:49Z

SuperAdmin:

{{Short description|City in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Darjeeling
| other_name =
| other_name_lang =
| settlement_type = City
| image = Darjeeling-panoramic.jpg
| caption = Darjeeling with Kangchenjunga in the background
| image_caption = Left to right from top: Darjeeling with [[Kangchenjunga]], the world's third-highest mountain, rising behind it; a [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] train en route to the main train station; a [[tea garden]], or tea plantation
| image_seal =
| image_alt =
| nickname =
| map_alt = Darjeeling is located at the northern end of West Bengal, near its boundary with Sikkim.
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Territorial Administration]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = Leased in 1835 from [[Tsugphud Namgyal]], the [[Chogyal]] of the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], and annexed in 1849.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|pp=47–48}}{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=85–86}} Municipality, 1 July 1850.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}}{{Sfn|Lamb|1986|p=71}}
| founder = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[East India Company]], during [[Company rule in India]]{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|pp=319–320}}{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|pp=325–326}}
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = [[Darjeeling Municipality]]
| leader_title = [[Chairman]]
| leader_name = Dipen Thakuri<ref>{{cite news |title=TMC props BGPM at civic helm |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/trinamul-congress-props-bharatiya-gorkha-prajatantrik-morcha-at-civic-helm/cid/1910326 |access-date=26 May 2023 |work=The Telegraph |date=17 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526115215/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/trinamul-congress-props-bharatiya-gorkha-prajatantrik-morcha-at-civic-helm/cid/1910326 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = {{efn|"In year 2001, the area of Darjeeling Municipality was {{Convert|10.75|km2|mi2}} but after the reorganization and bifurcation of wards in 2011, the town now covers an area of {{Convert|7.43|km2|mi2}} only."{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}}}}
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.43
| area_metro_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = {{efn|"The average altitude of Darjeeling Town is 6710 ft (about 2045 m.) However, the highest point in the Darjeeling district is [[Sandakphu]] (close to 12,000 ft) which also happens to be the highest altitude point in the whole of [[West Bengal]]."{{Sfn|Rahamtulla|Roy|Khasim|2020|p=157}} }}
| elevation_m = 2045
| population_total = 118805
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 15990
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = {{efn|India did not have a decadal census in 2021 because of [[COVID-19]]; the next one is a digital census planned for 2024.<ref name="Mandal 2022">{{Cite web |last=Mandal |first=Dilip |title=Decade without data – Why India is delaying Census when US, UK, China went ahead during Covid |website=The Print |date=13 May 2022 |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/decade-without-data-why-india-is-delaying-census-when-us-uk-china-went-ahead-during-covid/954383/ |access-date=30 July 2022 |quote=In all likelihood, India will not have its decadal census any time soon. The logjam is such that it may lead to a situation where a whole decade goes by without any official data on India and Indians. 2021 was a Census year and the Narendra Modi government decided not to conduct it due to the Covid pandemic. Now, Home Minister Amit Shah has said that the next Census will be an e-survey and carried out by 2024—it will be India's first 'digital Census'. |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015359/https://theprint.in/opinion/decade-without-data-why-india-is-delaying-census-when-us-uk-china-went-ahead-during-covid/954383/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}{{efn|"Population of the town experienced a rapid growth in the last fifty years, and Census of India (2011b) estimated the total population of the town is 118,805 persons (Tables 21.1 and 21.2)."{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=367}}}}{{efn|"The density of population in Darjeeling town is 15,990 persons per sq.km as per 2011 census report."{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}}}}
| population_metro =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<ref name=nclm50>{{Cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India: 50th report (delivered to the Lokh Sabha in 2014) |page=95 |publisher=National Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Darjeeling''' is a city in the northernmost region of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]]. Located in the [[Eastern Himalayas]], it has an average elevation of {{Convert|6709|ft|order=flip}}.{{Sfn|Rahamtulla|Roy|Khasim|2020|p=157}} To the west of Darjeeling lies the [[Koshi Province|easternmost province]] of [[Nepal]], to the east the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]], to the north the Indian state of [[Sikkim]], and farther north the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of [[China]]. [[Bangladesh]] lies to the south and southeast, and most of the state of West Bengal lies to the south and southwest, connected to the Darjeeling region by a narrow [[Siliguri Corridor|tract]]. [[Kangchenjunga]], the world's third-highest mountain, rises to the north and is prominently visible on clear days.{{efn|"mist-enshrouded for half the year, on clear days the skyline is climaxed by the magnificent peak of Kangchenjunga".{{Sfn|Spate|Learmonth|2017|p=476}}}}{{Sfn|Bernbaum|2022|p=32}}

In the early 19th century, during [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule]] in India, Darjeeling was identified as a potential summer retreat for British officials, soldiers, and their families. The narrow mountain ridge was leased from the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], and eventually annexed to [[British India]]. Experimentation with growing tea on the slopes below Darjeeling was highly successful. Thousands of labourers were recruited chiefly from Nepal to clear the forests, build European-style cottages and work in the [[tea garden|tea plantation]]s. The widespread deforestation displaced the indigenous peoples. Residential schools were established in and around Darjeeling for the education of children of the [[Domicile (law)|domiciled]] British in India. By the late-19th century, a novel narrow-gauge mountain railway, the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]], was bringing summer residents into the town and carrying a freight of tea out for export to the world. After India's independence in 1947, as the British left Darjeeling, its cottages were purchased by wealthy Indians from the plains and its tea plantations by out-of-town Indian business owners and conglomerates.

Darjeeling's population today is constituted largely of the descendants of the indigenous and immigrant labourers that were employed in the original development of the town. Although their [[lingua franca|common language]], the [[Nepali language]], has been given official recognition at the state and federal levels in India, the recognition has created little meaningful employment for the language's speakers nor has it increased their ability to have a significantly greater say in their political affairs. The tea industry and tourism are the mainstays of the town's economy. Deforestation in the region after India's independence has caused environmental damage, affecting the perennial springs that supply the town's water. The population of Darjeeling meanwhile has exploded over the years, and unregulated construction, traffic congestion and water shortages are common. Many young locals, educated in government schools, have taken to migrating out for the lack of jobs matching their skills. Like out-migrants from the neighbouring northeastern India, they have been subjected to [[Ethnic relations in India#Racism against North-East Indians in other states of India|discrimination]] and racism in some Indian cities.

Darjeeling's culture is highly cosmopolitan—a result of diverse ethnic groups intermixing and evolving away from their historical roots. The region's indigenous cuisine is rich in fermented foods and beverages. Tourists have flocked to Darjeeling since the mid-19th century. In 1999, after an international campaign for its support, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]]. In 2005, [[Darjeeling tea]] was given [[geographical indication]] by the [[World Trade Organization]] as much for the protection of the brand as for the development of the region that produces it.
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==Toponymy==
At the time of the first British arrival, Darjeeling was known among its [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] inhabitants as {{transliteration|lep|Dorje-ling}}, or the "Place of the [[Thunderbolt]]".{{efn|"Stories of Darjeeling's colonial founding are by now legion. In 1829, Captain George Lloyd and J.W. Grant were passing through Darjeeling en route to settle a border dispute between Sikkim and Nepal. The location was then known by local Lepcha peoples as Dorje-ling, or "Place of the Thunderbolt".{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}}}} According to the ''Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names'', Darjeeling is derived from the [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]] {{transliteration|bo|Dorje ling}} or {{transliteration|bo|Dorje-glin}}, meaning "Land of Dorje", i.e. of the [[vajra]], the weapon of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Indra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001/acref-9780191866326-e-1736 |chapter=Darjeeling |title=Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names |edition=3rd |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main article|History of Darjeeling}}
===1780 to 1835===
{{Multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 480
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image2 = Himalayan journal Hooker page 129.jpg
| caption2 = A Lepcha girl and a Buddhist lama in Dorjiling from [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]]'s ''Himalayan Journals'', volume I, 1854
| image1 = Darjeeling Sikkim Bhutan Nepal - Copy (5).jpg
| caption1 = Darjeeling, Nepal, Bengal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Tibet
}}

Darjeeling lies between the [[Mechi river|Mechi]] and [[Teesta river|Teesta]] rivers in the Eastern Himalayas. In the 18th century, it was part of a boundary region that had stirred ambitions and insecurities in several [[South Asia]]n states.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}} For the greater part of the century, the [[Chogyal]]-ruler of the northern [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] had asserted possession of this territory.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}} In the closing decades, the [[Gurkha kingdom]] of Nepal expanded eastwards to bring Darjeeling into its territory.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}} Its army stopped short of the Teesta, beyond which at the time lay the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]].{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dozey |first=E. C. |title=A Concise History of the Darjeeling District Since 1835, with a complete itinerary of tours in Sikkim and the District |publisher=N. Mukherjee |year=1922 |oclc=62351881 |url=https://archive.org/details/ConciseHistoryOfDarjeelingDistrictSince1835/page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref>

The English [[East India Company]] began to show an interest in the Darjeeling hills in the early 19th century.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|p=47}} At the time Darjeeling's indigenous population largely consisted of the [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] and [[Limbu people|Limbu]] peoples.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}} The Company's interference in territorial matters began in the aftermath of its army's victory over the Gurkhas in the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]]. Fought between 1814 and 1816, the war concluded with two treaties, the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] and the [[Treaty of Titalia]], under which Nepal was required to return the Darjeeling territory to Sikkim.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}}

In 1829, two East India Company officials, Captain George Lloyd and J. W. Grant, en route to resolving a boundary dispute between Nepal and Sikkim, passed a [[crescent]]-shaped [[mountain ridge]] which they fancied excellent for a [[sanitorium]] for the British, or a resort for sheltering and recuperating from the heat of India's plains.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=5}}{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|p=50}}{{Sfn|Lamb|1986|p=69}} [[Lord William Bentinck]], the [[Governor-General of India]], to whom Lloyd communicated his notion, concurred, recommending a small presence of the army in addition for monitoring the frontier.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}

===1835–1857: East India Company rule===
Taking the ambition forward, in 1835 the East India Company negotiated the lease of a {{Convert|24|x|6|miles|km|order=flip|sigfig=1}} strip of land in a [[grant deed]] from the Chogyal.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|pp=47–48}} By the end of 1838, sappers from the army were readied for clearing the woods and construction planned in earnest after the [[monsoon rains]].{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|p=118}} The following year, [[Archibald Campbell (doctor)|Archibald Campbell]], a physician, was made "superintendent" of Darjeeling, and two public buildings, a hotel and a courthouse were raised.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|p=118}} Soon, work had begun on [[bungalow]]s that conformed to British tastes.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=480
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Art of W. Taylor in 1854, Himalayan Journals; or, Notes of a Naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia Mountains, &c. Volume 1 by J. D. Hooker, Kanchanjunga from Hodgson's bungalow (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = "View of Kinchinjunga from Mr. Hodgson's bungalow at Dorjiling from a sketch by W. Taylor Esq., B. C. S.,"<ref name=william-taylor-himalayan-journals-illustrator>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Taylor, William 1808–1892 |url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2003047601/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |publisher=OCLC WorldCat Identities |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805040355/http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2003047601/ |url-status=live }}</ref> frontispiece, Joseph Dalton Hooker, ''Himalayan Journals'', London: John Murray, 1854.
| image2 = IGI1908India1857b-coloured - Hill Stations.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Hill Station]]s and summer capitals at the end of East India Company rule (1857)
}}
Turning Darjeeling into a resort required many more workers than were available in the scattered local populations.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=85–86}} The British attracted workers from the neighbouring kingdoms, chiefly from Nepal but also from Sikkim and Bhutan. They did so by offering regular wages and [[lodging]]s, a contrast to the burdensome tax and [[forced labour]] regimens common in those kingdoms at the time.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=85–86}} Tens of thousands arrived in Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=85–86}} Not long after the Darjeeling Hill Cart Road was built in Northern Bengal, connecting [[Siliguri]] at the base of the Himalayan foothills to Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|p=287}}

In 1833 the East India Company lost its monopoly rights in the [[tea]] trade with China.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=118–119}} A plan was prepared for growing tea in India.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=118–119}} Superintendent Campbell began experimentation in 1840 in Darjeeling which soon proved successful.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=118–119}} European planters and sponsors acquired large stretches of the surrounding hillside and converted them to plantations, called ''[[tea garden]]s''.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=8}} Existing tracks and paths in the hills were improved, renamed as roads, and connected to the Hill Cart Road. The botanist [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], who visited Darjeeling in the 1840s, noted that carts and pack animals on these roads were bringing fruit and produce from Nepal, wool and salt from Tibet, and labourers looking for work from just about everywhere.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jayeeta |chapter=Himalayan Darjeeling and Mountain Histories of Labour and Mobility |pages=80–81 |editor1-last=Middleton |editor1-first=Townsend |editor2-last=Shneiderman |editor2-first=Sara |title=Darjeeling Reconsidered: Histories, Politics, Environments |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-948355-6}}</ref>

The labour migrations created a burgeoning hostility between the East India Company and the neighbouring Himalayan kingdoms.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}} By 1849 the hostility came to a head. Campbell and Hooker were allegedly kidnapped.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}} Despite the two being released without harm, the British exploited the incident to annex some {{Convert|640|mi2|km2|order=flip}} of territory between the Mechi and the Teesta rivers from Sikkim.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=6}}{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|pp=47–48}}

