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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1983
| previous_mps =
| election_date = 23 March 1987
| next_election = 1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1996
| seats_for_election= all 76 seats in [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 39
| opinion_polls =
| turnout = 74.9%({{decrease}}1.70%)

| image1 =
| leader1 = [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| party1 = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 46
| seats1 = 40
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 6
| percentage1 = 32.98%
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 14.31%

| image2 =
| leader2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 26
| seats2 = 26
| seat_change2 = {{nochange}}
| percentage2 = 20.20%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 10.12%

| image3 =
| party3 = [[Muslim United Front|MUF]]
| leader_since3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = 0
| seats3 = 4
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 4
| percentage3 = 18.9%
| swing3 = {{increase}} 18.9%

| image4 =
| leader4 =
| party4 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since4 =
| leaders_seat4 =
| last_election4 = 0
| seats4 = 2
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 2
| percentage4 = 5.10%
| swing4 = {{increase}} 1.91%

| image5 =
| leader5 =
| party5 = [[Independent politician|Independents]]
| leader_since5 =
| leaders_seat5 =
| last_election5 = 4
| seats5 = 4
| seat_change5 = {{nochange}}
| percentage5 = 15.86%
| swing5 = {{no change}}

| title = Chief Minister
| before_election = [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| before_party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| after_election = [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| after_party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
}}

Election for the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] were held on 23 March 1987. [[Farooq Abdullah]] was reappointed as the Chief Minister.<ref name=EC>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf Statistical Report on the General Election, 1987], ''[[Election Commission of India]], New Delhi.''</ref>

The election is widely perceived to have been rigged.<ref name="j&khistory">{{cite web|author=Arshad|first=Sameer|date=22 November 2014|title=History of electoral fraud has lessons for BJP in J&K|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gray-areas/history-of-electoral-fraud-has-lessons-for-bjp-in-jk/|url-status=live|access-date=23 November 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Prakash|first=Smita|date=17 November 2014|title=Elections in Kashmir|language=en|work=[[Mid-Day]]|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/elections-in-kashmir/15771184|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=shaped/> The rigging of the election is believed to have led to the [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jacob|first=Happymon|author-link=Happymon Jacob|date=2009-12-24|title=Kashmir insurgency, 20 years after|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Kashmir-insurgency-20-years-after/article16855296.ece|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After the following [[1989 Indian general election|elections to the Parliament]] in 1989, which saw low turn-out,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maqbool|first=Umer|date=14 March 2015|title=Decline in voter turnout in Kashmir after ‘rigged election of 1987’|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/more/decline-in-voter-turnout-in-kashmir-after-rigged-election-of-1987|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-26|website=[[Greater Kashmir]]}}</ref> Governor's Rule was declared in Jammu and Kashmir in 1990, which lasted till 1996.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Vaganan|first=Mayil|date=10 April 2002|title=A Survey of Elections in Kashmir|url=http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=717|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-26|publisher=[[Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies]]}}</ref>

The 1987 election was a watershed in the [[Politics of Jammu and Kashmir|politics of the Jammu and Kashmir]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Assembly Election 1987|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/politics/assembly_election.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 April 2017|website=www.jammu-kashmir.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ahmad|first=Wajahat|date=1 October 2010|title=The Siege of Kashmir|work=The Caravan|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/perspectives/siege-kashmir|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Muhammad|first=ZG|date=14 March 2015|title=Question of Simple Majority|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/question-of-simple-majority|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 November 2014|title=How representative is Jammu and Kashmir assembly?|work=Daily News & Analysis (DNA)|editor-last=Gilani|editor-first=Iftikhar|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-how-representative-is-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-2038137|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>

==Background==
{{See also|Kashmir conflict#Rise of the separatist movement and Islamism (1984–1986)}}
The background of the 1987 election is fraught with multiple complexities.

During the long years of imprisonment of [[Sheikh Abdullah]], his loyalists split off from the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] party and formed a [[Plebiscite Front]]. The remaining members of the National Conference merged their party with the [[Indian National Congress]].

After Abdullah's release and his [[Indira-Sheikh accord|accord with Indira Gandhi]], the Congress party accepted him as its own Head and elected him as the State's Chief Minister. However, during the [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]], Abdullah shunned the Congress party and revived a new National Conference party from the erstwhile Plebiscite Front. He won the election handsomely.

