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{{Infobox pandemic
| name = 1510 flu pandemic
| image = 1500 map by Juan de la Cosa-North up.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The 1510 flu pandemic was the first to be chronicled across continents.
| disease = [[Influenza]]
| virus_strain = Unknown
| location = Asia, Africa, and Europe
| date = Early Summer to Fall of 1510
| deaths = Unknown, death rate ~1% <ref name=":02" />
}}

In 1510, an acute [[respiratory disease]] emerged in Asia<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":14" /> before spreading through [[North Africa]] and [[Europe]] during the first chronicled, inter-regional [[Influenza pandemic|flu pandemic]] generally recognized by medical historians and epidemiologists.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghendon|first=Youri|date=1994|title=Introduction to Pandemic Influenza through History on|journal=European Journal of Epidemiology|volume=10|issue=4|pages=451–453|doi=10.1007/BF01719673|jstor=3520976|pmid=7843353|s2cid=2258464|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="500th">{{Cite journal|last1=Morens|first1=David|last2=Taubengerger|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Folkers|first3=Gregory|last4=Fauci|first4=Anthony|date=15 December 2010|title=Pandemic Influenza's 500th Anniversary|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=51|issue=12|pages=1442–1444|doi=10.1086/657429|pmid=21067353|pmc=3106245}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=FORBES|first=JOHN|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OQEAAAAQAAJ&q=Coqueluche+in+France+1510&pg=PA108|title=The British and Foreign Medical Review of Quarterly Journal of Practical Medicine and Surgery|date=1839|pages=108|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Morens|first1=David M.|last2=Taubenberger|first2=Jeffery K.|date=27 June 2011|title=Pandemic influenza: certain uncertainties|journal=Reviews in Medical Virology|volume=21|issue=5|pages=262–284|doi=10.1002/rmv.689|issn=1052-9276|pmc=3246071|pmid=21706672}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> Influenza-like illnesses had been documented in Europe since at least [[Charlemagne]],<ref name=":02" /> with 1357's outbreak the first to be called ''influenza'',<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> but the 1510 flu pandemic is the first to be pathologically described<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Trafzer|first1=Clifford E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1QJN9xo3JUC&q=flu+of+1510&pg=PA109|title=Forgotten Voices: Death Records of the Yakama, 1888-1964|last2=McCoy|first2=Robert R.|date=2009-03-20|publisher=Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield)|isbn=978-0-8108-6648-5|location=Lanham, Maryland|pages=109|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101112141130.htm|title=Scientists explore 1510 influenza pandemic and lessons learned|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=2020-03-25}}</ref> following communication advances brought about by the [[printing press]]. Flu became more widely referred to as ''coqueluche'' and ''coccolucio'' in [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] during this pandemic,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FLAAAAYAAJ&q=L%27epidemie+de+1510+mezeray&pg=PA332|title=Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales|date=1877|publisher=Asselin|pages=332|language=fr|archive-date=2021-09-09|access-date=2020-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909172120/https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FLAAAAYAAJ&q=L%27epidemie+de+1510+mezeray&pg=PA332|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> variations of which became the most popular names for flu in [[early modern Europe]].<ref name=":02" /> The pandemic caused significant disruption in government, church, and society<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name="500th" /> with near-universal infection<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last1=Schweich |first1=Heinrich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_hZAAAAcAAJ&q=die+epidemie+die+jahres+1510|title=Die Influenza. Ein historischer und ätiologischer Versuch ... Mit einer Vorrede von ... J. F. C. Hecker|last2=Heckler|first2=Justus Friedrich Carl|date=1836|pages=57|language=de}}</ref> and a mortality rate of around 1%.<ref name=":02" />

== Asia ==
The 1510 flu is suspected of originating in East Asia,<ref name=":02" /> possibly [[China]].<ref name=":1" /> Gregor Horst writes in ''Operum medicorum tombus primus'' (1661) that the disease came from Asia and spread along trade routes<ref name=":02" /> before attacking the Middle East and North Africa. German medical writer [[Justus Hecker]] suggested the 1510 influenza most likely came from Asia because of the historical nature of other influenzas to originate there in more recent pandemics.<ref name=":14" />
[[File:Eastern Mediterranean and Aegean Sea. Battista Agnese, PORTOLAN ATLAS (Italy ca. 1550).jpg|thumb|353x353px|Influenza had spread in North Africa before arriving in Europe.]]

