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'''Arumai Nayakam Sattampillai''' (1823–1918), known popularly as '''Arumainayagam Sattampillai''', '''Arumainayagam''', '''Sattampillai''' or '''Suttampillai''' (also spelt as '''Sattam Pillai'''), a [[Tamil people|Tamilian]] convert of [[Anglican church]], was a [[catechist]] and the founder of first [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] and independent ''Hindu Church of Lord Jesus'', rejecting Western [[missionaries]] domination for the first time in the history of [[Indian subcontinent]]. This subversion paved the way for the development of a fusion model of [[Hindu]]-Christian religion, free from [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] missionary interference and also inspired the [[Indian people|Indian]] national movement, largely centred on [[Bengal]] and [[Madras Presidency]] to fight against Western-dominated institutionalized church leading to separation of Christ from [[Christian Church|Church]] and Indianization of Christianity: to express and interpret Christianity and [[Biblical manuscript|Biblical text]] in Indian context, socially, culturally, and religiously.<ref name="R1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/searchresults.asp?ProdStock=13484 |title=Christianity is Indian – The Emergence of an Indigenous Community |quote=The Emergence of an Indigenous Community, written by established and emerging national and international scholars, are a most timely contribution to correct the popular notion that Christianity is a Western religion! When the message of Jesus Christ is presented to Indians in their life-context they understand, interpret and express in their own way by employing their cultural, social and religious categories. |publisher=indiaclub.com |accessdate=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912020746/http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=13484 |archivedate=12 September 2005 }}</ref><ref name="R2">{{cite book |last= Kent |first= Eliza F. |title= Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India|publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HzlkWtM9IJYC&q=Sattampillai&pg=PA69|year= 2004 |pages= 69–320 |isbn=978-0-19-516507-4}}</ref><ref name="adv">{{cite web |url= http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/RH/RH19590115-V136-03__B.pdf |title= OF THE MESSAGE IN THE TAMIL FIELDS OF INDIA |quote= His speech was published in book form and a copy of it came into the hands of Sattam Pillai, founder of the Hindu Christian Church, established about 50 years before in Mukuperi, Nazareth, South India.|publisher= adventistarchives.org |accessdate= 2 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="rev">{{cite web |url= http://irdialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/jird-issue-7-doss-2.pdf |title= Uncapping the Springs of Localization: Christian Acculturation in South India in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, by M. Christhu Doss |quote= relationship between missionaries and the Indian Christians widened the gulf between these two races further than ever before, while the relationship between missionaries and the empire became increasingly cordial. The effects of Western dominance were therefore felt not only in the political sphere but also in the wider religious sphere. Converts, who closely observed the activities of missionaries, were targeted for allegedly having anti-white sentiments. Over a period of time, a group of Christians in Tirunelveli made an attempt to disassociate themselves from missionary organisations, as they felt that the white men used the Bible only to rule them. |publisher= irdialogue.org |accessdate= 2 May 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111226072210/http://irdialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/jird-issue-7-doss-2.pdf |archive-date= 26 December 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="doc">{{cite web |url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/28661495/Pearl-of-Greatest-Price |title= Threats against RI atheist teen being investigated |date= 13 January 2012 |pages= 158–160|via= Scribd|accessdate= 1 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="sut">{{cite book |last= Sugirtharajah |first= Rasiah S.|title= The Bible And Empire: Postcolonial Explorations |publisher= Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEaYBm4knn4C&q=Arumainayagam%2C+Jewish%2C+Sabbath&pg=PA181|year= 2005 |pages= 6– |isbn=978-0-521-82493-4}}</ref>

He was also the founder of indigenous [[Sabbath in seventh-day churches|Seventh Day]] sect on the outskirts of town [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu]], and was indirectly responsible for establishing the first [[Seventh-day Adventist]] church in [[South India]] – [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="adv"/><ref name="R3">{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/03/11/stories/2005031100400300.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050522001655/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/03/11/stories/2005031100400300.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 22 May 2005 |title= Serene and vibrant |date=11 March 2005 |quote= A. N. Sattampillai, who founded the indigenous Seventh Day sect on the outskirts of Nazareth town – The first church of Seventh-day Adventists in south India was organised in Prakasapuram in 1915 |work= [[The Hindu]] |accessdate= 30 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="R4">{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005031100400300.htm&date=2005/03/11/&prd=fr& |title= The Adventist church at Nazareth. |quote= The first church of Seventh-day Adventists in south India was organised in Prakasapuram in 1915. Though many families from this parish have migrated to the U.S., they still have their ties with the home church intact, observes SELINE AUGUSTINE. |publisher= hindu.com |accessdate= 1 June 2012 }}</ref>

