>Qwerfjkl at 20:55, 30 June 2021

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{{short description|Marathi language biography of Shivaji}}
{{Infobox book
| name = 91 Kalami Bakhar
| image = 91_kalami_bakhar_venus_prakashan_book_cover.jpg
| author = Dattaji Trimal / Khando Annaji Malkare
| title_orig = Shri Shiva Chhatrapatichi 91 Kalmi Bakhar
| orig_lang_code = mr
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| subject = Biography of [[Shivaji]]
| genre = [[Bakhar]]
| pub_date = 17th-18th century
}}
'''''Shri Shiva Chhatrapatichi 91 Kalmi Bakhar''''', better known as '''''91-Kalami Bakhar''''', is a [[Marathi language]] biography of [[Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]]. Its name is also transliterated as {{Lang|mar|91 Kalmi Bakhar, 91 Qalmi Bakhar, 91 Qalami Bakhar}}, and {{Lang|mar|Ekkyannav Kalmi Bakhar}}. Organized into 91 sections ({{Lang|mar|kalams}}), it is an important source of information about Shivaji's life for modern historians.<ref name="MAN_1974"/> The original text was composed by Shivaji's courtier Dattaji Trimal, but is now [[lost work|lost]]: its extracts survive in later recensions. Although the original text was the earliest [[bakhar]] about Shivaji's life, the interpolations in these recensions have rendered the surviving text unreliable.<ref name="KNC_1990"/>

== Original text ==

According to tradition, the {{Lang|mar|91 Kalmi Bakhar}} was written by Shivaji's courtier Dattaji Trimal Wakenavis (or Waknis), who was a member of his [[Ashta Pradhan]] council of ministers, and accompanied him to the Mughal court in Agra.<ref>{{cite book |author=Raghunath Vinayak Herwadkar |title=A forgotten literature: foundations of Marathi chronicles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8pHAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-779-1 |page=17 }}</ref> Internal evidence suggests that the original text was written before 1713, probably as early as before 1685.<ref name="MAN_1974">{{cite book |author=M. A. Nayeem |title=External Relations of the Bijapur Kingdom, 1489-1686 A.D.: A Study in Diplomatic History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eA2AAAAMAAJ |year=1974 |publisher=Sayeedia Research Institute |page=12 }}</ref>

== Later recensions ==

The original text written by Dattaji is now largely [[lost work|lost]], although some extracts from it are available in several later recensions. These recensions survive in form of six manuscripts, and despite the text's title, some of them contain 96 sections.<ref name="KNC_1990">{{cite book |author=K. N. Chitnis |title=Research Methodology in History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azsdBX41x7oC&pg=PA40 |year=1990 |publisher=Atlantic |isbn=978-81-7156-121-6 |pages=40–41 }}</ref> These contents of these recensions vary, and are sometimes mutually contradictory.<ref>{{cite book |author=Setumadhava Rao Pagdi |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKwdAAAAMAAJ |year=1974 |publisher=Continental |page=292 }}</ref>

The earliest surviving manuscript of the text was made by Khando Annaji Malkare, probably during 1720–1740. It contain several interpolations, and includes legends with supernatural elements.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Amaresh Datta |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA329 |year=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |page=329 }}</ref> Much of the text in this recension is about Khando's father Anaji Malkare, and these interpolations have rendered it unreliable.<ref name="KNC_1990"/>

{{Lang|fas|Tarikh-i-Shivaji}} appears to be a [[Persian language]] translation of {{Lang|mar|91 Kalami Bakhar}}.<ref name="KNC_1990"/>

== Modern editions ==

During [[British Raj]], multiple modern scholars published various recensions of the text:

* [[Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade|V. K. Rajwade]] in {{Lang|hin|Prabhat}}
* Kashinath Narayan Sane in {{Lang|hin|Kavyetihasa-Sangraha}}
* D. B. Parasnis in {{Lang|hin|Bharatavarsha}}

In 1806, Lt. E. J. Frissell translated the [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]] manuscript of the {{Lang|mar|bakhar}} into English; this translation was published in George Forrest's ''Selections from Bombay State Papers''. In 1907, [[Jadunath Sarkar]] published another English translation in ''Modern Review''. In 1930, [[V. S. Wakaskar]] republished the earlier editions in one place.<ref name="KNC_1990"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Shivaji]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Bakhars]]
[[Category:Biographies about royalty]]

91 Kalami Bakhar - Revision history

>Qwerfjkl at 20:55, 30 June 2021