== Africa ==
It is generally understood that the 1510 influenza had spread in Africa before Europe.<ref name="catarrhal" /><ref name=":16" /> Influenza was likely widespread in North Africa before crossing continents through the Mediterranean, arriving in [[Malta]]<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stedman|first=Thomas Lathrop|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=DqEwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PA11|title=Twentieth Century Practice: Infectious diseases|date=1898|publisher=W. Wood|location=New York|pages=11|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-09|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909172116/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=DqEwAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PA11|url-status=live}}</ref> where British medical historian [[Thomas Short (physician)|Thomas Short]] believed that the "island of ''Melite'' in ''Africa''" became the 1510 flu's springboard into Europe.<ref name="catarrhal" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Short|first=Thomas|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=hTMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA203|title=A General Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, Meteors, &c. in Sundry Places and Different Times: More Particularly for the Space of 250 Years : Together with Some of Their Most Remarkable Effects on Animal (especially Human) Bodies and Vegetables|date=1749|publisher=T. Longman ... and A. Millar|location=London|pages=203|language=en}}</ref><br />
[[File:General map of Malta.svg|thumb|146x146px|The disease came to Malta on crews infected in Africa.|left]]

== Europe ==
Europe's internationally traveled cities and flu's highly contagious nature enabled its spread through European populations. The 1510 flu disrupted royal courts, church services, and social life across Europe. Contemporary chroniclers and those who have read their accounts observed how entire populations were attacked at once,<ref name="catarrhal" /><ref name=":02" /> which is how the disease first received the name ''influenza'' (from the belief that such outbreaks were caused by influences like stars or cold).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=A. Mir|first=Shakil|date=December 2009|title=History of Swine Flu|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/774f5d6553eeae3107b5b114f055b64f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=54966|journal=JK Science|publisher=PG Department of Pharmacology, Govt Medical College, Srinagar|volume=8|pages=163|via=ProQuest}}</ref> [[Turin]] professor Francisco Vallerioli (aka Valleriola) writes that the 1510 flu featured "Constriction of breathing, and beginning with a hoarseness of voice and... shivering. Not long after that there being a cooked humor which fills the lungs."<ref name=":02" /> Physicians like Valleriola described the 1510 flu as more fatal to children<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Warren Taylor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lhc6AQAAMAAJ|title=Influenza: An Epidemiologic Study|date=14 June 2013|orig-date=1921|publisher=American journal of hygiene|isbn=9780598840387|location=Baltimore, Maryland|pages=157|language=en}}</ref> and those who were bled.<ref name="catarrhal" /> Lawyer Francesco Muralto noted that "the disease killed 10 people out of a thousand in one day," supporting a fatality rate of around 1%.<ref name=":02" />

