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{{short description|The third major outbreak of cholera, 1846–1860 worldwide pandemic}}
{{For|another third occurrence of a pandemic|Third plague pandemic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Fedotov cholera.jpg|thumb|[[Pavel Fedotov]]'s painting shows a death from cholera in the mid-19th century.]]
The '''third cholera pandemic''' (1846–60) was the third [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics|major outbreak of cholera]] originating in India in the nineteenth century that reached far beyond its borders, which researchers at [[UCLA]] believe may have started as early as 1837 and lasted until 1863.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/pancholera3.html|title=Asiatic Cholera Pandemics During the Life of John Snow : Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63|last=Frerichs|first=Ralph R.|website=John Snow - a historical giant in epidemiology|publisher=UCLA Department of Epidemiology - Fielding School of Public Health|access-date=2018-07-29}}</ref> In Russia, more than one million people died of [[cholera]]. In 1853–54, the epidemic in London claimed over 10,000 lives, and there were 23,000 deaths for all of Great Britain. This pandemic was considered to have the highest fatalities of the 19th-century epidemics.<ref name=CBC>{{cite news|title=Cholera's seven pandemics |url=http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2008/05/09/f-cholera-outbreaks.html |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |archivedate=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216071746/http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2008/05/09/f-cholera-outbreaks.html }}</ref>

It had high fatalities among populations in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. In 1854, which was considered the worst year, 23,000 people died in Great Britain.

That year, the British physician [[John Snow (physician)|John Snow]], who was working in a poor area of London, identified contaminated water as the means of [[Transmission (medicine)|transmission]] of the disease. After the [[1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak]] he had mapped the cases of cholera in the [[Soho]] area in London, and noted a cluster of cases near a water pump in one neighborhood. To test his theory, he convinced officials to remove the pump handle, and the number of cholera cases in the area immediately declined. His breakthrough helped eventually bring the epidemic under control. Snow was a founding member of the [[Epidemiological Society of London]], formed in response to a cholera outbreak in 1849, and he is considered one of the fathers of [[epidemiology]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/LESociety.html|title=London Epidemiology Society|publisher= UCLA|access-date = 22 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Dunnigan | first1 = M. | title = Commentary: John Snow and alum-induced rickets from adulterated London bread: an overlooked contribution to metabolic bone disease | doi = 10.1093/ije/dyg160 | journal = International Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | pages = 340–1 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12777415| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)21130-7| title = On the Adulteration of Bread As a Cause of Rickets| journal = The Lancet| volume = 70| issue = 1766| pages = 4–5| year = 1857| last1 = Snow | first1 = J. | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2213780}}<br /> Reedited in {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/ije/dyg153|url=http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/injepidemiology32_336_337_2003.pdf| pmid = 12777413| title = On the adulteration of bread as a cause of rickets| journal = International Journal of Epidemiology| volume = 32| issue = 3| pages = 336–7| year = 2003| last1 = Snow | first1 = J.| doi-access = free}}</ref>

== Second pandemic ==
{{Main|Second cholera pandemic}}
The second cholera pandemic spread from India, surging outward to all of Europe and northern Africa, then crossing the Atlantic to Canada and the United States, spreading to Mexico and the Caribbean. Many sources differ regarding when the second pandemic ended, and the third pandemic began. There are sources that maintain that the third cholera pandemic started with a surge from Bengal in 1839.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|last=Hays|first=J. N.|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851096589|language=en}}</ref>

== 1840s ==
{{See also|1840s}}Over 15,000 people died of cholera in [[Mecca]] in 1846.<ref name="Pandemic2">[http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/Snow/pandemic1846-63.html Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1846-63]. UCLA School of Public Health.</ref> In [[Russian Empire|Russia]], between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died in the country's epidemic.<ref>Geoffrey A. Hosking (2001). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oh-5AAmboMUC&pg=PA9 Russia and the Russians: a history]''". Harvard University Press. p. 9. {{ISBN|0-674-00473-6}}</ref>

