ArnoldBAp at 23:20, 23 April 2026

2026-04-23T23:20:58Z

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{{Short description|Religious riot in Bijnor, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
In October 1990, a major communal riot took place in [[Bijnor]], a town in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Stemming from a celebratory procession by local Hindu groups, it was the most destructive riot in the wake of concurrent Hindu nationalist campaigns, which eventually led to the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolition of Babri Masjid]]. The riots were also characterized by phases of passive and active complicity of the state machinery.

Official estimates put the death toll at 87; unofficially, the count varies from around 200 to 300 with most of the dead being Muslims.

== Background ==
[[Amrita Basu]] et al. notes that there was a near-total absence of any communal riots at Bijnor before 1988.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Basu|first=Amrita|author-link=Amrita Basu|date=1995|title=Why Local Riots Are Not Simply Local: Collective Violence and the State in Bijnor, India 1988-1993|journal=Theory and Society|volume=24|issue=1|pages=35–78|issn=0304-2421|jstor=657919|doi=10.1007/BF00993322|s2cid=144839645 }}

:* A near-duplicate version of this article was also published over {{Cite journal|last=Basu|first=Amrita|date=1994|title=When Local Riots Are Not Merely Local: Bringing the State Back in, Bijnor 1988-92|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1994/40/special-articles/when-load-riots-are-not-merely-local-bringing-state-back-bijnor|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=29|issue=40|pages=2605–2621|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4401857|url-access=subscription}}
:* Another near-duplicate version of this article has been published over {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTrjCQAAQBAJ|title=Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India|last=Basu|first=Amrita|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-316-10571-9|pages=115–161|chapter=When Local Violence Is Not Merely Local: A Tale of Two Towns|doi=10.1017/cbo9781316105719.007|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/violent-conjunctures-in-democratic-india/when-local-violence-is-not-merely-local-a-tale-of-two-towns/5B60D095DC8B1727A1662AA32C1A3869}}
</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Jeffery|first1=Roger|last2=Jeffery|first2=Patricia M.|date=1994|title=The Bijnor Riots, October 1990: Collapse of a Mythical Special Relationship?|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1994/10/special-articles/bijnor-riots-october-1990-collapse-mythical-special-relationship|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=29|issue=10|pages=551–558|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4400897|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Population, Gender and Politics : Demographic Change in Rural North India|last1=Jeffery|first1=Roger|last2=Jeffery|first2=Patricia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780511621550|chapter=An island of peace?|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511621550.003}}</ref> A few distinct events manifested across the politico-religious sphere in the following years, that led to the gradual build-up of animosity and served as a precursor to the riots.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Municipal elections ===
In the 1988 municipal elections, a Muslim lawyer - Zafar Khan, from BSP was elected as the chair, having defeated Sandip Lal, a fellow Hindu contender from BSP, who was also backed by BJP.<ref name=":0" /> Effectively, it was more of a religious fight than a political once.<ref name=":0" /> Notwithstanding the demographic skew against Hindus, Lal was poorly educated and corrupt (contra Khan) and his history of switching political allegiances drastically hampered his chances; the election also saw a lower voter turnout among Hindus.<ref name=":0" />

Soon enough, the elected Hindus in the council (most of whom were prominent faces of communal outfits) accused Khan of being partisan in the distribution of funds and appointments at key posts including Vice Chairman, which was traditionally allotted to the opposition.<ref name=":0" /> The claims of fund misuse and partisan appointments have since been located to be entirely unfounded; a Muslim was illegally installed as the Vice Chairman, in absence of Khan, via a conspiracy hatched by the Hindu councilors.<ref name=":0" />

Along while, there were multiple attempts to bring a no-confidence motion against Khan especially by weaponizing the nominated members, but none managed to succeed especially that he was close to Mulayam Yadav, the then-chief minister from BSP (who changed nominated members at will).<ref name=":0" /> The last such attempt was in June 1990.<ref name=":0" />