=== Sicily and the Italian Kingdoms ===
[[File:Italy map 1584.jpg|thumb|Flu arrived in Sicily from [[Malta]], and quickly spread along the Italian coast.]]
The first cases of influenza began to appear in [[Sicily]] around July<ref name= Alibrandi>{{cite journal|last=Alibrandi|first=Rosamaria|title=When early modern Europe caught the flu. A scientific account of pandemic influenza in sixteenth century Sicily|journal=Medicina Historica|volume=2|pages=19–25}}</ref> after the arrival of infected merchant ships from [[Malta]].<ref name="catarrhal" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Parkin|first=John|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=9RcDAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA35|title=Epidemiology; or, The remote cause of epidemic diseases in the animal and in the vegetable creation|date=1880|publisher=J. and A. Churchill|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xbo0AQAAMAAJ&q=La+coqueluche+de+1510&pg=PA220|title=Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales: publié sous la direction de MM. les docteurs Raige-Delorme et A. Dechambre|date=1882|publisher=P. Asselin, S' de Labé, V. Masson et fils|pages=220|language=fr}}</ref> In Sicily it was commonly called ''coccolucio'' for the hood (resembling a coqueluchon - a kind of monk's cowl) the sick often wore over their heads.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Potter|first=C. W.|date=2001|title=A history of influenza|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|language=en|volume=91|issue=4|pages=572–579|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x|pmid=11576290|s2cid=26392163|issn=1365-2672|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beveridge|first=W.I.B|date=1991|title=The Chronicle of Influenza Epidemics|journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences|volume=13|issue=2|pages=223–234|pmid=1724803}}</ref><ref name="catarrhal">{{cite book|last=Thomson|first=Theophilus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INc0AQAAMAAJ|title=Annals of Influenza or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever in Great Britain|date=1852|publisher=The Sydenham Society Instituted|pages=3–4|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> Influenza quickly spread out along the Mediterranean coasts of Italy and southern France<ref name=Alibrandi/> via merchant ships leaving the island.

In [[Emilia-Romagna]], Tommasino de' Bianchi recorded the recovery of [[Modena|Modena's]] first cases on 13 July 1510, writing that in the city "there appears an illness that lasts three days with a great fever, and headache and then they rise... but there remains a terrible cough that lasts maybe eight days, and then they recover."<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Morens|first1=David|last2=North|first2=Michael|last3=Taubenberger|first3=Jeffrey|date=4 December 2011|title=Eyewitness accounts of the 1510 influenza pandemic in Europe|url= |journal=Lancet|volume=367|issue=9756|pages=1894–1895|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62204-0|pmid=21155080|pmc=3180818}}</ref> This data would indicate that the first cases of flu, which has an incubation period of one to four days, began to fall ill in the Emilia-Romagna region around late June or early July. [[Pope Julius II]] attributed the outbreaks in [[Rome]] and the [[Holy See]] to God's wrath.<ref name=":02" />

=== Central Europe ===
[[File:Achilles Pirminius Gasser.JPG|thumb|Achilles Gasser mentions an epidemic of "catarrhal fever" in upper Germany.<ref name=":9" />|alt=|259x259px]]
Flu spread over the Alps into [[Switzerland]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. In Switzerland it is documented as being called ''das Gruppie'' by the [[Mellingen]] chronicler Anton Tegenfeld,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Karsten|first=Gustaf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VF-qD7s4txoC&pg=PA513|title=The Journal of English and German Philology|publisher=University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign|year=1920|location=Urbana-Champaign|pages=513}}</ref> the flu nickname then preferred by German-speaking Europeans. A respiratory illness seemed to have menaced the Canton of Aargua in June, with the population falling ill with sniffling, coughing, and fatigue.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Schindler|first1=Wolfgang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OetxIToFvIC&q=das+gruppie+1510+coqueluche&pg=PA344|title=Grippe, Kamm und Eulenspiegel: Festschrift für Elmar Seebold zum 65. Geburtstag|last2=Untermann|first2=Jürgen|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1999|isbn=978-3-11-015617-1|pages=244|language=de}}</ref> German physician [[Achilles Gasser]] recorded a deadly epidemic spreading over the Holy Roman Empire's upper kingdoms, branching into the cities and the "whole mankind:" ''Mira qua edam Epidemia mortales per urbes hanc totamque adeo superiorem Germaniam corripiebat, qua aegri IV vel V ad summum dies molestissimis destillationibus laborabant ac ration privati instar phrenicorum furebant, atque inde iterum convalescebant, paucissimis ad Gorcum demissis.''<ref name=":9" />