Darjeeling became a municipality in 1850.{{Sfn|Lamb|1986|p=71}} In the span of 15 years, this Himalayan tract had become a ''[[hill station]]'', an official retreat for British administrators in a hilly, temperate region of India.{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|pp=319–320}} Hill stations, such as [[Simla]] (summer capital of the British Indian Empire), [[Ooty]] (summer capital of the [[Madras Presidency]]), and [[Nainital]] (summer capital of the [[North-Western Provinces]]) were all established between 1819 and the 1840s, a period during which the rule of the East India Company had spread to the greater part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the British felt confident about planning them.{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|pp=319–320}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmour |first=David |title=The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-28354-4 |lccn=2005044679 |year=2006 |page=223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Philip |first=Kavita |title=Civilizing Natures: Race, Resources, and Modernity in Colonial South India |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-8135-3360-0 |page=29}}</ref> Darjeeling later became the summer capital of the [[Bengal Presidency]].{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|pp=325–326}}

===1858–1947: British Raj===
From 1850 to 1870 the tea industry in Darjeeling grew to 56 tea gardens employing some 8,000 labourers.{{Sfn | Middleton | Shneiderman | 2018 | p=8}} The tea gardens' security forces kept a close watch on the labourers and used coercion when necessary to maintain intensive production. The labourers' disparate cultural and ethnic backgrounds and the tea gardens' commonly remote locations ensured the absence of worker mobilization.{{Sfn|Zivkovic|2014|p=9}} By the turn of the 20th century, 100 tea gardens employed an estimated 64,000 workers,{{Sfn | Middleton | Shneiderman | 2018 | p=8}} and more than five million [[pound sterling]] were invested in Darjeeling tea.{{Sfn | Zivkovic | 2014 | p=9}} The widespread deforestation caused by the tea industry drastically changed the lives of the region's forest dwellers, who were either forced to relocate to other forests or become employed in their former habitat in new colonial occupations.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|p=125}} To the mix of the forest dwellers recruited, more labourers joined from across the Himalayas.{{Sfn | Shneiderman | Middleton | 2018 | p=8}} They communicated with each other in the [[Nepali language]].{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=8}} Later the language, and their customs and traditions would create the distinctive ethnicity of Darjeeling, called [[Indian Gorkha]].{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=8}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=480
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image2 = Hill village on Darjeeling Railway XL.jpg
| caption2 = Darjeeling Railway in a village, 1880
| image1 = Darjeeling Hill Road 1865 - XL.jpg
| caption1 = Hill Cart Road, shown in 1865
}}

By the last decades of the 19th century, large numbers of administrative officials of the imperial and [[British Raj#Major provinces|British Raj provincial]] governments had begun to travel to hill stations during the summers.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} Commerce in the stations had grown as had the trade with the plains.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} A train service to Darjeeling was announced in 1872. By 1878 trains could take summer residents from Calcutta, the capital of the British Indian Empire,<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Calcutta (''Kalikata'') |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=IX Bomjur to Central India |publisher=Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press |year=1908 |page=260 |quote=Capital of the Indian Empire, situated in 22° 34' N and 88° 22' E, on the east or left bank of the Hooghly river, within the Twenty-four Parganas District, Bengal |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=9&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_001.gif |chapter-url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=9&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_266.gif |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524220705/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=9&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_001.gif |url-status=live }}</ref> to Siliguri at the base of the Darjeeling hills. Thereafter, [[Litter (vehicle)#Indian subcontinent|Tonga horse-carriages]] were required to cover the last stretch on the Hill Cart Road.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} Ascending some {{Convert|6300|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip}}, the journey required stopping at "halting barracks", or stables for feeding or changing the horses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal |first=Presidency |title=Annual Report on the Administration of the Bengal Presidency for 1867–68 |year=1868 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA125 |page=125 |quote=Material has been collected for two halting Barracks in the Darjeeling hill cart road near Sonadah, the site for which has been cleared. |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608194550/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA125 |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1880, railway tracks were being aligned along the Hill Cart Road,{{Sfn|Roy|Hannam|2013|p=584}} and the [[East Indian Railway Company]] [[Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop]] had begun to build steam locomotives for the route.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} Miniature steam engines made by [[Sharp, Stewart and Company]] of Manchester, were employed for pulling the train on a narrow gauge of two feet.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} The train service to Darjeeling was opened in July 1881.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} After cresting at the [[Ghoom railway station]] at {{Convert|7500|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip}} above sea level, the train made a descent to Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}} Darjeeling was now within a day's travel from Calcutta.{{Sfn|Pradhan|2017|pp=145–146}}

[[File:Quadrangle St Josephs School Darjeeling.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|The quadrangle of St Joseph's College, Darjeeling, now [[St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling|St Joseph's School]], or North Point, established in 1888]]

Education became another aspect of Darjeeling's notability by the turn of the 20th century. After the [[Charter Act 1833]], which allowed unrestricted immigration, British women had begun to arrive in India in significantly more numbers than before.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=117}} Hill stations became popular summer destinations for women and children as colonial physicians recommended them for improved [[maternal health|maternal]] and [[Neonatology|infant]] health.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|pp=120–121}} The British soon began to consider hill stations promising sites for primary and secondary education.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=134}} [[St. Paul's School, Darjeeling|St Paul's]], an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] boys' school in Calcutta, was moved to Darjeeling in 1864.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=138}} The [[Catholic Church]] opened [[St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling|St Joseph's College]] for boys in Darjeeling in 1888.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=138}} For girls, the [[Loreto Convent, Darjeeling|Loreto Convent]] had already been established during Company rule; the Calcutta Christian Schools Society established the [[Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling|Queen's Hill School]] in Darjeeling in 1895.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=139}} [[Anglo-Indians]] (of mixed British and Indian ancestry) were discouraged from attending the better-known schools and Indians were almost always prohibited until after World War I.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=141}}

In 1945, as the [[British Raj]] was drawing towards a close, the Nepalese-speaking Indian Gorkha residents of Darjeeling had not been granted rights as British Indian subjects.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=9}} These residents were at the bottom of the economic ladder, and their physical appearance was now the occasional object of racism by Indians from the plains. The 1941 census had shown that the Gorkha in Darjeeling constituted 86% of the population. They made up 96% of the labour force in the tea gardens.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|pp=9–10}}{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|p=88}} Many had been recruited to fight for the British in the [[World War II|Second World War]], but the British had been reluctant to displease the governments of Nepal and the Kingdom of Sikkim whose feudal labour regimes many original migrants had sought to escape.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=9}}

===1947 onwards: independent India===
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=480
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 =
| caption1 = [[Mount Everest|Everest]]-hero [[Tenzing Norgay|Tenzing]] (wearing plaid shirt) and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] (centre wearing [[Nehru jacket]]), Darjeeling, Nov. 1954
| image2 = Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre (3).jpg
| caption2 = Tibetan women knitting at the [[Tibetan Refugee Self-Help Centre]], Darjeeling, established 1959{{Sfn | Sarker | 2017 | p=94}}
}}
After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Darjeeling became a part of the new province of [[West Bengal]] in the [[Dominion of India]], and in 1950, of the state of West Bengal in the [[Republic of India]].{{efn|East Bengal, now Bangladesh, which lies to the south of Darjeeling and extends southwards to the [[Bay of Bengal]], was awarded to Pakistan.}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1949 |chapter=India |editor=Steinberg, S. H. |publisher=Macmillan and Co |year=1949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pErODQAAQBAJ |page=122 |isbn=978-0-230-27078-7 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929140819/https://books.google.com/books?id=pErODQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> A British exodus from Darjeeling quickly followed.{{Sfn|Zivkovic|2014|p=9}} Their cottages were quickly purchased by the Indian upper classes from the plains who enrolled their children in the town's many schools. These actions created social and economic tensions with the Indian Gorkha population and further marginalised the latter.{{Sfn|Zivkovic|2014|p=9}} Their lack of economic development, caused by a hierarchal economic system set up by the British, continued in some respects in the immediate decades after 1947.{{Sfn|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|Deuchar|2016|pp=103–104}} The Indian nationalism that emerged seemed to highlight the unclear position of the Indian Nepalis in the newly independent nation.{{Sfn|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|Deuchar|2016|pp=103–104}} The division of India into states comprising the regions of its different spoken languages had allowed a relatively large proportion of the educated speakers of these languages to find employment in the government-owned enterprises. In the instance of the Gorkhas, the federal and state governments refused to accept their requests for their own Nepali-speaking state in the northern regions of Bengal.{{Sfn|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|Deuchar|2016|pp=103–104}} Eventually, the demands for autonomy were downsized to calls for the recognition of the Nepali language for official state business in Nepali-speaking regions of Bengal.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|p=61}} This was accepted in the [[West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Jahar |chapter=Appendix 5: The West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961 |pages=107–108 |title=Darjeeling: A Favoured Retreat |year=1989 |isbn=81-85182-15-9 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company}}</ref>

Darjeeling had a sizeable community of [[Sherpa people|Sherpas]], an ethnic group, originally from eastern Tibet whose ancestors had moved to some villages in [[Nepal]] below [[Mount Everest]]. Sherpas had come to Darjeeling in the second half of the 19th century as seasonal labourers looking for work in road-building.{{Sfn|Ortner|2020|p=30}} As mountaineering in the Himalayas had gained popularity and Nepal was closed to foreigners, many Western mountaineers and enthusiasts came to Darjeeling to plan their Himalayan expeditions.{{Sfn|Ortner|2020|p=30}} The Sherpas stood out for their exceptional physical ability as porters, their fitness eliciting visits to Darjeeling by European biochemists in the early 1900s.{{sfn|Ortner|2020|p=31}} Among the most famous Sherpas who moved to Darjeeling were [[Ang Tharkay]]{{Sfn|Ortner|2020|p=71}} and [[Tenzing Norgay]].{{Sfn|Ortner|2020|p=73}} On 29 May 1953, Tenzing and [[Edmund Hillary]] became the first two humans to stand atop Mount Everest, vaulting both to instant stardom worldwide. The prime minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], took Tenzing under his wing.{{Sfn|Ortner|2020|p=87}} Tenzing became the first field director of the [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]] after it was established in Darjeeling in November 1954<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=Peter H. |title=The Summits of Modern Man: Mountaineering after the Enlightment |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2013 |page=256 |isbn=978-0-674-04799-0}}</ref>
[[File:GorkhalandSupport (3).jpg|thumb|right|Women supporting [[Gorkhaland]] marching with torchlights, Darjeeling, 2013]]
A trickle of immigrants from Tibet proper into Darjeeling had begun in the second half of the 19th century.{{Sfn|Grunfeld|2015|p=190}} Wealthy Tibetan aristocrats had sent their children to Darjeeling's schools, and some went on to settle in the Darjeeling area.{{Sfn|Grunfeld|2015|p=190}} After the [[annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]] in 1950–1951, many Tibetans emigrated to India, with some settling in the Darjeeling area, including the [[14th Dalai Lama]]'s older brother [[Gyalo Thondup]].{{Sfn|Goldstein|2019|p=18}} After the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], the Dalai Lama himself fled to exile in India, and tens of thousands of Tibetan refugees poured in after him, with many finding refuge in the Darjeeling–[[Kalimpong]] area.{{Sfn|Grunfeld|2015|pp=190–192}} A [[Tibetan Refugee Self-Help Centre]] was established in Darjeeling in 1959.{{Sfn | Sarker | 2017 | p=94}}

In May 1975, the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] to the north of Darjeeling was absorbed into the Republic of India through a referendum. A month thereafter, Sikkim, in which nearly two-thirds of the populace spoke Nepali, was made a state of India.{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | p = 62 }} It was not lost on the Gorkhas of the Darjeeling region that there were many more speakers of Nepali in the Gorkha districts of northern Bengal, and their calls for autonomy had borne no fruit.{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | p = 62 }} The Government of India, moreover, had been reluctant to recognise Nepali as an official language in the [[Constitution of India]].{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | p = 62 }} Slights delivered by senior Indian leadership around this issue—[[Morarji Desai]], a former prime minister calling Nepali a foreign language, and [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], a former deputy prime minister, describing the Gorkhas as disloyal and entertaining "Mongoloid prejudices"—were all remembered.{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | pp = 62–63 }} A decade later, during [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s prime ministership, small regions in Assam to the east of Darjeeling, which had been riven by violent ethnic separatism, were granted statehood.{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | pp = 62–63 }} All these factors played into creating a militant mood among the Gorkhas for statehood and brought the [[Gorkhaland movement]] to the forefront.{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | pp = 62–63 }} It led to the founding of the [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] (GNLF) under the leadership of [[Subhas Ghising]].{{Sfn | Dasgupta | 1999 | pp = 62–63 }} Agitation for a separate state in Darjeeling included violent protests,{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=89–90}} and fighting between the disparate militant groups.{{Sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=96}} The agitation ceased after an agreement was reached between the government and the [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] (GNLF). It resulted in the establishment of an elected body in 1988, the [[Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council]] (DGHC), which received some autonomy to govern the district.{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=89–90}}

In 1992, the Nepali language was recognized officially at the federal level in India by inclusion in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].{{Sfn|Gellner|2014|pp= 138–140|ps=. "Nepali [...] was accepted as the teaching language for all primary schools with a Nepali majority in Darjeeling district in 1935, as a national literary language in 1973 and as a national language of India by inclusion in Schedule Eight of the Constitution in 1992."}} Though Darjeeling became peaceful, the issue of a separate state lingered.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|p=65}} Agitation for a new state again erupted in 2008, led by the [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] (GJM).{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=94–95}} In July 2011, a pact was signed between GJM, the state and national governments which included an elected [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]] (GTA), with limited autonomy within the state of West Bengal. It evoked little enthusiasm on the streets.{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|p=96}} In 2013, fresh agitation broke out in Darjeeling after [[Telangana]], a region in southern India was granted statehood.{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|p=96}} Four years later, more agitation caused several months of violence, food shortages, and strikes in Darjeeling but resulted in the Morcha splitting into factions.{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|p=96}} In 2017, [[Mamata Banerjee]], the West Bengal chief minister, appointed a moderate Morcha politician to leadership in a reconstituted GTA, marginalizing and eventually ousting the founder of the movement, [[Bimal Gurung]].{{Sfn|Middleton|2021|pp=96–97}}

