Ajay Kumar at 18:32, 23 July 2023

2023-07-23T18:32:48Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{short description|Anti-Dalit Violence in Kalapatti, Tamil Nadu}}
{{Violence against Dalits in Tamil Nadu}}
The '''2004 Kalapatti violence''' refers to the violence against [[Dalit|Dalits]] by dominant-caste villagers in the village of [[Kalapatti]], [[Tamil Nadu]] on 16 May 2004. About 100 Dalit houses have been burned down by a mob of 200 villagers and Dalits who attempted to escape were attacked. The attacks lasted for 2 hours and 14 people were seriously injured in the violence including a man's arm reportedly hacked off.

Tensions reportedly started after Dalits in the village boycotted the [[2004 Lok Sabha election]] as a protest because some of their grievances remained unattended. This is said to have angered the dominant caste villagers and also the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) workers when the dalits remained unconcerned during the BJP general secretary's visit to the village. Other incidents include an attack against a Dalit youth who was pasting posters to celebrate [[Dr. Ambedkar]]'s birthday and an altercation between Dalit youths and the dominant-caste men in an auto-rickshaw.

The attacks started after the loss of BJP's state general secretary in the polls. The [[United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|United states Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] reported that the attackers blamed the loss of their candidate on the Dalits. [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]], leaders of political parties [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] blamed the BJP for the violence.<ref name="thehinduIAR" />

== Background ==
The village of Kalapatti is situated in the district of Coimbatore, the village comprised 2,000 families of the [[Gounder]] caste, the politically and economically powerful caste in the village. The Dalit settlement comprised 250 families belonging to the [[Arunthathiyar]] caste.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=15 June 2004|title=India: India: 200 upper caste members attack a Dalit locality in South India and burn 100 houses / June 15, 2004 / Urgent Interventions / ESCR / OMCT|url=https://www.omct.org/escr/urgent-interventions/india/2004/06/d2387/|website=World Organisation Against Torture|access-date=19 June 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022235056/https://www.omct.org/escr/urgent-interventions/india/2004/06/d2387/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NIE1">{{Cite news|date=22 March 2009|title=Can we really say no to polls?|page=1|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/mar/22/can-we-really-say-no-to-polls-34918.html}}</ref>

=== Caste discrimination ===
The [[World Organisation Against Torture]] reported the members of the Dalit community in the village were not allowed to walk in the streets belonging to the dominant caste members, not allowed entry inside the village Mariamman temple and were not allowed to walk in the streets talking among themselves. Casteist slurs and intimidation were often used against the Dalits and they were forced to lower their heads in public to punctuate their lower status. Dalit women were often subjected to sexual assaults and harassment. Dalits also had to use separate glasses in tea shops.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Attack on Dalits settlement in the Kalapatti Village, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu by upper caste - Report by the fact finding team of Asian Human Rights Commission|url=http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/pdf/kalapatti-fact-findings.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=200 upper caste members attack a Dalit locality in South India and burn 100 houses: Police fail to offer protection and subsequently try to suppress evidence|url=https://www.omct.org/files/2004/06/2387/obs_india_fe_150604_escr_eng.pdf|website=OMCT}}</ref><ref name="thehinduIAR">{{Cite web|last=VISWANATHAN|first=S.|date=2 July 2004|title=Intolerance and resistance|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30223229.ece/amp/|website=Frontline - The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

=== Election boycott ===
During the [[2004 Indian general election]], the Dalits in the village announced that they would boycott the elections as a protest because many of their problems remained unconsidered. One of their key demands of the Dalit community is their entry into the common village temple which had been opposed by caste-Hindus for years.<ref name="NIE1" /> Nothing could be done about it by the State Government or Sangh Parivar, which exerted significant influence over the Dalits in the region. However, the Dalits were resistant on their resolution to boycott the polls. It is reported that when the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s state president visited the village, the Dalits remained unconcerned which angered the BJP cadres. The local dominant caste members were also opposed to the boycott decision of the Dalit community. The BJP candidate [[C. P. Radhakrishnan|C.P Radhakrishnan]] lost the polls to K Subbarayan of the [[Communist Party of India|Communist party of India]]. [[K. Subbarayan]] who also belong to the dominant Gounder caste didn’t come to the village to campaign or give a hearing to the villagers’ grievances.<ref name="thehinduIAR" /><ref name="NIE1" />

=== Incidents preceding the violence ===
A Dalit youth was attacked on 14 May by some men from the Gounder caste when he was pasting posters to celebrate the birthday of [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]. On 15 May, a group of Dalit youth who traveled with a group of Gounder men in an [[auto rickshaw]] were allegedly verbally abused them in derogatory words because the Dalit youth were enjoying themselves in front of the dominant caste men and slapped one of them after getting out of the rickshaw. The Dalit youth who went to the [[Kovilpalayam]] Police to complaint about the incident but the police men took no action and allegedly told the youth to leave out statements mentioning the use of derogatory language by the attackers but when the Dalit youth included everything in the complaint, the police did not register the complaint.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Although, this incident was believed to be the immediate cause for the assault, the underlying cause is assumed to be the growing fear of the development of Dalits in the village due to the active position played by certain Dalit organisations.<ref name="thehinduIAR" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2006|title=Victims, still|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30212051.ece|website=Frontline - The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