André de Burgo's letters dated 24 August 1510 indicate [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy|Margaret of Austria]] had to intervene at a royal assembly between her father, [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I]], and [[Louis XII of France]] because the King of France was too sick with "coqueluche" to be spoken to.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last1=Louis|first1=X. I. I.|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=7b2c3BKPPVgC&pg=GBS.PA287|title=Lettres du roi Louis XII et du cardinal Georges d'Amboise: depuis 1504 à 1514|last2=Godefroy|date=1712|publisher=Foppens|pages=287–288|language=fr}}</ref> Influenza spread out from the Holy Roman Empire towards Northern Europe, the [[Baltic states]],<ref name=":11" /> and west towards [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Kingdom of England|England]].<ref name="catarrhal" />

=== France ===
[[File:France XVe siècl2e.jpg|thumb|It quickly spread to France's southern port cities first, then westward from the Alps to Paris.<ref name="catarrhal" />|left]]
Arriving aboard infected sailors from Sicily, influenza struck the [[Kingdom of France]] through the ports of [[Marseille]] and [[Nice]] and spread through the international crowds of the shipyards. Merchants, pilgrims, and other travelers from the south and east spread the virus throughout the western Mediterranean in July.<ref name=":4" /> It was referred to as "{{not a typo|cephalie catarrhal}}" among French physicians, but more commonly just called '''coqueluche'''.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Katona|first=Mihaly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CapNAAAAcAAJ|title=Abhandlung über die Grippe (Influenza) in Wien in dem Jahre 1833|date=1833|publisher=Edl. v. Schmid|pages=25–27|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Desruelles|first=Henry-Marie-Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Go9fAAAAcAAJ&q=coqueluche+de+1510&pg=PA22|title=Traite De La Coqueluche, d'apres les Principes de la Doctrine Physiologique|publisher=J. B. Bailliere|year=1827|location=Paris|pages=22|language=fr}}</ref> Historian [[François Eudes de Mézeray]] traced the etymology of "coqueluche" to an outbreak 1410s<ref name=":5" /> during which sufferers wore hoods resembling coqueluchons, a kind of monk's cowl.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Doyen|first=Guillaume Le|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=wz5wdUawOpoC&pg=GBS.PP1|title=Annalles et chronicques du pais de Laval et parties circonvoisines depuis l'an de Nostre Seigneur Ihesu-Crist 1480 jusqú à l'année 1537, avec un préambule retrospectif du temps anticque jadis|date=1857|publisher=H. Godbert|pages=134|language=fr}}</ref> French surgeon [[Ambroise Paré]] described the outbreak as having been a "rheumatic affliction of the head...with constriction of the heart and lungs."<ref name=":02" /> By August it had appeared in [[Tours]] and after it had propagated itself throughout France over summer, sickening the entire country by September.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Corradi|first=Alfonso|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMFdvvQlL4AC&q=Influenza+de+1510+spain&pg=PA20|title=Annali delle epidemie occorse in Italia dalle prime memorie fino al 1850 scritti da Alfonso Corradi: Dal 1501 a tutto il 1600 con una tavola delle cose piu memorabili si della 1. che della 2. parte|date=1867|publisher=Tipi Gamberini e Parmeggiani|pages=19|language=it}}</ref> French poet and historian Jean Bouchet, employed by King Louis XII's Royal Court, wrote that the epidemic "appeared in the entire Kingdom of France, as much in the towns as in the countryside."<ref name=":02" />

