Ajay Kumar at 19:24, 28 September 2023

2023-09-28T19:24:49Z

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{{Short description|Arab governor of Egypt from 646 to 656}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abd Allah ibn Sa'd
| office = [[List of rulers of Islamic Egypt|Governor of Egypt]]
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| relations = [[Wahb ibn Sa'd|Wahb]] ([[brother]])
| parents = Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh (father)<br>Muhana bint Jabir al-Ash'ariyya<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://al-maktaba.org/book/9351/4837
| title = ص407 - كتاب الطبقات الكبرى ط دار صادر - وهب بن سعد بن أبي سرح بن الحارث بن حبيب بن جذيمة بن مالك بن حسل بن عامر بن لؤي وهو أخو عبد الله بن سعد وأمهما مهانة بنت جابر من الأشعريين - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة
| website = al-maktaba.org
| access-date = 2021-09-16
| language = ar
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210916172826/https://al-maktaba.org/book/9351/4837|archive-date=2021-09-16}}</ref>
| successor2 = [[Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa]]
| predecessor2 = [[Amr ibn al-As]]
| allegiance = [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
| battles = [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb]]
*[[Battle of Sufetula (647)|Battle of Sufetula]] (647)
[[Muslim conquest of Egypt]]
*[[Second Battle of Dongola]] (652)
[[Arab–Byzantine wars]]
*[[Battle of the Masts]] (654)
| term = 646–656
| birth_date =
}}

'''Abd Allah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi al-Sarh''' ({{lang-ar|عبد الله ابن سعد ابن أبي السرح|ʿAbd Allāh ibn Saʿd ibn Abī al-Sarḥ}}) was an [[Arab]] [[public administration|administrator]], [[scribe]], and military [[commander]], who was an early convert to, then later apostate from Islam who reverted to [[Islam]] later on.<ref name="O">{{Cite web|last1=Becker|first1=C.H.|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/search?s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&search-go=&s.q=%CA%BFAbd+All%C4%81h+b.+Sa%CA%BFd|title=ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd|language=en}}</ref> He was a scriber of the Quran (كاتب الوحي)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghalibkamal.com/2020/05/24/abdullah-ibn-saad-ibn-abi-sarh-the-man-who-caught-muhammad-red-handed/|title=Abdullah ibn Saad Ibn Abi Sarh - The Man who caught Muhammad red-handed|date=May 24, 2020}}</ref> and governor of [[Upper Egypt]] for the Muslim caliphate during the reign of ʿUthmān (644–656). He was also the co-founder (with the future caliph Muʿāwiyah I) of the Islamic navy which seized Cyprus (647–649) and defeated a Byzantine fleet off Alexandria in 652.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abd-Allah-ibn-Sad-ibn-Abi-Sarh|title=ʿAbd Allāh ibn Saʿd ibn Abī Sarḥ | governor of Egypt | Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref>

==Origin==
al-Sarh came from the Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy clan of the [[Quraish tribe]] and was an adopted brother of the caliph [[Uthman]].<ref name="O" /> After converting to Islam, he became a [[Companion of Muhammad]] and, later, a Scriber.

==During Muhammad's era==

===Claims of fabrication against Muhammad===
During his time as a scriber, Muhammad would dictate to him a revelation to be written down, as he did with other scribes. al-Sarh left Islam and fled to Mecca after claiming that he had realised Muhammad was fabricating revelations.<Ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=1&tSoraNo=6&tAyahNo=93&tDisplay=yes&Page=1&Size=1&LanguageId=1 | title=موقع التفير الكبير }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://altafsir.com/|title=موقع التفير الكبير|website=Altafsir.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDuRAhVMsFkC | title=A Thematic Commentary on the Qurʼan | isbn=9781565642607 | last1=Ghazali | first1=Muḥammad | year=2000 }}</ref> Abi Saleh, narrated from Ibn Abbas, recorded that:

<blockquote>"the Messenger of Allah invited him so that he could write him the revelation, so when the verse 23:12 ("And certainly did We create man from an extract of clay") was revealed, the Prophet called Ibn Abi al-Sarh, and dictated it to him and when the Prophet reached the end of 23:14 ("...Thus, We formed him into a new creation") Abdullâh said in amazement ("فتبارک اللّٰہ احسن الخالقین So blessed be Allah, the Best of creators!!"). The Prophet said:” Write these words too (i.e., فتبارک اللّٰہ احسن الخالقین "So blessed be Allah, the Best of creators!!"), as these words have also been revealed to me.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Books/Asbab%20Al-Nuzul%20by%20Al-Wahidi.pdf|access-date=16 April 2023|website=altafsir.com|title=Asbāb al-Nuzūl|author=Alī ibn Ahmad al-Wāhidī|year=2008}}</ref></blockquote>