=== Property dispute ===
In around July 1990, there was a huge fracas about the fate of vacant land adjoining a mosque.<ref name=":0" />

The Hindu councilors along with local members of RSS claimed that the property belonged to a Hindu, who was settled elsewhere but failed to pay taxes.<ref name=":0" /> On notification by the municipality of pending usurpation, he did pay the dues but yet Khan had evicted him to unilaterally allot the property to a Muslim, who was supposedly planning to inaugurate a beef shop.<ref name=":0" /> A local daily, ''The Bijnor Times'', (which was promised with favors by Lal, shall he were elected) heavily aided in the amplification, so as to discredit Khan.<ref name=":0" /> The allegations were unfounded in that the municipality owned the land, since long back and there was only a single request for renting out the property, which the entire council had approved of.<ref name=":0" />

On 25 August, a group of Hindus, led by [[Bajrang Dal]], occupied the property and were soon reinforced in large numbers, as rumors spread of an impending attack by Muslims.<ref name=":0" /> After a bout of stone-pelting between the communities, local police vacated the property by force and arrested the agitating Hindus.<ref name=":0" /> An old Muslim woman was killed by a ricocheting bullet and another Muslim died in the hospital, later.<ref name=":2" /> In light of the volatile situation, the municipality temporally stalled the scheduled land-allocation, in what was conceived as a victory by the Hindus.<ref name=":0" />

=== Ram-jyotis ===
In the wake to the Babri Masjid demolition, VHP organised a cross-state tour, wherein ''karsevaks'' went about in a procession with flame-torches and sought to rekindle the Hindu spirit.<ref name=":0" /> The then BSP government chose to prohibit them from entering the town by installing a barricade over the lone entry-bridge, fearing communal disturbances.<ref name=":0" />

In response, thousands of Hindu women formed into a flash mob, stormed the bridge in active defiance of state orders, and enabled the Ram-jyotis into the town.<ref name=":0" /> This proved to be a major turning point as to the inclusion of women in physical manifestations of Hindu nationalism, and for the female-inflicted violence, that would form a major part of the Bijnor riot.<ref name=":0" />

=== Communal harmony rally ===
The relations further deteriorated when the-then chief minister [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] held one of the many 'communal-harmony rally' at Bijnor on 9 October 1990.<ref name=":0" /> Poised as an antidote to RSS-BJP processions in the wake of Ayodhya, it was widely attended by Muslims from across nearby districts.<ref name=":0" /> Incidentally, Lal was the chief organiser, whilst Khan chose to boycott it, fearing a flare-up of tensions.<ref name=":0" />

In the speech, Mulayam vowed to protect the Babri Masjid and spoke about unity between Muslim and Backward Classes against Savarna Hindus.<ref name=":2" /> The speech was perceived to be inflammatory by Hindus and widespread violence followed soon afterward.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Muslims were heckled to prevent attending the rally and their vehicles were attacked, whilst returning during night; effigies of Mulayam were burnt by a combine of BJP and ShivSena, as well.<ref name=":0" /> The district president of VHP was attacked, in what has been since alluded to an internal conspiracy for the sake of rumor-mongering, by local intelligence agencies.<ref name=":0" />

Three people (two Hindus and one Muslim) died and thirty shops were subject to loot and arson, in the aftermaths; bomb blasts were frequently heard around the town and the local marketplace was closed for four days.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Ninety-five people (sixty-five Hindus and thirty Muslims) were arrested but soon released due to continuous protests by the Hindu populace, who accused the authorities of minority appeasement.<ref name=":0" />

== Riot ==

=== Course ===

==== Build up ====
The initial destruction of Babri Masjid was planned on 30 October 1990.<ref name=":0" /> The karsevaks started to arrive by 25th and pursuant to instructions of Mulayam Yadav, were subject to mass-incarcerations; by 26th, 637 were already arrested and that local prisons were filled up, a girls' intermediate college was transformed to a temporary prison.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Securities at the latter facility were minimal and they wandered out to the town, with ease.<ref name=":0" />