==Biography==
{{expand section|date=June 2012}}
He was educated at missionary schools run by [[Society for the Propagation of the Gospel]] (SPG), an [[Anglican]] [[missionary]] society and also known by the name [[Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts]], presently known by the name [[United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel]] (USPG) from 1996. He was trained at a [[seminary]] run by SPG. He studied [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] languages, and was considered a great intellect, winning several prizes as a [[seminarian]]. He acquired the title ''Sattampillai'', as a young man for being the monitor or classroom student leader, at the SPG seminary in [[Sawyerpuram]].<ref name="R2"/><ref name="sut"/>

He worked in a [[missionary]] school and was associated with missionaries as a [[Catechist]]. He was a staunch Christian and acquired considerable knowledge of [[History of Christianity|Christian history]] and [[Biblical literature]]—both [[Old Testament]] and [[New Testament]].<ref name="R2"/><ref name="rev"/>

==Hindu church of Lord Jesus==
{{expand section|date=June 2012}}
The monopoly and domination of Indian churches by Western missionaries grew larger when missionaries established a cordial relationship with the state -- [[British Raj]] or [[East India Company]] before. The effects of this Western dominance was felt not only in politics but also in the religious sphere, and [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] missionaries gradually started portraying Indian indigenous religious practices as inferior and targeted converts for alleged anti-white (European) sentiments.<ref name="rev"/><ref name="ven">{{cite web |url=http://venkat-mission3.blogspot.in/ |title= A brief summary on theory and practice of Serampore Mission – 7.2.2 Hindu-Christian church|quote= Nadar Christians in Tinnevelly broke out from CMS in the year 1858 and formed "The Hindu-Christian church of the Lord Jesus Christ". This church developed a theory that goes along with the Hindu religious practices. The western missionaries viewed Indian religions and religious practices as inferior and at times they used conquering approach in their mission practice. In this context the leader of the movement, Sattampillai, made his efforts to contextualize the gospel in the Indian Hindu cultural perspective. |publisher=venkat-mission3.blogspot.in |accessdate= 3 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="revolt">{{cite web|url= http://cca.org.hk/resource/ctc/ctc06-02/ctc06-02j.pdf|title= A survey of the Ecumenical Scenario in Asia: Prospects and Challenges|quote= There were efforts to build up indigenous and independent churches in India in as early as the 1850s. An Indian Pastor, Lal Behari, started a movement against excessive missionary influences in Indian churches. In an effort to recast Christianity into a nationalist mould, Arumanayagam alias Sattampillai, a towering and versatile personality in the Shannar community of Prakasapuram, in Tirunelveli District in Tamil Nadu who was critical of British missionaries in that area, established a Hindu Christian Church of Lord Jesus at Prakashapurm in 1857. This church was later known as Nattu Sabha or indigenous Church. In Bengal, a group of Christians, under the leadership of Kali Charan Bannerji, formed the Christo Samaj in 1887|publisher= cca.org.hk|accessdate= 1 May 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The Christian missionaries started establishment of their mission stations in [[Tirunelveli district|Tinnevelly District]] (colonial British East India Company named it, present [[Tirunelveli district]]) of Tamil Nadu in the early 19th century. They established their mission stations—first at [[Mudalur]], and followed by ones at Bethlehem and [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu]] in Tinnevelly district. By 1803, a large number of Shanars (also known as [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]]) to the extent of more than 5000 Shanars were converted to Christianity in southeastern [[Tinnevelly]]. In addition to this, with growing opposition to Western colonialism in Asia, especially in [[India]] and China from the mid-19th century, the indigenous people perceived Western Christianity as the surrender to [[Colonialism]] and suspected Western Christianity in having de-nationalising influence.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="rev"/><ref name="doc"/><ref name="revolt"/>

