DemetriaMunro at 11:47, 8 January 2026

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{{Short description|Natural disaster in India}}
{{Infobox weather event
|image location =
|image name =
|name = 2008 Indian flood
}}{{Infobox weather event/History
|duration = 3 July 2008 - September 2008
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
|damages =
|fatalities = 2400+
|displaced = 350,000+
|affected =[[Assam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/After_Bihar_floods_wreak_havoc_in_Assam/articleshow/3435099.cms|title=After Bihar, floods wreak havoc in Assam|date=2 September 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-09-02}}</ref> [[Bihar]] [[Maharashtra]] [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[West Bengal]] [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer}}

The '''2008 Indian floods''' were a series of floods in various states of [[India]] during the 2008 [[monsoon]] season. The floods mostly affected the western regions of [[Maharashtra]] state and [[Andhra Pradesh]] as well as northern [[Bihar]]. In India, the monsoon season generally lasts from June to September.<ref name=" India monsoon rains kill dozens">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7552826.stm|title= India monsoon rains kill dozens|date= 10 August 2008|publisher=BBC |access-date=2008-08-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080811005829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7552826.stm| archive-date= 11 August 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

According to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]'s disaster management unit, the countrywide death toll from floods in various states was 2,404 between June and September.<ref name="Flooding deaths now 2,400 in monsoon-hit India">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/23/india.floods/index.html?eref=edition_asia|title=Flooding deaths now 2,400 in monsoon-hit India|first=Harmeet |last=Shah Singh|date=September 23, 2008|publisher=CNN|access-date=2008-09-24}}</ref>

== Early monsoon ==
Earlier, during the start of the monsoon season, [[West Bengal]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] were hit with heavy rains, creating a flood-like situation in the two states. The monsoon killed 100 people, mostly in the country's east and north-east.<ref name=" India monsoon rains kill dozens" /> In Andhra Pradesh alone, 42 people died in a matter of two days because of sudden, heavy rains.<ref name="42 die in Andhra, Mumbai hit due to rains">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080060971&ch=8/11/2008%2010:14:00%20AM|title=42 die in Andhra, Mumbai hit due to rains|date=11 August 2008 |publisher=NDTV|accessdate=2008-08-11}}</ref>

== August flooding ==
In August, the [[Konkan]] region of [[Maharashtra]] experienced heavy monsoon rains, placing lives in jeopardy. Many inter-city trains between [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]] were cancelled. Heavy waterlogging had been reported from [[Chiplun]], [[Rajapur, Maharashtra|Rajapur]], [[Khed, Ratnagiri|Khed]] and [[Mahad]] in Maharashtra. On 10 August 2008, a major [[landslide]] caused extensive damage to a three-story building at the Sinhgad Technical Education Society's (STES) academic campus in [[Lonavala]].<ref name="Incessant rains disrupt Pune-Mumbai traffic">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-11/pune/27941398_1_pune-lonavla-incessant-rains-pune-and-mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143431/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-11/pune/27941398_1_pune-lonavla-incessant-rains-pune-and-mumbai|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Incessant rains disrupt Pune-Mumbai traffic|date=11 August 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2008-08-11}}</ref> A large number of passengers were reportedly stranded at various railway stations across western Maharashtra as [[Central Railways]] canceled many trains. Vehicular traffic on the [[Mumbai-Pune expressway]] was also affected due to heavy rainfall and was diverted.<ref name="Heavy rains lash Pune; rail, road traffic affected">{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14737559|title=Heavy rains lash Pune; rail, road traffic affected|date= 10 August 2008|work=[[Sify]]|accessdate=2008-08-11| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080920134135/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14737559| archivedate= 20 September 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

In [[Mumbai]], heavy rains lashed the city and its suburbs, affecting [[traffic]] and disrupting rail services on the days of 10–11 August.<ref name="Heavy rains continue to lash Mumbai">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-11/mumbai/27944902_1_heavy-rains-danger-mark-mumbai-international-airport-limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143436/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-11/mumbai/27944902_1_heavy-rains-danger-mark-mumbai-international-airport-limited|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Heavy rains continue to lash Mumbai|date=11 August 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2008-08-11}}</ref>