Al-Sarh claimed that this made him doubt, and he is recorded as having said: "If Muhammad is truthful then I (am also a prophet, as I also) received the revelation, and if Muhammad lied, then I say of the like of his speech (i.e. neither his speech nor mine speech are the words of Allah)".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://islamport.com/w/tkh/Web/332/346.htm|title=الموسوعة الشاملة - المغازي|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|access-date=2023-07-28|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318200439/http://islamport.com/w/tkh/Web/332/346.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdteswEACAAJ | title=Which Koran ?: Variants, Manuscripts, Linguistics | isbn=9781591024293 | last1=Warraq | first1=Ibn | year=2011 }}</ref> Al-Sarh further tested his doubts, with Muslim historians [[Al-Waqidi|Waqidi]], [[Ibn al-Athir]] and [[al-Ṭabarī|Tabari]] writing that Muhammad dictated him: "عليم حکيم" i.e. "Allah is All Knowing All-Wise", which al-Sarh deliberately wrote in the opposite order, i.e. "حکيم عليم, All-Wise All Knowing". He then recited it to Muhammad, who did not detect any changes.<ref name="auto"/> Waqidi wrote that "(Ibn Abi Sarh said): Muhammad didn’t know what he dictated, and I wrote (in Quran) whatever I wished. And what I wrote, it was a revelation upon me, just like it was a revelation upon Muhammad."<ref name="auto"/>

===Flight to Mecca===
After leaving Islam, al-Sarh told the Meccans "دينكم خير من دينه" (i.e. "your religion is better than Muhammad’s religion"). After this incident,The Quran verse thereafter was revealed Quran 6:93; "And who is more unjust than one who invents a lie about Allah or says, "It has been inspired to me," while nothing has been inspired to him, and one who says, "I will reveal [something] like what Allah revealed."

[[Ibn Jarir al-Tabari]] recorded in his [[Tafsir]] of the Quran;

<blockquote>"Al-Qasim told us... "I can reveal like what Allah hath revealed" was revealed about Abdullah bin Sa'd bin Abi Al-Sarh, the brother of Bani (children of) Amir bin Lu'ai. He [Abdullah] used to write for the Prophet (SAW), and while he [Mohammad] was dictating "Exalted in power, full of Wisdom", he [Abdullah] would write it "Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful", thus changing it. Then he [Abdullah] would read the changed verses to him [Mohammad], and he [Mohammad] would say, "Yes [in approval], it's like this". So, he [Abdullah] reverted from Islam and followed Quraysh telling them, "He [Mohammad] used to recite to me Exalted in power, full of Wisdom', and I would change it when I write it down, and he would tell me, 'Yes [in approval], it's the same [meaning]."<ref name="auto1"/></blockquote>

When Muhammad had gathered enough troops to besiege Mecca, he issued an order to his followers that Abdallah al-Surh was to be killed. Al-Sarh fled to his adopted brother [[Uthman|Uthman ibn Affan]] to plead for help, knowing Uthman to be an important ally for Muhammad. Sunan Abu Dawud, Hadith 2683 records that:

<blockquote>"on the day when Mecca was conquered, the Messenger of Allah gave protection to the People except four men and two women and he named them. Ibn AbuSarh was one of them. He then narrated the tradition. He said: Ibn AbuSarh hid himself with Uthman ibn Affan. When the Messenger of Allah called the people to take the oath of allegiance, he brought him and made him stand before the Messenger of Allah. He said: Messenger of Allah, receive the oath of allegiance from him. He raised his head and looked at him thrice, denying him every time. After the third time he received his oath."</blockquote>

After Uthman and al-Surh had left, Muhammad turned to his Companions and said:

<blockquote>"Is not there any intelligent man among you who would stand to this (man) when he saw me desisting from receiving the oath of allegiance, and kill him?" and that "I kept silent so that one of you might get up and strike off his head!".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ibn Ishaq|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n298/mode/1up|title=The Life of Muhammad - Sirat Rasul Allah|year=1967 |isbn=0196360331|pages=550}}</ref> They replied: We do not know, Messenger of Allah, what lies in your heart; did you not give us a hint with your eye? He said: It is not proper for a Prophet to have a treacherous eye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud:2683|title=Sunan Abi Dawud 2683 - Jihad (Kitab Al-Jihad) - كتاب الجهاد - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com}}</ref></blockquote>