Not being comfortable with [[paternalistic]] and domineering mindset of SPG European missionaries, he looks to have had conflicts and disliked SPG missionaries like Augustus Frederick Caemmerer, a priest and author of ''Mission of Nazareth, in the District of Tinnevelly. Report for the Year 1845'', and [[Robert Caldwell]], an assistant bishop at [[Tirunelveli]] and [[evangelism|evangelist]]. Suttampillai worked as [[catechist]] under Caemmerer, who was considered as an obnoxious missionary with a low opinion on indigenous converts. Suttampillai had conflicts with Caemmerer and Caldwell, both in [[theology]] and on the personal front; on the theological side, Suttampillai objected to the placing of the [[cross]] on the [[altar]], which he considered as against the [[biblical]] injunction and interpreted as a sign of [[idolatry]]; on the personal side, anti-Western missionary feeling further fuelled when Robert Caldwell published ''The Tinnevelly Shanars'', a quasi-[[ethnographical]] study of the Shanar community to which Sattampillai belongs; The study included some passages that deliberately disparaged Shanar community. For example, in Caldwell's view, they are the 'least intellectual people found in India', the majority of the community were marked by apathy, indifference, ignorance, and vice, and, again according to Caldwell, the religion followed by members of the Shanar community who were not yet converted was a 'school of immorality'.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="sut"/>

Under these circumstances and this context with the domineering mentality of Western missionaries against [[Paganism#Heathen|heathens]], a desire arose in Arumainayagam Sattampillai to re-cast Christianity into a native and national social and cultural framework, to be interpreted as [[Hindu]]. It is also believed that, as Sattam Pillai was not willing to go by the British customary way of worship service, he started to garner like-minded believers and worship the [[Trinity]] in an Indian traditional way; accordingly, Sattampillai revolted against the Western superior mindset over Indian Christians, broke out from SPG, and established the "Hindu church of Lord Jesus", also known as "Indian church of the only Savior," in 1857 at [[Pragasapuram|Prakasapuram]] (present [[Pragasapuram]]), Tirunelveli district. He established his new church, the ''Hindu church of Lord Jesus'', with Hindu-Christian religion as its faith, to subvert the missionary authority and denounced Western Christianity as corrupt and inauthentic—he interpreted Hindu as a geographical term (living across [[Indus]] river and/or in social and cultural context), rather than in a religious context; furthermore, he looks to have interpreted the Hindu customs as Indian customs. Over the period, the converted Christians in India started to interpret and express Christianity by employing their innate social, religious, and cultural categories. The year 1857 is significant, as uprising against the British Raj was already occurring in [[Northern India]] as part of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Suttampillai revolted against Western dominance in Indian churches using a two-fold strategy; one, by separating Christ from Church and accommodating native traditions and customs into Christianity, he succeeded in undermining the authority of Western missionaries; two, he appropriated [[Hebrew scriptures]] and Jewish customs into the Church supporting the Old Testament rather than New Testament as an antidote against the Western missionaries who were moving towards a New Testament focus with British Raj support.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="sut"/>

The church rejected from their system everything that they perceived as having a savour of a European origin. They cut completely from all European help in money and influence, as if there were no longer any Europeans in the country. Sattampillai also seems to have claimed that Hindu cultural practices are similar to the Jewish cultural practices. His interpretations and inclusive approach made him incorporate (accommodate) "presumed Indian cultures as [[Hindu culture]]" into his movement such as [[prostration]], sacrifice, use of [[frankincense]], folding their hands while praying to deities, using unfermented grape juice instead of wine, and sitting on the floor. In the rituals of the Church, [[Old Testament]] ritualistic practices such as "ritual impurities attributed to women" were also practised in this church, as similar practices were also found in Indian (Hindu) religious rituals. Unlike the [[Anglican church]] use of bells, they use a trumpet. A trumpet blast from the church tower summons the faithful to worship, and followers wash their hands and feet before entering the [[sanctuary]], where they punctuate the service with bodily prostration. The worship is usually held on [[Saturday Sabbath]]. People belonging to this church don't work on Saturday. Food for Saturday is made before 6 pm on Friday. They use [[Hebrew calendar|Jewish calendar]] to celebrate feast days as followed in Old Testament days. He denied the efficacy of infant baptism and abandoned the idea of an [[ordination|ordained ministry]], declaring that "anyone might become a minister of the Gospel."<ref name="R2"/><ref name="rev"/><ref name="doc"/>