In Andhra Pradesh 119 relief camps were set up in the state, most of them in the [[Guntur]] and [[Krishna district]]s. [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], Krishna district, and the East and West Godavari districts were the worst affected areas due to floods. The situation in Andhra Pradesh was more deadly as 53 people reportedly died due to floods.<ref name="Rains wreak havoc in Maharashtra, Andhra">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/rains-wreak-havoc-in-maharashtra-andhra---cj-pics/70786-3.html?from=rssfeed|title=Rains wreak havoc in Maharashtra, Andhra|date=August 10, 2008 |publisher=CNN IBN|accessdate=2008-08-11| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080818175345/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/rains-wreak-havoc-in-maharashtra-andhra---cj-pics/70786-3.html?from=rssfeed| archivedate= 18 August 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> In Hyderabad alone 14 people were killed, when they were crushed by the collapsing roofs of their homes.<ref name=" India monsoon rains kill dozens" />

=== Bihar ===
{{main|2008 Bihar flood}}
[[File:2008 Bihar floods.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Kosi river flood was the worst hit flood of India in 2008]]

The nexus of the Bihar flood is the [[Kosi River]]'s immense [[alluvial fan]], extending some 185 km from the river's exit from the [[Himalayas]] and [[Mahabharat Lekh|foothills]] in [[Geography of Nepal|Nepal]], down to its confluence with the [[Ganges]] in [[Bihar]]. The laws of geology and physics cause rivers to course back and forth across such fans in ephemeral channels lasting decades at most, but for flood control reasons man-made embankments endeavored to contain the Koshi within a channel along its fan's western edge. On 18 August, heavy monsoon rains caused the river to break out of this channel. It started flowing through an old channel much further east, inundating cropland and towns and villages with 1.2 million inhabitants, mostly in Bihar.

[[Chief Minister of Bihar]] [[Nitish Kumar]] met India Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] to seek his help in dealing with the "catastrophe".<ref name="Bihar flood 'catastrophe'; CM seeks Govt's help">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/bihar-flood-catastrophe-cm-seeks-govts-help/72143-3.html?from=rssfeed|title=Bihar flood 'catastrophe'; CM seeks Govt's help|date=2008-08-26|publisher=CNN IBN|accessdate=2008-08-26| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080901201418/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/bihar-flood-catastrophe-cm-seeks-govts-help/72143-3.html?from=rssfeed| archivedate= 1 September 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=" Flood devastation in Bihar state">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7580587.stm|title= Flood devastation in Bihar state|first=Amarnath |last=Tewary |date=25 August 2008|publisher=BBC|access-date=2008-08-26| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080826081331/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7580587.stm| archive-date= 26 August 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> The worst affected districts included [[Supaul]], [[Madhepura]], north [[Bhagalpur]], [[Araria]], [[Purnia]] (all by the Kosi) and [[West Champaran]] (by Gandak). Relief work was carried with [[Indian Air Force]] [[helicopters]] dropping relief materials in the worst hit districts.<ref name="Bihar flood 'catastrophe'; CM seeks Govt's help" />

The district magistrate of [[Madhepura]] has ordered the inhabitants of the town of Madhepura to evacuate because the water level continued to rise. Relief work was carried with [[Indian Air Force]] [[helicopters]] dropping relief materials (including 600 food packets per day) from Purnia in the worst hit districts where nearly two million persons were entrapped.<ref name="Bihar flood 'catastrophe'; CM seeks Govt's help" />
It is not possible to assess the magnitude of deaths or destruction, because the affected areas are totally inaccessible. Even [[mobile phone]]s had stopped working, because entrapped persons cannot get their batteries charged. 150 persons were washed away in a single incident (Dainik Hindustan, Darbhanga edition). Another report says 42 people have died in the flood in Bihar.<ref name="Koshi wreaks havoc in Bihar, claims 42 lives">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080062979&ch=8/26/2008%2012:36:00%20PM |title=Koshi wreaks havoc in Bihar, claims 42 lives |date=26 August 2008 |work=Press Trust of India |publisher=NDTV |accessdate=2008-08-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903101153/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080062979&ch=8%2F26%2F2008%2012%3A36%3A00%20PM |archivedate=3 September 2008 }}</ref>