After Sheikh Abdullah's death, the Congress party again sought an alliance with the National Conference for the [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983 election]]. It was again shunned and the new leader [[Farooq Abdullah]] won the election independently. Congress however emerged as the ''de facto'' party of the [[Jammu Division|Jammu region]]. Congress exploited the internal squabbles in the National Conference and teamed up with Farooq's brother-in-law [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah|G. M. Shah]] to topple Farooq's government. This led to a period of instability during which the [[Governor's Rule]] was imposed.

After [[Rajiv Gandhi]] became the leader of the Indian National Congress, another accord was reached with Farooq Abdullah. The Governor's Rule was lifted and Farooq returned to power in 1986, but with the understanding that Congress and the National Conference would ally for the 1987 election. In the view of scholar Sten Widmalm, the State's two largest parties had formed an 'election cartel', which had the result that popular discontent could not be channelled.{{sfn|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective|2002|p=77}}

Before the election, various anti-establishment groups including [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|Jamaat-e-Islami]] joined hands to form a [[Muslim United Front]] (MUF) mainly pointing out that the NC had capitulated before the Centre for the sake of power and bartered away the special status of the State. Efforts were made to arouse Muslim sentiments along communal lines.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} MUF's election manifesto stressed the need for a solution to all outstanding issues according to [[Simla Agreement]], work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the center. Their slogan was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=138}}

The NC-Congress(I) combine contested all the 76 seats and the MUF, 43 seats.{{sfn|Bose, Transforming India|2013|pp=274–275}}<ref name=EC/>

==Voting==
The election was held on 23 March 1987. Nearly 75 percent of the voters participated, the highest recorded participation in the state. Nearly eighty percent of the people in the Valley voted.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=137}}{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=49}}

Elections for Bhadrawah, Leh, and Kargil were held in June 1987.<ref name=":0" />

==Results==
The NC-Congress alliance won 66 seats in the Assembly: NC winning 40 seats of the 45 it contested, and Congress winning 26 out of 31 (5 out of 6 contested seats in the Valley).{{sfn|Bose, Transforming India|2013|p=275}}{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=137}} The alliance received only 53% of the popular vote but garnered 87% of the seats.{{sfn|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|p=1020}}

The BJP won 2 seats, in Jammu.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=49}}{{sfn|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|p=1019}} The MUF expected to win 10 seats out of the 44 seats it contested. But it won only 4 seats, even though it had polled 31% votes.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=137}}{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=49}}<ref name=Rai>{{Citation |last=Rai |first=Mridu |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |chapter=Kashmir: From Princely State to Insurgency |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.184|isbn=9780190277727 }}</ref>
[[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]] of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|Jamaat-e-Islami]] (a constituent of MUF) won from Sopore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopore Election 2014. Sitting and previous MLAs from Sopore Assembly Constituency.|url=http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/sopore.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 April 2017|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

The disparity between the popular vote and the seat wins was very high. (In comparison, in [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]], the NC and Congress polled 78% of the vote to achieve 95% of the seats.) Scholar Sten Widmalm explains the increased disparity as an effect of forming an "election cartel" (between the NC and Congress), which had a dominant effect in the first-past-the-post election system used in India. The cartel's victory seemed unfair to many Jammu and Kashmir voters, which was magnified when allegations of fraud came to the surface.<ref>{{harvnb|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|p=1020}}; {{harvnb|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective|2002|p=78}}: "The unusually poor correlation between votes and seats may have planted unfounded suspicion in the minds of those who were unaware of the peculiarities of the majority election system with single-member constituencies."</ref>

The MUF's garnering of 31% of the vote in its first electoral contest has been described as a 'huge' success.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kashmirlife.net/muffed-99889/|title=MUFfed|last=Hussain|first=Masood|date=23 March 2016|work=Kashmir Life|access-date=21 February 2018|language=en-GB|quote=Despite all this, MUF polled huge. It took 470580 votes making 30.96 percent of the popular vote.}}</ref>
Journalist Balraj Puri states that the MUF emerged as the main alternative to the NC-Congress alliance in all parts of the Valley, except the four constituencies of the [[Kupwara district]] where [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference|People's Conference]] came in the second place.{{sfn|Puri, Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu|1987|p=835}}

The People's Conference did not win a seat despite having been expected to do well in the constituencies of Bandipora, Sangrama, Handwara, and Kupwara. They still managed to capture 93,949 votes.<ref name=MUFfed />

==Electoral malpractice==
The ''[[India Today]]'' reported that "starting about two weeks before the election, 600 opposition workers were arrested in areas where the MUF, independents, and PC [People's Conference] candidates were showing strength".{{sfn|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|p=1020-1021}}