===Apologetics against Western Christianity===
He was strongly against the Western missionary Christianity and directed his [[apologetics]] to exposing their [[decadence]], [[Religion and sexuality|sexual immorality]], and [[materialism]] that was rampant among [[Western world|Westerners]], both in India and Europe. He cited the works of [[John Parker (historian)|John Parker]], [[William Howitt]], [[Robert Southey]], and [[Abbe Dubois]] that spoke of the savage nature of [[Saxons]], their extravagant indulgence, drunken behaviour, [[polygamous]] marriage practices, and the rampant prostitution in western capitals.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="sut"/>

He not only attacked the lifestyle of Europeans, but denounced Europeans as immoral, depraved, and whorish. In a series of tracts written by Sattampillai, he tried to impose strict discipline to make his community above reproach, and consistently disparaged Europeans (mostly [[English people]], but could also be meant to include [[Americans]] and [[Continentals]]) for their lax sexual morality and lack of control over women. He was severe on divorce and re-marriage, especially of offspring of such unions: in his view, Holy Church and the country was greatly polluted by admitting such despicable families procreating culpable offspring into the [[Communion (Christian)|church communion]]. He loathed the European woman, who once married to one man was able to remarry subsequent to divorce or widowhood; Sattampillai objected to this as a total violation to the laws laid out in both the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the New Testament. Sattampillai also wrote that Europeans strayed from the true path, after Roman kings like [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] and Theodorus converted to Christianity and introduced their own immoral rules regarding marriage into the laws of the Holy Church.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="sut"/>

Sattampillai preached that Jesus did not intend for Christians to abandon the laws given in the Hebrew Bible. According to Sattampillai, this is one among several of moral lapses and transgressions by European Christians. Sattampillai sought to correct the distortions wrought on the original form of Christianity by European Christians by returning to the laws of the Hebrew Bible.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="sut"/>

===The Tinnevelly Shanars controversy===
{{expand section|date=June 2012}}
Robert Caldwell in his derisive comments on Shanars using ''The Tinnevelly Shanars'' publication is said to have commented that "Shanar have no caste to raise, and they are conscious that were it not for the protection of the Missionaries and of Christianity, their condition would be deplorable."{{sic}}. Caldwell argued that Shanars could be considered Hindus only to the extent that "Hindu" was a geographical category that included "any class in India."<ref name="R2"/><ref name="doc"/><ref name="sut"/>

The controversy initiated by Sattampillai over ''The Tinnevelly Shanars'' again was resuscitated in 1880 when Y. Gnanamuthoo Nadar (a Tamil Christian clerk in the Tirunelveli courts, [[antiquarian]] and representative of the Shanar race, son of the first Indian catechists in SPG in Nazareth area, and a former catechist of CMS) petitioned the colonial [[British government]] and missionary ecclesiastical structure, demanding that the British censure Caldwell and remove the offending book from its publication. Gnanamuthoo continued his fight with SPG missionaries, demanding they retract their slanderous statements about their caste and including disrupting the bishops when they travelled to villages to convert between 1880 and 1885. According to Gnanamuthoo, many of the Nadar christians either reverted to Hinduism or joined the Hindu Christian church founded by Sattampillai in 1857 out of anger. Gnanamuthoo also wrote:{{cquote| This is the way the European Missionaries deal with their converts and fellow Christians, whome they pretend to acknowledge to have equal claims to sense, and honour, and to the kingdom of Heaven.<ref name="R2"/>}}
With the impetus provided by the A.N. Sattampillai movement in revolting against Western church, educated [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]]s (also known as Shanar), having got ''The Tinnevelly Shanars'' publication several years earlier, became furious and protested against Caldwell, demanding the removal of ''The Tinnevelly Shanars'' from publication. As part of this effort, Nadars produced a series of arguments to substantiate their claims against Caldwell's portrayal of Shanars, took a form of street corner oratory, published [[pamphlets]], and in early 1880 filed an official petition to the [[British Raj]] in the [[Madras Presidency]] to retract the odious ''Tinnevelly Shanars'' publication and censure Robert Caldwell.<ref name="R2"/>

Caldwell looks to have partly retracted his statements, especially his evaluation that Shanars were "not Hindus," in a letter that was printed in the ''CMS Record'' of February 1880.<ref name="R2"/>

====Hardgrave's hypothesis====
Sattampillai's activism was centred on the rejection of Western manners and customs. His writings reveal how vehemently some [[Christianity in India|Indian Christians]] rejected the ideas of civilisation and moral progress embedded in the prevailing colonial model of conversion as a series of stages. It is believed that he was dismissed for allegedly having remarked on foreign missionaries.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="rev"/>

