>Marathonmutig at 05:03, 9 June 2021

2021-06-09T05:03:43Z

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{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
[[File:Narendra Modi’s gift to the President of Tajikistan, Mr. Emomali Rahmon a miniature painting of tomb of the 17th century Indian poet Abdul Qadir Bedil, at the Qasr-e-Millat, in Dushanbe, Tajikistan on July 13, 2015.jpg|thumb|right|Miniature painting of tomb of Abdul-Qādir Bedil]]
'''Mawlānā Abul-Ma'ānī Mīrzā Abdul-Qādir Bēdil''' ({{lang-fa|مولانا ابوالمعانی میرزا عبدالقادر بیدل}}, or '''Bīdel''', {{lang|fa|بیدل}}), also known as '''Bīdel Dehlavī''' ({{lang|fa|بیدل دهلوی}}; 1642–1720), was an Indian [[Sufi]], and the greatest Indo-Persian poet, next to [[Amir Khusrau]], who lived most of life during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]], the sixth [[Mughal emperor]].<ref>Kovacs, Hajnalka. "‘The Tavern of the Manifestation of Realities’: The ‘Masnavi Muhit-i azam’by Mirza Abd al-Qadir Bedil (1644–1720)." PhD diss., University of Chicago (2013).}. p.2</ref> He was the foremost representative of the later phase of the "Indian style" (sabk-e hendī) of [[Persian language|Persian]] poetry and the most difficult and challenging poet of that school. He is considered the most difficult and challenging poet of Safavid-Mughal poetry.<ref name="Iranica">M. Sidiqqi: [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bidel-bedil-mirza-abd-al-qader-b Abdul-Qādir Bīdel]. [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]. 1989. Vol. IV, Fasc. 3, pp. 244-246</ref>

== Life==
Even though he is known as a master of Persian poetry, Bīdel was actually of Turkic/Mongol Central Asian descent, his family originally belonging to the Arlās tribe of the [[Chagatay Khanate|Chaghatay]],<ref name="Iranica" /> regarded by some as part of the Mongol or Turkic people.<ref>[http://comunicom.ru/dostoyanie/513-bedil.html Бедиль Мирза Абдулкадир] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022160540/http://comunicom.ru/dostoyanie/513-bedil.html |date=22 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>Allworth Edward, The modern Uzbeks from the fourteenth century to the present: a cultural history, Hoover Press, 1990, p.74. "His family in Putna (Azimabad) was descended from Uzbeks who had evidently migrated to Hindustan much earlier."</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65196/Persian?anchor=ref532393 Enzyclopedia Britannica: South Asian arts.] "The greatest poet of the Indian style, however, was ʿAbdul Qādir Bēdil, born in 1644 in Patna, of Uzbek descent."</ref><ref>[http://www.virtualafghans.com/culture/poetry/bedil/ Mirza Abdul-Qader Bedil biography and peoetry] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226122939/http://www.virtualafghans.com/culture/poetry/bedil/ |date=26 December 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Iranica" /> He was born in [[Azimabad|Azīmābād]], present-day [[Patna]] in [[India]].

Bīdel mostly wrote [[Ghazal]] and [[Ruba'i|Rubayee]] ([[quatrain]]) in Persian, the language of the Royal Court, which he had learned since childhood.<ref name="Iranica" /> He is the author of 16 books of poetry, which contain nearly 147,000 verses and include several [[masnavi]]) in that language.<ref>"''Arts, South Asian.''" Encyclopædia Britannica from ''Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite''. (2008).</ref> He is considered as one of the prominent poets of ''Indian School of Poetry'' in [[Persian literature]], and owns his unique Style in it. Both [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]] and [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal-i Lahori]] were influenced by him. His books include ''Tilism-i Hairat'' (طلسم حيرت), ''Tur i Ma'rifat'' (طور معرفت), ''Chahār Unsur'' (چهار عنصر) and ''Ruqa'āt'' (رقعات).

Possibly as a result of being brought up in such a mixed religious environment, Bīdel had considerably more tolerant views than his poetic contemporaries. He preferred [[freethought]] to accepting the established beliefs of his time, siding with the common people and rejecting the clergy who he often saw as corrupt.

Bīdel is much welcomed in [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Pakistan]]. Bīdel came back to prominence in [[Iran]] in 1980s. Literary critics [[Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani|Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani]] and [[Shams Langeroodi|Shams Langrudi]] were instrumental in Bīdel's re-emergence in Iran. Iran also sponsored two international conferences on Bīdel.<ref>''International Seminar on Mirza Bedil'', March 2003, Tehran, [http://www.iranhouseindia.com/year03/bedil.htm LINK] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928214018/http://www.iranhouseindia.com/year03/bedil.htm |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>

The Indian school of Persian poetry and especially Bīdel's poetry is criticized for its complex and implicit meanings, however, it is much welcomed in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan and India than in Iran.<ref>Mehrnews.com, ''Reasons for Bedil's unfamiliarity in Iran'', Tehran 1385, [http://www.mehrnews.com/fa/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=351274 LINK]</ref> The main reason could be his style which is kept a bit ''Indian''. In Afghanistan, a unique school in poetry studying is dedicated to Bīdel's poetry called ''Bīdelšināsī'' (Bīdel studies) and those who have studied his poetry are called ''Bīdelšinās'' (Bīdel expert). His poetry plays a major role in [[Music of Afghanistan|Indo-Persian classical music]] of central Asia as well. Many Afghan classical musicians, e.g. [[Mohammad Hussain Sarahang]], [[Ustad Nashanas]] have sung plenty of Bīdel's [[ghazals]].