==Geography and geology==
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=480
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Darjeeling Hills.jpg
| caption1 = Darjeeling Hills showing Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and Kurseong, the headquarters of the three hill subdivisions
| image2 = Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg
| caption2 = '''Map 1''': Darjeeling municipality, showing the ridges on which the town was settled
}}
The Darjeeling hills (formally [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]]) comprise parts of [[Darjeeling district]] and all of [[Kalimpong district]]; specifically, they contain: [[Darjeeling Sadar|Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]], [[Kalimpong subdivision]] and Kurseong subdivision.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=9}} Darjeeling town lies in the Sadar subdivision. It is located at an average elevation of {{Cvt|6709|ft|m|order=flip}}{{Sfn|Rahamtulla|Roy|Khasim|2020|p=157}} on the Darjeeling–Jalapahar range which runs south to north starting at [[Ghum, West Bengal|Ghum]] (Map 1). The range is Y-shaped with its base resting at [[Katapahar]] and [[Jalapahar]] and two arms diverging north of the [[Observatory Hill, Darjeeling|Observatory Hill]]. The north-eastern arm dips swiftly and ends in the Lebong spur, while the north-western arm slopes gently, passing through North Point, and ends in the valley near the [[Tukver Tea Estate]].<ref name="urbanmanagement">{{Cite web |first=Vimal |last=Khawas |year=2003 |url=http://www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/khawv03e.htm |title=Urban Management in Darjeeling Himalaya: A Case Study of Darjeeling Municipality |publisher=The Mountain Forum |access-date = 1 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041020031749/http://www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/khawv03e.htm |archive-date=20 October 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kangchenjunga]], the world's third-highest peak at {{Cvt|8598|m|ft}}, which lies {{Convert|74.4|km|mi}} to the north, is the most prominent mountain visible.{{Sfn|Spate|Learmonth|2017|p=476}}{{Sfn|Bernbaum|2022|p=32}}

The Darjeeling hills have been formed by accumulations of [[fold (geology)|folds]], [[thrust fault|faults]] and [[Thrust fault#Reverse faults|tangential thrust]]s caused by a [[compression (geology)|compression]] in the north–south direction as the [[Indian Plate|Indian tectonic plate]] has [[subduction|subducted]] under the [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian plate]].{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}} Their physical composition varies from unaltered [[sedimentary rock]]s in the southern regions to several types of [[metamorphic rock]] and some [[intrusive rock]]s in the middle and northern, suggesting upward intrusion of the Earth's [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]].{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}} The collective process has [[shear (geology)|sheared]], folded, crushed together, [[fracture (geology)|fractured]] and [[joint (geology)|jointed]] the rocks, reducing their strength and making them vulnerable to [[Percolation#Background|water percolating]] down their crevices and causing [[pore water pressure]] to build up.{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}} [[Phyllite]]s and [[schist]]s are found in the hills around Kalimpong, which lies to the east, and [[gneiss]] predominates the western regions in which Darjeeling lies.{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=480
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = 1046 IndiaDarjeeling 19931231 (2).jpg
| caption1 = Landslide, Darjeeling Siliguri Road, 1993
| image2 = Overlooking the confluence of Teesta River and Rangeet River from Lover's Point, West Bengal.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Teesta River|Teesta]], flowing south, meets the [[Rangeet River|Rangeet]] on its right
}}
Two studies (1990 and 2019) recorded that landslides were a serious concern in the area.{{Sfn |Mandal|Mondal| 2019 | pp=1–2}} Most are triggered by excessive rainfall, earthquakes, and quick erosion caused by torrents.{{Sfn |Mandal|Mondal| 2019 | pp=1–2}} They are accelerated by extensive deforestation, defective drainage, poorly built [[revetment]]s and the presence of steep slopes that have been undercut to make shelves for paths, roads, and houses.{{Sfn |Mandal|Mondal| 2019 | pp=1–2}}{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=259}} [[Debris flow]]s along existing [[gully|gullies]] can sometimes bring along large boulders and cause damage to roads; in 1968, during a catastrophic rainstorm, the {{Convert|56|km|mi}} Darjeeling–Siliguri road was cut in 92 places by debris flows.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Vinod K. |chapter=Catastrophic Landslides in Indian Sector of Himalaya |pages=191–200 |title=Understanding and Reducing Landslid Disaster Risk |volume=5 |editor1-last=Vilimek |editor1-first=Vit |editor2-last=Wang |editor2-first=Fawu |editor3-last=Strom |editor3-first=Alexander |editor4-last=Sassa |editor4-first=Kyoji |editor5-last=Bobrowsky |editor5-first=Peter T. |editor6-last=Takara |editor6-first=Kaoru |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-030-60318-2 |publisher=Springer}}</ref>{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=262}}

Teesta, the major river of the Darjeeling region, rises at {{Convert|6300|m|ft}} from a glacier in Sikkim, and flows south, at first meeting the [[Rangpo River|Rangpo river]] and then the [[Rangeet River|Rangeet]] before exiting the hills and eventually joining the [[Brahmaputra River]] in [[Bangladesh]].{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}}{{Sfn|Thakur|Das|Kumar|2022|pages=81–99, 85}} The [[discharge (hydrology)|flow rate]] of the Teesta is {{Convert|1500|m3|cuft}} per second during the summer monsoon;{{Sfn|Thakur|Das|Kumar|2022|pages=81–99, 85}} it had had major floods in 1950 and 1968.{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}}

The continual tectonic activity of Darjeeling's ancient past can be inferred from the surrounding landscape in such features as [[terrace (geology)|terraces]] that dip in their middle as a result of earlier horizontal pressure.{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}} Eroded [[fault scarp]]s, or steps, observed in the landscape were caused by vertical slips in the faults below.{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}} [[Alluvial fan]]s at different heights signify a succession of previous rivers that dried up and spread their silt outwards as their beds were raised by the uplift.{{Sfn|Gerrard|1990|p=257}} According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], Darjeeling town falls under [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone-IV]] (on a scale of I to V, in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes).<ref name="PIB quake">{{Cite web |title=Seismic Mapping |website=Press Information Bureau |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740656 |date=30 July 2021 |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015402/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1740656 |url-status=live }}</ref> A study published in 2018 found that residents of Darjeeling's outer areas, which are lower-income and lower-lying, worried about catastrophic loss during an earthquake.{{Sfn|Drew|Rai|2018|p=236}} The [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]] was felt in Darjeeling, and these residents feared that in the instance of a major earthquake, the unplanned upper-level construction could very well give way and tumble down on them.{{Sfn|Drew|Rai|2018|p=236}}

==Climate and environment==
===Climate===
Darjeeling has a temperate [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: Cwb).<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/33809/ |title=Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001173425/http://en.climate-data.org/location/33809/ |archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
The average annual precipitation in Darjeeling is approximately {{Cvt|3100|mm|in}}.{{efn|It is {{Cvt|3122|mm|in}},{{Sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=55}} according to one source and {{Convert|3082|mm|in}} according to another.{{Sfn|Barry|2008|p=369}}}} Eighty percent of the annual rainfall takes place between the months of June and September, due to the [[monsoon of South Asia]].{{Sfn|Barry|2008|p=369}} The "June–May ratio", or the percentage by which the rain increases from May to June, is 2.6 or 260%.{{Sfn|Barry|2008|p=369}} In contrast, just 3% of the annual rainfall takes place between December and March.{{Sfn|Barry|2008|p=369}} Darjeeling's altitude—which is greater than some other regions of the Eastern Himalayas at the same latitude (27° N), such as the Assam hills—and its rarified air causes its [[UV radiation]] levels to be correspondingly higher. Its mean monthly UV radiance is approximately 4500 microwatts per square cm per day during the peak months of May, June, and July. It is 50% higher than the Assam hills to the east, whose altitude is {{Convert|170|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandi |first=Swati Sen |title=Natural UV Radiation in Enhancing Survival Value and Quality of Plants |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-81-322-2765-6 |year=2016 |pages=9–10}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Darjeeling, elevation {{convert|2128|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| collapsed = y
| Jan record high C = 19.0
| Feb record high C = 19.2
| Mar record high C = 25.1
| Apr record high C = 27.0
| May record high C = 25.7
| Jun record high C = 27.7
| Jul record high C = 28.0
| Aug record high C = 28.5
| Sep record high C = 27.5
| Oct record high C = 26.0
| Nov record high C = 25.0
| Dec record high C = 23.0
| year record high C = 28.5
 

| Jan record low C = -7.2
| Feb record low C = -6.4
| Mar record low C = -4.8
| Apr record low C = 0.0
| May record low C = 1.4
| Jun record low C = 6.6
| Jul record low C = 3.9
| Aug record low C = 8.0
| Sep record low C = 6.2
| Oct record low C = 3.2
| Nov record low C = -4.4
| Dec record low C = -4.6
| year record low C = -7.2
|Jan high C = 11.1
|Feb high C = 12.4
|Mar high C = 15.9
|Apr high C = 18.6
|May high C = 19.3
|Jun high C = 19.8
|Jul high C = 19.5
|Aug high C = 19.9
|Sep high C = 19.5
|Oct high C = 19.4
|Nov high C = 17.2
|Dec high C = 13.7
| year high C = 17.3
|Jan low C = 1.7
|Feb low C = 3.1
|Mar low C = 6.0
|Apr low C = 9.0
|May low C = 10.8
|Jun low C = 12.8
|Jul low C = 13.4
|Aug low C = 13.5
|Sep low C = 12.7
|Oct low C = 9.9
|Nov low C = 6.2
|Dec low C = 3.5
| year low C = 8.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 10.8
| Feb rain mm = 11.4
| Mar rain mm = 26.4
| Apr rain mm = 89.0
| May rain mm = 160.3
| Jun rain mm = 419.1
| Jul rain mm = 648.5
| Aug rain mm = 529.8
| Sep rain mm = 385.2
| Oct rain mm = 78.8
| Nov rain mm = 11.2
| Dec rain mm = 2.8
| year rain mm = 2373.3
| Jan rain days = 0.9
| Feb rain days = 1.2
| Mar rain days = 2.6
| Apr rain days = 6.7
| May rain days = 10.2
| Jun rain days = 17.9
| Jul rain days = 23.4
| Aug rain days = 22.0
| Sep rain days = 16.1
| Oct rain days = 3.9
| Nov rain days = 0.6
| Dec rain days = 0.7
| year rain days = 106.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 82
| Feb humidity = 78
| Mar humidity = 79
| Apr humidity = 82
| May humidity = 90
| Jun humidity = 94
| Jul humidity = 95
| Aug humidity = 94
| Sep humidity = 92
| Oct humidity = 84
| Nov humidity = 78
| Dec humidity = 80
|year humidity = 86
| Jan sun = 167.4
| Feb sun = 139.8
| Mar sun = 145.7
| Apr sun = 147.0
| May sun = 151.9
| Jun sun = 72.0
| Jul sun = 77.5
| Aug sun = 102.3
| Sep sun = 96.0
| Oct sun = 167.4
| Nov sun = 189.0
| Dec sun = 189.1
|year sun =
| Jand sun = 5.4
| Febd sun = 5.0
| Mard sun = 4.7
| Aprd sun = 4.9
| Mayd sun = 4.9
| Jund sun = 2.4
| Juld sun = 2.5
| Augd sun = 3.3
| Sepd sun = 3.2
| Octd sun = 5.4
| Novd sun = 6.3
| Decd sun = 6.1
|yeard sun = 4.5
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Darjeeling Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 9 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M233 |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sun 1891–1990)<ref name = DWD>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_422950_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Darjeeling, West Bengal / Indische Union |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (German Meteorological Service) |language=de |trans-title=Climate table of Darjeeling, West Bengal / Indian Union |access-date=19 March 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530224015/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_422950_kt.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