== Attacks ==
The attack occurred on 16 May 2004 within the fortnight of the elections in the Dalit localities of New Colony and Shastri Nagar in the Kalapatti village by 200 Gounder -caste villagers, armed with swords, iron rods and other weapons. They ransacked about 100 homes and damaged the household items and television sets. When the Dalits ran for their safety, they were attacked with sickles, iron rods, long sticks and knives. The attacks lasted for two hours and 14 people including a 75 year old man were seriously injured and were hospitalized. Several women were allegedly sexually assaulted and the attackers used derogatory language against them during the attacks.<ref name="thehinduIAR" /> The attackers also set fire to cattle sheds, bikes and the Dalit temples, a man's hand was cut off during the attack.<ref name="NIE1" /> It is reported that 100 homes were completely burned and were razed to the ground, some of the attackers molested the Dalit women and also looted jewelry and money from the houses.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=((Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa))|date=13 December 2005|title=India: Castes for Tamils living in the State of Tamil Nadu; whether Tamils belong to a specific caste; whether they are related to the untouchables (Harijans or Dalits); whether they face any problems with other castes or with the authorities because they belong to a particular caste (2003 - December 2005)|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/440ed70c29.html|website=RefWorld - [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]|publisher=Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 May 2004|title=INDIA: Brutal attack on Dalits settlement in the Kalapatti Village, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu by upper caste|url=http://www.humanrights.asia/news/forwarded-news/FA-14-2004/|website=Asian Human Rights Commission|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hidden Apartheid: Caste Discrimination against India's "Untouchables": VIII. Article 5: Eliminate caste-based discrimination in the enjoyment of Fundamental Rights|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/india0207/9.htm|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>{{Sfn|HRW|2007|p=68}}{{Sfn|Sadangi|2008|p=212}}<ref name=":2" />

As per the 2005 annual report of [[United Nations special rapporteur]] on Racism, the dominant caste villagers forced the Dalits to the ground and stomped on them using derogatory caste terms against them. The [[Sari|saris]] of the Dalit women were stripped off. In other cases, an 8-month-old infant was thrown against a wall, a 75-year-old man was assaulted, and a middle-aged woman was struck in her head while she attempted to defend her son. Almost 100 homes were burned down and cattle belonging to the Dalits were also killed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 2005|title=United Nations Commission on Human Rights - Report by the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance|url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G05/111/72/PDF/G0511172.pdf?OpenElement|website=Human Rights Documents}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Documents|url=https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/alldocs.aspx?doc_id=10740|access-date=2020-06-21|website=ap.ohchr.org}}</ref>{{Sfn|HRW|2007|p=59}}

The offices of the Adhi Thamizhar Viduthalai Munnani were among the places attacked. A photo of the B.R. Ambedkar is reported to have been burned down. University and [[Secondary School Certificate|School certificates]] and land pattas have been burnt according to the reports of a number of fact-finding committees, such as the People's Watch-Tamil Nadu, the Tamil Nadu Division of the People's Congress for Civil Liberties and the Dalit Human Rights Monitoring. As per the reports of these teams, the attackers had not even spared the cattle belonging to the Dalit people.<ref name="thehinduIAR" />

Many Dalits of the village of Kalapatti escaped to neighboring villages out of fear. The Government allotted ₹ 20 lakh for relief work to the Dalits, but only ₹ 2,42,000 was granted as immediate remuneration. Despite this, there were reports that the Dalits have been forced by the police to conceal the burning items and are trying to mitigate the extent of the atrocities.<ref name=":0" />

== Arrests ==
The cops detained 54 people and filed cases on them under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Act on Atrocities and Indian Penal Code. The research teams, argued that the police appeared on the scene only after 2.5 hours after the attack, while the closest police station is inside 7 kilo-meters of the village but some Dalit youths had made complaints to the police when the mob was on the attack.<ref name="thehinduIAR" />

== Investigations ==
The [[United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|United states Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] published that the dominant caste members blamed the Dalits for the loss of their candidate and reportedly committed the violence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=28 February 2005|title=India - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41740.htm|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>{{Sfn|CRHRP|2004|p=2107}}

The local villagers alleged that C.P Radhakrishnan, the then general secretary of the BJP threatened to "deal with them later" for boycotting the elections.<ref name="NIE1" /> Dalit leader, [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]], who visited the village after the violence, accused the Bharatiya Janata Party for the violence. The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and Communist Party of India (CPI) members also accused the BJP and called for the arrest of all those implicated in the crime and the payment of compensations to those affected in the attacks.<ref name="thehinduIAR" />

[[Hindutva]] factions have been using Arunthathiyar youngsters to commit violent activities in and outside of Coimbatore until the attacks. Dalit leaders said the tragedy only demonstrates that the [[Sangh Parivar]], which is evidently continuing to lose its grip on the Arunthathiyars, as indicated by the choice of the Dalits to boycott the polls in which the BJP tried to preserve its seat.<ref name="thehinduIAR" />

== See also ==
* [[2018 Ambalapattu violence]]
* [[1997 Melavalavu massacre]]
* [[2012 Dharmapuri violence]]
* [[2019 Ponparappi violence]]
* [[2015 Seshasamudram violence]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book|last=HRW|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGlz5WfMcjsC|title=Hidden Apartheid Caste Discrimination against India's "Untouchables"|date=2007|publisher=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=CRHRP|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHlLsZbwQiAC|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|date=2004|publisher=[[Michigan State University]]|location=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sadangi|first=Himansu Charan|title=Dalit : the downtrodden of India|date=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=81-8205-439-7|location=Delhi|oclc=244768679}}

[[Category:Dalit]]
[[Category:Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Violence against Dalits in Tamil Nadu]]

2004 Kalapatti violence - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 18:32, 23 July 2023