https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate - Revision history2026-08-01T16:17:41ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate&diff=476540&oldid=prevJurgenP55205038 at 21:26, 8 October 20252025-10-08T21:26:36Z<p></p>
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{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = 1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate<br />
| location = [[Delhi Sultanate]]<br />
| target = [[Mongol]] men<br />
| date = {{year|1311}}<br />
| type = [[Genocidal massacre]]<br />
| fatalities = 20,000-30,000<br />
| perpetrator = [[Alauddin Khalji]]<br />
| motive = [[Anti-Mongolianism]]<br />
}}<br />
In 1311, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] ordered a mass massacre of the "New Muslims" ([[Mongols]] who had recently converted to [[Islam]]), after some Mongol ''[[emir|amirs]]'' of [[Delhi]] conspired to kill him. According to chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], 20,000 or 30,000 Mongols were killed as a result of this order.<br />
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== Background ==<br />
The [[Khalji dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] was of [[Turco-Afghan]] ethnicity and had fought several wars against the [[Mongol invasions of India#Chagatai Khanate vs. the Khaljis|Mongol invaders]] from Central Asia. In 1292, the Delhi Sultan [[Jalaluddin Khalji]] had permitted several thousand Mongols to settle in his empire after they converted to [[Islam]].{{sfn|Bowman|2005|p=267}} These Mongol converts were called New Muslims (or Neo-Muslims), and by 1311, more than 10,000 of them lived in the capital [[Delhi]] alone.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=418}} Several of them served in the Delhi army, and during the 1299 Gujarat campaign of Jalaluddin's successor Alauddin, some of them had staged an [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat#Mutiny near Jalore|unsuccessful mutiny]].{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=87}} After facing [[Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji|three other rebellions]] (not by Mongols), Alauddin had taken several measures to prevent further rebellions, including [[prohibition]] and confiscation of wealth from his subjects.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|pp=350-351}} His administration had greatly reduced salaries and ''[[inamdar (feudal title)|inam]]s'' (feudal land grants) of the Mongol ''[[emir|amirs]]'', and some of them had lost their employment.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=418}} All these factors caused discontent among the leading Mongols of Delhi.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=295}}<br />
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== Conspiracy against Alauddin ==<br />
In 1310-1311, Alauddin had sent his general [[Malik Kafur]] on a campaign to the southern [[Hoysala]] and [[Pandya]] kingdoms. During [[Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom|Kafur's invasion]] of the Pandya kingdom, his Mongol commander Abachi (or Abaji Mughal) conspired to betray the imperial forces and to kill Kafur. The plot failed, and Abachi was brought as a prisoner to Delhi, where Alauddin ordered him to be [[execution|executed]].{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=174}}<br />
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Abachi's execution prompted the already resentful Mongols to conspire against Alauddin. The conspirators made a plan to kill Alauddin when he would come out to fly his [[hawk]]s, wearing a cloak without any armour. Alauddin's attendants at this time would be unarmed, so the Mongols thought that a contingent of 200-300 Mongol horsemen could easily overpower them. The conspirators planned to set up a government after killing Alauddin.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=418}} They believed that the general public would support them for liberating the people from Alauddin's tyranny.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=295}}<br />
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== Alauddin's order ==<br />
Before the Mongol ''amirs'' could put their plan into action, Alauddin's agents discovered the conspiracy. Alauddin then issued a confidential order, instructing his royal officers to kill all the Mongol men in his empire on a specified day.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=418}} The wives and children of the victims were to be handed over to the assassins.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=295}} This event has been mentioned by the 14th century chroniclers [[Ziauddin Barani]] and [[Isami (historian)|Isami]].{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=418}} The later chronicler [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi|Yahya]] also mentions the event in ''Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi'', but he confuses it with the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat#Mutiny near Jalore|Mongol mutiny]] during Alauddin's Gujarat campaign.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=174}}<br />
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A manuscript of Barani's ''Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi'' states that Alauddin's order was to kill the New Muslims who held ''[[jagir]]s'' (feudal land grants). However, the term ''jagir'' was not used in Barani's days, and seems to be a copyist's addition. Alauddin ordered ''all'' New Muslim men of Delhi Sultanate to be killed.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=418}} According to Barani, 20,000 or 30,000 Mongol men were massacred as a result of Alauddin's orders.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=174}} Their women and children became destitute. Most of the victims were unaware of the conspiracy against Alauddin.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=418}}<br />
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According to historian [[Peter Jackson (historian)|Peter Jackson]], the victims of this massacre may have included Ali Beg and Tartaq, the Mongol commanders who had led the [[Mongol invasion of India, 1305|1305 Mongol invasion of India]].{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=174}} Isami states that after being defeated and imprisoned, they had been recruited into Alauddin's service (probably because of their high ranks), but they were later killed on Alauddin's orders.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=393}}{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=170}}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
*[[Dzungar genocide]]<br />
*[[Inner Mongolia incident]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{ref begin}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bowman |first=John |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA267 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-50004-3}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA174 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Saksena |first=Banarsi Prasad |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor1-first=Mohammad |editor1-last=Habib |editor2-first=Khaliq Ahmad |editor2-last=Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] / [[People's Publishing House (India)|People's Publishing House]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180}}<br />
{{ref end}}<br />
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{{Alauddin Khalji}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate, 1311 massacre}}<br />
[[Category:1311 in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:14th century in India]]<br />
[[Category:14th-century massacres]]<br />
[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]<br />
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in India]]<br />
[[Category:Genocides in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]<br />
[[Category:Mongol diaspora in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Persecution of Mongols]]<br />
[[Category:Racism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Violence against men in India]]</div>JurgenP55205038