Coqueluche filled up the hospitals in France.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ze3I8lnlJAQC&q=l%27epidemie+de+1510|title=La Revue Mondial|publisher=Harvard University|year=1919|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=262}}</ref> King Louis XII's National Assembly of [[Bishop]]s, [[Prelate]]s, and university [[professor]]s scheduled for September 1510 was delayed because of the intensity of the flu in [[Paris]].<ref name="500th" /> [[Jean Fernel]] (aka Fernelius), physician to [[Henry III of France]], compares the 1557 influenza to the 1510 epidemic which attacked everyone with fever, a heaviness in their head, and profound coughing.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=DqEwAAAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA11|title=Twentieth Century Practice: An International Encyclopedia of Modern Medical Science by Leading Authors of Europe and America|publisher=W. Wood|year=1898|editor-last=Stedman|editor-first=Thomas|volume=15|location=New York|pages=11}}</ref> Up to 1000 Parisians per day were dying at the height of the "1510 peste."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yzFlQ-YzTsC&q=1000+personnes+chaque+jour+peste+1510|title=Quintessence de l'économie politique transcendante à l'usage des électeurs et des philosophes par le baron de Münster|date=1842|publisher=Dutertre|pages=72|language=fr}}</ref> [[François Eudes de Mézeray|Mézeray]] mentions that it disrupted judicial proceedings and colleges,<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> and that the 1510 flu was more widespread and deadly in France than in other countries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bergeron|first=Georges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_--syugmU8C|title=Des Caractèrs Généraux des Affections Catarrhals Aigues|date=1874|publisher=A. Delahaye|pages=35|language=fr}}</ref>
[[File:François Eudes de Mézeray.jpg|thumb|[[François Eudes de Mézeray]] had access to original documents describing the influenza of 1510.<ref name=":02" /> ]]

[[Georges d'Amboise|Cardinal Georges d'Amboise]], a close friend and advisor to the King of France, is sometimes believed to have died of influenza since his health sharply declined after arriving in Lyons in May 1510.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Thomas|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=XstBAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA612|title=The History of France: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time|date=1856|publisher=London Print. and Publishing Company|location=London|pages=A.D. 1510|language=en}}</ref> The cardinal, also known as Monseigneur le Ledat, made his final testimony and recited [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|Sacraments]] around 22 May<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Louis|first1=X. I. I.|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=7b2c3BKPPVgC&pg=GBS.PA233|title=Lettres du roi Louis XII et du cardinal Georges d'Amboise: depuis 1504 à 1514|last2=Godefroy|date=1712|publisher=Foppens|pages=233|language=fr}}</ref> before he died on the 25th. His sudden decline in health and flu's arrival in Europe around early summer have created uncertainty as to whether he died of gout or influenza, but "coqueluche" is not mentioned in French royal correspondence that year until August.<ref name=":6" />

=== England and Ireland ===
British medical historian [[Charles Creighton (physician)|Charles Creighton]] claimed there is one foreign account of the 1510 flu in England,<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Creighton|first=Charles|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=CyoJAAAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA399|title=A History of Epidemics in Britain ...|date=1891|publisher=The University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=399–400|language=en}}</ref> but did not elaborate.<ref name=":11" /> [[Jean Fernel|Fernel]] and [[Ambroise Paré|Paré]] suggested that the 1510 influenza "spread to almost all countries of the world" (not concerning Spain's territories in the New World).<ref name=":02" /> An epidemiological study of past influenza pandemics reviewing previous medical historians' data has found England was affected in 1510<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7SJoXpeUrAC|title=The American Journal of Hygiene: Monographic series|date=1921|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|pages=7|language=en}}</ref> and there were reports of symptoms like "gastrodynia" and noteworthy murrain among cattle.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kilbourne|first=E. D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybkpBgAAQBAJ&q=1510+influenza&pg=PA6|title=Influenza|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4684-5239-6|location=New York|pages=6|language=en}}</ref> The 1510 flu is also recorded to have reached [[Ireland]].<ref name=":15" />

=== Spain and Portugal ===
[[File:UBBasel Map 1500-1599 Kartenslg AA 131.tif|thumb|left|Influenza spread to [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] around the same time it reached the Alps.|302x302px]]
Influenza reached the [[Iberian Peninsula]] early after Italy, due to the highly interconnected trade and pilgrimage routes between Spain, Portugal, and the Italian kingdoms. Cases began to appear in Portugal around the same time the disease entered the Holy Roman Empire.<ref name="catarrhal" /> Spanish cities were reportedly "dispopulated" by the 1510 flu.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Ryan|first=Jeffrey R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t13C_eWhOX4C&q=spanish+cities+were+dispopulated&pg=PA16|title=Pandemic Influenza: Emergency Planning and Community Preparedness|date=2008-08-01|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-6088-1|pages=16|language=en}}</ref>