===Environment===
{{Multiple image |direction=horizontal
|total_width=500
| image1= Average annual temperatures Darjeeling 1890 to 2010.jpg|right|thumb|
| caption1=Annual average, daily max. and min. temperature, Darjeeling, 1890 to 2010
| image2= Forest and pastures vs agricultural land Darjeeling 1900 to 2000.jpg
| caption2= Forests and pastures vs. agricultural land in and around Darjeeling, 1900 to 2000
}}
From the beginning of the twentieth century, Darjeeling's average temperature has increased by 4 °C, which is twice the world's average,{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=165}} and the annual averages of its daily maximum and minimum temperatures have increased by greater margins.{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=165}} During the same period, relative humidity has decreased by 7%,{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=165}} and rainfall by {{Convert|300|mm|ft}} annually.{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=165}} For its water the Darjeeling municipality and the surrounding hills depend to a large extent on perennial or seasonal ''jhora'' [[spring (hydrology)|spring]]s (see [[:File:Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg|Map 1]]), especially during the pre-monsoon months from February to May.{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=162}} The [[Senchal Lake]]s, two artificial reservoirs built in 1910 and 1932 in a forested high-altitude area to the southeast (see [[:File:Map of Senchal Lakes, the water supply source in relation to Darjeeling.jpg|Map 2]]),{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=372}} which are filled with water from a surrounding catchment area during the monsoon months, have a greatly reduced supply, as of 2016.{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=163}} Darjeeling's explosive population growth in the period 1961–2011, and extensive deforestation even within the protected catchment area for the lakes, have caused many springs to have vastly reduced yields during the dry months from February to May. Of the 26 springs that had once fed the lakes, 12 have been affected.{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=162}} Forests and pastures have shrunk from 78% in 1900 to 38% in 2000, and cultivated land, which contributes to soil erosion, has correspondingly increased during the same time from 20% to 44%.{{Sfn|Basumajumdar|2016|p=164}} By 2006, land records in Darjeeling showed that foodgrain-producing farmland had decreased proportionally, caused by accelerated levels of urbanisation and by subsistence farming giving way to commercial cropping, especially of tea.{{Sfn|Zurick|Pacheco|2006|p=108}} In 2016, [[acid rain]], which can be caused by air pollution and can in turn damage forests, was observed in the Eastern Himalayas; the [[pH|pH value]] in Darjeeling was measured at 4.2.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saikawa |first1=Eric |last2=Panday |first2=Arnico |last3=Kang |first3=Shichang |chapter=Air Pollution in the Hindu Kush Himalaya |title=The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People |date=25 January 2019 |editor1-last=Wester |editor1-first=Philippus |editor2-last=Mishra |editor2-first=Arabinda |editor3-last=Mukherji |editor3-first=Aditi |editor4-last=Shrestha |editor4-first=Arun Bhakta |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-319-92287-4 |page=366}}</ref> A 2022 article quoting another 2016 study reported a pH value of 5.0±0.825 in the rainwater.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Chemometric approach to evaluate the chemical behavior of rainwater at high altitude in Shaune Garang catchment, Western Himalaya |last1=Kumar |first1=Ramesh |last2=Kumar |first2=Rajesh |last3=Singh |first3=Atar |last4=Arif |first4=M Mohammad |last5=Kumar |first5=Pankaj |last6=Kumari |first6=Anupma |journal=Scientific Reports |year=2022 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=122774–122817; 122777 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-15422-0 |pmid=35896609 |pmc=9329433|bibcode=2022NatSR..1212774K }}</ref>

According to a 2014 study, the influx of the excess population in the tea plantations around Darjeeling into "marginal areas of city—on backfill, slopes, septic tanks, and jhorās (springs)—has strapped the city's colonial-era infrastructure. Despite building codes that prohibit buildings taller than three storeys, the market for cheap housing in Darjeeling inspires developers to go skyward, often as many as eight storeys. Hastily built apartment houses ... are falling into the jhorās and sliding down the mountainside."{{Sfn|Besky|2014|p=84}}

== Flora and fauna ==
{{Multiple image|direction=horizontal|total_width=500
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Darjeeling Botanical Garden 02.jpg
| caption1 = The {{convert|40|acre|ha|0|adj=on|order=flip}} [[Lloyd Botanic Garden]], founded in 1878
| image2 = Ailurus fulgens.ogv
| caption2 = A [[red panda]] (''Ailurus fulgens'') in the [[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park|Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoo]]
}}
Darjeeling is a part of the [[Eastern Himalaya]]n zoo-geographic zone.{{Sfn|Negi|1992|p=185}} Flora around Darjeeling comprises [[Shorea robusta|sal]], [[oak]], semi-evergreen, [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|temperate]] and [[alpine plant|alpine]] forests.{{Sfn|Negi|1992|pp=28–29}} Dense evergreen forests of sal and oak lie around the city, where a wide variety of rare [[orchids]] are found. The [[Lloyd's Botanical Garden]] preserves common and rare species of plants, while the [[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park]] specialises in conserving and breeding endangered Himalayan species.<ref name="zoo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/29/stories/2009102957821300.htm |title=Himalayan Tahrs, Blue sheep for Darjeeling Zoo arrive from Japan |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 October 2009 |access-date = 10 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121107112906/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/29/stories/2009102957821300.htm |archive-date = 7 November 2012}}</ref> Darjeeling and the surrounding region face [[deforestation]] due to increasing demand for wood fuel and timber, as well as air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic.<ref name="teri">{{Cite web |author=TERI |year=2001 |url=http://static.teriin.org/reports/rep17/rep17.pdf |title=Sustainable Development in the Darjeeling Hill Area |page=20 |publisher=Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi. (TERI Project No.2000UT64) |access-date=1 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623100515/http://static.teriin.org/reports/rep17/rep17.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2006}}</ref>

Forests and wildlife in the district are managed and protected by the Divisional Forest Officer of the Territorial and Wildlife wing of the West Bengal Forest Department.{{Sfn|Negi|1992|p=185}} The fauna found in Darjeeling includes several species of [[duck]]s, [[Eurasian Teal|teals]], [[plover]]s and [[gull]]s that pass Darjeeling while migrating to and from [[Tibet]].{{Sfn|Mackintosh|2009|p=2}} Small mammals found in the region include [[civet]]s (such as [[Small Indian civet|small]] and [[large Indian civet]]s, [[masked palm civet]], [[spotted linsang]] and [[binturong]]), [[mongoose]]s (such as [[Indian grey mongoose]] and [[crab-eating mongoose]]) and [[badger]]s (such as [[Burmese ferret-badger]] and [[greater hog badger]]).{{Sfn|Negi|1992|pp=43–48}} Other carnivores found in the area include [[Himalayan black bear]] and [[red panda]].{{Sfn|Negi|1992|p=46}} A conservation centre for red pandas opened at Darjeeling Zoo in 2014, building on a prior captive breeding programme; this [[Species Survival Plan]] had about 25 red pandas by 2016.<ref name="panda">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Snow leopard, red panda get new conservation centre in Darjeeling |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/snow-leopard-red-panda-get-new-conservation-centre-in-darjeeling/ |access-date=21 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151122111421/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/snow-leopard-red-panda-get-new-conservation-centre-in-darjeeling/ |archive-date=22 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Kumar, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Rai, U. |author3=Roka, B. |author4=Jha, A. K. |author5=Reddy, P. A. |year=2016 |title=Genetic assessment of captive red panda (''Ailurus fulgens'') population |journal=SpringerPlus |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=1750 |doi=10.1186/s40064-016-3437-1 |pmid=27795893 |pmc=5055525 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Himalayan newt ''[[Tylototriton verrucosus|Tylotriton verrucosus]]'', one of two salamander species occurring in India, is found in wetlands in the vicinity.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Seglie, Daniele |author2=Roy, D. |author3=Giacoma, Cristina |author4=Mushahiddunnabi, M. |year=2003 |title=Distribution and conservation of the Himalayan newt (Tylototriton verrucosus, Urodela, Salamandridae) in the Darjeeling District, West Bengal (India) |journal=Russian Journal of Herpetology |volume=10 |pages=157–162}}</ref> The Himalayan relict dragonfly ''[[Epiophlebia laidlawi]]'', one of just four species in the family [[Epiophlebiidae]], was first described from the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Ram Devi Tachamo |last2=Narayan Shah |first2=Deep |last3=Domisch |first3=Sami |year=2012 |title=Range shifts of a relict Himalayan dragonfly in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region under climate change scenarios |url=https://worlddragonfly.org/article/13887890-2012-697399/ |journal=International Journal of Odonatology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=209–222 |doi=10.1080/13887890.2012.697399 |bibcode=2012IJOdo..15..209S |s2cid=83803104 |issn=1388-7890 |access-date=21 December 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221090055/https://worlddragonfly.org/article/13887890-2012-697399/ |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Darjeeling}}

The Indian [[Decadal survey|decennial]] [[census]] of 2011 (the last for which there is processed data)<ref name="Mandal 2022"/> recorded the population of the Darjeeling municipality to be 118,805 individuals. Of these, 59,618 were females and 59,187 were males, yielding a [[sex ratio|gender ratio]] of 1007 females for every 1000 males.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}} The population density of the municipality was 15,990 individuals per km<sup>2</sup> (41,000 per square mile).{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}} The [[literacy rate]] was 93.9%—the female literacy rate was 91.3% and the male was 96.4%.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}} Among groups whose historical disadvantages have been recognized by the Constitution of India and designated for amelioration in subsequent commissions and programmes, the [[scheduled tribe]]s of Darjeeling town constituted approximately 22.4% of the population, and the [[scheduled castes]] 7.7%.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}} The [[Unemployment#Labor force participation rate|work participation rate]] was 34.4%.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}} The number of people living in [[slum]]s was 25,026 individuals (which was 21.1% of the population).{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=1;2|total_width=450
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
|image1=Darjeeling Municipality 10-yearly census data from 1881 to 2011.jpg
|caption1='''Figure 1''': Darjeeling 10-yearly census data from 1881 to 2011{{efn|Based on the data in Mondal and Roychowdhury, 2018.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=369}}}}
| image3= Women in Traditional Dress - Darjeeling - West Bengal - India (12406166323).jpg
| caption3 = Women in traditional dress, 2014
| image2 = Gorkha family shopping in Darjeeling.jpg
| caption2 = Males with [[Dhaka topi]] shopping, Darjeeling, 2008

}}
Darjeeling began to be an "administrative" town in independent India after being made the headquarters of [[Darjeeling district]] in 1947.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=367}} During the period 1961–2011, the town's population increased at an accelerated rate (Figure 1).{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=367}} An "aspirational middle class" arose, comprising families of professionals in the administration, and retail and service industries.{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=367}}

"[[Indian Gorkha]]" is a term that denotes the Nepali-speaking people of India, as distinct from the Nepali-speaking inhabitants of Nepal.{{Sfn | Middleton | Shneiderman | 2018 | loc=pp. 158–159: "Early Nepali literary stalwarts like Parasmani Pradhan used both the terms ''Nepali'' and ''Gorkha'' interchangeably... Thus early associations of the Nepalis in India... used the word "Gorkha" to denote Nepalis of Indian origin"}} As of 2016, the population of Darjeeling was predominantly Indian Gorkha. There were also smaller numbers of [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]s, [[Bhutia]]s, [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]]s, [[Bengali people|Bengali]]s, [[Marwari people|Marwaris]] and [[Biharis]].{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=90}} In the 2011 census,<ref name="Mandal 2022"/> between them they practised [[Hinduism]] (66.5%), [[Buddhism]] (23.9%), [[Christianity]] (5.1%) and [[Islam]] (3.9%).{{Sfn|Mondal|Roychowdhury|2018|p=368}} The Lepchas were considered the main indigenous community of the region; their original religion was a form of animism.{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=90}} The Nepali community was a complex mix of numerous castes and ethnic groups, with many roots in tribal and animist traditions.{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=90}} The accelerated growth of the town's population and the tightly packed living conditions in which different ethnicities mixed created syncretic cultures in Darjeeling which evolved away from their historical roots.{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=90}}

According to a 2014 study, although the demand for labour in the tea estates surrounding Darjeeling had stayed roughly constant since 1910, the population of Nepali-speaking workers and their families in the tea estates had grown throughout.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|p=84}} As the excess population migrated up to Darjeeling in search of jobs and housing, their cause was championed by the Gorkhaland movement in the 1980s; this had the effect of making a considerable number of non-Gorkha families leave their homes in Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|p=84}}

Seasonal migration out of Darjeeling has long been a local feature, especially among the lower-income groups; substantial migration among middle-class youth is a 21st-century occurrence.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=535}} Many educated young people in Darjeeling have begun to migrate out because the growth of jobs in the area has not kept pace with the numbers of people with [[tertiary education|tertiary degrees]].{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=535}} For both groups of migrants, favoured destinations fall into three groups:
*neighbouring [[Gangtok]] in [[Sikkim]], and [[Siliguri]] in [[North Bengal]] at the base of the Darjeeling hills;
*the large bustling cities of [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], and [[Mumbai]]; and
*[[Kathmandu]], the capital of Nepal.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|pp=535–536}} Those looking for immediate employment commonly work in call centres, beauty parlours, and dumpling stands.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|pp=535–536}}

Those looking for eventual employment in professional careers pursue higher education.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|pp=535–536}} Both groups have experienced racism and economic and social discrimination in India's big cities, caused by their distinctive, more East Asian, physical appearance.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|pp=535–538}}

== Governance ==
[[File:Darjeeling Municipality Wards Schematic Map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|A schematic map of Darjeeling Municipality wards]]
[[File:Darjeeling Municipality.JPG|thumb|upright=1.0|Darjeeling Municipality building]]

The Darjeeling Municipality is one of the oldest in India, established on 1 July 1850, with ten [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]]s.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}} It was governed by commissioners who were nominated until 1916, then elected until 1932, and nominated again until 1947.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}} After India's independence that year, the commissioners continued to be appointed until 1964, when the first election was held. It was overturned by a court injunction; further elections and continual interference by West Bengal's state government became the prevalent state of affairs.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}} As of 2021, the municipality is governed by a board of councillors headed by a [[chairperson]] and a [[Chairperson#Vice-chairperson|vice chairperson]]. The number of wards in the municipality increased to 32 in 1988.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}} Wards represent electoral subdivisions; in 2017, 32 councillors were elected, one from each ward.<ref name="Chauhan 2017"/> The wards were reorganized and bifurcated in 2011.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}}

The area of the city (municipality) was reduced from {{Convert|10.75|km2|mi2}} to {{Convert|7.43|km2|mi2}} in 2011 after bifurcation.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}} By 2016, the municipality was surrounded by tea gardens and forestry department land and had minimal room for expansion.{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=90}}

