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{{Infobox pandemic
| name = fourth cholera pandemic
| origin = [[Ganges Delta]] of the [[Bengal]] region
| deaths = 600,000<ref>Sum of death counts from all sources mentioned in the article</ref>{{verify_inline|date=March 2017}}
| dates = 1863-1875
}}
The '''fourth cholera pandemic''' of the 19th century began in the [[Ganges Delta]] of the [[Bengal]] region and traveled with [[Haj|Muslim pilgrims to Mecca]]. In its first year, the epidemic claimed 30,000 of 90,000 pilgrims.<ref name="CBC">{{cite news|title=Cholera's seven pandemics|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|access-date=23 February 2016|work=CBC News|agency=CBC-Radio Canada|date=May 9, 2008}}</ref> Cholera spread throughout the Middle East and was carried to Russia, Europe, Africa and North America, in each case spreading via travelers from port cities and along inland waterways.{{cn|date=June 2021}}

The pandemic reached Northern Africa in 1865 and spread to sub-Saharan Africa, killing 70,000 in [[Zanzibar]] in 1869–70.<ref name="Pandemics" >{{Cite book
| first = Joseph Patrick
| last = Byrne
| title = Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA107
| publisher = ABC-CLIO
| year = 2008
| page = 107
| isbn = 978-0-313-34102-1}}
</ref> Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eastern European Plagues and Epidemics 1300-1918|url=http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/pandemics.htm|access-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023212828/http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/Pandemics.htm|archive-date=23 October 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> The epidemic of cholera that spread with the [[Austro-Prussian War]] (1866) is estimated to have taken 165,000 lives in the [[Austrian Empire]], including 30,000 each in Hungary and Belgium, and 20,000 in the Netherlands.<ref name="Smallman">{{cite journal|last1=Smallman-Raynor|first1=Matthew R.|last2=Cliff|first2=Andrew D.|title=Impact of infectious diseases on war|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|date=June 2004|volume=18|issue=2|pages=341–368|doi=10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.009|pmid=15145384}}</ref>

In June 1866, a localized epidemic in the [[East End of London]] claimed 5,596 lives, just as the city was completing construction of [[London sewerage system|its major sewage and water treatment systems]]; the East End section was not quite complete.<ref name="Ghost Map">{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Steven|authorlink1=Steven Johnson (author)|title=The Ghost Map : The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic--and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World|date=2006|publisher=Riverhead Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1594489259|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostmapstoryofl00john}}</ref> It was also caused by the city's [[overcrowding]] in the East End, which helped the disease to spread more quickly in the area. Epidemiologist [[William Farr]] identified the [[East London Waterworks Company|East London Water Company]] as the source of the contamination. Farr made use of prior work by [[John Snow (physician)|John Snow]] and others, pointing to contaminated drinking water as the likely cause of cholera in an [[1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak|1854 outbreak]]. In the same year, the use of contaminated canal water in local water works caused a minor outbreak at [[Ystalyfera]] in South Wales. Workers associated with the company, and their families, were most affected, and 119 died.{{cn|date=December 2020}}

In 1867, Italy lost 113,000 to cholera, and 80,000 died of the disease in Algeria.<ref name="Pandemics" /> Outbreaks in North America in the 1870s killed some 50,000 Americans as cholera spread from New Orleans via passengers along the Mississippi River and to ports on its tributaries.<ref name="Cholera">{{cite journal |author=Beardsley GW |url=http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html |title=The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio (part 2)| journal=The Early America Review | volume=3 | year=2000| access-date=2010-02-01 | issue = 2 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/227  Book on Pandemics]
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{{Epidemics}}

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{{#seo:
|keywords=Cholera pandemics, 19th-century health disasters, 19th-century epidemics, Epidemics in India, 1860s in India, 1870s in India, 1860s health disasters, 1870s health disasters, Incidents during the Hajj
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[[Category:Cholera pandemics]]
[[Category:19th-century health disasters]]
[[Category:19th-century epidemics]]
[[Category:Epidemics in India]]
[[Category:1860s in India]]
[[Category:1870s in India]]
[[Category:1860s health disasters]]
[[Category:1870s health disasters]]
[[Category:Incidents during the Hajj]]

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1863 1875 cholera pandemic - Revision history

MetaBOT at 13:35, 8 July 2023