== The Americas ==
[[File:Hispaniola Vinckeboons4.jpg|thumb|Influenza previously attacked the [[Island of Santo Domingo]] in 1493 with severe consequences. |322x322px]]
[[File:Acuna-Soto EID-v8n4p360 Fig1.png|thumb|Graph of population decline in central Mexico caused by successive epidemics]]
{{See also|Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
There are no records of influenza affecting the [[New World]] in 1510,<ref name=":022">{{Cite journal|last1=Morens|first1=David|last2=North|first2=Michael|last3=Taubenberger|first3=Jeffrey|date=4 December 2011|title=Eyewitness accounts of the 1510 influenza pandemic in Europe|url= |journal=Lancet|volume=367|issue=9756|pages=1894–1895|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62204-0|pmc=3180818|pmid=21155080}}</ref> even though Spain was sending fleets of ships across the Atlantic. The first recorded [[1493 Hispaniola influenza epidemic|flu outbreak]] in the New World had afflicted the Isle of Santo Domingo (Now [[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]) in [[1493 Hispaniola influenza epidemic|1493]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guerre, M.D.|first=Francisco|date=Fall 1988|title=The Earliest American Epidemic: The Influenza of 1493|journal=Social Science History|volume=12|issue=3|pages=305–325|doi=10.1017/S0145553200018599|pmid=11618144|s2cid=46540669 }}</ref>

==Medicine and treatment==
Blistering on the back of the head and shoulders was one form of treatment prescribed in Europe for the flu.<ref name=":02" /> [[Ambroise Paré|Paré]] regarded the common treatments of [[bloodletting]] and [[Laxative|purgation]] to be especially dangerous to 1510's flu patients.<ref name=":02" /> Supraorbital pain and vision problems were symptoms<ref name=":13" /> of ''coqueluche'', so sufferers may have felt tempted to wear hoods due to light sensitivity. [[Thomas Short (physician)|Short]] describes some medicinal treatments for the 1510 flu including "Bole Armoniac, oily lintus, pectoral troches, and decoctions."<ref name="catarrhal" />