The [[Government of Bihar]] has constituted a technical committee, headed by retired engineer-in-chief of the water resource department, [[Nilendu Sanyal]], to manage the restoration work and closure of the breach in the East Koshi afflux embankment.<ref name="Koshi wreaks havoc in Bihar, claims 42 lives" /> Indian authorities were working to prevent further widening of the breach and channels would be dug to direct the water back to the main river bed.<ref name="Bihar floods: 47 die; thousands marooned">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-26/india/27919675_1_kosi-river-kosi-embankment-relief-camps|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022024118/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-26/india/27919675_1_kosi-river-kosi-embankment-relief-camps|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2012|title=Bihar floods: 47 die; thousands marooned|date=26 August 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> However, Dainik Hindustan (Darbhanga edition) reported on Aug 28 that Indian officials were chased away by anti-social elements from the breach site in Nepal. Nepal's Defence Minister has made a statement that Nepal will repair the breach on its own, although it was not made clear when this work will be started.

Dainik Hindustan (Darbhanga edition) later sent its reporter to the site of the Kushaha breach, who reported with photographs on Sep 5 that all earlier claims by government officials of repairing the breach and of Nepalis chasing away Indian officials were utterly false reports by Indian officials, because there were thick forests on the embankment and it was not possible to reach the site before the end of August. Forest on the embankment proves that these parts of Kosi embankments were not even visited for decades. Its maintenance was the responsibility of Indian, especially Bihar's officials. The life of these embankments elapsed over two decades ago, but no effort was taken to even survey their conditions, although the Bihar government spends huge sums on the maintenance of embankments each year.

A high-level [[Government of Nepal]] team that inspected areas devastated by the flood in the [[Koshi River]] has held India responsible for the havoc. Media reports stated ''The devastation took place as the Indian side did not carry out repair and maintenance work on the Kosi barrage and the embankment along the river, thereby violating the Nepal-India Koshi agreement''. As per the bilateral agreement of 1954<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/regionaldocs/kosi-river1.html |title=International Water Law Project - Agreement Between the Government of India and the Government of Nepal on the Kosi Project |publisher=Internationalwaterlaw.org |accessdate=2008-09-08|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701073906/http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/regionaldocs/kosi-river1.html |archivedate = July 1, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/regionaldocs/kosi-river2.html |title=International Water Law Project - Amended Agreement Between Nepal and India Concerning the Kosi Project |publisher=Internationalwaterlaw.org |accessdate=2008-09-08|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080922185953/http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/regionaldocs/kosi-river2.html |archivedate = September 22, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> India is entirely responsible for repair and maintenance work and operation of the barrage.<ref name="Nepal held India responsible for flood in Kosi">{{cite news|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/World/20080823/1034796.html|title=Nepal held India responsible for flood in Kosi|last=Sabtu|date=23 August 2008|publisher=WebIndia123|accessdate=2014-11-30| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080916194833/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/World/20080823/1034796.html| archivedate= 16 September 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> There was no effort by Indian officials to repair the breach in time, although the Kosi took 15 days to make the breach.

On the other hand, Indian engineers say that anti-social elements in Nepal did not allow them to repair the embankment (Dainik Hindustan, Darbhanga edition, Aug 28). These so-called "anti-social" elements are the victims of the Kosi embankments who have been forced to bear tsunami-like floods every year;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infochangeindia.org/200501156863/Disasters/Related-Features/Abandoned-victims-of-the-Kosi-embankments.html |title=InfoChange India News - Abandoned victims of the Kosi embankments |publisher=Infochangeindia.org |author=Dinesh Kumar Mishra |accessdate=2008-09-08|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917033534/http://infochangeindia.org/200501156863/Disasters/Related-Features/Abandoned-victims-of-the-Kosi-embankments.html |archivedate = September 17, 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref> they are happy that the river wants to change its course. Kosi embankments are designed to contain the Kosi in the channel of the Tilyuga River, while the old course of the Kosi lies far to the east in Purnia district. Later, Dainik Hindustan reported on Sep 5 that Indian officials could not reach the site of breach as there were forests on the embankment which were cleared in early September, hence Indian officials were lying about being prevented to repair the breach: they had not visited the site for decades due to forests in the way.
{{External media|video1=[http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/72143/bihar-flood-catastrophe-cm-seeks-govts-help.html News report on Koshi River flooding]}}
''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that it is the worst flood in the area in 50 years, prompting [[Manmohan Singh]] to declare a “national calamity” on 28 August. The government earmarked US$230 million in aid for the region.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/world/asia/30india.html?ref=world nytimes.com, Floods in India May Displace Millions]</ref> The Indian Army, [[National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)]] and non-governmental organizations<ref>[http://blogs.mybandra.com/2008/09/08/bihar-floods-update/ Update from Medha Patkar of Narmada Bachao on Flood Relief and Donations]</ref> operated the biggest flood rescue operation in India in more than 50 years. Death tolls rose from Indian floods as more than 65 people had been killed in monsoon rains.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080907072502/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/29/2350609.htm?section=justin abc.net.au, Death toll rises from Indian floods]</ref> Villagers ate raw rice and flour mixed with polluted water in [[Bihar]], amid hunger and diseases. [[Supaul]] district was the worst-hit by floods and surging waters swamped {{convert|1000|km2|acre}} of farmlands, destroying wheat and paddy crops.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080901203453/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-35231420080829?sp=true reuters.com, Bihar villagers desperate as floods spread]</ref>
<gallery>
Image:The Kosi, August 8, 2008.jpg|The Kosi before it flooded in August 2008
Image:The Kosi, August 24, 2008.jpg|The Kosi during the August 2008 flood
</gallery>