In 2021, the city had approximately 22,000 households and 350 hotels and restaurants.{{Sfn|Chhetri|Lepcha|2021|p=319}} That same year the following statistics were collected: the municipality considered wards 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, and 25 to be the core areas; most businesses, hotels, restaurants, and educational institutions were located in these wards and they were better connected to municipal electricity and water;{{Sfn|Koner|Samanta|2021|p=9}} wards 10, 15, 20 and areas of ward 30 were the most developed, whereas wards 1, 2, 13, 14, 27, 31, and 32 were the most deprived;{{Sfn|Koner|Samanta|2021|p=11}} and the latter group of wards contained 37 slums in which 23% of the population of Darjeeling resided.{{Sfn|Koner|Samanta|2021|p=10}}

In 1988, the [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]]-dominated hill areas of Darjeeling district were given an autonomous form of governance under the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC).{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=397}} In 2012, the DGHC was replaced by a similar body called the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA).{{Sfn|Lama|Rai|2016|p=397}} The elected members of GTA manage certain affairs of the hills, including education, industry and land revenue; they cannot legislate or levy taxes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?728097 |title=Gorkhaland Territorial Administration Agreement signed |publisher=Outlook |date=18 July 2011 |access-date=16 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719180442/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?728097 |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> The Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM) held power in the municipality until March 2022,<ref name="Chauhan 2017">{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Chanchal |title=Darjeeling Municipality Election Results 2017: GJM keeps Darjeeling, wins 31 seats; TMC 1 |website=India.com |date=17 May 2017 |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/darjeeling-municipality-election-results-2017-live-news-updates-2139743/ |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214184908/https://www.india.com/news/india/darjeeling-municipality-election-results-2017-live-news-updates-2139743/ |url-status=live }}</ref> when it was defeated by the newly-formed [[Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front|Hamro Party]].<ref name="IndExp bhatta">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ravik |title=Explained: How Hamro Party, formed 3 months ago, won Darjeeling civic polls |website=The Indian Express |date=4 March 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-hamro-party-formed-3-months-ago-won-darjeeling-civic-polls-7799232/ |access-date=13 March 2022 |ref=none |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313155523/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-hamro-party-formed-3-months-ago-won-darjeeling-civic-polls-7799232/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Darjeeling is within the [[Darjeeling Assembly constituency]] that elects one [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in state legislative elections every five years.<ref name="ABPLive 2022">{{Cite web |title=Darjeeling Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West Bengal Darjeeling Constituency Election News LIVE |website=ABP News |date=2 May 2021 |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-darjeeling-constituency-23.html |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801235413/https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-darjeeling-constituency-23.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The town is part of the [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling parliamentary constituency]] that elects one [[Member of Parliament (India)|member]] for the [[Lok Sabha]], the [[lower house]] of India's [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].<ref name="Standard">{{Cite web |title=Darjeeling Lok Sabha Election Results 2019: Darjeeling Election Result 2019 |website=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/west-bengal/darjeeling-election-results-36_1372.html |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724000206/https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/west-bengal/darjeeling-election-results-36_1372.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Economy ==
A 2017 study described the Darjeeling area as entirely dependent on the production of tea and the inflow of tourists to create employment.{{Sfn|Taylor|Taylor|2017|p=96}}

=== Tea ===
[[File:Darjeeling tea processing unit (7168687423).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Tea garden workers, some waiting to turn in their pickings; others have done so]]
{{further|Darjeeling tea}}
Darjeeling tea is produced on plantations in which a few leaves{{efn|the fabled, "two leaves and a bud"}} on each [[Camellia sinensis|tea bush]] are plucked by women. During the tea bush's [[Dormancy#Plants|dormancy]] period in the short winter season, it is [[pruning|pruned]] by the women to stimulate growth the following season. Unlike China, where the tea bush grew into a tree, the early British planters devised these means to [[monocropping|monocrop]] tea in tightly packed hedges on vast estates. In the plantation factories, men operate machines to [[fermentation|ferment]], dry, and package the normally short-lived green tea leaves.{{Sfn|Besky|2020|p=6}}

After India's independence in 1947, many of Darjeeling's governmental and economic arrangements remained unchanged. When British planters auctioned off their estates, they were bought by Indians from the plains or corporations from elsewhere in India.{{Sfn|Shneiderman|Middleton|2018|p=10}} Darjeeling's labour force had long consisted of workers recruited from Nepal. Mid-19th-century British [[ethnology|ethnologists]] had commended Nepalese for their step farming and other forms of settled agriculture in the Himalayan foothills. They were contrasted with Darjeeling's native population of the Lepcha at the time of British annexation,{{Sfn|Booth|2009|p=10|ps=. "Workers were needed to meet the increasing demands for Darjeeling tea, and Nepalis were considered more suitable for tea cultivation than local groups such as the Lepcha. By British estimations, Nepali people had been farming on hill terraces in the Kathmandu Valley for thousands of years, and so the cultural practices and technical skills necessary to work in tea plantations were already ingrained and would not need to be taught."}} who practised "shifting agriculture".{{Sfn|Besky|2017|p=624}} Planters believed that if allotted a house and a yard in which to grow vegetables and fruit, the Nepalis would be more inclined to stay.{{Sfn|Besky|2017|p=624}} The arrangement, which lasted during the colonial period, was formalized in independent India's Plantations Labour Act, 1951. As of 2017, workers maintain their two or three-bedroom homes which they do not own, become attached to their upkeep, and eventually hope to retire in them when an adult child who also works on the plantation inherits the house.{{Sfn|Besky|2017|p=624}}

In 2017, the average basic daily wage (that is, without [[employee benefit]]s) of a Darjeeling tea garden worker was [[Rupee]]s 144.60 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|144.6|USD|2017}}) per day.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=56}} With benefits, it was Rupees 277.10 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|277.10|USD|2017}}) per day.{{efn|The employee benefits for Darjeeling included Rs 14.20 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|14.60|USD|2017}}) per day for foodgrains; Rupees 5.20 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|5.20|USD|2017}} in 2017) per day for dry tea, and Rupees 5.55 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|5.55|USD|2017}}) for fuel (for cooking or heating).{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=56}}}}{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=56}}{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=56}} Comparatively, Darjeeling's tea estate workers were paid less in 2017 than tea estate workers in several [[South India|southern Indian]] states.{{efn|The same study recorded the basic 2017 daily wages (without employee benefits) for tea estate workers in the southern states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] to be Rs 310 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|310|USD|2017}}) per day, Rs 263 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|263|USD|2017}}) per day, and Rupees 241 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|241|USD|2017}}) per day respectively.}} The auction price of Darjeeling tea for 2017 was comparatively higher.{{efn| Rs 128.54 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|128.54|USD|2017}}) per {{Convert|1|kg|lb}}; whereas it was Rs 115.48 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|115|USD|2017}}), Rs 99.07 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|99.07|USD|2017}}), and Rs. 93.07 ({{INRConvert/HistoricalRate/Formatted|93.07|USD|2017}}) for Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu respectively.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=58}}}}

A 2017 study found that some 60% of the plantation labour jobs in the Darjeeling area were held by women.{{Sfn|Taylor|Taylor|2017|p=96}} The protection and economic development of the tea labour force was one of the motivations for India's enactment of the [[Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999]]. According to a 2017 study, "India has pursued the recognition of iconic brands, not only to create market share but also to recognise the value of the GI system to encourage development in poor, rural regions with high unemployment rates. This is consistent with the broad [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] objective to encourage trade liberalisation in developing countries to reduce poverty."{{Sfn|Taylor|Taylor|2017|p=96}} Darjeeling tea was given GI recognition in Europe in spite of some [[European Union]] member nations objecting to the use of the indication for blended tea.{{Sfn|Marie-Vivien|2017|p=238}} It was recognized in US Geographical Indication mark, "DARJEELING, Registration No. 1,632,726."{{Sfn|Gervais|Slider|2017|p=32}}
[[File:Darjeeling Tea Cultivation Area 1951 to 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Area of cultivation of Darjeeling tea in [[hectare]]s ([[acre]]s) from 1951 to 2014]]

Tea is produced in the Darjeeling hills and farther below in two different forms. Orthodox tea looks like the twisted and dried version of the green leaves on the bushes.{{efn|Citing 2017 data, a 2021 study recorded the number of tea estates in the Darjeeling hills to be 81, but their yields per {{Convert|1|hectare|acre}} were generally less than {{Convert|1500|kg|lb}}.}} The Darjeeling sub-division of the Darjeeling hills had 46 tea estates in 2017, producing mostly orthodox tea. This is commonly exported and is some of the world's most expensive.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=9}}{{Sfn|Besky|2020|pp=6–7}} In the [[crush, tear, curl]], or CTC version, which is commonly grown in the Kurseong sub-division (with 29 tea estates), and the Kalimpong (with 6),{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=9}} the tea leaves are mechanically manipulated, fired, and turned into tiny hard pellets that look like instant coffee.{{Sfn|Besky|2020|p=7}} Cheaply available, and boiled with milk and sugar, when CTC tea was introduced into the Indian market in the early 1950s, it turned India into a nation of tea drinkers.{{Sfn|Besky|2020|p=8}}

The area of cultivation of Darjeeling tea increased from 16,569 hectares (in 1951) to a high of 20,065 (in 1990) and dropped to 17,820 (in 2014) according to a 2021 study.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=28}} There were 99 tea estates in 1961; these increased until 1990 (when 102 were recorded) but dropped to 83 by 1995 and to 81 by 2014.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=29}} The 20% drop from 1990 to 1995 was attributed in the study to India's economic liberalisation which came into force in the very early 1990s.{{Sfn|Roy|Biswas|2021|p=29}} A 2017 study similarly reported the Indian tea industry to have been adversely affected by price drops after India's economic liberalisation in the 1990s.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=535}} Darjeeling tea garden owners invested their [[economic surplus|surplus]]es in more profitable industries elsewhere,{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=535}} causing a decline in productivity in the local tea industry.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=535}} The [[Tea Board of India]] estimated {{Convert|7010000|kg|lb}} of Darjeeling tea was produced in 2021; this constitutes about 0.5% of total {{Convert|1343060000|kg|lb}} produced in India.<ref name="teaboard.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=State/region wise and month wise tea production data for the year 2021 |author=Tea Board of India |url=https://www.teaboard.gov.in/pdf/Production_data_for_2021_and_2021_22_pdf223.pdf |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713223725/https://www.teaboard.gov.in/pdf/Production_data_for_2021_and_2021_22_pdf223.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>

=== Tourism===

Darjeeling has two peak tourism seasons, September to November and April to May.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|p=107}} A 2014 study suggested that domestic tourism is the foundation of the city's vacation business.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|pp=107–108}} The [[Chowrasta (Darjeeling)|Chowrasta]] is a popular shopping and gathering area where a tourist might get their picture taken dressed in colourful and rustic local clothes.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|pp=107–108}} The tea plantations below are particularly visited by foreign tourists.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|pp=107–108}} Old bungalows in some plantations have been converted to deluxe lodgings in which rooms rent out dearly by any global standard.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|pp=107–108}} Some tourists hold dear the escape to a peaceful, unspoilt, and picturesque landscape evoked in [[Satyajit Ray]]'s 1962-film ''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjungha]]''.{{Sfn|Besky|2014|pp=107–108}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width=400
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Terraced gardens in Rock Garden, Darjeeling, India.jpg
| caption1 = A terraced rock garden in Darjeeling
| image2 = Buddhist view.jpg
| caption2 = The Japanese [[Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling]] during rain
}}
Darjeeling had become an important tourist destination as early as 1860.{{Sfn|Lamb|1986|p=71}} Since India's economic liberalisation in 1991, tourism in Darjeeling has become cheaper, and Darjeeling, once considered a luxury destination, has become accessible to [[mass tourism]].{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=535}} A 2016 study recorded the tourist influx into Darjeeling between 2009 and 2014 as ranging from a low of 243,255 individuals in the 2010–2011 season to a high of 488,675 in 2012–2013; the large majority were domestic tourists, with foreign tourists never comprising more than 35,000 annual visitors.{{Sfn|Samanta|Koner|2016|p=52}}

Darjeeling can be reached by the [[narrow-gauge railway|narrow-gauge]] [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] (DHR) which travels a route {{Cvt|88|km|mi}} long from Siliguri.{{Sfn|Roy|Hannam|2013|p=584}} Pulled by steam [[locomotive]]s, it moves at speeds of between {{Convert|20|km|mi}} and {{Convert|25|km|mi}} per hour.{{Sfn|Roy|Hannam|2013|p=584}} Although the service was begun in the 19th century to move humans and freight efficiently, its primary clients today are tourists who are availing themselves of the opportunity to experience the [[mobilities]] of travel of a bygone era.{{Sfn|Roy|Hannam|2013|pp=585–588, 590–592}} After an international and national campaign for its support, the railway was declared a [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]] by [[UNESCO]] in December 1999 at the 23rd Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee held in Morocco.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aygen |first=Zeynep |title=International Heritage and Historic Building Conservation: Saving the World's Past |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Studies in Heritage Series |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-88814-1 |page=159 |quote=The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society was formed in 1997 in London to demonstrate both international and national concern in India about plans to close the historic Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in the early 1990s. This led directly to the railway being inscribed by UNESCO in 1999 as a World Heritage Site.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Roy|Hannam|2013|p=585}} In ''Notes on Defining the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway: World Heritage Property'', Unpublished manuscript. The DHR Archive, Kurseong, 2005, K. Weise had written:

<blockquote>The railway begins on the plains of West Bengal and soon begins climbing through a remnant of lowland jungle, including stands of teak. As the railway climbs, so the flora changes and its upper sections are dominated by enormous Himalayan pines, which in misty weather give a surreal quality to the landscape. It frequently hugs the ages of hillsides with drops, often of thousands of feet, to the plains and valleys below. Towering over the entire scene is the perennially snow-covered bulk of Kanchenjungha. ... From Kurseong the railway offers frequent views of this stupendous mountain, which by Ghoom dominates the entire landscape.{{Sfn|Roy|Hannam|2013|p=554}}</blockquote>

