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{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 21 July conflict
| subtitle =
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 21 July 1993
| place = [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]], Kolkata, West Bengal, [[India]]
| coordinates =
| causes =
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| side1 = [[Government of West Bengal]]
*[[Kolkata Police|Calcutta Police]]
[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
*[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| side2 = [[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Indian Youth Congress]]
| leadfigures1 = [[Jyoti Basu]] (Chief Minister of West Bengal)<br>[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
| leadfigures2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]] (Leader)
| howmany1 =
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| casualties1 = None
| casualties2 = 13 deaths
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| arrests =
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}}
'''1993 Kolkata Firing''' was an incident of firing by [[Kolkata Police|Calcutta Police]] in 1993 on [[Indian National Congress]] workers. The State Youth Congress led by [[Mamata Banerjee]] had organised a [[protest march]] to [[Writers Building]] on 21 July 1993 against the then Communist government of the state, demanding photo voter identity cards be made mandatory to ensure fair elections. The Police fired on the protesters killing 13 people and injuring many others.

The [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] on assuming power in 2011 constituted one-man commission of Justice (retired) Sushanto Chattopadhyay, a former Chief Justice of [[Orissa High Court]] to investigate the incident.<ref name=head/>

==The Incident==
The communist [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] had won the previous 1991 [[Elections in West Bengal|state elections in West Bengal]] with a large mandate, however the opposition parties had alleged [[electoral fraud]].<ref name=head/>

The incident took place on 21 July 1993, when Mamata Banerjee, then state President of [[Indian Youth Congress]], the youth wing of the [[Indian National Congress]] in West Bengal, organised a protest march to [[Writers' Building]], the seat of then communist-led [[Government of West Bengal]]. They demanded voter photo-ID cards be made mandatory to ensure free and fair polling. However, around 11 AM, one kilometre before the building, they were intervened by the state police, near [[Metro Cinema (Kolkata)|Metro cinema]] on Mayo Road and Dorina Road crossing at [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]. The police fired at them, resulting in the death of 13 people and several injuries.<ref name=today>{{cite web| title = Former West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee defends firing at 1993 Cong rally that killed 13|publisher=India Today | url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-west-bengal-chief-minister-india/1/345805.html |date=27 February 2014|access-date = 28 February 2014 }}</ref>

According to Tushar Talukdar, city [[police commissioner]] at the time, in anticipation of the protest march, police contingents were deployed near Writers' Building and [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhavan]] (Governor's residence). Also a Prohibitory Order under [[Section 144]] of [[CrPC]] was enforced beyond Mayo Road crossing. The group led by Mamata Banerjee was stopped near the Tea Board office on B.T.M. Sarani (Brabourne Road), while another group near Mayo Road crossing allegedly went out of control.<ref name=tele09>{{cite web| title = What happened on July 21, 1993|publisher=The Telegraph | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090722/jsp/calcutta/story_11266137.jsp |date= 22 July 2009| access-date = 28 February 2014 }}</ref>

At the press conference after the incident, Talukdar had claimed that he was unaware of the firing.<ref name=tele09/> When questioned by journalists, regarding why a junior officer had apparently ordered the firing without his consent, and why the cops violating the set norms, chose to fire at the torso of protestors instead of the legs, Talukdar said the police "will inquire into it".<ref name=tele09/>

==Aftermath==
Union Home Minister [[Shankarrao Chavan|S. B. Chavan]], who had rushed to Calcutta after the incident, advised the state Government to order a judicial probe into the incident. However, no probe was ordered by the Chief Minister, [[Jyoti Basu]], who supported the police actions saying they had "done a good job" in preventing the alleged attempted siege of the Writers' Building.<ref name=today1993>{{cite web | title = Tushar Talukdar become one of the most controversial police commissioners of Calcutta|publisher=India Today | url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tushar-talukdar-become-one-of-the-most-controversial-police-commissioners-of-calcutta/1/302829.html |author=Soutik Biswas|date= 31 August 1993|access-date = 28 February 2014 }}</ref><ref name=thehindu>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/1993-kolkata-police-firing-worse-than-jalianwallah-bagh/article10963265.ece|title=Report on Kolkata firing may spark a fresh row|first=Suvojit|last=Bagchi|date=29 December 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

An executive inquiry was subsequently undertaken; Kanwaljit Singh, then joint CP in charge of Writers' Building carried out the executive inquiry for Dorina Crossing events, while D. C. Vajpai investigated the Mayo Road events. 21 years later these officials informed an inquiry commission that reports files have been missing both from the Kolkata police headquarters at [[Lalbazar]] and the state secretariat at Writers' Building.<ref name=toi/>

==Legacy==
The firing incident was a turning point in the political career of Mamata Banerjee, who was also injured in the incident. She already was a rising figure in the state politics, but now had public sympathy as well. In the coming years, the 21 July anniversary of the incident has become the largest yearly public rally of the party and Banerjee amassed a huge youth following to become an important opposition leader. She formed [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in 1997, which formed state government in 2011.<ref name="Bose2013">{{cite book|author=Sumantra Bose|title=Transforming India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|date=16 September 2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72819-6|pages=144–}}</ref><ref name="Gupta">{{cite book|author=Monobina Gupta|title=Didi: A Political Biography|date=18 January 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcfjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5116-044-1|pages=20–}}</ref>