== September flooding ==
In September, even as the Bihar floods had not receded completely, the north-eastern state of [[Assam]] faced floods with rising waters from the [[Brahmaputra River]]. [[Kaziranga National Park]], which has the highest density of [[Rhinoceros|rhinos]] in the world, was 90% submerged in water. Also, [[Pobitra national park]] in Assam was flooded. Two rhinos have died in these floods. A tiger has killed one rhino calf. In addition, four deer and one elephant have also failed to survive.
The flood situation has affected estimated 2.1 million people and caused 24 deaths so far. Worst affected districts are [[Dhubri]], [[Jorhat]], [[Kamrup Rural district|Kamrup]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Dhemaji]] and [[Morigaon]]. Thousands of people are staying in makeshift shelters with the government providing food and other essentials to the displaced people, besides healthcare facilities.<ref name="Assam flood situation grim; 2.1 million affected">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Assam_flood_situation_grim_21_million_affected/rssarticleshow/3454633.cms|title=Assam flood situation grim; 2.1 million affected|date=7 September 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-09-06|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081203232833/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Assam_flood_situation_grim_21_million_affected/rssarticleshow/3454633.cms |archivedate = December 3, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Indian officials say that the flooding situation could cause an [[epidemic]], because refugees are consuming unclean water and food in shelters.<ref name="UPI">{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/09/07/Disease_outbreak_feared_in_India_flood/UPI-43841220803609/|title=Disease outbreak feared in India flood|publisher=UPI|accessdate=2008-09-07|date=2008-09-07}}</ref>

Breaches in embankments have caused these floods in Assam. Four embankments on the [[Puthimari River]], one constructed just three months ago, were breached causing the calamity.<ref name="Human faults cause flood in Assam ">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080063938&ch=9/3/2008%201:48:00%20PM|title=Human faults cause flood in Assam |date=3 September 2008|publisher=NDTV|accessdate=2008-09-06}}</ref> Waters have breached embankments at total 54 vital locations,<ref name="Assam flood situation grim; 2.1 million affected" /> and [[water level]]s are dangerously high in about 10 points.<ref name=UPI/>

The [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] government is sending €350,000 (Rs. 22.3 million) in aid to the victims of the floods.<ref>[http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/mhqlgbojsnql/ BreakingNews.ie - ''Ireland to aid flood victims in India'']</ref>

{{Wikinews|Fresh floods in India claims sixteen lives}}
Eastern [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] state and most populous northern state [[Uttar Pradesh]] were flooded heavily causing more than 150 deaths from September 19 to September 22.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/heavy-rains-pound-india-163-killed-over-4-days--in-pics-orissa-deluged/74146-3.html heavy rains pound India; 163 killed over 4 days - covered by CNN IBN]</ref> Army has reached in [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] to rescue at least a quarter million people and food packets have been supplied to the rescued.<ref>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/up-ravaged-by-floods-army-called-in/74148-3.html UP ravaged by floods, Army called in - covered by CNN IBN]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2008 disasters in India|Floods]]
[[Category:2008 floods in Asia|Indian floods]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]
[[Category:Floods in Nepal]]

2008 Indian floods - Revision history

DemetriaMunro at 11:47, 8 January 2026