Robert L. Hardgrave, an author of ''The Nadars of Tamilnadu'', ''Portrait of the Hindus: Balthazar Solvyns & the European image of India, 1760–1824'', ''Boats of Bengal: eighteenth century portraits'', ''The Dravidian movement'', and several other similar works, has hypothesized that Sattampillai, disgruntled for having been dismissed as a catechist, had somehow discovered Robert Caldwell's [[pamphlet]]s with disdainful comments on the Shanar caste. Hardgrave believes that Sattampillai, who was supposed to visit [[Madras]] in 1850 to plead for his reinstatement with the SPG Corresponding committee, could have discovered Caldwell's pamphlets that ultimately instigated him to resent and revolt against European missionaries during that time.<ref name="R2"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Robert+L.+Hardgrave%22 |title= Works of Robert L. Hardgrave |accessdate= 5 May 2012 }}</ref>

==Seventh-day Adventist Church==
{{expand section|date=June 2012}}
Sattampillai, founder of the indigenous Seventh Day sect at the Nazareth town in Tamil Nadu, received a copy of a booklet containing a lecture delivered by the Seventh Day [[Baptist]] representative at the [[Parliament of the World's Religions|World's Parliament of Religions]], which brought representatives from different religious backgrounds together in order to bring forth truths and commonalities across various religions. It was held in 1893 in Chicago, United States. Sattampillai, having believed that it was only the Jews who observed the seventh day as [[Shabbat|Sabbath]], sent a letter to New York with curiosity to know more about the Sabbath. However, the letter reached a [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] office in [[Battle Creek]], [[Michigan]]; hence, F. M. Woolcox sent him a few books and magazines in a reply.<ref name="adv"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="R4"/>

In 1906, J.S. James from [[Minnesota]] was chosen to work in [[South India]]; accordingly, he was sent as an Adventist missionary to [[Bangalore]] with his wife and two sons. James, having learnt the [[Tamil language]], translated a few pamphlets into Tamil, such as "Is the end of the world near?", "Which day is Sabbath?", "The signs of Christ's second coming", and "New Testament Sabbath". Sattampillai, having received and studied them, sought more explanation about them.<ref name="adv"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="R4"/>

In 1908, James along with G. F. Enoch and J. L. Shaw visited [[Tirunelveli]] by train and reached Nazareth by bullock-cart;they were received with awesome ceremonial celebrations participated in by people in the hundreds, including women and children from Hindu Yeka Ratchahar church. They were accommodated for ten days in a local school and on 2 July 1908, the Church donated two acres of land worth 1000 rupees to James, marking the beginning of the Seventh-day Adventist presence there, as James decided to quit Bangalore and stay in [[Pragasapuram|Prakasapuram]] (also spelt [[Pragasapuram]]), an adjoining village to Mukuperi.<ref name="adv"/><ref name="R3"/><ref name="R4"/>

The first church of Seventh-day Adventists in South India was formally organised with 50 members on 30 January 1915 in Prakasapuram, although, it was in fact functioning as early as 1908. James and C.G. Lowry conducted the religious service. Later, the Adventist Church also started an educational institution with the name ''James Memorial School'' in Prakasapuram.<ref name="R3"/><ref name="R4"/>

==Works==
* ''A Brief Sketch of the Hindu Christian Dogmas'', 1890.
* ''Ruttammavai''(Song of Ruth), 1884.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="sut"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://thomthanni.blogspot.in/2008_10_01_archive.html Mission and Ecclesiology – Sattampillai, a man of high intellectual calibre and extraordinary qualities, founded the Hindu-Christian Church of Lord Jesus at Prakasapuram near Tirunelveli in 1857.]
* [https://archive.today/20130127071529/http://nadar.kuttyjapan.com/nadar-pettai-concept.asp A convert named Sattampillai who founded the schismatic Hindu Christian Church of Lord Jesus in 1857 in Prakasapuram, Tirunelveli district.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111012020410/http://nadarsangam.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=281&sid=d6fb26de0a74f89d2f80cdcda380e6bb STRUGGLE by community through literary efforts -I]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sattampillai, Arumai Nayakam}}
[[Category:1823 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Christian and Hindu interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:People in interfaith dialogue]]

A. N. Sattampillai - Revision history

>GreenC bot at 19:35, 21 April 2021