Today, both the Congress and the Trinamool Congress continue to observe 21 July as a "Martyrs' Day" in [[West Bengal]]. The Trinamool Congress organises the annual [[21 July Martyr's Day Rally]] at [[Esplanade More]] (Dharmatala) in Kolkata.<ref name=head>{{cite web | title = Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee summoned by commission probing 1993 police firing | url = http://headlinesindia.mapsofindia.com/social-interest-news/leaders/buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-summoned-by-commission-probing-1993-police-firing-154555.html | publisher = Headlines India | date = 1 February 2014 | access-date = 28 February 2014 | archive-date = 27 February 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032634/http://headlinesindia.mapsofindia.com/social-interest-news/leaders/buddhadeb-bhattacharjee-summoned-by-commission-probing-1993-police-firing-154555.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = 1993 Kolkata firing justified|publisher=The Pioneer | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/1993-kolkata-firing-justified.html |date=27 February 2014 |author= Saugar Sengupta| access-date = 28 February 2014 }}</ref>

==2011 Inquiry==
Mamata Banerjee eventually became the Chief Minister of West Bengal in 2011, and in May 2011, the state government formed a judicial commission, headed by Sushanto Chattopadhyay, a former Chief Justice of [[Orissa High Court]], to inquire into the police firing. Most of the politicians of the time deposed statements with the commission, including [[Biman Bose]], state chief of the West Bengal [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]],<ref name=head/> and [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]], former West Bengal chief minister, who was then [[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|Information and Cultural Affairs minister]] in the Jyoti Basu-led state [[Government of West Bengal]] and also in charge of the [[Kolkata Police|Calcutta Police]]. In his 50-minute deposition on 26 February 2014, Bhattacharjee justified the firing and also stated, "At that time, in principle I did not feel the need for judicial inquiry and I still stick to my views."<ref name=today/><ref>{{cite web | title = Buddhadeb justifies 1993 police firing on Youth Cong. Workers |publisher= Business Standard | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/buddhadeb-justifies-1993-police-firing-on-youth-cong-workers-114022600698_1.html|date=26 February 2014| access-date = 28 February 2014 }}</ref>

Also in the month of February 2014, five former police officers of the period were summoned twice in front on the panel. This included, Tushar Talukdar (then police commissioner), D C Vajpai (then additional CP), R K Johry (former joint CP), N K Singh (former DC-south) and Kanwaljit Singh (then joint CP in charge of Writers). The home secretary during 1993, [[Manish Gupta (politician)|Manish Gupta]], who is now power minister in ruling state cabinet, in his deposition stated that he was against police firing.<ref name=toi>{{cite web| title = July 21 probe panel won't summon Mamata Banerjee | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/July-21-probe-panel-wont-summon-Mamata-Banerjee/articleshow/29920083.cms |author=Debashis Konar|date= 6 February 2014|access-date = 28 February 2014 | work = The Times of India}}</ref> On 20 February, on a petition filed by three retired IPS officers, Dinesh Vajpai, RK Juhuri and Nawal Kishore Singh challenging a notice served to them by the commission. On 28 January, the [[Calcutta High Court]] stayed the notice. This was in accordance of its previous 2011 judgement that "the commission may summon the three former IPS officers after completing the deposition of all other witnesses". Final verdict is however awaited.<ref>{{cite web | title = HC stays former cops' deposition| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/HC-stays-former-cops-deposition/articleshow/30699206.cms |date= 20 February 2014| access-date = 28 February 2014 | work = The Times of India}}</ref>

To date, the panel has heard 350 witnesses, and is expected to submit its report by April 2014. As the victims were from lower-middle-class families and did not have any criminal record, their families are expected to receive monetary compensation.<ref name=toi/> During the 2014 inquiry, Justice (retired) Sushanta Chatterjee, former Chief Justice of the Orissa High Court described the police response as “unprovoked and unconstitutional”. “The commission has come to the conclusion that the case is even worse than Jallianwala Bagh massacre,” said Justice Chatterjee.<ref name=thehindu/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/looking-back-at-july-21-1993/articleshow/8310909.cms|title=Looking back at July 21, 1993|website=Times of India|date=14 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/what-happened-on-july-21-1993/|title=What had happened on July 21 1993 at Writers’ building in West Bengal?|date=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/what-happened-on-july-21-1993/cid/1266400|title=What happened on July 21, 1993|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/why-bengal-can-never-forget-21-july-5597|title=Why Bengal can never forget 21 July|website=www.millenniumpost.in|date=21 July 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of cases of police brutality in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{#seo:
|keywords=1990s in Kolkata, 1993 in India, 1990s in West Bengal, Disasters in West Bengal, Police misconduct in India, Indian Youth Congress, Politics of West Bengal, History of the Indian National Congress, All India Trinamool Congress, Police brutality in India, Politics of Kolkata, July 1993 events in Asia
|description=
}}

[[Category:1990s in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1993 in India]]
[[Category:1990s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Disasters in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Indian Youth Congress]]
[[Category:Politics of West Bengal]]
[[Category:History of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:All India Trinamool Congress]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata]]
[[Category:July 1993 events in Asia]]

1993 Kolkata firing - Revision history

MetaBOT at 15:38, 8 July 2023