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{{short description|Aviation incident}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Airliner accident|name=1971 Indian Airlines hijacking|
|Crash image=
|Image caption=
|Date= 30 January 1971
|Type=[[Aircraft hijacking]]|
|occurrence_type = Hijacking
|Site= [[Lahore]], Pakistan
|Fatalities=
|Injuries=
|Aircraft Type=[[Fokker F27 Friendship]]
|Origin=
|Last stopover=
|Destination=
|Operator=[[Indian Airlines]]
|Tail Number=
|Ship name= Ganga
|Passengers=
|Crew=
|Survivors =All
}}

On 30 January 1971, an [[Indian Airlines]] passenger airliner named Ganga, flying from [[Srinagar]] to [[Jammu]], was hijacked by two [[Kashmiri separatism|Kashmiri separatists]] belonging to the [[National Liberation Front (Jammu Kashmir)|National Liberation Front]] (NLF, the antecedent of [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]]). The hijackers were [[Hashim Qureshi]] and his cousin Ashraf Qureshi. The aircraft was flown to [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] where the passengers and the crew were released and the aircraft was burnt down.<ref name="Kashmiri">{{cite web | url=http://www.kashmiri.info/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=66 | title=Who was behind hijacking of IA plane 'Ganga'? | publisher=Fouq Library | access-date=4 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008211559/http://www.kashmiri.info/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=66 | archive-date=8 October 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Ganga">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jun/02spec11.htm | title=The Rediff Special: Did India plant 1965 war plans? | publisher=[[Rediff]] | date=2 June 2005 | access-date=4 February 2012 | author=Athale, Colonel (Dr ) Anil (retd) | archive-date=25 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025222722/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jun/02spec11.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-06/india/27236052_1_ia-aircraft-indian-airlines-aircraft-lahore | title=Hijack into terror | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 October 2001 | access-date=4 February 2012 | archive-date=7 July 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707202544/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-06/india/27236052_1_ia-aircraft-indian-airlines-aircraft-lahore | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ganga was one of the oldest aircraft in the Indian Airlines fleet and was already withdrawn from service but was re-inducted days before the hijacking.<ref name="Ganga"/>

India retaliated to the hijacking and subsequent burning by banning overflights of Pakistani aircraft over Indian territory. The ban, occurring in the run-up to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|December 1971 war between the countries]], had a significant impact on troop movement into the erstwhile [[East Pakistan]], now [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Ganga"/> Pakistan reacted by charging the hijackers and other NLF militants with conspiracy. The crackdown severely weakened the militant organisation. Subsequently, the leader of the movement, [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]], moved to Britain, where he established a new organisation called the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front.

==Planning==
[[File:Hashim Qureshi portrait.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hashim Qureshi]], convicted of the hijacking in Pakistan]]
[[Hashim Qureshi]], a [[Srinagar]] resident who went to [[Peshawar]] on family business in 1969, met [[Maqbool Bhat]] of the [[National Liberation Front (Jammu Kashmir)|National Liberation Front]] (NLF), a self-declared 'armed wing' of the [[Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front]]. Qureshi was persuaded to join the NLF and given an ideological education and lessons in guerrilla tactics in [[Rawalpindi]]. In order to draw the world's attention to the Kashmiri independence movement, the NLF planned an airline hijacking fashioned after the [[Dawson's Field hijackings]] by the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|Palestinian militants]]. Hashim Qureshi, along with his cousin Ashraf Qureshi, was ordered to execute one. A former Pakistani air force pilot Jamshed Manto trained him for the task. However, Qureshi was arrested by the Indian [[Border Security Force]] when he tried to reenter the Indian-administered Kashmir with arms and equipment. He negotiated his way out by claiming to help find other conspirators that were allegedly in the Indian territory, and sought an appointment in the Border Security Force to provide such help. Maqbool Bhat sent replacement equipment for the hijacking, but it fell into the hands of a double agent, who then turned it over to the Indian authorities. Undeterred, the Qureshis made look-alike explosives out of wood and hijacked an [[Indian Airlines]] aircraft called Ganga on 30 January 1971.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=112–113}}{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=92-93}}

==Burning==
The hijackers landed the aircraft at [[Lahore]] and demanded the release of 36 NLF prisoners lodged in Indian jails. However, they succumbed to pressure from the airport authorities and ended up releasing all the passengers and the crew. Years later, Ashraf Qureshi admitted that they were naive and didn't realise that "the passengers were more important than the actual aircraft." Pakistani Minister [[Zulfikar Bhutto]] showed up at the airport and paid a handsome tribute to the hijackers. Indian Government then refused to carry out the demands. The aircraft lay on the tarmac for eighty hours, during which the Pakistani security personnel thoroughly searched the aircraft and removed papers and postal bags they found in it. Eventually, upon the advice of the authorities, Hashim Qureshi burnt the aircraft.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=112–113}}{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=94-95}}