In a 1999 study, it was thought the tourist influx into Darjeeling had been adversely affected by the political instability in the region, including agitations in the 1980s.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1999|p=66}} According to a 2018 study, tourism in Darjeeling is limited to a small area of the town so its effect on local employment is inadequate for alleviating Darjeeling's high unemployment rate.{{Sfn|Chettri|2018|pp=151–152}} According to the author, "The majority of the employees and almost all of the top ranking officers in West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation are Bengalis; locals generally get employed as photographers, drivers, and guides."{{Sfn|Chettri|2018|pp=151–152}}

== Utilities ==
[[File:Map of Senchal Lakes, the water supply source in relation to Darjeeling.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|'''Map 2''': A schematic map showing the [[Senchal Lake]]s in relation to Darjeeling]]
The chief [[catchment area]] for Darjeeling municipality's water is the [[Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary]], located approximately {{Convert|11|km|mi}} to the southeast, covering an area of {{Convert|37.97|km2|mi2}} and lying between {{Convert|1500|m|ft}} and {{Convert|2600|m|ft}} in altitude.{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=372}} Natural springs in the sanctuary, not all perennial, are the main source of the water supply.{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | pp=370–372}} The steep slopes of the surrounding ridges (at inclines of between 20° and 48°) can lead to high surface run-off, subsequent absorption, and collection of water in partially confined spaces.{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=370}} Upon reaching a critical volume, this groundwater can surge out as seasonal springs.{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=370}} Water collected from 26 perennial and seasonal springs is routed through stone conduits to the [[Senchal Lake]]s (Map 2) constructed in 1910 and 1932. From Senchal the water is piped to the town after purification at a filtration plant in [[Jorebungalow]].{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=372}} There are a combined {{Convert|35|km|mi}} of pipes transporting water from Senchal to Darjeeling, and a further {{Convert|83|km|mi}} in the [[water distribution system]] within Darjeeling.{{Sfn | Drew | Rai | 2018 | pp=253–254}} In the months before the monsoon during which water in the Senchal lakes is reduced, it is augmented by pumping water electrically from another reservoir located near [[Khong Khola]].{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=372}}

A 2012 report of the Darjeeling Municipality Waterworks Department stated that from the 1930s little or no maintenance had been undertaken on the water pipeline from Senchal.{{Sfn | Drew | Rai | 2018 | pp=253–254}} Engineers in the department suggested that there might be up to 35% transmission loss, and more within Darjeeling.{{Sfn | Drew | Rai | 2018 | pp=253–254}} Once in Darjeeling, the water is distributed along the colonial pattern, first serving more expensive and sought-after uphill neighbourhoods and then the low-income downhill ones, which have more restricted access to the supply.{{Sfn | Drew | Rai | 2018 | pp=253–254}} The system was designed to serve a population of up to 20,000 individuals. Between 1911 and 2011, there had been a six-fold increase in the population of the municipality, not including the large number of transients such as students, migrant workers, and tourists (see [[:File:Darjeeling Municipality 10-yearly census data from 1881 to 2011.jpg|Figure 1]]).{{Sfn | Drew | Rai | 2018 | pp=253–254}} Increasing demand has led to a worsening shortfall in the water supply.{{Sfn|Koner|Samanta|2021|p=}} As a result, many residents have to purchase water from private vendors who either supply it in water tankers or in hand-pushed carts; they sometimes collect the water from the local ''jhora'' or springs. (see [[:File:Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg|Map 1]]).{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=374}} Larger private businesses are involved in supplying households but do so at a substantially higher cost.{{Sfn | Mondal | Roychowdhury | 2018 | p=374}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400
| align = left
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Senchal WLS.jpg
| caption1 = [[Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary]], during a downpour, July 2011
| image2 = Darjeeling India truck delivering water May 2009.jpg
| caption2 = A water tanker delivering water in Darjeeling, May 2009
}}
As of 2020, every day 30 [[metric tonnes]] of [[solid waste]] are generated in Darjeeling, and during the peak tourist seasons, the amount goes up to 50 metric tonnes.{{Sfn|Dutta|Ghosh|Debnath|Ghosh|2020|pp=661–662}} Bulk waste, which is chiefly produced in [[residential area]]s, markets and hotels, is deposited in common dumping areas from which it is taken in [[tractor-trailer]]s to dumping grounds.{{Sfn|Dutta|Ghosh|Debnath|Ghosh|2020|pp=661–662}} Open dumping, which is the disposal of waste in sites not designed for waste management, is commonly practised, and has created economic and social tensions in Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Dutta|Ghosh|Debnath|Ghosh|2020|pp=661–662}}

In 1897 Darjeeling became the first town in India to be supplied by [[hydroelectricity]], which was generated at the nearby [[Sidrapong Hydel Power Station]]; it was primarily for use in street lighting and private houses.{{efn|"Crompton helped Darjeeling to earn the distinction of possessing India's first water-turbine-driven hydroelectric generating station. The power station was situated at Sidrapong (1897) and at the heart of this were two turbo-dynamos of 100 HP each situated between the hospital and the Kotwalla ''jhora'' (spring), about 3 miles from the town and 3,500 feet lower. The plant was intended primarily for street lighting and private houses."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Suvobrata |title=Let there be Light: Engineering, Entrepreneurship and Electricity in Colonial Bengal, 1880–1945 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-108-83598-5 |pages=121–122}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradnock |first=Robert W |others=Cartography by Catherine Lawrence |title=The Routledge Atlas of South Asian Affairs |publisher=Routledge |page=73 |isbn=978-0-415-54512-9 |year=2016 |quote=India's first hydro-power plant, located near Darjiling (Darjeeling), started production in 1897.}}</ref> Today, electricity is supplied by the [[West Bengal State Electricity Board]] from other locations.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Awasthi |first1=Shambhu Ratan |last2=Pandey |first2=Shiv Vishal |title=Renewable Energy from Small & Micro Hydro Projects: Practical Aspects and Case Studies |date=24 March 2021 |pages=25–26 |publisher=TERI: The Energy and Resources Institute |isbn=978-93-8653-092-9}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== Transport ==
{{Further|Transport in Darjeeling}}
{{Multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=480
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| title =
| image1 = Darjeeling street (8131988436).jpg
| caption1 = Walking and taxis are the two main forms of getting around.
| image2 = GTA-Battery powered taxis Darjeeling 2015.jpg
| caption2 = [[Golf cart]]-style battery-powered taxi, 2015
}}
Darjeeling has two major [[arterial road]]s: Hill Cart Road—which is a continuation of [[National Highway 110 (India)|National Highway 110]] connecting Siliguri at the base of the Darjeeling hills to Darjeeling—and Lebong Cart Road (see [[:File:Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg|Map 1]]).{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=490}} The average width of Darjeeling's roads in 2018 was between {{Convert|6|m|ft}} and {{Convert|7|m|ft}}.{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=491}} According to a Darjeeling Municipality report of 2008, a little over half (55%) of Darjeeling's roads were both metalled (paved with [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]], or bitumen) and motorable; the rest were too narrow to admit traffic whether concrete roads or [[dirt road|unpaved]].{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=490}} There were three parking areas that were not located on the street and 13 on-street. Illegal parking along narrow roads has created congestion for both pedestrians and wheeled transport.{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=491}}

As of 2018, Darjeeling had no public transport system of buses.{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=491}} Less than one in 20 residents owned any form of vehicular transport, two-wheeled or four.{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=491}} For both locals and tourists motorized travel was limited to six- or eight-seater [[paratransit]] taxis that have no set routes or timetables. Passengers embark and disembark in the central shopping district of the city, making the area both congested and polluted.{{Sfn|Nag|Paul|Saha|Goswami|2018|p=491}} In 2015, in an attempt to tackle the pollution, the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA), which governs the district, introduced three battery-powered street-legal [[golf-cart]]-taxis on a trial basis. The taxis had cost approximately [[Rupees]] 36 [[lakh]] (or $14,670 in the 2015 exchange rate) per vehicle.<ref name=telegraph-battery-powered/> Although the vehicles were factory-designed for a battery life of {{Convert|60|km|mi}} before requiring a recharge, their batteries were found to run out in {{Convert|5|km|mi}}. Chalking up the disparity to the challenges of Darjeeling's steep streets, and the lack of mechanics to correct the malfunction, the administration withdrew the vehicles from the streets in 2016.<ref name=telegraph-battery-powered>{{Cite news |last=Chhetri |first=Vivek |newspaper=The Telegraph |title=Battery cars go off roads: GTA lacks mechanics to repair vehicles bought for Rs 36 lakh |date=10 May 2016 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/battery-cars-go-off-roads/cid/1524781 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713155504/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/battery-cars-go-off-roads/cid/1524781 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Darjeeling can be reached by motorized vehicles on National Highway 110, from Siliguri, {{Cvt|77|km|mi}} away.{{Sfn|de Bruyn|Bain|Venkatraman|Joshi|2008|p=578}} Darjeeling has road connections with [[Bagdogra]], [[Gangtok]] and [[Kathmandu]] and the neighbouring towns of Kurseong and Kalimpong.{{Sfn|de Bruyn|Bain|Venkatraman|Joshi|2008|p=578}} However, road and railway communications often get disrupted in the monsoons because of landslides.{{Sfn | Pal | Shaw | 2017 | pp=367–369}}{{Sfn | Mandal | Mondal | 2019 | p=8}} The nearest airport is [[Bagdogra Airport]], located {{Cvt|90|km|mi}} from Darjeeling.{{Sfn|de Bruyn|Bain|Venkatraman|Joshi|2008|p=578}}

== Culture ==
{{Further|Culture of Darjeeling}}
{{Multiple image |perrow=2
|total_width= 480
| image1 = Temple, Observatory Hill, Darjeeling.jpg
| caption1 = Prayer flags festoon the [[Mahakal Temple (Darjeeling)|Mahakal Temple]], built 1782|alt=A worshipper praying at a the shrine of Mahakal.. Several colourful flags on buntings are strung across poles in front of the shrine.
| image2 = St Andrews Church, Darjeeling.jpg
| caption2=[[St. Andrew's Church, Darjeeling]] (founded 1843) during a rare snowfall}}

The culture of Darjeeling is diverse and includes a variety of indigenous practices and festivals; it has a regional distinctness from the rest of India.{{Sfn | Middleton | Shneiderman | 2018 | p=8}} Mixing and intermarriage between ethnic groups have led to hybrid cultural forms and practices.{{Sfn | Middleton | Shneiderman | 2018 | p=8}}

Major festivals are [[Dashain]] ([[Vijayadashami]]), [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]] ([[Diwali]]), [[Holi]], [[Lakshmi Puja]],{{Sfn | West Bengal (India) | 1980 | p=126}} [[Maghe Sankranti]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://darjeeling.gov.in/festival/maghey-sakranti/ |title=Maghey Sankranti |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015403/https://darjeeling.gov.in/festival/maghey-sakranti/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Losar]], [[Buddha Jayanti]], and [[Christmas]]. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is followed by some ethnic groups such as Tibetans, Lepchas, Bhutias, Sherpas, [[Hyolmo people|Yolmos]], [[Gurung people|Gurungs]], and Tamangs; their common festivals are the Tibetan new year festival Losar,{{Sfn | West Bengal (India) | 1980 | p=123}} [[Saga Dawa]] and [[Tendong Lho Rumfaat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://garlandmag.com/article/saga-dawa-the-blessing-of-the-scriptures/ |title=Saga Dawa: The blessing of the scriptures |last=Agrawal |first=Shruti |date=27 February 2020 |access-date=5 February 2022 |publisher=Garland Magazine |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205185634/https://garlandmag.com/article/saga-dawa-the-blessing-of-the-scriptures/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=darjonlinefestivals>{{Cite web |url=https://www.darjeelingonline.in/city-guide/festivals-of-darjeeling |title=Festivals of Darjeeling |publisher=Darjeeling Online |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015402/https://www.darjeelingonline.in/city-guide/festivals-of-darjeeling |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kirati people|Kirati]] ethnic group [[Rai people|Rais]], [[Limbu people|Limbus]], [[Sunuwar people|Sunuwars]] and [[Yakkha people|Yakkhas]] celebrate [[Udhauli]] and [[Ubhauli]] as their main festival.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ecsas2021.univie.ac.at/panels/s1eqe/ |title=Cultural Flows in the Singalila Borderlands Trans-Border Linkages in East-Nepal, Sikkim and Darjeeling |publisher=European Association for South Asian Studies |work=ECSAS 26th European Conference on South Asian Studies |date=28 July 2021 |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531181033/https://ecsas2021.univie.ac.at/panels/s1eqe/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Popular [[Hindu deities]] are [[Durga]], [[Kali]], and [[Shiva]]; other deities with both Hindu and Buddhist influences, such as [[Manjushri]] and [[Matsyendranatha|Macchindranāth]], are popular among [[Newar people]], and [[Gorakhnath]], and worshipped by Gorkhas.{{Sfn | West Bengal (India) | 1980 | p=123}} The [[Mahakal Temple, Darjeeling|Mahakal Temple]] on Observatory Hill is a pilgrimage site for Hindu and Buddhists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/67546/mahakal-mandir-darjeeling |title=There is much more to the queen of hill stations than clock towers, post offices, toy tra\ins and tea. Welcome to the land of pious pleasure and holiness...on a height! |last=Chodon |first=Thinley |work=Outlook Traveller |date=21 June 2018 |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131434/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/67546/mahakal-mandir-darjeeling |url-status=live }}</ref> Followers of Tibetan Buddhism, or [[Lama]]ism, have established several ''[[gompa]]'' or [[Buddhist monasticism|monasteries]].{{Sfn | West Bengal (India) | 1980 | p=123}} [[Ghoom Monastery]] (8 km or 5 miles from the town), [[Bhutia Busty monastery]], and [[Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery|Mag-Dhog Yolmowa]] preserve ancient Buddhist scripts. A [[Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling|Peace Pagoda]] was built in 1992 by the Japanese Buddhist organisation [[Nipponzan Myohoji]].<ref name="outlooktraveller 2018">{{Cite web |title=A Peace Pagoda Pathway: Discover The Lesser-Seen Locations Around India |work=Outlook Traveller |date=5 September 2018 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69012/a-peace-pagoda-pathway-discover-the-lesser-seen-locations-around-india |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213195156/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69012/a-peace-pagoda-pathway-discover-the-lesser-seen-locations-around-india |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[Tibetan Refugee Self-Help Centre]], Tibetan crafts like carpets, wood and leather work are displayed.