A two-year outbreak began in [[England and Wales]] in 1848, and claimed 52,000 lives.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/health/story/2008/05/09/f-cholera-outbreaks.html Cholera's seven pandemics], cbc.ca, 2 December 2008.</ref> In London, it was the worst outbreak in the city's history, claiming 14,137 lives, over twice as many as the 1832 outbreak. Cholera hit [[Ireland]] in 1849 and killed many of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish Famine]] survivors, already weakened by starvation and fever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Congress/2807/irishfamine.html|title=The Irish Famine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027105918/http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Congress/2807/irishfamine.html|archivedate=27 October 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=2014-06-09}}</ref> In 1849, cholera claimed 5,308 lives in the major port city of [[Liverpool]], [[England]], an embarkation point for immigrants to North America, and 1,834 in [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], England.<ref name="Rosenberg">{{cite book|title=The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866|last=Rosenberg|first=Charles E.|date=1987|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-72677-9}}</ref> In 1849, a second major outbreak occurred in Paris.

Cholera, believed spread from Irish immigrant ship(s) from England to the [[United States]], spread throughout the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi river system]], killing over 4,500 in [[St. Louis]]<ref name="Rosenberg" /> and over 3,000 in [[New Orleans]].<ref name="Rosenberg" /> Thousands died in [[New York (state)|New York]], a major destination for Irish immigrants.<ref name="Rosenberg" /> The [[Nashville cholera epidemic (1849-1850)|outbreak that struck Nashville in 1849–1850]] took the life of former U.S. President [[James K. Polk]]. During the [[California Gold Rush]], cholera was transmitted along the [[California Trail|California]], [[Mormon Trail|Mormon]] and [[Oregon Trail]]s as 6,000 to 12,000<ref>{{cite book|title=The plains across: the overland emigrants and the trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60|author=Unruh, John David|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-252-06360-2|location=Urbana, IL|pages=408–10|title-link=The Plains Across (book)}}</ref> are believed to have died on their way to [[Utah]] and [[Oregon]] in the cholera years of 1849–1855.<ref name="Rosenberg" /> It is believed cholera claimed more than 150,000 victims in the United States during the two pandemics between 1832 and 1849,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Beardsley GW|year=2000|title=The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio (part 2)|url=http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html|journal=The Early America Review|volume=3|issue=2|access-date=2010-02-01}}</ref><ref>[https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1013152407425 Vibrio cholerae in recreational beach waters and tributaries of Southern California].</ref> and also claimed 200,000 victims in [[Mexico]].<ref name="Encyclopedia2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA101|title=Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M|last=Byrne|first=Joseph Patrick|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=978-0-313-34102-1|page=101}}</ref>

== 1850s ==
{{See also|1850s}}
The cholera epidemic in Russia that started in 1847 would last until 1851, killing over one million people. In 1851, a ship coming from Cuba carried the disease to [[Gran Canaria]].<ref>[http://coloquioscanariasamerica.casadecolon.com/index.php/CHCA/article/viewFile/9072/8523 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH IN THE BEHAVIOR OF THE EPIDEMIC OF THE CHOLERA MORBUS OF 1851 IN THE PALMS OF GREAT CANARY] p.626</ref> It is considered that more than 6,000 people died in the island during summer,<ref>[http://mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/MDC/id/44370 Historia de la medicina en Gran Canaria] pp. 545–546</ref> out of a population of 58,000.

In 1852, cholera spread east to Indonesia, and later was carried to [[China]] and Japan in 1854. The [[Philippines]] were infected in 1858 and [[Korea]] in 1859. In 1859, an outbreak in Bengal contributed to transmission of the disease by travelers and troops to [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Arabia]] and Russia.<ref name="Pandemic2"/> Japan suffered at least seven major outbreaks of cholera between 1858 and 1902. Between 100,000 and 200,000 people died of cholera in [[Tokyo]] in an outbreak in 1858–60.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ps-IesBlzkC&pg=PA313&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false Kaoru Sugihara, Peter Robb, Haruka Yanagisawa, ''Local Agrarian Societies in Colonial India: Japanese Perspectives''], (1996), p. 313.''</ref>