==Crackdown==
[[File:Amanullah khan JKLF New30395 (cropped).png|thumb|right|Amanullah Khan, the founder of [[JKLF]]]]
For some time, the Qureshis were lauded as heroes. After India reacted by banning overflight of Pakistani aircraft over India, the Pakistani authorities claimed that the hijack was staged by India, and arrested the hijackers and all their collaborators. A one-man investigation committee headed by Justice Noorul Arifeen declared the hijacking to be an Indian conspiracy, citing Qureshi's appointment in the Border Security Force. In addition to the hijackers, Maqbool Bhat and 150 other NLF fighters were arrested. Seven people were eventually brought to trial (the rest being held without charges). The High Court acquitted all of them of treason charges. Hashim Qureshi alone was convicted of terrorism and sentenced to seven years in prison. Ironically, Ashraf Qureshi was released even though he was an equal participant in the hijacking. This is said to have been due to a deal made by Zulikar Bhutto, by now the President of Pakistan, who declared that he would convict one hijacker but release the other.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=112–113}}{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=96-97}}

[[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]], the leader of the Plebiscite Front, was also imprisoned for 15 months in a Gilgit prison during 1970–72, accused of being an Indian agent. He was released after protests broke out in Gilgit. Thirteen of his colleagues were sentenced to 14 years in prison, but released after a year.<ref name=Catch>[http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/in-amanullah-khan-s-death-kashmiri-separatism-lost-its-champion-1461747721.html In Amanullah Khan's death Kashmiri separatism lost its champion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801160331/http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/in-amanullah-khan-s-death-kashmiri-separatism-lost-its-champion-1461747721.html |date=1 August 2018 }}, Catch News, 27 April 2016.</ref> According to Hashim Qureshi, 400 activists of the Plebiscite Front and NLF were arrested in Pakistan after the Ganga hijacking.<ref name=Ansari>[http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/abdul-khaliq-ansari-passes-away/149015.html Abdul Khaliq Ansari passes away] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215110213/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/abdul-khaliq-ansari-passes-away/149015.html |date=15 December 2016 }}, Greater Kashmir, 17 June 2013.</ref> Abdul Khaliq Ansari, who was arrested and tortured, testified in the [[High Court of Azad Kashmir|High Court]] that the Ganga hijacking had emboldened the people to question the corrupt practices of the Azad Kashmir leaders and, in reaction, the government arrested them and forced them to confess to being Indian agents.<ref>[http://jkdlp.org/?p=271 Statement of Advocate Abdul Khaliq Ansari before ‘Azad Kashmir” High Court in 1971] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215111709/http://jkdlp.org/?p=271 |date=15 December 2016 }}, Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party, 8 June 2015.</ref>

To escape the close surveillance and pressure from the Pakistan government, Amanullah Khan and Abdul Khaliq Ansari moved to the UK, where they found active support from the [[British Mirpuris|Mirpuri diaspora]]. Khan converted the UK branch of the Plebiscite Front into a new organisation [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]], which eventually spearheaded the [[Kashmir insurgency]] in the 1980s.{{sfn|Sökefeld & Bolognani, Kashmiris in Britain|2011|p=118}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Jamal |first=Arif |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-933633-59-6 |ref={{sfnref|Jamal, Shadow War|2009}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Sökefeld |first1=Martin |first2=Marta |last2=Bolognani |chapter="Kashmiris in Britain: A political project or a social reality |pages=111–134 |title=Pakistan and Its Diaspora: Multidisciplinary Approaches |editor1-first=Marta |editor1-last=Bolognani |editor2-first=Stephen M. |editor2-last=Lyon |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-0230119079 |ref={{sfnref|Sökefeld & Bolognani, Kashmiris in Britain|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Swami |first=Praveen |authorlink=Praveen Swami |title=India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The covert war in Kashmir, 1947-2004 |series=Asian Security Studies |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrl8AgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-415-40459-4 |ref={{sfnref|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007}}}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1971}}

{{coord missing|Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Airlines hijacking, 1971}}

{{#seo:
|keywords=Aircraft hijackings in India, Aviation accidents and incidents in 1971, Aviation accidents and incidents in India, Accidents and incidents involving the Fokker F27, India–Pakistan relations, 1971 in India, Arson in Pakistan, January 1971 events in Asia, Aircraft hijackings in Pakistan
|description=
}}

[[Category:Aircraft hijackings in India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1971]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Indian (airline) accidents and incidents|1971]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Fokker F27]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:1971 in India]]
[[Category:Arson in Pakistan]]
[[Category:January 1971 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Aircraft hijackings in Pakistan]]

1971 Indian Airlines hijacking - Revision history

MetaBOT at 14:39, 8 July 2023