In the [[Amira Kadal]] constituency of Srinagar, MUF's [[Syed Mohammed Yusuf Shah]] was a candidate. As the vote-counting began, it was becoming clear that Yusuf Shah was winning by a landslide. His opponent, Ghulam Mohiuddin Shah, went home dejected. But he was summoned back by the electoral officials and declared the winner. When the crowds protested, the police arrived and arrested Yusuf Shah and his supporters. They were held in custody till the end of 1987.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=48–49}}

Leader of the People's Conference party, [[Abdul Ghani Lone]], complained that vote counting in the constituency of Handwara was tampered with by the deputy inspector-general of police, A.M. Watali. There were several cases like this with other candidates but the petitions to the courts did not lead to any action. There was no response from the central government, courts, or the election commission to the demands that the allegations of rigging be investigated. Kashmir's High Court chose not to probe the allegations and the Election Commission was inactive at the time.{{sfn|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|p=1020-1021}}

Balraj Puri has noted three constituencies where the MUF lost narrowly: [[Bijbehara]], [[Wachi]], and [[Shopian]]. The number of rejected votes in these constituencies was far higher than the margin of victory for the alliance, indicating that the vote-counting could have been easily manipulated.{{sfn|Puri, Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu|1987|p=835}}

Whereas it took only three hours to count the votes in Farooq Abdullah's seat, the vote-counting in seats where the MUF had influence took considerably longer. In Anantnag, it was reported that the results were delayed for two and a half days while the polling station was surrounded by hundreds of policemen. In Bijbehara the polling officers refused to count when they found that a MUF candidate had taken an early lead. In Doru, an NC candidate with a lead of 300 votes was declared the winner even though more than a thousand votes remained to be counted. Counting in the Pulwama constituency took no account of the strategic Tahab belt. Counting in Shopian and Sopore went on for three days until MUF candidates were declared the losers.<ref name=MUFfed>{{Cite news |url=http://kashmirlife.net/muffed-99889/ |title=MUFfed |last=Hussain |first=Masood |date=23 March 2016 |work=Kashmir Life |access-date=21 February 2018 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

BBC reported that Khem Lata Wakhloo, who was a leader of the Congress party at the time,{{efn|Khem Lata Wakhloo was one of the 12 legislators of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] that defected to the [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah|G. M. Shah]]'s faction in 1984.{{sfnp|Wani, What Happened to Governance in Kashmir?|2019|p=337}} Sumantra Bose believes she was still part of the National Conference.{{sfnp|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=48}}}} admitted the widespread rigging in Kashmir. She stated: "I remember that there was massive rigging in 1987 elections. The losing candidates were declared winners. It shook the ordinary people's faith in the elections and the democratic process."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2223364.stm |title=Kashmir's flawed elections |last=Hussain |first=Altaf |date=14 September 2002 |work=BBC }}</ref>

Governor [[Jagmohan]] is reported to have been appalled at what was being done, but he said that he was ordered by the central government in Delhi not to interfere.<ref name=MUFfed />

Many see this rigged election as a cause of militancy in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 July 2014|title=Is BJP planning poll tie-ups with separatist groups in Jammu & Kashmir?|language=en-US|work=Daily News & Analysis (DNA)|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-is-bjp-planning-poll-tie-ups-with-separatist-groups-in-jammu-kashmir-2005769|access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref> Abdul Ghani Lone became a separatist leader after the 1987 election and stated that many young people, out of frustration with the democratic process, decided to go for an armed struggle.{{sfn|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|p=1020-1021}}

===Extent of electoral malpractice===
The extent of election malpractice has been debated by scholars and analysts.<ref>{{harvp|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective|2002|p=79}}: "The exact extent of rigging is still difficult to assess, but qualified estimates have been made."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Habibullah, My Kashmir|2008}}: "But to suggest that every constituency in Kashmir was corrupt in equal measure would be an overstatement."</ref>

Scholar [[Victoria Schofield]] has stated that the MUF might have won four more seats if there was no electoral fraud.<ref>{{citation |author=Foreign Affairs Committee |title=South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07, report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sgvqiIHjboC |date=2007 |publisher=The Stationery Office, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons |isbn=978-0-215-03378-9 |pages=28–29}}</ref> On the other hand, an anonymous source in the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] has advanced the estimate that the MUF may have lost approximately 13 seats due to electoral malpractice.{{sfn|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997|p=1021}} Other journalists and commentators have estimated a loss of fifteen to twenty seats.<ref name="shaped">Donthi, Praveen (23 March 2016). [http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/mufti-mohammad-sayeed-shaped-1987-kashmir-elections How Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Shaped The 1987 Elections In Kashmir]. ''[[The Caravan]]''.</ref> [[Farooq Abdullah]] conceded that the opposition parties might have been able to win 20 seats instead of 10 in the absence of rigging. He denied his own involvement in the rigging.<ref name="Brass1994">{{citation |first=Paul R. |last=Brass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&pg=PA222 |title=The Politics of India Since Independence |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45970-9 |at=pp. 221–222, not 107}}: "Farooq Abdullah virtually admitted that these elections were rigged, though he denies that he rigged them or that the Congress-Conference coalition would have lost had they not been rigged. He did concede that the MUF might have won twenty seats instead of ten if the elections had been held more fairly."</ref>