The Darjeeling Initiative, a civil society movement, holds the ten-day [[Darjeeling Carnival]]; it celebrates Darjeeling Hill's musical and cultural heritage each year usually in November.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=S.S. |last=Chattopadhyay |date=December 2003 |title=The spirit of Darjeeling |journal=Frontline |volume=20 |issue=25 |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2025/stories/20031219000306600.htm |access-date=1 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107132238/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2025/stories/20031219000306600.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> A literary culture has matured in the Nepali-speaking population of the Darjeeling region; in 2013, [[Asit Rai]], a resident and Nepali-language writer, was elected to the [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]], the highest honour of India's National Academy of Letters.<ref name=sahitya-akademi>{{Cite web |last=Sahitya Akademi |title=Sahitya Akademi Fellowship: Fellows |publisher=Sahitya Akademi, National Academy of Letters, India |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/fellows/sahitya_akademi_fellowship.jsp |access-date=7 July 2022 |quote=The highest honour conferred by the Akademi on a writer is by electing him as its Fellow. This honour is reserved for 'the immortals of literature' and limited to twenty-one (individuals) only at any given time. ... 2013: Sri Asit Rai (1940–2019)}}</ref>

According to a 2017 study, Western music has long been popular in Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Liechty|2017|p=147}} In the "lively hippie music scene" in Kathmandu in the late 1960s, some of the earliest "Western pop performers" were from Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Liechty|2017|p=147}} The earliest Nepali-led hotel bands were from Darjeeling and many among them had played in hotels in Calcutta before.{{Sfn|Liechty|2017|p=147}} A 2004 study suggested that one possible reason for such leadership might have been that many Nepalis in Darjeeling had become Christians and were no longer bound by Hindu caste prejudices in which "musical performance is associated with low caste standing".{{Sfn|Liechty|2017|p=147}} By the early 1990s, a common middle-class western popular music culture was much in evidence among the young people of Kathmandu, Nepal and the Nepalese-speaking youth in Darjeeling.{{efn|The author of a 2004 study recalled that at a 1991 Kathmandu "Rock and Roll Music Festival", an accomplished band, the "Hell Riders", from Darjeeling had star billing.{{Sfn|Liechty|2003|pp=196–197}} The crowd became restless when the group played music that appealed to an older audience ([[The Doors]], [[The Rolling Stones]], and [[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]]), but sang along when they switched to contemporary popular groups like [[AC/DC]] and [[Bon Jovi]].{{Sfn|Liechty|2003|pp=196–197}}}}{{Sfn|Liechty|2003|pp=196–197}}

[[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the most popular sport in Darjeeling; the annual Gold Cup tournament was once a favourite event in the hills. An improvised form of ball made of rubber bands is often used for playing in the steep streets, and is known as [[Chungi]].<ref name="Nepali Times">{{Cite web |title=Chungi on the Chowrasta- Nepali Times |website=Nepali Times |date=1 December 2005 |url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=9219#.Yg5O9E3MK3A |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531170100/http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=9219#.Yg5O9E3MK3A |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Bal |title=Darjeeling – Games We Played |website=The Darjeeling Chronicle |date=9 March 2019 |url=https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/darjeeling-games-we-played/ |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217133744/https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/darjeeling-games-we-played/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Colonial architecture is exemplified in Darjeeling by cottages, [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] churches,<ref name="HTbuildings">{{Cite web |title=Darjeeling's British legacy: A journey in time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/darjeeling-s-british-legacy-a-journey-in-time/story-7hPeYh3E6MvdCISrqNDUzM.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=11 June 2017 |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212232722/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/darjeeling-s-british-legacy-a-journey-in-time/story-7hPeYh3E6MvdCISrqNDUzM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Darjeeling Planters' Club|Planters' Club]],<ref name="The Statesman 2020">{{Cite web |title=Planters Club members want lost glory back |website=The Statesman |date=14 February 2020 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/planters-club-members-want-lost-glory-back-1502855976.html |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213165754/https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/planters-club-members-want-lost-glory-back-1502855976.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Raj Bhavan, Darjeeling|Raj Bhawan]] and various educational institutions.<ref name="archi">{{Cite web |title=Transformation of Architectural Character of Darjeeling |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342145361 |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Suryendu |last2=Garg |first2=Pushplata |date=November 2016 |access-date=12 February 2022 |work=Urban heritage conservation of Colonial hill stations of India: A case of Darjeeling.}}</ref>{{Sfn | Bhattacharya | 2013 | p=442–461}}

===Food===
{{Multiple image |direction=vertical
|total_width= 280| image1 = Under the watchful eyes! (8169221693).jpg | caption1 = [[Momo (food)|Momos]] in a roadside stall
| image2 = Tongba at Hot Stimulating Cafe (2).jpg| caption2 = Fermented [[Tongba]]}}

The traditional dietary culture of Darjeeling has much in common with that of the Darjeeling hills, though urbanisation has affected the food habits throughout the region. A mug of tea with milk, with or without sugar, is traditionally the first drink of the day. [[Butter tea]], made from [[Compressed tea|compressed tea leaves]], butter, water, milk and salt is a popular delicacy.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}} The staple diet is eaten twice a day. The food in these regions is less spicy, cooked with either little or no oil, and semi-boiled. The first meal is eaten in the morning with cooked rice, [[dal]], cooked vegetables mixed with potatoes, some fermented meat or milk products—[[Dahi (curd)|dahi]], or yoghurt; [[Mattha|mohi]], which is spicy buttermilk; and ''[[chhurpi]]'', a kind of hard cheese made from [[cow]] or [[yak]] milk—and pickles commonly called [[Dal bhat|bhat-dal-tharkari-achar]]. The second meal is dinner in the early evening, which consists of the same bhat-dal-tharkari-achar. Bhutia and Lepcha usually eat [[thukpa]] noodles in soup.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}}

Traditionally, the people of the region have preferred cooked rice as the staple; however, [[roti]] made of wheat is also popular, mostly among the urban population. Cooked ground maize is sometimes eaten as staple food mostly in rural areas, where it might be eaten with mohi and [[gundruk]], a fermented vegetable.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}} [[Goyang (fermented food)|Goyang]], another fermented food, is made from the leaves of a local wild plant, abundantly available during the monsoon. The leaves are fermented for a month and then consumed for several months afterwards. Boiled with yak meat or beef to make a hearty thukpa soup, it is commonly prepared in Sherpa homes though seldom sold.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}}

Some ethnic foods have cultural value in festivals. Celebration of festivals with the consumption of [[sel roti]], a fermented cereal-based fried doughnut-like confectionery, is a custom of the Gorkha. Dahi, a fermented milk product, is consumed as a savoury addition to daily diets.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}} It is also used by the Gorkha to make a paste with rice and food colour for applying to the foreheads of the younger members of the family by their elders during festivals and marriages. Alcoholic drinks can have a similar dual purpose; in addition to being consumed directly they are offered to gods and in the [[veneration of the dead]]. In some communities, they have been employed in [[spirit possession]] rituals.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}}

Some [[Brahmin]] Gorkhas are vegetarians. [[Non-vegetarian]]s eat chicken, mutton, buffalo, and pork. Beef is taboo to a majority of the Gorkha except for Tamang and Sherpa. Newar prefers buffalo meat.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}} About two-thirds of people prepare ethnic fermented foods at home for consumption. Cooking is usually done by women. Traditionally members of the family sit together on bamboo mats in the kitchen, and meals are served by the female members of the family and then usually eaten by hand, though chopsticks made of bamboo are commonly used by the Bhutia and Tibetans. Plates are made of brass or have a thin layer of brass.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}}

Popular alcoholic beverages sold in Darjeeling include ''[[tongba]]'', ''Jnaard'' (pronounced as Jaar) and ''[[chhaang]]'', variations of a local beer made from fermenting [[finger millet]].{{Sfn|Tamang|Sarkar|Hesseltine|1988|p=382}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Tibetan-English Dictionary |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas |year=1881 |isbn=978-81-208-0321-3 |edition=1987 reprint |page=341 |author=H. Ä. Jaschke |place=Delhi}}</ref> A popular food in Darjeeling is the ''[[momo (food)|momo]]'', a steamed dumpling containing pork, beef, chicken or vegetables (cabbage or potatoes) cooked in a doughy wrapping and served with watery soup. [[Wai-Wai (food)|Wai-Wai]] is a packaged snack consisting of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form.{{Sfn|Thapa|Tamang|2020|pp=479–537}}

== Education ==
{{Multiple image|total_width=280|direction=vertical
|image1=Darjeeling India march for increased water supply May 10 2007.jpg
|alt2=
|caption1=Students join a march for increased water supply in Darjeeling, May 2007
|image2=Darjeeling-32-Gruppe tibetischer Schueler-1976-gje.jpg
|alt1=
|caption2=Primary school children in 1976
}}
A study conducted between 2012 and 2014 observed that the elite schools established in Darjeeling during the late 19th century for the education of British children{{efn|In the mid-to-late-1800s, missionaries had established schools, churches and welfare centres for British residents.{{Sfn|Zivkovic|2014|p=9}}}} were offering English-medium instruction of high quality to Indian children.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=534}} The [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] boys' school, [[St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling|St Joseph's]] (usually called North Point), the Anglican boarding school for boys, [[St. Paul's School, Darjeeling|St Paul's]], the co-educational [[Methodism|Methodist]] school [[Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling|Mount Hermon]], and the Catholic girls' school [[Loreto Convent, Darjeeling|Loreto Convent]] (see [[:File:Map of Darjeeling Municipality, Darjeeling District, West Bengal India.jpg|Map 1]]) were attracting students from faraway places, including Burma and Thailand.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=534}} North Point and Loreto had established colleges, [[St Joseph's College, Darjeeling|St. Joseph's College]] and [[Loreto College, Darjeeling|Loreto College]] (now [[Southfield College]]); these along with the [[Darjeeling Government College]], a co-educational college founded in 1948, made up the three colleges of Darjeeling.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=534}} All were affiliated to [[University of North Bengal]] in [[Siliguri]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chhetri |first1=Vivek |title=Darjeeling MLA Amar Singh Rai is "son of soil" nominee |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-mla-amar-singh-rai-is-son-of-soil-nominee/cid/1686723 |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=The Telegraph |date=12 March 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430130509/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-mla-amar-singh-rai-is-son-of-soil-nominee/cid/1686723 |url-status=live }}</ref> The same study suggested that the private schools were no longer catering only to children of the affluent.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=534}} Some lower-middle-class families in Darjeeling were sending their children to North Point and Loreto, despite their high fees, in order to give them better future opportunities.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=534}}

By 2014, colleges had increased the enrollment of students from rural backgrounds.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|p=534}} In fields such as engineering and computer science, the local colleges, however, were less able to offer the professional training or career placement facilities of India's growth centres, which had caused some students to leave Darjeeling after high school.{{Sfn|Brown|Scrase|Ganguly-Scrase|2017|pp=534–535}}

In the Darjeeling municipality in 2003–2004, there were 16,015 students in [[education in India#Primary education|primary schools]], 5,169 in [[Education in India#12th (senior secondary or Intermediate Course) exam|higher-secondary schools]], and 3,825 in [[Education in India#Higher education|colleges and universities]].{{Sfn|Deuchar|2013|p=55}} According to a 2013 study, few students attended college for there seemed little scope for realizing "middle-class aspirations in Darjeeling through educational credentials".{{Sfn|Deuchar|2013|p=55}} It noted that the fees in the better-funded private colleges, although affordable for the upper-level government officials or successful businesspersons, were too high for the lower-middle-classes in town.{{Sfn|Deuchar|2013|pp=56–57}} This put pressure on the only affordable college, the government college in the town's centre.{{Sfn|Deuchar|2013|pp=56–57}} It was lower-priced but poorly funded, with broken windows, leaking roofs, and absent teachers, causing the students to feel neglected and affecting their attendance.{{Sfn|Deuchar|2013|pp=56–57}} The teachers for their part were unable to meet the extra demands placed on them.{{Sfn|Deuchar|2013|pp=56–57}}