==Origin of 1510 influenza==
[[Justus Friedrich Carl Hecker|Justus Hecker]] and John Parkin presumed the 1510 influenza originated from East Asia because of the historical nature of other influenza pandemics to originate there,<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|last1=Hecker|first1=Justus Friedrich Carl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf5CAQAAIAAJ&q=1510|title=The epidemics of the middle ages|last2=Babington|first2=Benjamin Guy|date=1859|publisher=Trübner & co.|location=London|pages=202–205|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=Sir Charles Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KC0AAAAAQAAJ&q=history+of+epidemics+in+china+1510&pg=PA348|title=An Epitome of the Reports of the Medical Officers to the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, from 1871 to 1882: With Chapters on the History of Medicine in China, Materia Medica, Epidemics, Famine, Ethnology, and Chronology in Relation to Medicine and Public Health|date=1884|publisher=Baillière, Tindall, and Cox|location=London|pages=348|language=en}}</ref> while in 1661 Gregor Horst wrote that the 1510 flu spread along trade routes from East Asia to Africa before reaching Europe.<ref name=":02" /> Influenza viruses sometimes leap from Asia's migratory water fowl after massive migrations congregate near water sources for humans and domesticated animals, in which cross-species infections trigger [[Antigenic variation|antigenic shift]] and create new strains of flu human beings have little immunity to.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/PH709_Influenza/PH709_Influenza4.html|title=The Origin of New Flu Strains|website=sphweb.bumc.bu.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-03-25|archive-date=2015-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215045255/http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/PH709_Influenza/PH709_Influenza4.html|url-status=live}}</ref> European chroniclers noticed that the 1510 influenza did appear in North Africa before Europe, which has led some medical historians to suggest it may have developed there<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Bray|first=R. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRHbDwAAQBAJ&q=1510+influenza+pandemic+asia&pg=PA196|title=Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Disease on History|publisher=ISD LLC|year=1996|isbn=978-0-7188-4816-3|location=Cambridge, England|pages=196–197|language=en}}</ref> (parts of [[North Africa]] also lie along migratory bird ways, specifically the east Africa-West Asia and Black Sea-Mediterranean routes, that make it vulnerable to spontaneous reassortment of pandemic flu viruses).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baghi|first1=Hossein Bannazadeh|last2=Soroush|first2=Mohammad Hossein|date=2018-05-01|title=Influenza: the role of the Middle East and north Africa?|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=18|issue=5|pages=498|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30213-5|issn=1473-3099|pmid=29695361|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Debunking suggestions of whooping cough ==
The 1510 "coqueluche" has been recognized as influenza by modern epidemiologists<ref name="500th" /><ref name=":02" /> and medical historians.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunglison, M.D.|first=Robley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wj1DAQAAIAAJ&q=1557+influenza&pg=PA278|title=The Practice of Medicine: A Treatise on Special Pathology and Therapeutics|date=2 March 2011|orig-date=1848|publisher=Lea and Blanchard|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=278|isbn=9780608426761|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Warren Taylor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lhc6AQAAMAAJ&q=AUgust+hirsch+influenza&pg=PA4|title=Influenza: An Epidemiologic Study|date=14 June 2013|orig-date=1921|publisher=American journal of hygiene|isbn=978-0-598-84038-7|pages=4|language=en}}</ref> Suggestions that the 1510 ''coqueluche'' was [[whooping cough]] have been doubted<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lB5KAQAAMAAJ&q=whooping+cough+epidemics&pg=PA3|title=Whooping Cough: Essential Facts Concerning Whooping Cough, Its Prevention and Treatment with Appropriate Vaccines|date=1920|publisher=Eli Lilly & Company|location=Indianapolis, Indiana|pages=3|language=en}}</ref> because adult sufferers often experienced "precipitous"<ref name=":02" /> symptoms described by contemporaries like Tommasino de Bianchi<ref name=":02" /> or Valleriola as high fever for 3 days, headache, prostration, loss of sleep and appetite, delirium,<ref name=":7" /> a cough most severe on the 5th to 10th days,<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9dNAQAAMAAJ&q=coqueluche+of+1510&pg=PA542|title=Encyclopedia of Practical Medicine: Variolla, Vaccination, Vericella, Cholera, Erysipelas, Whooping Cough, Hay Fever|date=1902|publisher=Saunders|pages=542|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 21, 1918|editor-last=Stedman|editor-first=Thomas|title=Paris Epidemics of the XVI Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kt0yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1076|journal=Medical Record|publisher=M.M. Wood & Co.|volume=94|pages=1076}}</ref> lung congestion,<ref name=":02" /> and slow recovery beginning on the second week.<ref name="catarrhal" /><ref name=":14" /> Adults with pertussis will usually cough for weeks before becoming gradually more ill then recovering over a period of months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foundation.chestnet.org/patient-education-resources/pertussis/|title=Pertussis|website=CHEST Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcQkAQAAIAAJ&q=holland+whooping+cough+epidemic+1746&pg=PA120|title=American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality: Transactions of the Annual Meeting - Milwaukee, October 19-21, 1916|publisher=Franklin Printing Company|year=1917|location=Baltimore|pages=126|language=en}}</ref> The ''coqueluche'' of 1510 is considered to be influenza by experts because of its sudden symptoms, explosive spread,<ref name=":10" /> and timelines of sickness to recovery. The first outbreak of whooping cough to be agreed on by most medical historians is [[Guillaume de Baillou|Guillaume de Baillou's]] description of an outbreak in Paris in [[1578]].<ref name=":8" />

== References ==
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[[Category:1510 disasters]]
[[Category:1510 in health]]
[[Category:16th-century disease outbreaks]]
[[Category:1510 in Europe]]
[[Category:Influenza pandemics]]
[[Category:16th-century epidemics]]
[[Category:Pope Julius II]]
[[Category:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]]

1510 influenza pandemic - Revision history

LucileBrownbill at 22:08, 13 February 2026