Regardless, Al-Sarh's life was thus spared with the aid of Uthman's intervention, and he came back into the fold of Islam. In his ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings|History]]'', [[al-Tabari]] briefly records about Abd Allah and Muhammad that "Abd Allah b. Sa`d b. Abi Sarh used to write for him. He apostatised from Islam and later returned to Islam on the day of the conquest of Mecca".<ref>Al-Tabari, "History of al-Tabari Vol. 9 - The Last Years of the Prophet", transl. Ismail K. Poonawala, p.148, Albany: State University of New York Press</ref>

== During Umar's era ==
Umar appointed him as second-in-command (lieutenant) to [[Amr ibn al-As]] for the campaign of conquest of Egypt. He played a major role as a military commander in the conquest of Egypt. He was commander of the right flank of Amr's and participated in all the battles fought during the conquest of Egypt under Amr’s command.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ibn|first=Athir|title=Usûd Ulghâbah fî Ma'rifat Is-Sahâbah|publisher=Al-Meezan|location=Lahore|pages=265|language=Urdu}}</ref>

==During Uthman’s era==
When [[Uthman]] became caliph in 644 CE, he appointed Abd Allah governor of [[Egypt]] replacing 'Amr ibn al-'As, with [[Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa]] as his aide. Abd Allah brought over a large foreign entourage and established the [[divan|diwan]], "and commanded that all the taxes of the country should be regulated there".<ref name=Benjamin>Archdeacon George (fl. 715), as transferred to {{cite book | author1=Severus of Muqaffa | author2=B. Evetts | year=1904 | title=History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic church of Alexandria | chapter=Benjamin I |chapter-url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_hermopolis_hist_alex_patr_02_part2.htm#BENJAMIN_I}} On George's authorship of Lives 27-42:{{cite book | title=Seeing Islam As Others Saw It | author=Robert G. Hoyland | year=1998 | publisher=Darwin Press |page=447}}</ref>

The protests against Abd Allah appear to have been instigated by his aide, Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa. Muhammad's father (Abi Hudhayfa) was an early convert to Islam who died in the [[Battle of Yamama]]. Muhammad was raised by Uthman. When he reached maturity he participated in the foreign military campaigns and accompanied Abd Allah to [[Egypt]] as an aide. Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa admonished Abd Allah, recommending changes in the government but Abd Allah did not respond. After continuous efforts to persuade Abd Allah to make changes in the government, eventually Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa lost patience and turned from sympathetic admonisher to a disillusioned opponent; first of Abd Allah and later of Uthman for appointing him. Abd Allah wrote to Uthman claiming that Muhammad was spreading sedition and that if nothing was done to stop him, the situation would escalate. Uthman attempted to silence Muhammad's protests with 30,000 [[dirham]]s and expensive presents. Uthman's gifts were perceived as a bribe and backfired with Muhammad bringing the money and presents into the Great Mosque saying;

:''“Do you see what Uthman is trying to do? He is trying to buy my faith. He has sent these coins and these goods to me as a bribe.”''

Uthman sent numerous placatory letters to Muhammad, but he continued building community opposition against Abd Allah. In 656 Egyptian community leaders decided to send a delegation to [[Medina]] to demanding Abd Allah's dismissal. Abd Allah also left for Medina to defend himself at the court of the caliph. In his absence, Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa assumed charge of the government.

When Abd Allah reached [[Aqaba|Ayla]], he was told that Uthman's house was under siege ([[Siege of Uthman]]) and decided to return to Egypt. At the border he was informed that Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa had given orders to prevent him from entering Egypt. He then went to Palestine awaiting the outcome of events in Medina. In the meantime, Uthman was killed in Medina, and when Abd Allah heard the news, he left Palestine, and went to [[Damascus]] to live under the protection of [[Muawiyah I]].

==See also==
*[[List of rulers of Egypt]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}{{s-bef
| before = [[Amr ibn al-As]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of governors of Islamic Egypt|Governor of Egypt]]
| years = 646–656
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governor of Egypt during Rashidun Caliphate}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdallah ibn Sa'd}}
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars]]
[[Category:7th-century Egyptian people]]
[[Category:Admirals of the Rashidun Caliphate]]
[[Category:Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate]]
[[Category:Rashidun governors of Egypt]]

Abd Allah ibn Sa'd - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 19:24, 28 September 2023