A 2022 study noted that among the population of Darjeeling that lives in slums (comprising 11.72% of the city's population as per the 2011 census), 13% had finished primary school but had gone no further, 45% had finished high school (grade 10) but no further, 13% had finished higher-secondary (grade 10+2), and 10% had been to college.<ref name = chhetri-slums-education>{{Cite journal |last=Chhetri |first=Bishal |title=Assessing the urban sustainability of the slum settlements in the hill resorts of India: a case study of Darjeeling town |date=3 August 2022 |doi=10.1007/s10708-022-10728-y |pages=11–12 |journal=GeoJournal |volume=88 |issue=2 |publisher=Springer Nature |s2cid=251331284}}</ref> A 2018 study reported that the water crisis in the Darjeeling town has especially affected adolescent girl students who go to government schools.{{Sfn|Koner|2018|pp=95–95}} Many do not have [[WASH|access to hygiene facilities such as toilets and bathrooms]], either in their homes or at school, particularly for [[Menstrual hygiene management#Sanitation facilities at schools|hygiene management]] during [[menstruation]]. The study found that most toilets in government schools were not usable and that no government schools had "proper sanitary facilities for girls. There is no system of water in the toilets and no arrangement for cleaning the toilets daily." It stated that many girls do not drink water during the day for fear of having to use the school toilets.{{Sfn|Koner|2018|pp=95–95}}

Most tea plantations make no more than lower primary school instruction available on site.{{Sfn|Lama|2022|p=345}} As a result, tea garden workers have typically had fewer opportunities for education.{{Sfn|Lama|2022|p=338}} As of 2022, a little over a third of the female workforce and half the male were educated up to grade 8. The workers attributed this to their tea garden's remoteness and lack of means in the family during their childhood.{{Sfn|Lama|2022|p=338}} Some families have raised chickens or livestock or opened a [[corner shop]] to make more money; their children have gone to nearby towns to study in private schools in which the medium of instruction is English, which is thought to offer better career opportunities.{{Sfn|Lama|2022|p=345}} The Nepali language was accepted as a teaching language in all primary schools with a Nepali-speaking majority in the Darjeeling district in 1935.{{Sfn|Gellner|2014|pp= 138–140|ps=. "Nepali [...] was accepted as the teaching language for all primary schools with a Nepali majority in Darjeeling district in 1935, as a national literary language in 1973 and as a national language of India by inclusion in Schedule Eight of the Constitution in 1992."}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist
| colwidth = 30em
}}

=== General and cited references ===


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*{{Cite book |last=Liechty |first=Mark |title=Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class Cultures in a New Consumer Society |location=Princeton and Oxford |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-691-09592-2|doi=10.1515/9780691221748}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mackintosh |first=L.J. |year=2009 |title=Birds of Darjeeling and India |publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC |edition=2nd |page=322 |isbn=978-1-116-11396-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xY6nB640PKkC |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224144829/https://books.google.com/books?id=xY6nB640PKkC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mandal |first1=S. |last2=Mondal |first2=S. |title=Geoinformatics and Modelling of Landslide Susceptibility and Risk: An RS & GIS-based Model Building Approach in the Eastern Himalaya |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-10495-5|publisher=Springer International Publishing |series=Environmental Science and Engineering |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-030-10495-5 |s2cid=189971872 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqGaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729222039/https://books.google.com/books?id=tqGaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Marie-Vivien |first=Delphine |chapter=Do Geographical Indications for Handicrafts Deserve a Special Regime? Insights from Worldwide Law and Practice |publisher=Springer International Publishing AG |year=2017 |editor1-first=William van |editor1-last=Caenegem |editor2-first=Jan |editor2-last=Cleary |title=The Importance of Place: Geographical Indications as a Tool for Local and Regional Development |series=Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice 58 |volume=58 |pages=221–252 |isbn=978-3-319-53072-7 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-53073-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Middleton |first=Townsend |chapter=Borders, Difference, Recognition: On the Cause(s) of Gorkhaland |title=South Asian Borderlands: Mobility, History, Affect |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2021 |pages=80–101 |editor1-last=Kothiyal |editor1-first=Tanuja |editor2-last=Ibrahim |editor2-first=Ibrahim |isbn=978-1-108-84451-2|doi=10.1017/9781108951500.004|s2cid=239168783 }}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Middleton |editor1-first=Townsend |editor2-last=Shneiderman |editor2-first=Sara |title=Darjeeling Reconsidered: Histories, Politics, Environments |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-948355-6|doi=10.1093/oso/9780199483556.001.0001}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mondal |first1=Tarun Kumar |last2=Roychowdhury |first2=Paramita |chapter=Water Scarcity in Himalayan Hill Town: A Study of Darjeeling Municipality, India |pages=363–384 |year=2018 |title=Urban Drought:Emerging Water Challenges in Asia |series=Disaster Risk Reduction: Methods, Approaches and Practices Series |editor1-last=Ray |editor1-first=Bhaswati |editor2-last=Shaw |editor2-first=Rajib |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-10-8946-6 |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-8947-3_21 |s2cid=134349484}}
* {{Cite book |last=Negi |first=Sharad Singh |year=1992 |title=Himalayan wildlife, habitat and conservation |publisher=Indus Publishing |page=207 |isbn=978-81-85182-68-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W88pkms1dXEC |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224144831/https://books.google.com/books?id=W88pkms1dXEC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Ortner |first=Sherry B. |title=Life and Death on Mt. Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan Mountaineering |publisher=Princeton University Press|orig-year=1999 |isbn=978-0-691-00689-5 |year=2020|doi=10.1515/9780691211770}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Pal |first1=I. |last2=Shaw |first2=R. |title=Disaster Risk Governance in India and Cross Cutting Issues |publisher=Springer Singapore |series=Disaster Risk Reduction |year=2017 |isbn=978-981-10-3310-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urIvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA368 |access-date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331174615/https://books.google.com/books?id=urIvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA368 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Queenie |title=Empire in the Hills: Simla, Darjeeling, Ootacamund, and Mount Abu, 1820–1920 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-946355-8|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463558.001.0001}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rahamtulla |first1=Mohammad |last2=Roy |first2=Ashis Kumar |last3=Khasim |first3=S. M. |chapter=Orchid Diversity in Darjeeling Himalaya, India: Present Status and Conservation |title=Orchid Biology: Recent Trends and Challenges |date=February 2020 |pages=155–188 |editor1-last=Khasim |editor1-first=Shaik Mahammad |editor2-last=Hegde |editor2-first=Sadanand Nagesh |editor3-last=Gonzalez-Arnao |editor3-first=Maria |editor4-last=Thammasiri |editor4-first=Kanchit |isbn=978-981-32-9455-4 |publisher=Springer Nature|doi=10.1007/978-981-32-9456-1_9|s2cid=214201129 }}

* {{Cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Nirmal Chandra |last2=Biswas |first2=Debasish |title=Human Resource Management in the Indian Tea Industry |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-367-67907-1|doi=10.4324/9781003133339|s2cid=234026337 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarker |first=S.P. |title=Refugee Law in India: The Road from Ambiguity to Protection |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |isbn=978-981-10-4806-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9oYotAEACAAJ |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801054343/https://books.google.com/books?id=9oYotAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Shneiderman |first1=Sara |last2=Middleton |first2=Townsend |title=Darjeeling Reconsidered: Histories, Politics, Environments |editor1-last=Middleton |editor1-first=Townsend |editor2-last=Shneiderman |editor2-first=Sara |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |chapter=Introduction: Reconsidering Darjeeling |pages=1–23 |isbn=978-0-19-948355-6|doi=10.1093/oso/9780199483556.003.0001}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Spate |first1=O. H. K |last2=Learmonth |first2=A. T. A |author1-link=Oskar Spate |title=India and Pakistan: A General and Regional Geography |series=Routledge Library Editions: British in India Series, Volume 12 |location=London and New York; originally London |publisher=Routledge; originally, Methuen and Co. Ltd |year=2017|orig-year=1967 |isbn=978-1-138-29063-1}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Susanne |last2=Taylor |first2=Madeline |chapter=The Aroma of Opportunity: The Potential of Wine Geographical Indications in the Australia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement |publisher=Springer International Publishing AG |year=2017 |editor1-first=William van |editor1-last=Caenegem |editor2-first=Jan |editor2-last=Cleary |title=The Importance of Place: Geographical Indications as a Tool for Local and Regional Development |series=Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice 58 |pages=81–107 |isbn=978-3-319-53072-7 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-53073-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Thakur |first1=Alok Kumar |last2=Das |first2=Aparna |last3=Kumar |first3=Manish |chapter=Vulnerability and Resilience Status of River Systems of North-Eastern India: A Special Reference to Brahmaputra |editor1-last=Mukherjee |editor1-first=Abhijit |title=Riverine Systems: Understanding the Hydrological Hydosocial and Hydro-heritage Dynamics |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-87066-9 |year=2022}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Thapa |first1=Namrata |last2=Tamang |first2=Jyoti Prakash |author2-link=Jyoti Prakash Tamang |chapter=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of Sikkim and Darjeeling Hills (Gorkhaland Territorial Administration) |pages=479–537 |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture |editor-last=Tamang |editor-first=Jyoti Prakash |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2020 |isbn=978-981-15-1485-2|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-1486-9_18|s2cid=216295554 }}
* {{Cite book |author=West Bengal (India) |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Darjeeling |publisher=West Bengal District Gazetteers |series=Gazetteer of India |year=1980 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08794 |access-date=5 February 2022 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Zivkovic |first=Tanya |title=Death and Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism: In-between bodies |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism Series |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-415-83067-6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Zurick |first1=David |last2=Pacheco |first2=Julsun |others=Basanta Shrestha & Birendra Bajracharya |year=2006 |title=Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya |location=Lexington |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-7384-9 |oclc=704517519}}
{{Refend}}

==== Journals ====
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Besky |first=Sarah |title=Fixity: On the inheritance and maintenance of tea plantation houses in Darjeeling, India |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=617–361 |issn=0094-0496 |doi=10.1111/amet.12561 |year=2017}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nandini |title=Leisure, economy and colonial urbanism: Darjeeling, 1835–1930 |journal=Urban History |volume=40 |issue=3 |date=1 August 2013 |pages=442–461 |pmid=24273391 |doi=10.1017/S0963926813000394 |pmc=3837203}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Trent |last2=Scrase |first2=Timothy J. |last3=Ganguly-Scrase |first3=Ruchira |title=Globalised dreams, local constraints: migration and youth aspirations in an Indian regional town |journal=Children's Geographies |volume=15 |issue=5 |year=2017 |pages=531–544 |doi=10.1080/14733285.2016.1274948 |s2cid=152220638}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Dasgupta |first=Atis |year=1999 |title=Ethnic Problems and Movements for Autonomy in Darjeeling |periodical=Social Scientist |volume=27 |issue=11–12 |pages=47–68 |doi=10.2307/3518047 |jstor=3518047 }}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Deuchar |first=Andrew|title=Middle class youth and education in neoliberal India [Thesis] |publisher=Australian Catholic University |doi=10.4226/66/5a963000c689e |url=https://doi.org/10.4226/66/5a963000c689e |year=2013 |type=Thesis |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015408/https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/88406/middle-class-youth-and-education-in-neoliberal-india |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Koner |first1=Kaberi |last2=Samanta |first2=Gopa |title='Where does water go'? A critical analysis of nature of water crisis in Darjeeling city, India |journal=Applied Water Science |volume=11 |issue=12 |date=6 November 2021 |page=184 |issn=2190-5487 |doi=10.1007/s13201-021-01523-0 |bibcode=2021ApWS...11..184K |s2cid=243767248|doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Koner |first=Kabita |title=Sanitation and Hygiene of Darjeeling City: A Crisis for Women and Adolescent Girls |journal=Space and Culture, India |issn=2052-8396 |volume=5 |issue=3 |year=2018 |doi=10.20896/saci.v5i3.292 |pages=89–105|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Lama |first1=Mahendra P. |last2=Rai |first2=Roshan P. |title=Chokho Pani: An Interface Between Religion and Environment in Darjeeling |journal=Himalaya |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2016 |url=https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol36/iss2/13/ |issn=1935-2212 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712041422/https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol36/iss2/13/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Nag |first1=Dipanjan |last2=Paul |first2=Subrata Kr. |last3=Saha |first3=Swati |last4=Goswami |first4=Arkopal K. |title=Sustainability assessment for the transportation environment of Darjeeling, India |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=213 |year=2018 |pages=489–502 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.042 |pmid=29398182 |bibcode=2018JEnvM.213..489N }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Sujama |last2=Hannam |first2=Kevin |title=Embodying the Mobilities of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway |journal=Mobilities |year=2013 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=580–593 |doi=10.1080/17450101.2012.745695 |s2cid=144614737}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Samanta |first1=Gopa |last2=Koner |first2=Kaberi |title=Urban political ecology of water in Darjeeling, India |journal=South Asian Water Studies|volume=6 |issue=1, Special Issue on Urbanization and Periurbanization: Challenges for Water Governance in South Asia |year=2016 |pages=42–57 |url=http://saciwaters.org/sawasj.php |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427084347/http://saciwaters.org/sawasj.php |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Scrase |first1=Timothy J. |last2=Ganguly-Scrase |first2=Ruchira |last3=Deuchar |first3=Andrew |title=Young men, education and ethnicity in contemporary Darjeeling |journal=South Asia Research |doi=10.1177/0262728015615487 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=98–114 |year=2016 |s2cid=151733116}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Tamang |first1=Jyoti P. |last2=Sarkar |first2=Prabir K. |last3=Hesseltine |first3=Clifford W. |doi=10.1002/jsfa.2740440410 |year=1988 |title=Traditional Fermented Foods and Beverages of Darjeeling |periodical=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=375–385 |url=http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/23778/1/IND88052735.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721071349/http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/dspace/bitstream/10113/23778/1/IND88052735.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://darjeeling.gov.in/public-utility/darjeeling-municipality/ Darjeeling Municipality]


{{Subject bar
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|species =
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{{Darjeeling}}
{{Darjeeling District}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Darjeeling| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]