== Grave ==
His grave, called ''Bāġ-e Bīdel'' (Garden of Bīdel) is situated across [[Purana Qila]], at [[Mathura Road, Delhi|Mathura Road]] next to the [[Dhyan Chand National Stadium|Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]] gates and the pedestrian bridge over Mathura Road in [[Delhi]].<ref name=pahar>{{cite news|title=In the lanes of Zauq and Ghalib |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/in-the-lanes-of-zauq-and-ghalib/434583/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=15 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121091428/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/in-the-lanes-of-zauq-and-ghalib/434583/ |archivedate=2012-01-21 }}</ref>

==Works==
* Bıdil, ‘Abd al-Qadir. ''Avaz-hayi Bidil: Nasri adabi (Ruq‘at - Nukat – Isharat – Chahar - ‘Unsur)''. Edited by Akbar Bihdarvand. Tihran: Nigah, 1386 [2007].
* Bıdil, ‘Abd al-Qadir. ''Kullıyat.'' Lakhnahu: Naval Kishor, 1287 [1870 or 1871].
* Bıdil, ‘Abd al-Qadir. ''Ghazaliyati Bidil Dihlavi''. Edited by Akbar Bihdavand. Shiraz: Navid-i Shiraz, 1387 [2008 or 2009].

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|35em|group=lower-roman}}

* Erkinov A. "Manuscripts of the works by classical Persian authors (Hāfiz, Jāmī, Bīdil): Quantitative Analysis of 17th-19th c. Central Asian Copies". Iran: Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe Congrès Européen des études iraniennes organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea, Paris, 6-10 Septembre 1999. vol. II: Périodes médiévale et moderne. [Cahiers de Studia Iranica. 26], M.Szuppe (ed.). Association pour l'avancement des études iraniennes-Peeters Press. Paris-Leiden, 2002, pp. 213–228.
* Gould R. "Bīdel," Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Ed. Arvind Sharma.. New York: Springer, 2013.
* R. M. Chopra, "Great Poets of Classical Persian", Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, ({{ISBN|978-81-89140-75-5}})

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Ahmad, Mohamad Bohari Haji. "The Ideas of Wahdat Al-Wujud in the Poetry of'Abd Al-Qadir Bidil (Persian), Ibrahim Hakki Erzurumlu (Ottoman Turkish), and Hamzah Fansuri (Malay)." PhD diss., 1990.
* Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman. "A stranger in the city: The poetics of Sabk-i Hindi." ''Annual of Urdu Studies'' 19, no. 1 (2004): 93.
* Fekrat, Nasim. "''Esoteric Keys of Mirza Abd al-Qadir Bidel''." MA Thesis., University of Georgia, 2018.
* Ghani, Abdul. ''Life and Works of Abdul Qadir Bedil''. Lahore: Publishers United, 1960.
* Iqbal, Allama Muhammad. ''Bedil in the light of Bergson. Edited by Tehsin Firaqi''. Lahore: Universal Boks/Iqbal Academy Pakistan, 1988.
* Keshavmurthy, Prashant. ''Persian Authorship and Canonicity in Late Mughal Delhi: Building an Ark''. Routledge, 2016.
* Kovacs, Hajnalka. ''"‘The Tavern of the Manifestation of Realities’: The ‘Masnavi Muhit-i azam’by Mirza Abd al-Qadir Bedil'' (1644–1720)." PhD diss., University of Chicago (2013).}
* Siddiqi, Mohammed Moazzam. ''An Examination of the Indo-Persian Mystical Poet Mīrzā ʻAbdul Qādir Bēdil with Particular Reference to His Chief Work ʻIrfān.'' University of California, 1975.}
* Zipoli, Riccardo. "A computer-assisted analysis of Bidel's' Tur-e Ma ‘refat'." ''Annali di Ca'Foscari: Rivista della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature straniere dell'Università di Ca'Foscari, 2005, vol. 44 (3), pp. 123-138'' (2005).
* Zipoli, Riccardo. ''Riflessi di Persia-Reflections of Persia''. Venezia: Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina, 2013.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/arts/story/2006/12/061202_s-ors-e-bidel.shtml internationaler Kongreß auf Bidel Dehlavi (Tehran 2006)] (BBC Persian)]
* [ابوالمعالی بیدل [http://sites.google.com/site/mirzabedil/home2 A brief Article in Urdu]
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/26462858/Deewan-e-Bedil collected poetry of Bīdel in scanned authentic version uploaded by Javed Hussen]
* [http://ganjoor.net/bidel/ Poems of Bīdel (Persian)]
* [https://www.nasimfekrat.com/search/label/Bidel Some of Bedil's eclectic lines and quatrains.]

{{Persian literature}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bidel, Abdul-Qadir}}
[[Category:Turkic people]]
[[Category:1642 births]]
[[Category:1720 deaths]]
[[Category:Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:Sufis]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Poets from Delhi]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Patna]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian people of Turkic descent]]

Abdul-Qādir Bedil - Revision history

>Marathonmutig at 05:03, 9 June 2021