In 1854, an outbreak of cholera in [[Chicago]] took the lives of 5.5 percent of the population (about 3,500 people).<ref name="Rosenberg2">{{cite book|title=The cholera years: the United States in 1832, 1849 and 1866|first=Charles E. | last=Rosenberg|author-link=Charles E. Rosenberg|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1987|isbn=978-0-226-72677-9|location=Chicago}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jonathanriley.net/chicsrc.html#y1854_m07_d12 ''Chicago Daily Tribune''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831183711/http://www.jonathanriley.net/chicsrc.html#y1854_m07_d12 |date=31 August 2009 }}, 12 July 1854</ref> [[Providence, Rhode Island]] suffered an outbreak so widespread that for the next thirty years, 1854 was known there as "The Year of Cholera."<ref name="ProJo">{{cite news |last1=McKenna |first1=Ray |title=My Turn: Ray McKenna: R.I. residents of 1854 would relate |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/opinion/20200419/my-turn-ray-mckenna-ri-residents-of-1854-would-relate |access-date=20 April 2020 |publisher=The Providence Journal |date=19 April 2020}}</ref> In 1853–54, London's epidemic claimed 10,739 lives. In [[Spain]], over 236,000 died of cholera in the epidemic of 1854–55.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA369|title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: from Ancient Times to the Present|last=Kohn|first=George C.|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8160-6935-4|page=369}}</ref> The disease reached South America in 1854 and 1855, with victims in Venezuela and Brazil.<ref name="Encyclopedia2"/> During the third pandemic, Tunisia, which had not been affected by the two previous pandemics, thought Europeans had brought the disease. They blamed their sanitation practices. Some United States scientists began to believe that cholera was somehow associated with African Americans, as the disease was prevalent in the South in areas of black populations. Current researchers note their populations were underserved in terms of sanitation infrastructure, and health care, and they lived near the waterways by which travelers and ships carried the disease.<ref>{{cite book|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|last=Hayes|first=J. N.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=233}}</ref>

=== 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak ===
{{Main|1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak}}
[[File:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Original map by John Snow showing the [[Cluster (epidemiology)|clusters]] of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854]]
The [[1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak]] was a severe [[outbreak]] of [[cholera]] that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street (now [[Broadwick Street]]) in the [[Soho]] district of [[London]], [[England]], and occurred during the third cholera pandemic. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician [[John Snow]]'s study of its causes and his hypothesis that [[Germ theory of disease|germ-contaminated water]] was the source of [[cholera]], rather than particles in the air (referred to as "[[Miasma theory|miasma]]").<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eyeler|first=William|date=July 2001|title=The changing assessments of John Snow's and William Farr's Cholera Studies|journal=Sozial- und Präventivmedizin|volume=46|issue=4|pages=225–32|doi=10.1007/BF01593177|pmid=11582849|s2cid=9549345}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Paneth|first1=N|last2=Vinten-Johansen|first2=P|last3=Brody|first3=H|last4=Rip|first4=M|date=1998-10-01|title=A rivalry of foulness: official and unofficial investigations of the London cholera epidemic of 1854.|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=88|issue=10|pages=1545–1553|doi=10.2105/ajph.88.10.1545|issn=0090-0036|pmc=1508470|pmid=9772861}}</ref>

Snow identified the source of an 1854 cholera outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now [[Broadwick Street]]). Although his studies were not entirely conclusive, his advocacy convinced the local council to disable the Broad Street pump by removing its handle. Snow later used a [[Dot distribution map|dot map]] to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump. He also used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases, showing that water was being delivered to the outbreak area from sewage-polluted sections of the [[Thames]], leading to an increased incidence of cholera. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It is regarded as one of the founding events of the science of [[epidemiology]].

This discovery came to influence [[public health]] and the construction of improved [[sanitation]] facilities beginning in the mid-19th century. Later, the term "[[focus of infection]]" would be used to describe sites, such as the Broad Street pump, in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. John Snow's endeavor to find the cause of the transmission of cholera caused him to unknowingly create a [[Blinded experiment|double-blind experiment]].

==See also==
* [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/227  Book on Pandemics]

{{cholera}}
{{Epidemics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cholera Pandemic, 3}}

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[[Category:Cholera pandemics]]
[[Category:19th-century health disasters]]
[[Category:19th-century epidemics]]
[[Category:1840s health disasters]]
[[Category:1850s health disasters]]
[[Category:1860s health disasters]]

1846 1860 cholera pandemic - Revision history

MetaBOT at 13:31, 8 July 2023