Schools and colleges chose to announce indefinite closure, in light of the communally polarized environment.<ref name=":0" /> Public assemblies were banned soon afterwards.<ref name=":0" />

==== Immediate trigger ====
On 30 October, the detained karsevaks assembled at an Arya Samaj temple, in the town square with local VHP members, in anticipation of the demolition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> At around 11 a.m., a police officer reached the temple and spread misleading news, supposedly referenced from BBC, about the procession having reached Ayodhya and started with the planned destruction.<ref name=":0" /> Within an hour, a several-hundred strong victory procession made its way through a Muslim locality of the town and engaged in provocative sloganeering; the slogans were strikingly similar to those used in previous communal riots.<ref name=":0" /> Local Hindus however, rejected the claims and asserted of singing devotional songs, only.<ref name=":2" /> The administration did not choose to not pay any heed to multiple calls for action on the initial congregation, which was a violation of the imposed prohibition on public assembly or on preventing its passage through the Muslim quarters.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Amidst this volatile atmosphere, a local Muslim doctor – Mushir Ahmed – chose to keep open his dispensary.<ref name=":0" /> After the Muslims started pelting stones at the Hindu rally; Ahmed chose to shelter a few Hindu women at the forefront of the rally, who were caught in the cross-fire.<ref name=":0" /> The Hindus in the rally however suspected Ahmed of abducting those women, and he was murdered.<ref name=":0" />

This served as the immediate basis for the riot that was to follow.<ref name=":0" /> As his dead body was taken back to home, the local Muslims attacked a Hindu neighborhood of Joggis, a lower caste among Hindus, and retaliation followed soon.<ref name=":0" /> By evening, 48 were killed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=1999|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-024602-5|pages=422|language=en|chapter=The Early 1990s: How to conquer and retain power|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot}}</ref>

==== Curfew and state-complicity ====
The state responded by declaring a town-wide curfew at around 1:30 AM on 31 October and deploying [[State Armed Police Forces|Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC).<ref name=":0" />

However, they were heavily partisan and effectively allowed the Hindus, to go on a rampage looting and burning down Muslim shops whilst restricting the Muslims to their houses; PAC later claimed of being accompanied Hindu nationalists, only as to their inability to maneuver in an alien territory.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Basu notes that post the installation of a curfew, it was no longer a symmetric warfare but state-assisted and perpetrated mass-violence against Muslims, which continued unabated till 3 October.<ref name=":0" /> The-then editor of [[Dainik Jagran]] argues that the relatively one-sided violence perpetrated by Muslims in Bartwaan had de-professionalized the state-forces in entirety and raked in a communal mobocracy.<ref name=":0" />

There were numerous instances of the PAC torturing, physically violating and executing Muslims, whilst accompanied by local Hindu residents.<ref name=":0" /> Looting and arsons of Muslim houses were extensively facilitated, as well.<ref name=":0" /> 5 mosques were destroyed, per local reports.<ref name=":0" />

===== Spread =====
The riots were mostly restricted to urban Bijnor but sporadic bursts of violence were reported from some adjoining villages esp. in [[Rampur Bakli]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Agricultural equipment et al. were destroyed, in addition to torture, rape and [[summary execution]]s.<ref name=":0" />