Former Kashmir civil servant Wajahat Habibullah states that clear indications of malpractice were found in ten constituencies. These constituencies were mainly in Srinagar and all of them were counted as wins of the National Conference.<ref>{{harvnb|Habibullah, My Kashmir|2008|p=62}}: "Clear indications of malpractice in the 1987 election had been found in only ten constituencies, primarily in Srinagar, where the support base of the NC had been tenuous''. Moreover, such evidence appeared only in those constituencies that were won by the National Conference."</ref> He believes that Farooq Abdullah allowed them to be rigged to gain a majority for the National Conference in the Assembly so that it would not be dependent on support from the Indian National Congress.{{sfn|Habibullah, My Kashmir|2008|p=63}} He also notes that the methods of rigging appeared "blatant" and lacked the finesse of the pre-1977 elections.{{sfn|Habibullah, My Kashmir|2008|p=61}}

==Aftermath==
Farooq Abdullah was elected Chief Minister and formed a coalition government. However, the Government lacked legitimacy in the eyes of the people in the Valley. Rebels branded the election as a "thoroughly made one".{{sfn|Das Gupta, Islamic Fundamentalism and India|2002|p=106}} The Valley sank into a "morass of frustration and radicalization", states scholar Sumantra Bose. In June 1988, there were protests against a hike in the electricity tariffs, resulting in police firings. In July, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] launched its first bomb attack in Srinagar.{{sfn|Bose, Transforming India|2013|p=276}} A cycle of violence and protests took hold, steadily rising in tempo. In January 1990, the Union Government appointed [[Jagmohan]] as the governor of the state. Farooq Abdullah resigned in protest, and [[Governor's Rule]] was declared.

==See also==
* [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Transforming India |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780674728196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA274 |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Transforming India|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Das Gupta |first=J. B.|title=Islamic Fundamentalism and India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmWu_eEiqf0C&pg=PT130 |date=2002 |publisher=Hope India Publications (for Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies) |location=Gurgaon |isbn=978-1-61820-159-1 |ref={{sfnref|Das Gupta, Islamic Fundamentalism and India|2002}}}}
* {{cite book |editor1-first=Verinder |editor1-last=Grover |editor2-first=Ranjana |editor2-last=Arora |title=Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPVtAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Deep & Deep |isbn=978-81-7100-723-3 |ref={{sfnref|Grover & Arora, Encyclopaedia of India and Her States|1996}}}}
* {{citation |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0330396110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29lXtwoeA44C |ref={{sfnref|Guha, India after Gandhi|2008}}}}
* {{citation |last=Habibullah |first=Wajahat |title=My Kashmir: Conflict and the Prospects for Enduring Peace |publisher=United States Institute for Peace Press |location=Washington DC |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-60127-031-3 |ref={{sfnref|Habibullah, My Kashmir|2008}}|author-link=Wajahat Habibullah}}
* {{citation |first=Balraj |last=Puri |title=Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=22 |number=22 |date=30 May 1987 |pages=835–837 |jstor=4377036 |ref={{sfnref|Puri, Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu|1987}}|author-link=Balraj Puri}}
* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Wani |first=Aijaz Ashraf |title=What Happened to Governance in Kashmir? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPqNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84 |year=2019 |publisher=OUP India |isbn=978-0-19-909715-9 |ref={{sfnref|Wani, What Happened to Governance in Kashmir?|2019}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sten |last=Widmalm |title=The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir |journal=Asian Survey |volume=37 |number=11 |date= November 1997 |pages=1005–1030 |jstor=2645738 |ref={{sfnref|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997}} |doi=10.1525/as.1997.37.11.01p02937}}
* {{citation |last=Widmalm |first=Sten |title=Kashmir in Comparative Perspective: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eOnwrHsyXDQC |year=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-1578-7 |ref={{sfnref|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective|2002}}}}

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[[Category:1987 State Assembly elections in India|Jammu and Kashmir]]
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1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election - Revision history

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