==== Closure ====
The entire city was handed over to the Army on 3 November, who finally reined in the riot.<ref name=":2" /> Curfew timings were gradually relaxed, before being withdrawn all-together after 10 days.<ref name=":2" /> During the span, outsiders, even the local legislator were not allowed in.<ref name=":2" /> By mid-November, normalcy was restored.<ref name=":2" /> Official estimates put the death-toll at 87; unofficially, the count varied from around 200 to 300.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Engineer|first=Asghar Ali|author-link=Asghar Ali Engineer|date=1991|title=The Bloody Trail: Ramjanmabhoomi and Communal Violence in UP|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1991/4/roots-specials/bloody-trail-ramjanmabhoomi-and-communal-violence.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=26|issue=4|pages=155–159|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4397237|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Local media coverage ===
The local media (esp. ''Bijnor Times'') were actively complicit in contributing to the proliferation of rumors and sustaining the riot, via mis-reporting and partisan editorializing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> There was extensive pro-Hindu bias and the reporting during riots, were essentially [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

''Bijnor Times'' initially blamed the Muslims for stone-pelting on a peaceful procession by Hindus, and deemed the riots to be pre-planned by the local Muslim populace.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> It soon changed its narrative and alleged that outsiders had instigated the riots; this was also readily accepted by the local administration.<ref name=":2" /> The paper also inflated the death toll, on the side of Hindus and alleged police appeasement towards the Muslims.<ref name=":0" />

== Aftermath ==
The entire administration was subject to a complete overhaul, soon.<ref name=":0" /> Pro-active policing was relied upon along with peace-building measures, to prevent any recurrence.<ref name=":0" /> The town has not been witness to any riot, since.<ref name=":2" />

The next elections for state as well as national legislature were won by BJP with percentage-totals of 53 and 47 respectively.<ref name=":2" />

== Analysis ==
The riot has been deemed to be the most destructive riot in the wake of concurrent Hindu nationalist campaigns.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Jeffery argues that the riots primarily arose from pre-existing negative stereotyping of Muslims by the Hindu populace which reached a tipping point around November 1990, guided by the broader political sentiments of militant Hindu mobilization under BJP and aggressive responses by the BSP government in state; once the riots started there was a cycle of retaliation, further confirmation of prejudices and further retaliation, effectively leading to an unchecked cycle of positive feedback.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Jeffery failed to locate any standing in the economic sphere, though.<ref name=":2" />

He noted that local explanations varied from claiming of the riot being organised and perpetuated in entirety by outsiders to blaming the local Muslims and Khan.<ref name=":2" /> All the sides commonly blamed the state machinery for adding to the riots, though.<ref name=":2" /> Some gave justifications based on intersection of caste and religion, as well.<ref name=":2" /> Jeffery did note that a combination of all these factors, contributed to the riots, as well.<ref name=":2" />

Basu, however, argues that the causes ought be located in the intersection of social, political as well economic planes.<ref name=":0" />

Almost all the Hindus interviewed by Basu, in the aftermath of the riots, squarely blamed Khan, for communalizing the regional politics and even instigating the riots, contrary to all available evidence.<ref name=":0" /> The political need of the Hindus to exert themselves in the local municipal council and thus, gain greater control over economy, aided in the manifestation of the riot.<ref name=":0" /> Khan's success in forging a Muslim+Lower-caste electoral base under BSP's aegis and transgression of rigid social boundaries, also hampered the social goal of BJP to subsume all Hindus under the fold of [[Hindutva]], thus hampering larger political prospects in the region.<ref name=":0" /> This was since reflected in BJP playing integral roles in building up the volatile atmosphere up till the riots.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijnor riots, 1990}}
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1990 mass murders]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim riots in India]]
[[Category:1990s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1990 murders in India]]
[[Category:1990 riots]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Murder in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:October 1990 in India]]
[[Category:Electoral violence in India]]
[[Category:Sexual violence at riots and crowd disturbances]]
[[Category:State-sponsored terrorism]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Fake news in India]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in India]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1990]]
[[Category:Attacks on mosques in India]]
[[Category:Hindu terrorist incidents]]
[[Category:Bijnor]]
[[Category:Attacks on mosques in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Rape in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents against Muslims in the 1990s]]

1990 Bijnor riot - Revision history

ArnoldBAp at 23:20, 23 April 2026